戴德明财务会计学第8版知识点总结笔记课后答案
财务会计学_戴德明_第八版_课后答案
第2章货币资金和应收款项2.（1）借：其他货币资金-外埠存款400000 贷：银行存款400000 （2）借：其他货币资金-银行汇票存款15000 贷：银行存款15000 （3）借：原材料300000 应交税费51000贷：其他货币资金-外埠存款351000 （4）借：原材料10000 应交税费1700 贷：其他货币资金-银行汇票存款11700 （5）借：银行存款49000贷：其他货币资金-外埠存款49000（6）借：银行存款3300贷：其他货币资金-银行汇票存款33003.总价法5月3日借：应收账款66690贷：主营业务收入57000 应交税费9690 5月18日借：银行存款66023.1 财务费用666.9 贷：应收账款666905月19日120×100×0.95=11400 11400×0.17=1938 （11400+1938）×1%=133.38 借：主营业务收入11400应交税费1938贷：银行存款13204.62 财务费用133.38净价法57000×（1+17%）=66690 66690×2%=1333.8 5月3日借：应收账款65356.2贷：主营业务收入55666.2应交税费9690 5月18日借：银行存款66023.1贷：应收账款65356.2 财务费用666.9 5月19日借：主营业务收入11133.24应交税费1938 财务费用133.38贷：银行存款13204.624.2009年借：资产减值损失10000 贷：坏账准备10000 2010年借：坏账准备4000 贷：应收账款4000 借：资产减值损失8000 贷：坏账准备8000 2011 借：坏账准备20000 贷：应收账款20000 借：应收账款3000 贷：坏账准备3000 借：资产减值损失12000 贷：坏账准备12000第三章1.（1）借：在途物资-甲10300 应交税费1700 贷：银行存款12000 （2）借：原材料-甲10300 贷：在途物资-甲10300 （3）乙货款30000 丙货款20000 运费分配率=1000/(300+200)=2保险费分配率=1500/(30000+20000)=0.03乙的成本=30000+600×（1-7%）+900=31458丙的成本=20000+400×（1-7%）+600=20972 借：在途物资-乙31458 -丙20972 应交税费8570 贷：银行存款61000 （4）借：原材料-乙31458 -丙20972 贷：在途物资-乙31458-丙20972 （5）借：在途物资-甲20000 应交税费3400 贷：银行存款23400 （6）借：原材料-乙9000 贷：在途物资9000 （7）借：原材料-丁30000 贷：应付账款30000 2.（1）借：在途物资30930 应交税费5170 贷：银行存款36100 （2）借：库存商品57000 贷：在途物资30930 商品进销差价26070 （3）借：银行存款60000 贷：主营业务收入60000 借：主营业务收入60000 贷：库存商品60000 （4）60000/(1+17%)=51282 51282×17%=8717.95借：主营业务收入8717.95 贷：应交税费8717.95（5）商品进销差价率=（9700+26070）/(43000+570000×100%=35.77% 已销商品进销差价=60000×35.77%=21462 借：商品进销差价21462 贷：主营业务成本21462 3.（1）甲材料可变现净值=510-9-200=301 账面价值=300 未发生减值。
戴德明《财务会计学》笔记和课后习题(含真题)详解(持有至到期投资与可供出售金融资产)
第4章持有至到期投资与可供出售金融资产4.1 考点难点归纳一、持有至到期股资持有至到期投资是指企业购入的到期日固定、回收金额固定或可确定，且企业有明确意图和能力持有至到期的国债和企业债券等各种债券。
1．初始计量（1）入账价值的确定持有至到期投资应按购入时实际支付的价款作为初始入账价值，实际支付的价款包括支付的债券实际买价以及手续费、佣金等初始直接费用。
但实际支付的价款中如果含有发行日或付息日至购买日之间分期付息的利息，应作为短期债权，不计入债券的初始入账价值。
（2）账务处理①在发行日或付息日购入时，应按照购入债券的面值，借记“持有至到期投资——债券面值”科目；按照实际支付的全部价款扣除面值以后的差额，借记或贷记“持有至到期投资——利息调整”科目；按实际支付的全部价款，贷记“银行存款”等科目。
②在发行日后或两个付息日之间购入时，实际支付的价款中含有自发行日或付息日至购入日之间的利息应分别处理：到期一次付息债券的利息应计入投资成本，借记“持有至到期投资——应计利息”科目；分期付息债券的利息不计入投资成本，应借记“应收利息”科目。
2．摊余成本与投资收益的确定摊余成本的确定，即利息调整。
有直线法与实际利率法两种。
我国现行会计准则要求采用实际利率法确定摊余成本。
（1）直线法是将持有至到期投资的初始利息调整总额在债券的存续期内平均分摊到各个会计期间。
操作比较简单，但存在理论上的缺陷（如在一项投资业务中各期投资收益率不同，不能正确反映各期的经营业绩）。
（2）实际利率法要求以期初债券的账面价值乘以取得债券投资时的实际利率，据以确定当期应确认的投资收益，再将其与当期的票面利息相比较，以两者的差额作为当期应摊销的利息调整金额。
采用这种方法可以保证各期按相同的投资收益率（该债券的实际利率）确认持有至到期投资的投资收益。
通常需要采用插值法来确定债券的实际利率。
在债券分期付息的情况下，债券面值在到期时一次收回，其现值应根据债券面值乘以复利现值系数计算；债券票面利息分期等额收回，其现值应根据各期债券票面利息乘以年金现值系数计算。
资料-戴德明财务会计学第8版课后答案
