Ancient China 古中国
世界历史上文字载体分布及其地理意义
世界历史上文字载体分布及其地理意义文字是人类用来记录语言的符号。
文字是文明社会产生的标志。
文字记录了人类文明的发展与演变，是人类文明最忠实的见证者与记录者。
而文字载体则承载着这些人类文明，世界上不同文明文字载体的发展演变，不仅仅是不同文明的体现，亦是当地地理特异之处的体现。
在此对人类文明最主要的发源地的文字载体进行分析讨论。
1.两河流域两河流域文明又称美索不达米亚文明(Mesopotamia culture)，或两河文明。
是指在两河流域间的新月沃土（底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间的美索不达米亚平原）所发展出来的文明，是西亚最早的文明。
这一带远古时期居住着许多种族，是干旱区域，但下游土地肥沃，很早就发展了灌溉网络，形成以许多城市为中心的农业社会。
两河流域是世界上文化发展最早的地区，为世界发明了第一种文字——楔形文字，编制了第一种法律，发明了第一个制陶器的陶轮，制定了第一个七天的周期，第一个阐述了创造世界和大洪水的神话。
至今为世界留下了大量的远古文字记载材料——泥版。
大约在公元前3300年，在底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之前的美索不达米亚平原（今伊拉克境内）苏美尔人用两河流域沼泽地盛产的粘土制成泥版，用芦苇杆削成切面呈三角形的笔，在泥版上印刻成文字。
由于这种文字呈楔形，被称为“楔形文字”。
泥版制作为最初的文字载体，具有取用方便、造价低廉、坚固耐用、保存持久的特点。
泥版在两河流域使用时间长达3000余年，为两河流域古代文明留下了大量见证。
在地里位置上美索不达米亚平原广义指底格里斯河与幼发拉底河的中下游地区，东抵扎格罗斯山，西到叙利亚沙漠，南迄波斯湾，北及托罗斯山。
北部为山地，向南经过于草原和平原到南部沼泽性的两河三角洲。
狭义的仅指两河之间的地区。
该平原是幼发拉底河和底格里斯河冲击而成，土壤肥沃，地形平坦，光照充足，降水不太多，因为这儿是热带沙漠气候，不利于形成以树木植物或动物皮毛为材料的文字载体，而两条河流涨潮退潮及适宜的水热条件等导致粘土资源丰富，利于泥版这一材料的形成，这也是导致楔形文字产生的条件之一。
古希腊与古中国对比(英文版)
of ancient china
Chinese mythology
Chinese mythology is a collection of cultural history, folk-tales, and religions that have been passed down in oral or written tradition. It includes creation myths and legends, such as myths concerning the founding of Chinese culture and the Chinese state. As in many cultures’ mythologies, Chinese mythology has in the past been believed to be, at least in part, a factual recording of history.
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An introduction to Nv Wa
• Nv Wa is a goddess in ancient Chinese mythology best known for creating mankind and repairing the wall of heaven by using five-colored stones. giving them life and the ability to bear children. Nv Wa worked unceasingly to repair the damage, melting down the five-colored stones to mend the heavens. She was considered to be the first Chinese ruler and her name is the first on the list of Chinese emperors.
