雅思阅读素材长难句分析-自然灾害健忘症我们选择忘记威胁
解析雅思阅读之分析长难句答案
解析雅思阅读之分析长难句答案1.An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see theteacher-subjects’ actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out.2.An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation appears evil, acquiresa completely different meaning when placed in this setting.3.Here we have two radically different explanations for why so manyteacher-subjects were willing to forgo their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority figure.4.That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism toenvironmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields.5.One form of pollution –the release of greenhouse gases that causes globalwarming –does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to posea devastating problem.6.Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality andpersonal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority.7. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that thisaggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the carves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways.8.Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief thatenvironmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.9.Yet a green organization opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic,even if an impartial view of the control in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good.10.People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throwsaway will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste.11.Yet, even if America’s tras h output continues to rise as it has done in thepast, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st century will still take up only one-12,000th of the area of the entire United States.。
解析雅思阅读之分析长难句答案
1. An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects’ actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out.2. An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation appears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this setting.3. Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgo their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority figure.4. That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields.5. One form of pollution –the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming –does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem.6. Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality andpersonal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures,surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority.7. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim thatthis aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the carves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways.8. Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief thatenvironmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.9. Yet a green organization opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic,even if an impartial view of the control in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good.10. People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste.11. Ye t, even if America’s trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st century will still take up only one-12,000th of the area of the entire United States.。
雅思阅读难句过关练习
雅思阅读难句过关说明：以下是几种语法结构当中比较常见的长难句。
资料来源是一些历年的真题的改编以及新东方的内部资料。
对于现在的阅读考试趋势，长难句并不是主要考点，因此课后复习时，无须过于关注此方面的练习，尤其是市面上有一些长难句分析的书，实在是没有购买的必要。
这份难句过关的目的，有两个：第一，如果以下的句子，你有30%以上的句子不能够一次性就看懂，那么意味着你需要加强高中语法的复习了。
第二，这些句子，一定要明白句子成分的构成，为什么一个句子老外会写成这个样子。
明白以后，把这些句子结构以及写句子的方法背下来。
考试的时候，可以充分应用到写作部分，以提高你的句子结构的多样性。
Warming-up test1 Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls”among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “wok well with the team.”2 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.3 Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, anelement in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of businessA 定语从句1 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greatly intellectual development.2Thus, to rectify the positions taken previously, where we contended ourselves with condemnations, in my delegation’s opinion, we must find an over-all solution which would come to grips with both the substance as well as the superficial aspects which, after all, serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Council’s agendas.3We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.4We can reads of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.( But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write.)5It is designed to make students study, which should be their immediate commission in life.6He finds that students, who were easy to teach, because they succeed inputting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbook.7But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too, by using this moment as a pinnacle from which I might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same anguish and travail, among whom is already that one who will some day stand here where I am standing.8When I’m having trouble with a story and think about giving up, or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me, I roll a piece of paper into that cranky old machine and type, word by painful word, just the way mother did.9Certainly the humanist thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, who are our ideological ancestors, thought that the goal of life was the full unfolding of a person’s potentialities; what mattered to them was the person who is much, not the one who has much or uses much.10 If marriage exists only as an intimate relationship that can be terminated at will, and family exists only by virtue of bonds of affection, both marriage and family are relegated to the marketplace of trading places, with individuals maximizing their psychological capital by moving through a series of more or less satisfying intimate relationshipsB．分割结构1. No girl should marry a man whose last name has the same initial as hers, as the rhyme goes,” Change the name but not the letter, marry for worse instead of better.”2. The fact, let alone the current division between the 11 euro countries and the four, led by Britain, that have not joined, is likely to mean that the Union should become a multi-system entity, with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things.3. Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade.4. “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”5. The atom bomb has merely brought home to us, harshly, as a matter of life and death, what has long been growing: our failure to face, our refusal to face, as individuals and as nations, the place of science in our world.6. A new trend in radio broadcasting that developed during the late 1960s was the “talk show”, featuring conversations between listeners and announcers or guests in the studio.7. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for itsretention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies if from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what kooks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.8. He played the piano like a composer, in the worst sense of what that implies, and he would sit down at the piano before parties that included some of the finest pianists of his time, and play for them, by the hour, his own music, needless to say.9. The teachers, for his part, frequently reduced to trying to explain the inexplicable, may take refuge in quoting proverbs to his colleagues such as: You can lead a horse to the water but you can’t make him drink”, or, more respectfully if less grammatically: It isn’t what you say. It is the way that you say it.10. If there is a characteristic that distinguisher the scientist from the others, it is perhaps his independence of mind which demands demonstrable evidence to enable him to form his own judgment, and his unwillingness to accept uncritically the views of authorities on matters within his specialty.C.省略1. If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle, howoften can it be expected to fall on a line and how often into a blank space?2. It is quite unnerving not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person, even though we have learnt to have conversations with people we cannot see, as on the telephone.3. Although cannot be seen, air possesses weight just as other gases.4. As family move away from their stable community, their friends of many tears, their extended family relationship, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.5. It is of interest to note that the US consumes more than one-half of the world’s supply of energy, the continent of Asia only 1/20.6. In their hearts, women think it is men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their husband’s life, but, at any rate, after his death.7. Even now, when the continents have been mapped and their interiors made accessible by road, river and air, most of the world’s people live no more than 200 miles from the sea and relate closely t it.8. Fighting means killing, and civilized people ought to be able to find some way settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed many most has won. And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right.9. One can perhaps get a clearer picture of Japan’s acute population pressure by imaging what Switzerland would be like if that small and mountainous country were inhabited by 28 million people instead of the 5.7 million as at present.10. In 1865 the Civil War, (also known as the “War between the States”) finally came to an end, but not before hundreds of thousands of men had died.D．并列平行结构1．Everyone should know where the nearest alarm boxes is located and where exists, fire escapes, and fire doors are.2. And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely every day, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.3. He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believes it, that the more extensive verifications are, that the more frequently experiments have been made and results of the same kind arrived at, that the more varied the conditions under which the same results have been attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further.4. Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in, and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line, andyou waited with beating heart for something to happen?5. Having revolved against Britain and the old world as a nation in the 18th century, Americans see a cultural and psychological value in people reliving those experiences in heir own lives by being willing to be independent, to decide for themselves what to do and where to go and why.6. The robot slave might operate with a computer stored in a cupboard under the stairs and the signals and information proceeding along a cable, which also carries the power from the mains, through the machine moving about the house.7. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.8. In most cases people go abroad for study in their special subject or to learn and get more practice in the language of that country and you can’t speak a foreign language really well without having lived in that country where it is spoken.9. They (gods) know that man dares not doubt, dares not question and dares not now reject them because to do so would be to throw him to a state of futility, helplessness, insecurity and despair even more stultifyingthan that faced by his most primitive ancestors.10. The time has long since arrived to recognize commercial representation as a profession person, the successful exercise of which is positively correlated with careful initial selection of commercial representatives, the level and content of their formal education and specialized training, the length and variety of their pertinent experience, and the quality of support they receive from the trade promotion or ministry at home.E．同位语1. The word radar, coined as a code name in World War Ⅱ, was derived from the phrase Radio Detection and Ranging.2. What a language guide does need is a thorough and practical knowledge of how the language works, a conscious knowledge that she or he can articulate in a way the ordinary native speaker cannot.3. It is a well-known fact that the English have an obsession with their weather and that I was to be a doctor, though the prospect interested me not at all.4. The fact that black students must matriculate(被录取入学) in an atmosphere that feels hostile arouses defensive reactions that interfere with intellectual performance.5. The marriage age is rising, a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people.6. However, there are signs that much more serious efforts may be mustered in the reasonably near future.7．