1.答案思考题1.财务会计的目标是什么？明确财务会计的目标有何意义？答：（1）财务会计的目标是财务会计基本理论的重要组成部分，是财务会计理论体系的基础，即期望会计达到的目的或境界，整个财务会计理论体系和会计实务是建立在财务会计目标的基础之上。
财务会计的目标包括以下三方面：①提供符合国家宏观经济管理要求的会计信息；②满足企业内部经营管理的需要；③满足有关各方了解企业财务状况及经营成果的需要。
（2）明确财务会计目标对会计的实践工作以及会计准则的制定既有重大的指导意义，又有较大的实践价值。
2.财务会计的基本前提有哪些？权责发生制为什么也是财务会计的一项基本前提？答：财务会计的基本前提是指组织与开展财务会计工作必须具备的前提条件，必须首先明确和解决的基本问题。
（1）财务会计的基本前提有会计主体、持续经营、会计期间、货币计量和权责发生制。
具体说明如下：①会计主体。
会计主体是指会计为之服务的特定单位。
要开展会计工作，首先应明确认定会计主体，也就是要明确会计人员的立足点（立场），解决为谁记账、算账、报账的问题。
②持续经营。
持续经营是指作为会计主体的企业，其生产经营活动将按照既定的目标持续下去，在可以预见的将来不会面临破产与清算。
③会计期间。
会计期间就是将一个企业的全部经营期间人为地划分为相等时间段落。
会计分期的目的在于通过会计期间的划分，据以结算账目，编制财务会计报告，从而及时地向有关方面提供有用的会计信息。
④货币计量。
财务会计以货币为主要计量尺度。
要记账，必须确定记账本位币；要编表，必须确定报告本位币。
不但要确定依据何种货币记账，按何种货币编制报表，还需要判断该种货币本身的价值是否基本稳定。
⑤权责发生制。
权责发生制也称为应计制，它要求对会计主体在一定期间内发生的各项业务，以是否取得经济权利、是否承担经济责任为标准，决定资产、负债、收入（广义）和费用（广义）的确认。
现代企业会计是以权责发生制为基础。
（2）权责发生制是财务会计的一项基本前提，在于开展企业财务会计工作，特别是进行会计确认必须正确运用确认基础。
成本会计学(第8版)》习题答案
10000 4000 4000 10000
22000 12000
22000 12000
97428.57 12571.43
66000.00 44000.00
供 电 车 间 应 分 配 水 费 =1500×5=7500(元 )
基 本 生 产 车 间 应 分 配 水 费 =7000×5=35000(元 )
(3) 对 外 分 配 。
水 费 分 配 率 =10060600+010200=5.892857 运 费 分 配 率 =35040400+050000=1.1
基 本 车 间 负 担 水 费 =5.892857×10000=58928.57(元 )
基 本 车 间 负 担 运 输 =1.1×35000=38500(元 )
基 本 生 产 车 间 照 明 用 电 应 分 配 电 费 =3000×0.5=1500(元 )
企 业 管 理 部 门 照 明 用 电 应 分 配 电 费 =2000×0.5=1000(元 )
供 水 车 间 负 担 运 费 =1×10000=10000(元 ) 运 输 队 负 担 水 费 =5×800=4000(元 )
(2) 计 算 交 互 分 配 后 的 实 际 费 用 。
供 水 车 间 对 外 分 配 费 用 =48000+12000+10000-4000=66000(元 ) 运 输 队 对 外 分 配 费 用 =42000+8000+4000-10000=44000(元 )
1200 5000
7071.43 5500 12571.43
66000 44000 110000
(5) 编 制 会 计 分 录 。 1) 交 互 分 配 。
财政学第八版 复习笔记
第一章(一)财政的一般概念:财政就是国家为了满足社会公共需求对剩余产品进行分配而产生的经济行为。
(二)财政运行的主要特征:1、财政运行就是财政收入与财政支出的矛盾统一。
2、财政运行就是财政规律与财政政策的矛盾统一。
3、财政就是公共性与阶级性的矛盾统一。
(三)财政实现收入分配职能的机制与手段:1、划清市场分配与财政分配的界限与范围。
2、规范工资制度。
3、加强税收调节。
税收就是调节收入分配的主要手段。
4、转移性支出(四)市场失灵市场机制不能或不能有效地配置资源的现象。
1、市场垄断2、市场信息不充分与不对称性3、外部效应与公共物品外部性:就是指一些产品的生产与消费会给不直接参与这种活动的企业或个人带来有害或有益的影响。
其中有益的影响称为“外部经济”,否则就就是“外部不经济”。
比如说,采取措施使某个城市的空气没有了污染,该城市居民呼吸了清新的空气,但并不能制止外地来此的人们呼吸。
外部正效应:指私人部门从事某项活动对其她人带来利益的现象,即商品生产者的内部效益远远低于社会效益的现象。
生产者的成本大于收益,利益外溢,得不到应有的效益补偿,这将导致市场主体尽可能地减少从事具有外部正效应的经济活动。
外部负效应:在市场机制作用的过程中,经济主体给她方带来利益上的损害,增加其生产成本,同时也必然增加了社会总成本,造成资源浪费,效率低下,然而经济主体却没有为此赔偿损失。
即生产者的成本小于收益。
外部效应的存在,使得具有外部效应的产品的市场供给,只能过多或过少,由此导致了资源配置的不合理。
要消除外部效应,必须实现外部成本(收益)的内在化.而市场经济本身就是无能为力的,只有政府介入,才能克服外部效应的缺陷。
4、收入分配不公平5、经济波动(五)政府:政府干预与政府干预失效1、政府干预与政府干预手段①宏观调控②立法与行政手段③组织公共生产与提供公共物品④财政手段2、政府干预失效①背景:自20世纪60年代开始,西方国家在采取赤字财政政策与膨胀性的货币政策以图刺激经济时,却导致了低增长、高失业与高通货膨胀并发的“滞胀”怪病。
财务会计学第八版课后答案