中国文化通览(1)
中国文化通览(2013.9)教学宗旨：本课程旨在引导学生把握优秀的中国文化的精神，产生对于中国文化的热爱与浓厚兴趣，大致了解中国概况及中国文化的历史沿革、中国人的传统世界观、价值观和思维模式、中国文化中的宝贵遗产、主要次文化的基本内容等。
向学生们提供恰当的英语翻译方法，启发他们提供与汉语内容基本对应的英语译文，向学生介绍中国文化的英语关键词语，并有针对性地对中外文化进行对比。
一、授课内容1.主题：第一章：古代中国概况The basic national conditions ofancient Chinaa) 地理环境和经济结构The geographical surroundings and the economicstructure of the Chinese cultureb) 中国文化的历史发展The historical development of the Chinese culturec) 中国人的传统世界观、价值观和思维模式The traditional worldview, values and mode ofthinking of the Chinese peopled) 以儒、道两家为基干的古代思想文化The ancient Chinese thought第二章：Chinese Historical tales, myths, fables and legendsa) 历史故事Chinese historical talesb) 神话Mythsc) 寓言Fablesd)民间传说Folklores第三章：中国文化名人Eminent personnel in the history of the Chinese culturea) 古代文化名人Eminent personnel in the ancient timesb)近现代文化名人Eminent personnel in the modern times第四章：中国名篇名著famous Chinese literary worksa) 中国文化名著Masterpiecesb)中国文化名篇Well-known literary pieces第五章：中国文化瑰宝Gems of the Chinese Culturea)四书五经The Four Books and The Five Classicsb)京剧与地方戏曲Beijing Opera and local operasc)中国书画Chinese painting and calligraphyd)生活中的文化符号Cultural tokens in daily life第六章：中国民间艺术与竞技Folk arts and sportsa)民间工艺Folk handicraftb)民间游艺Folk performance and Entertainmentc)民间竞技Folk sports第七章：中国风土人情Chinese folk culturesa) 饮食文化The dietetic cultureb) 酒文化The wine culturec) 茶文化The tea cultured) 姓氏文化The name culturee) 节日文化The festival culture第八章：中国地理文化Chinese geographical culturea) 古城古迹Ancient cities and historical sitesb) 景点景观Famous scenic spotsc) 名山Famous Mountainsd)河流湖泊Famous rivers and lakes第九章：中国建筑与园林Chinese architecture and gardeninga) 传统建筑风格Ancient architectural stylesb)著名传统建筑Famous ancient constructionsc) 园林及其特色Chinese gardeningI. Translate the following terms or expressions:1.四大发明2. 儒家文化3.春联4.针灸5. 草书6.贵妃醉酒7. 兵马俑8. 四大古典名著9. 四大菜系10. 脸谱1. The compass, the gunpowder, the art of paper-making and the movable type printing2.Confucianism3. Chinese (spring) couplets4. acupuncture 5 cursive script 6.The Drunken Concubine 7. The terra cotta armies and horses 8.《西游记》Pilgrimage to the West; Journey to the West 《三国演义》The Romance of the Three Kingdoms 《红楼梦》A Dream in Red Mansions (The Story of the Stone) 《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes; Water Margins 9. Four major groups (styles)of Chinese Cuisine (homework) 10. Facial paintings (facial masks?)II. When Shakespeare was busy producing his works, one of his contemporaries in China was also writing his later well-known work, who was he? What work was it? (ppt sy)III. Confucius has been a unique symbolic figure of Chinese culture, do you know much about him, e.g. the years (dates) of his birth and death? Why do Chinese people believe that 73 84 are ominous(esp. for old people)?中国文化通览中国文化是一个历史的范畴，它经历了五千年的发展才形成了今天的面貌，底蕴厚重，博大精深。
古中国
古中国：古中国（Ancient China）即华夏文明，属大河文明（包括古埃及，古巴比伦，古印度四大文明古国）。
中国，这个历经五千年文明的东方巨龙，在频繁的外族入侵中愈来愈强，无论是蒙古的征服还是满族的入关，文明最终被征服被汉化的却是他们，共同属于了悠久伟大的中华民族。
中国朝代顺序如下：夏、商、周[西周、东周(春秋、战国)]、秦、汉(西汉、东汉)、三国时期(魏、蜀、吴)、晋(西晋、东晋)、南北朝[南朝(宋、齐、梁、陈)、北朝(北魏、东魏、西魏、北齐、北周)]、隋、唐、五代(后梁、后唐、后晋、后汉、后周)、十国[前蜀、后蜀、吴、南唐、吴越、闽、楚、南汉、南平(荆南)、北汉]、宋(北宋、南宋)、辽、西夏、金、元、明、清、中华民国、中华人民共和国。
四大发明：四大发明是指中国古代对世界具有很大影响的四种发明，是中国古代汉族劳动人民的重要创造。
即造纸术、指南针、火药、活字印刷术。
中国古代的4大发明中有3项与道家关联密切。
火药是中国道人炼丹时的“副产品”，活字印刷术源自南北朝时期道家的雕版印刷，是毕昇发明的，由雕版印刷术改进的。
而中国最早的指南针理论则建立在阴阳五行学说基础上。
此一说法最早由英国汉学家李约瑟提出并为后来许多中国的历史学家所继承，普遍认为这四种发明对中国古代的政治、经济、文化的发展产生了巨大的推动作用，且这些发明经由各种途径传至西方，对世界文明发展史也产生了很大的影响。
中华文化：中华文化，亦称华夏文化，也被理解为狭义的所有中国地区的文化，是指华人社会继承自中国文化后不断演化、发展而成的特有文化。
其特征是以中华文化的诸子百家文化与天朝思想为其骨干而发展。
需要注意的是，本文中的大部分的“中国”、“中华”、“华夏”乃同义词，皆指黄河、长江流域一带。
中华文化发展于华夏文明，华夏文明的源头有两个，即[1]黄河文明与长江文明。
中华文明是历经千年以上的时间历史演变，中国各大古代文明长期相互影响融合。
如今，一个拥有灿烂文化的中国，带着丰富多彩的文化元素屹立在世界东方！中国伟大建筑：故宫故宫位于北京市中心，旧称紫禁城。
中国古代发展 英文版