Let his exterior conflict be the mirror of the protagonist’s own interior conflict, the clash of his desires, his own strength against his own weakness.8. Perhaps this is the ultimate role of science fiction: to act as an interpreter of science to humanity.9. I have turned my mind back to the ice age, and I have been worrying about the fact that you cannot have ice that is growing and melting at the same time.10. What both students and teachers are experiencing is the recognition that the more complex structures one encounters in a language are not vital to making oneself understood and so have a less immediate field of application.F.分词作状语1. The spate of shootings had appeared to be easing recently, however, with attacks mainly confined to tourists visiting the south of the country.2. Black, now 73 and living in relative poverty in a flat in Moscow, was responsible for the deaths of several British agents after he became a Russian spy, following his capture by North Koreans and conversion to communism.3. It also predicted that, if current patterns of cigarette of smokingcontinue unchanged, the global death toll from tobacco by the year 2025 may increase to eight million deaths per year.4. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.5. The question remained: how can such quakes occur, given that mantle rock at a depth of more than 50 kilometers is too ductile to store enough stress to fracture?6. Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what become accepted.7. Applied science, on the other hand, is directly concerned with the application of the working laws of pure science to the practical affaires of life, and to increasing man’s control over his environment, thus leading to the development of new techniques, processes and machines.8. Although I struggled and kicked for all I was worth, it was impossible to get away, for as fast as I pushed myself off I was irresistible dragged back, every instant expecting the wire to go, and , to find myself shot down into the bowels of the ship.9. Not daring to glance at them, I went out of the library, fearing that the woman would call me back for further questioning.10. Having met, as a society, the basic survival and security needs, people simply don’t need each other anymore to fight Indians or spin yarn orwash dishes or repair electrical plugs for that matter.G．否定句1. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social patterns of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their intelligence.2. Until now the so-called law of the sea has not been seen as a very important issue.3. The expression is well known to many students of English, but is far too good not to be quoted here.4. Who knows but it will rain tomorrow?5. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.6. He had never touched anything in the library other than American novels.7. There is some true to the charge that I was less than whole-hearted.8. Certainly I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.9. When their subjects are heroes or famous figures, biographers often reveal a democratic motive: they attempt to show that their subjects are only human, no better than anyone else.10. One can’t be too careful in making the decision as it was such acritical case.H．It的用法1. The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely contested.2. Unfortunately it is those places that are best avoided by all citizens that are now capturing the popular imagination, places that offer bomb-making instructions, pornography, advice on how to steal credit cards.3. It is amazing how easy it is to put a dent in these new cars.4. It is flattering to believe that their ideas are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds, which have not the faculty of precise reflection.5. It was emphasized by the newspaper that it was very important to provide a clear reason for the nomination.6. It doesn’t matter that Bill is a success in his field, that in time he owns his own business and makes more money than his brother, who became a lawyer.7. If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems imperative, not only should that communications in transport beimproved, but also that communications between human beings should be kept smooth and polite.8. It follows from the above consideration that scientists, whether they like it or not, are becoming involved in government, and hence in politics itself, to a far greater extent than ever before.9. It is human, perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as a mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.10. It is only when one is in a position to oblige that one can afford to be so confidential.参考译文：A 定语从句1行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中长大，而这些刺激物能够开发其相应的反应能力，那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力发展。
雅思阅读长难句分析之令狐采学创编
1. 【雅思长难句分析】15令狐采学雅思阅读长难句分析： 1And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.雅思阅读长难句分析： 2Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.雅思阅读长难句分析： 3How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, andAppropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.雅思阅读长难句分析： 4There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to theResearch techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.雅思阅读长难句分析： 5Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of itsagriculture and industry , and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.15答案答案：and it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with theseprocesses, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.要点：句子的框架是and it is imagined … that…, and that …。
雅思阅读难点200句长难句