课后习题Chapter1随堂练习：1—24 1—25课后练习：1—32Chapter2随堂练习：2—35 2—38课后练习：2—36Chapte3随堂练习：3—18 3—21 3—27 3—30 3—31 3—37 3—39课后练习：3—36Chapte4随堂练习：4—28 4—29 4—30 4—35课后练习：4—42Chapter5随堂练习：5—37 5—38 5—39 5—41课后练习：5—58Chapter6随堂练习：6—316—536—62课后练习：6—346—406—54 256页problem 1 & 2 （此答案书后有）6—846—86Chapter7随堂练习：7—42 7—43 7—58课后练习：7—28Chapter8随堂练习：8—33 8—32课后练习：8—44Chapter9随堂练习：9—26 9—28 9—29 9—45 9—57课后练习：9—49 9—58Chapter10 ：无Chapter11随堂练习：11—52课后练习：11—43 11—46 11—47Chapter12随堂练习：12—2712—28课后练习：12—3112—4012—41备注：标注有红色的题号都是可以找到答案的题，其余的习题没答案，没答案的题可以借阅平时上课做了笔记的同学。
希望大家期末都努力复习争取取得好的成绩！加油！O(∩_∩)O习题答案Chapter11-24ALBANY CORPORATIONBalance SheetMarch 31, 20X1Liabilities andAssets Stockholders' EquityCash $ 6,000 (a) Liabilities:Accounts receivable 14,000 Accounts payable $ 11,000 (f) Notes receivable 2,000 Notes payable 10,000 Merchandise inventory 43,000 (b) Long-term debt 32,000 (g) Furniture and fixtures 2,000 (c) Total liabilities 53,000 Machinery and equipment 27,000 (d) Stockholders' equity:Land 31,000 (e) Paid-in capital 92,000 (h) Building 20,000Total $145,000 Total $145,000(a) Cash: 10,000 + 1,000 – 5,000 = 6,000(b) Merchandise inventory: 40,000 + 3,000 = 43,000(c) Furniture and fixtures: 3,000 – 1,000 = 2,000(d) Machinery and equipment: 15,000 + 12,000 = 27,000(e) Land: 6,000 + 25,000 = 31,000(f) Accounts payable: 8,000 + 3,000 = 11,000(g) Long-term debt: 12,000 + 20,000 = 32,000(h) Paid-in capital: 80,000 + 12,000 = 92,000Note: Event 5 requires no change in the balance sheet.1-25BROADWAY CORPORATIONBalance SheetNovember 30, 20X1Liabilities andLiabilities andAssets Stockholders’ EquityCash $ 13,000 (a) Liabilities:Accounts receivable 16,000 (b) Accounts payable $ 10,000 (e) Notes receivable 8,000 Notes payable 31,000 (f) Merchandise inventory 29,000 Long-term debt 119,000 (g) Furniture and fixtures 8,000 Total liabilities 160,000 Machinery and equip. 34,000 (c) Stockholders’ equity:Land 35,000 (d) Paid-in Capital 213,000 (h)Building 230,000Total $373,000 Total $373,000(a) Cash: 22,000 – 6,000 – 3,000 = 13,000(b) Accounts receivable: 10,000 + 6,000 = 16,000(c) Machinery and equipment: 20,000 + 14,000 = 34,000(d) Land: 41,000 – 6,000 = 35,000(e) Accounts payable: 16,000 – 6,000 = 10,000(f) Notes payable: 20,000 + (14,000 – 3,000) = 31,000(g) Long-term debt: 142,000 – 23,000 = 119,000(h) Paid-in capital: 190,000 + 23,000 = 213,000Note: Event 4 requires no change in the balance sheet.Chapter2(无答案)Chapter33-36(30-45 min.) A nswers are in thousands of dollars.1. a. Inventory 550Accounts payable 550 Acquisition