The Development of Ancient ChinaA．社会（政治体制）1,中国是世界上文明发达最早的国家之一(China is one of the countries in the world, which is earliest to reach its cultural flourishment.)2,中国古代史经历了以下几个阶段Stage :原始社会(primitive society)、奴隶社会(slave society)（170万年前-公元前476年）和封建社会(feudal society)。
Primitive Society中国是人类重要的发源地之一，经过漫长的进化，产生了不同时期的原始人(primitive man)、氏族部落(Clans)，如元谋人(Homo erectus yuanmouensis)(About 17,000,000 years ago)、蓝田人(Lantian Man)( About 800,000 years ago)、北京人Sinanthropus pekinensis (About 700,000-200,000 years ago)、山顶洞人(Upper Cave Man)(About 30,000 years ago)半坡人(Banpo Man)(About 5,000-6,000 years ago)原始人群(primitive crowd)、母系社会((matriarchal society)和父系社会(patrilineal society)Slave society夏Xia Dynasty、商Shang Dynasty、周Zhou Dynasty、春秋The Spring and Autumn PeriodFeudal society3，其中封建社会可分为五个阶段：一、战国、秦、汉是封建社会形成(formation)和初步发展(initial development)阶段。
介绍中国古代历史的英文
介绍中国古代历史的英文Ancient China, a civilization that has captivated theworld with its rich history and profound cultural heritage, stretches back over four millennia. It is a history marked by the rise and fall of dynasties, remarkable innovations, andthe development of a complex social and political structure.The earliest known dynasty in China is the Xia Dynasty, dating back to around 2070 BCE, although its existence is a matter of debate among historians. The Shang Dynasty followed, firmly established around 1600 BCE, and is known for its advanced bronze work and the development of the first known Chinese writing system, Oracle Bone Script.The Zhou Dynasty, which lasted from 1046 BCE to 256 BCE,is divided into two periods: the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou. The Eastern Zhou era is further split into the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. It wasduring the Warring States period that the famous philosophers Confucius, Laozi, and Sun Tzu lived, shaping Chinese thought with their teachings on morality, governance, and warfare.The Qin Dynasty, though short-lived (221-206 BCE), was a transformative era. It was under the leadership of Qin Shi Huang that China was unified into a single empire for thefirst time. He standardized weights, measures, and thewriting system, and initiated the construction of the Great Wall to protect against northern invaders.The Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) is considered a golden age in Chinese history. It was a time of significant expansion, cultural development, and the Silk Road trade network's establishment. The Han Dynasty also saw the spread of Buddhism into China, which would later integrate with indigenous beliefs to form a unique Chinese Buddhist tradition.The period following the Han Dynasty was marked by division and disunity, known as the Three Kingdoms period, after the famous novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" by Luo Guanzhong. This era was characterized by the struggle for power among the states of Wei, Shu, and Wu.The Sui and Tang Dynasties brought a return to unity and prosperity. The Sui Dynasty, though brief, was responsiblefor the construction of the Grand Canal, a massive engineering feat that connected the north and south of China. The Tang Dynasty is often regarded as the peak of Chinese cultural and economic development, with advancements in poetry, art, and governance.The Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE) was a time of great technological and economic progress, including the invention of movable type printing, the compass, and the development of gunpowder. The Song period also saw the rise of the civil service examination system, which allowed for social mobility based on merit rather than birthright.The Yuan Dynasty, established by the Mongol leaderGenghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan, marked the first time that a non-Han Chinese ruled over all of China. The Yuan Dynasty facilitated cultural exchange between East and West and is known