雅思阅读难点200句长难句雅思200句长难句1.Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.2. But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a localdelivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down.6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect （智能）and emotion, and determine the human character.8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you.12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.13. We are, however, not the less obliged by your kind offer, though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know , and make men of them.14. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history,the earth’s postwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.15. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.16. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.18. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.19. The first time that the question “ What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with any commerc ial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.20. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.21. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.22. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.23. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.24. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.25. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.26. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning. 27. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively.28. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with thecomplexities of spelling?29. It may have been a shar p criticism of the pupil’s technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child’s deep feelings.30. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centred on the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.31. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater.32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi.33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have out grown thejumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t.34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish, to learning about the stars and making model ships.37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.38. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race.39. Although signs of dishonesty in school , business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?40. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.41. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “ racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.42. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining —the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.43. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on , is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.44. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.45. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types, however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.46. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.47. The result of attrition is that, where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution, a bimodal distribution is produced, one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces, the other of the larger remains.48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable difference of opinion.49. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.50. Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool andunsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.51. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “ union card” in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professor’s classroom duties.52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes. 56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening. 57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are within the Earth’s atmosphere, from hitting their targets.58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”.60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentiethcenturies as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption thata child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.61. Of course, it would be as dangerous to overreact to history by concluding that the majority must now be wrong about expansion as it would be to re-enact the response that greeted the suggestion that the continents had drifted.62. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effect of the new demand for luxuries?63. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.64. With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Grassy does not deny their frequently noted fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630’s, most notably the organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure, but he finds that such explanations usually assumed primacy only in retrospect.65. If we take the age-and sex-specific unemployment rates that existed in 1956 (when the overall unemployment rate was 4.1 percent) and weight them by the age- and sex-specific shares of the labor force that prevail currently, the overall unemployment rate becomes 5 percent.66. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “ step up” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.67. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large, however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economy’s larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided.68. However, when investment flows primarily in one direction, as it generally does from industrial to developing countries, the seemingly reciprocal source-based restrictions produce revenue sacrifices primarily by the state receiving most of the foreign investment and producing most of the income—namely ,the developing country partner.69. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligation and involvement in the collective community that emphasized by the Greeks.70. The defense lawyer relied on long-standing principles governingthe conduct of prosecuting attorneys: as quasi-judicial officers of the court they are under a duty not to prejudice a party’s case through overzealous prosecution or to detract from the impartiality of courtroom atmosphere.71. No prudent person dared to act on the assumption that, when the continent was settled, one government could include the whole; and when the vast expense broke up, as seemed inevitable, into a collection of separate nations, only discord, antagonism, and wars could be expected.72. If they were right in thinking that the next necessity in human progress was to lift the average person upon an intellectual and social level with the most favored, they stood at least three generations nearer than Europe to that goal.73. Somehow he knows that if our huckstering civilization did not at every moment violate the eternal fitness of things, the poet’s song would have been given to the world, and the poet would have been cared for by the whole human brotherhood, as any man should be who does the duty that every man owes it.74. The instinctive sense of the dishonor which money-purchase does to art is so strong that sometimes a man of letters who can pay his way otherwise refuses pay for his work, as Lord Byron did, for a while, from a noble pride, and as Count Tolstoy has tried to do, from a noble conscience.75. Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.76. Abraham Lincoln, who presided in his stone temple on August 28, 1963 above the children of the slaves he emancipated (解放), may have used just the right words to sum up the general reaction to the Negroes’ massive march on Washington.77. In the Warren Court era, voters asked the Court to pass on issues concerning the size and shape of electoral districts, partly out of desperation because no other branch of government offered relief, and partly out of hope that the Court would reexamine old decisions in this area as it had in others, looking at basic constitutional principles in the light of modern living conditions.78. Some even argue plausibly that this weakness may be irremediable : in any society that, like a capitalist society, seeks to become ever wealthier in material terms disproportionate rewards are bound to flow to the people who are instrumental in producing the increase in its wealth.79. This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find any legislative classification otherthan race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts.80. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to have more room for creative accident.81. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorical intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.82. When black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literacy history may result.83. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness.84. But black poets were not battling over old or new rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride.85. Tolstoy reversed all preconceptions and in every reversal he overthrew the “ system”, the “ machine”, the externally ordained belief, the conventional behaviour in favor of unsystematic, impulsive life, of inward motivation and the solutions of independent thought.86. It was better covered by television and press than any event here since President Kennedy’s inauguration (就职) , and , since indifferent is almost as great a problem to the Negro as hostility, this was a plus.87. But do not the challenge and the excitement of the critical problem as such lie in that ambivalence of attitude which allows us to recognize the intelligence and even the splendor of Meredith’s work, while, at the same time, we experience a lack of sympathy, a failure of any enthusiasm of response?88. In this respect she resembled one of her favourite contemporaries, Mary Brunton, who would rather have “ glided through the world unknown” than been suspected of literary airs—to be shunned, as literary women are, by the more pretending of their own sex, and abhorred, as literary women are, by the more pretending of the other!89. From those sounds which we hear on small or on coarse occasions, we do not easily receive strong impressions, or delightful images; and words to which we are nearly strangers, whenever they occur, draw that attention on themselves which they should transmit to things.90. To proceed thus is to set up a fivefold hypothesis that enables you to gather from the innumerable items cast up by the sea of experience upon the shores of your observation only the limited number of relevant data—relevant, that is, to one or more of the five factors of your hypothesis.91. As an author, I am naturally concerned that a surprisingly large percentage of the population of the United States is functionally illiterate; if they can’t read or cannot understand what they read, they won’t buy books, or this magazine.92. They do not know those parts of the doctrine which explain and justify the remainder ; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.93. Quite apart from the logistic problems, there existed a well-established tradition in Britain which refused to repatriate against their will people who found themselves in British hands and the nature of whose reception by their own government was, to say the least, dubious.94. An obsession with the exact privileges of a colonial legislature and the precise extent of Britain’s imperial power, the specifics of a state constitution and the absolute necessity of a federal one, all expressed this urge for a careful articulation as proof that the right relationship with external powers did indeed prevail.95. One encyclopaedia tells us that intelligence is related to the ability to learn, to the speed with which things are learned, to how well and how long ideas are remembered, to the ability to understand those ideas and use them in problem-solving, and to creativity.96. The event marked the end of an extended effort by William Barton Rogers, M.I.T. ‘s founder and first president, to create a new kind of educational institution relevant to the times and to the contrary’s need, where young men and women would be educated in the application as well as the acquisition of knowledge.97. Each departmental program consists, in part, of a grouping of subjects in the department’s areas of professional interest and, in part, of additional opportunities for students of their choice.98. Alternatively, a student may use elective time to prepare for advanced study in some professional field, such as medicine or law,for graduate study in some area in which M. I. T. gives no undergraduate degree, such as meteorology or psychology, or for advanced study in an interdisciplinary field, such as astrophysics, communication science, or energy.99. While the undergraduate curriculum for an open Bachelor of Science degree, as listed by a department, may have its own unique features, each program must be laid out in consultation with a departmental representative to assure that it is meaningful in structure and challenging in content.100. Where previously it had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects such as dams, roads and bridges, it began to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country. 101. Thus in addition to the chances of going away from the right path outlined above, the scientific investigator shares with the ordinary citizen the possibilities of falling into errors of reasoning in the ways we have just indicated, and many others as well.102. He made a hole and peering through, could see jewellery, and other objects stacked in piles in the shadows that extended beyond the beam of light penetrating the interior.103. Neither Ayat nor the Rassoul brothers noticed, however, that most of the pieces they were selling were of a type not previously seen in the marketplace—pieces whose existence had been suspected but which had not yet been discovered by archaeologists. 104. “The biggest construction project of this century”, explained French President Francois Mitterand in January, 1986 as he and then British prime minister Margaret Thatcher jointly announced that the two countries would finally overcome ancient quarrels and prejudices and forge a link across the narrow Channel separating them.105. Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae(水藻) of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton(浮游植物群落) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.106. The converse observation, of the absence of grazers (食草动物)in areas of high phytoPlankton(浮游植物群落)concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion , which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent(驱虫剂) that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.107. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible at wave lengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emission(红外辐射) radiated from the Earth,s surface, radiation thatwould otherwise be transmitted back into space.108. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism(超现实主义), does this technique provide a counter point to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?109. Roseenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. 110. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation (薛定谔的方程式)forthe hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole (磁性偶极子), and relatiristic effects, and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field theoretical equations( 量子场论方程式).111. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate( 强调) contradictions in social action, not gloss over or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature.112. The hydrologic(水文地质的) cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation (降水(量)), thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration(散发).113. My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.114. In the early 1950’s historians who studies preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite (精华) : the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates (要人) who had hitherto (迄今) usually filled history books.115. The historian Frederick J. Tuner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian(农民) discontent (不满) that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated (加速) by the closing of the internal frontier—that is , the depletion (枯竭) of。
雅思阅读训练之长句子专项分析
雅思阅读训练之长句子专项分析雅思阅读中常常会有些长难句，成为我们阅读过程中的障碍。
今日我给大家带来了雅思阅读训练之长句子专项分析，盼望能关心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
【高分秘籍】雅思阅读训练之长句子专项分析多年朗读英文造成的悲剧性后果就是许多同学不把看到的东西念出来，他就读不下去，看不懂文章，这样的阅读其实是在读音节，而其阅读的速度会大大减慢，正确的读法应是读意群(word group),所谓的意群就是指几个相邻的表示同类意思的词，而读意群就是说把这几个词用一眼看下来，可以使阅读速度成数倍的提高。
这种力量的训练是帮你拿到雅思阅读6.5分以上的最重要的训练。
当然在短时间内拿到抱负的分数，我们在课堂上所叙述的雅思5大题型的技巧是分不开的，但是假如只有技巧，只能关心你在短时间内找到绝大多数题目的位置，可是究竟某些力量的题目需要精读的技能，这就是从句式结构开头训练。
例句：The methods that a community devisesto perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the culture legacy that thatcommunity perceives as essential.这样的句子，我们完全不用一个一个单词的来读，由于英语中有很多虚词，只有语法意义而无实际的意思;还有很多词组，只有几个词放在一起才有完整的意义，如上述的例句的前3个词the methodsthat,我们可以看出，the methods是名词，that 是一个连词，由于that 的后面是句子a community devises toperpetuate itself。
即that所引导的句子为定语从句，是修饰that methods,即什么样的methods，而come into being是谓语，come into being意思指的是：come into existence or 简洁点is made，to preserve是目的，即protect，aspects of the culture legacy,这是一个A OF B的名词短语，在此短语中，culture legacy,是重要的部分，而后面有两个that,前一个that 不言而喻是连词，后一个that 是介词，指代thatcommunity,culture legacy是名词，后用that的句子在后做修饰，因此为定语。
雅思阅读长难句分析作业
雅思阅读长难句分析作业雅思阅读长难句分析作业（2011-12-23）1.From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blindpeople can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space.But pictures are more than literal representations.翻译：In this paragraph the writer makes the point that blind peopleA.may be interested in studying art.B.can draw outlines of different objects and surface.C.can recognize conventions such as perspective.D.can draw accurately.1.This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blindwoman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning .To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle. I was taken aback.翻译：The writer was surprised because the blind womanA.drew a circle on her own initiative.B.did not understand what a wheel looked like.C.included a symbol representing movement.D.was the first person to use lines of motion.2.When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw aspinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel’s spokes as curved lines. When asked about these curves, the all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion.翻译：From the experiment described in the passage, the writer found that the blind subjectsA.had good understanding of symbols representing movement.B.could control the movement of wheels very accurately.C.worked together well as a group in solving problems.D.got better results than the sighted undergraduates.3.Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from allwalks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “leader” in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform.Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer “ teacher-subject “ that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils’ability to learn.翻译：The teacher-subjects were told that they were testing whetherA.a 450-volt shock was dangerous.B.punishment helps learning.C.the pupils were honest.D.they were suited to teaching./doc/09cceee6524de518964b7d1e.html gram told the teacher-subjects to ignore the reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for, as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the moment.翻译：The teacher-subjects were instructed toA.Stop when a pupil asked them to.B.Denounce pupils who made mistakes.C.Reduce the shock level after a correct answer.D.Give punishment according to a rule.5.Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explain his idea toa group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the averagepercentage of people in an ordinary population who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 volts. The overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter.翻译：Before the experiment took place the psychiatristsA.believe that a shock of 150 volts was too dangerous.B.failed to agree on how the teacher-subjects would respond toinstructions.C.underestimated the teacher-subjects ‘willingness to comply withexperimental procedure.D.though that many of the teacher-subjects would administer ashock of 450 volts.6.Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney. ‘We had a tradition of doctor being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into it.”翻译：Traditionally, how have Australian doctors differed from doctors in many Western countries?A.They have worked closely with pharmaceutical companies.B.They have often worked alongside other therapists.C.They have been reluctant to accept alternative therapistsD.They have regularly prescribed alternative remedies.7.Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about$US12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically tested.In 1990, AmericansA.Were prescribed more herbal medicines than in previousyears.B.Consulted alternative therapists more often than doctors.C.Spent more on natural therapist than orthodox medicines.D.Made more complaints about doctors than in previous years.8.The concept of the rocket, or rather the mechanism behind the idea of propelling an object into the air, has been around for well over two thousand years. However, it wasn’t until the discovery of the reaction principle , which was the key to space travel and so represents one of the great milestones in the history of scientific thought that rocket technology was able to develop.The greatest outcome of the discovery of the reaction principle was thatA.rockets could be propelled into the air.B.space travel became a reality.C.a major problem had been solved.D.bigger rockets were able to be built.9.In addition to being responsible for more than 85 per cent of lung cancers, smoking is associated with cancers of , amongst others, the mouth, stomach and kidneys, and is thought to cause about 14 per cent of leukemia and cervical cancers. In 1990, smoking caused more 84,000 deaths, mainly resulting from such problems as pneumonia, bronchitis and influenza.翻译：According to information in the passage, leukemia and pneumoniaA.Are responsible for 84,000 deaths each year.B.Are strongly linked to cigarette smoking.C.Are strongly linked to lung cancer.D.Result in 30 per cent of deaths per year.10.Carbon monoxide, for example, competes with oxygen in red blood cells and interferes with the blood’s ability to deliver life-giving oxygen to the heart .翻译：According to information in the passage, intake of carbon monoxideA.Inhibits the flow of oxygen to the heart.B.Increases absorption of other smoke particles.C.Inhibits red blood cell formation.D.Promotes nicotine absorption.11.Nicotine and other toxins in cigarette smoke activate small blood cells called platelets, which increases the likelihood of blood clots, thereby affecting blood circulation throughout the body.翻译：According to information in the passage, intake of nicotine encouragesA.Blood circulation through the body.B.Activity of other toxins in the blood.C.Formation of blood clots.D.An increase of platelets in the blood.。
雅思阅读自然地理类真题：ANewIceAge
雅思阅读自然地理类真题：ANewIceAge大家在备考雅思的阅读的时候，多多参考一下往年的真题可以帮助我们了解雅思阅读考试的题型和考点，为了方便大家，下面小编给大家带来雅思阅读自然地理类真题：A New Ice Age。
雅思阅读自然地理类真题：A New Ice AgeA New Ice AgeAWilliam Curry is a serious, sober climate scientist, not an art critic .But he hasspent a lot of time perusing Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze’s famous painting “GeorgeWashington Crossing the Delaware,” which depicts (v. 描绘)a boatload ofcolonial American soldiers making their way to attack English and Hessiantroops the day after Christmas in 1776. “Most people think these other guys inthe boat are rowing, but they are actually pushing the ice away,” says Curry,tapping his finger on a reproduction of the painting. Sure enough, the leado arsman is bashing the frozen river with his boot. “I grew up in Philadelphia.The place in this painting is 30 minutes away by car. I can tell you, this kind ofthing just doesn’t happen anymore.”BBut it may again soon. And ice-choked scenes, similar to those immortalizedby the 16th-century Flemish painter Pieter Brueghel the Elder, may also returnto Europe. His works, including the 1565 masterpiece “Hunters in the Snow,”make the now-temperate European landscapes look more like Lapland. Suchfrigid settings were commonplace during a period dating roughly from 1300to 1850 because much of North America and Europe was in the throes of alittle ice age. And now there is mounting evidence that the chill could return. Agrowing number of scientists believe conditions are ripe for another prolongedcooldown, or small ice age. While no one is predicting a brutal ice sheet likethe one that covered the Northern Hemisphere with glaciers (n. 冰川)about12,000 years ago, the next cooling trend could drop average temperatures5 degrees Fahrenheit over much of the United States and 10 degrees in theNortheast, northern Europe, and northern Asia.C “It could happen in 10 years,” says Terrence Joyce, who chairs the Woods HolePhysical Oceanography Department. “Once it does, it can take hundreds ofyears to reverse.” And he is alarmed that Americans have yet to take the threatseriously.DA drop of 5 to 10 degrees entails much more than simply bumping up thethermostat and carrying on. Both economically and ecologically, such quick,persistent chilling could have devastating consequences. A 2002 report titled“Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises,” produced by the NationalAcademy of Sciences, pegged the cost from agricultural losses alone at $100billion to $250 billion while also predicting that damage to ecologies could bevast and incalculable. A grim sampler: disappearing forests, increased housingexpenses, dwindling freshwater, lower crop yields (n. 