for its contributions to the arts and the establishment of the Beijing as the capital.The Ming and Qing Dynasties followed, with the Ming Dynasty known for its strong and centralized government, the construction of the Forbidden City, and the voyages of the explorer Zheng He. The Qing Dynasty, which lasted from 1644 to 1912, was the last imperial dynasty of China. It was during this time that China faced significant challenges from Western powers, leading to the signing of unequal treaties and the eventual fall of the Qing Dynasty.The collapse of the Qing Dynasty marked the end of the imperial era and the beginning of the Republic of China. The legacy of these ancient dynasties continues to influence Chinese culture, politics, and society to this day.。
Ancient Chinese Inventions(中国古代发明)
expensive for widespread use.
Paper Making
Cai Lun
Cai Lun invented the world's first batch of paper using fish nets, tree bark, bits of rope and rags.
The invention paved the way for the invention of printing technology.
Movable-type printing
Bi Sheng
Four processes: making the types, composing the text, printing and retrieving the movable types.
This kind of printing tech rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the Renaissance.
· Tea was first discovered by Shennong, Chinese Father of Agriculture. In the Tang Dynasty tea became a popular drink.
Thank you!
Other Exciting Inventions
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Iron and steel smelting
• Iron smelting technology was developed in China as early as 5th century BC in the Zhou Dynasty.
Mechanical Clock
古代中国英语作文
古代中国英语作文英文回答：Ancient China, with its rich and profound history, has left an indelible mark on the world. From its inception to its zenith as a global empire, China has witnessed numerous dynasties, each contributing to its cultural tapestry and technological advancements.One defining characteristic of ancient China was its emphasis on education and meritocracy. Confucius, a renowned philosopher, stressed the importance of learning, virtue, and serving society. The imperial examination system, dating back to the Sui dynasty, allowed individuals of humble origins to rise through the ranks based on their academic excellence. This system fostered a culture of intellectualism and innovation.Another remarkable aspect of ancient China was its scientific and technological achievements. The Chineseinvented gunpowder, the compass, and papermaking, all of which had a profound impact on the world. They also made significant contributions to astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. For example, the astronomer Zhang Heng developed the first water clock, which kept time with remarkable accuracy.Furthermore, ancient China was renowned for its sophisticated art and architecture. The Great Wall of China, a symbol of the nation's resilience and engineering prowess, is one of the most iconic structures in human history. Chinese painters and calligraphers developed unique styles that emphasized balance, harmony, and brushwork.In terms of religion, ancient China was a melting potof beliefs, including Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Each tradition had its own unique teachings and practices, which shaped the spiritual lives of the people. Buddhism,in particular, spread widely throughout China andinfluenced many aspects of Chinese culture, such as art, literature, and philosophy.Lastly, the social structure of ancient China washighly stratified. The emperor held absolute power,followed by the aristocracy, bureaucrats, military officers, peasants, and slaves. Family and lineage played a crucial role in social status and identity. Arranged marriages were common, and women were generally subordinate to men.中文回答：古时的中国，历史悠久且深奥，给世界留下了不可磨灭的印记。