产量)，and acceleratedspecies extinctions.EPolitical changes since the last ice age could make survival far more difficultfor the world’s poor. During previous cooling periods, whole tribes simplypicked up and moved south, but that option doesn’t work in the modern, tenseworld of closed borders. “To the e xtent that abrupt climate change may causerapid and extensive changes of fortune for those who live off the land, theinability to migrate may remove one of the major safety netsfor distressedpeople,” says the report.FBut first things first. Isn’t the earth actually warming? Indeed it is, says Joyce.In his cluttered office, full of soft light from the foggy Cape Cod morning,he explains how such warming could actually be the surprising culprit of thenext mini-ice age. The paradox is a result of the appearance over the past 30years in the North Atlantic of huge rivers of fresh water the equivalent of a10-foot-thick layer-mixed into the salty sea. No one is certain where the freshtorrents are coming from, but a prime suspect is melting (adj. 融化的)Arcticice, caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that traps solarenergy.G The freshwater trend is major news in ocean-science circles. Bob Dickson,a British oceanographer who sounded an alarm at a February conference inHonolulu, has termed the drop in salinity and temperature in the LabradorSea—a body of water between northeastern Canada and Greenland thatadjoins the Atlantic”arguably the largest full-depth changes observed in themodern instrumental oceanographic record.”HThe trend ( n. 趋势)could cause a little ice age by subverting the northernpenetration of Gulf Stream waters. Normally, the Gulf Stream, laden withheat soaked up in the tropics, meanders up the east coasts of the United Statesand Canada. As it flows northward, the stream surrenders heat to the air.Because the prevailing North Atlantic winds blow eastward, a lot of the heatwafts to Europe. That’s why many scientists believe winter temperatures onthe Continent are as much as 36 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than those inNorth America at the same latitude. Frigid Boston, for example, lies at almostprecisely the same latitude as balmy Rome. And some scientists say the heatalso warms Americans and Canadians. “It’s a real mistake to think of thissolely as a European phe nomenon,” says Joyce.IHaving given up its heat to the air, the now-cooler water becomes denser andsinks into the North Atlantic by a mile or more in a process oceanographerscall thermohaline circulation. This massivecolumn of cascading cold is the mainengine powering a deepwater current calledthe Great Ocean Conveyor that snakesthrough all the world’s oceans. But as the North Atlantic fills with freshwater,it grows less dense, making the waters carried northward by the Gulf Streamless able to sink. The new mass of relatively freshwater sits on top of theocean like a big thermal blanket, threatening the thermohaline circulation.That in turn could make the Gulf Stream slow or veer southward. At somepoint, the whole system could simply shut down, and do so quickly. “There isincreasing evidence that we are getting closer to a transition point, from whichwe can jump to a new state. Small changes, such as a couple of years of heavyprecipitation or melting ice at high latitudes, could yield a big res ponse,” saysJoyce. Model of Pure Thermohaline CirculationJ“You have all this freshwater sitting at high latitudes, and it can literally takehundreds of years to get rid of it,” Joyce says. So while the globe as a wholegets warmer by tiny fractions of 1 degree Fahrenheit annually, the NorthAtlantic region could, in a decade, get up to 10 degrees colder. What worriesresearchers at Woods Hole is that history is on the side of rapid shutdown.They know it has happened before.雅思阅读中不可忽略的逻辑关系我们在雅思备考的过程中，尤其是学习雅思阅读，老师会特别强调四大逻辑关系在理解和做题中的重要作用。
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雅思阅读素材长难句分析-自然灾害健忘症我们选择忘记威胁
我们知道雅思阅读文章主要是从国外知名报刊杂志上获取的，然后经过一系列的
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Natural disaster amnesia: Threats we choose to forget
自然灾害健忘症:我们选择忘记威胁
文章题材：科技类
我们先来学习一些单词：
1. flagged：adj. 不能再喝的 v. 用标记表明
2. geophysical：地球物理学的
3. consternation：n. 惊愕，惊慌失措
4. aviation：n. 航空，飞机制造业
5. moderate：温和的
6. eruption：爆发
7. stratosphere：n. 同温层
9. sulphate particles：硫酸盐微粒
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10. dimmed：灰暗的
11. ramification：n. 分叉
12. inflate：vt. 使充气，使通货膨胀
13. tore：vt. 撕开
14. colossal：adj. 巨大的
文章重点段落摘要：红色字体部分是长难句，有相应的句子结构分析和译文哦。
黄色背景表示重点词汇哦。
1. TWO hundred years ago, a simmering tropical volcano tore itself
apart in spectacular fashion. Mount Tambora, on the Indonesian island of
Sumbawa, erupted in a colossal blast that led to the deaths of more than
70,000 people in the region. So large was the eruption that its reach
extended far beyond South-East Asia, loading the stratosphere with 200
million tonnes of sulphate particles that dimmed the sun and brought about
a dramatic cooling with widespread ramifications half a world away.
句子结构分析：主句是倒装句型，强调火山爆发危害范围大。主语是the
eruption，系动词是was，表语是So large that ……结构，表示如此……以至
于……，loading作状语，第二个that引导限制性定语从句修饰particles。
译文：火山这么大的喷发，甚至达到遥远的东南亚，携带2亿吨硫酸盐微粒进入
平流层，导致太阳变暗，并且影响广泛到给半个地球带来很大的降温。
2. The consternation of governments and the aviation industry when
faced with a moderate eruption of a European volcano says everything about
our apparent inability to foresee events that aren't that unusual. After
all, eruptions in Iceland aren't uncommon and we only have to go back to
1947 for the last time a large Icelandic ash cloud made an unwelcome
appearance in European airspace. Not long at all really, but long enough
for the threat to have been disregarded and left off the UK National Risk
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Register of Civil Emergencies.
句子结构分析：句子主语是The consternation of governments and the
aviation industry，when引导时间状语从句，谓语是says，后面是省掉that的宾语
从句，第一个that 引导定语从句修饰events，第二个that相当于so，表强调。
译文：在面对一个温和的欧洲火山喷发的时候，惊慌失措的政府和航空工业说一
切关于我们无法明显预见的事件并不少见。
3. The fact that Icelandic eruptions were added to the 2012 version of
the register and flagged as one of the highest priority risks facing the
country says a lot about the manner in which governments and their agencies
tend to relate to potential geophysical threats without recent precedent.
First ignore them; then inflate them.
句子结构分析：主语是The fact，that引导的从句是The fact的同位语，谓语
是says，宾语是a lot， which引导定语从句修饰the manner。
译文：冰岛火山喷发被标记为2012版的一个国家面临的最高优先级的风险等级，
这个事实说明了很多政府及其机构的办事方式——他们趋向于关注没有最近的先例的
潜在的地球物理威胁。
怎么样，亲爱的烤鸭们，是不是对那些自然灾害，特别是火山爆发有了更多的了
解，看完这篇小素材，你记住这些背景知识及背景词汇了么，还没记住的话，就在复
习一遍吧。
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