of inventoriesb. Accounts receivable 800Sales 800 Sales on accountc. Cost of goods sold 440Inventory 440 Cost of inventory soldd. Cash 80Note payable 80 Borrowed from a supplier onJune 1, 20X8. Four-year note,interest at 15%, and principalpayable at end of four yearse. Prepaid rent 25Cash 25 Paid rent in advancef. Wages expense 165Cash 165 Paid wagesg. Miscellaneous expenses 76Cash 76 Paid miscellaneous expensesh. Note receivable 20Cash 20 Loan to office manager one-yearnote, 10 % interesti. Cash 691Accounts receivable 691Collections on accountsj. Accounts payable 471Cash 471 Payments on accountsk. Rent expense 26Prepaid rent 26 To reduce prepaid rent to $3,000l. Depreciation expense 6Accumulated depreciation,store equipment 6 Depreciation for the year 19X8m. Wages expense 6Cash 6 Adjustment for wagesn. Interest expense 7Cash 7 Adjustment: .15 x $80,000 x 7/12o. Cash 1Interest revenue 1 Adjustment: .10 x $20,000 x 6/122.A ccumulated Depreciation,Wages Expense Miscellaneous Expense(g) 76* Balance 12/31/X7** Balance 12/31/X83. CANSECO GA RDENSTrial BalanceDecember 31, 20X8Debits Credits Cash $ 24Accounts receivable 146Note receivable 20Inventory 241Prepaid rent 3Store equipment 60Accumulated depreciation,store equipment $ 30 Accounts payable 190Note payable 80Paid-in capital 40Retained income 79Sales 800Interest revenue 1Cost of goods sold 440Rent expense 26Depreciation 6Interest expense 7Miscellaneous expenses 76Wages expense 171Total $1,220 $1,220Chapter4(无答案)Chapter55-391. Gross sales $650,000*Deduct:Sales returns and allowances $30,000Cash discounts on sales 20,000 50,000Net sales $600,000 *$600,000 + $20,000 + $30,000 = $650,0002. (a) Accounts receivable 650,000Sales revenue 650,000(b) Sales returns and allowances 30,000Accounts receivable 30,000(c) Cash 600,000Cash discounts on sales 20,000Accounts receivable 620,0005-58(20 min.)Note that the data provide four years of experience to use in calculating the properpercentage. Sales and ending accounts receivable from 20X1 through20X4 are matched with write-offs for 20X2 through 20X5.1. Bad debt write-offs as a percentage of sales provides the amount to be added tothe allowance account. Bad debt write-offs as a percentage of sales are:($12,500 + $14,000 + $16,500 + $17,600)/($680,000 + $750,000 + $750,000 +$850,000) = $60,600/$3,030,000 = 2%Bad debt expense, 20X5 = 2% x $850,000 = $17,000Ending balance, allowance for uncollectible accounts= Beginning balance +bad debt expense– bad de = $16,000 + $17,000 – $17,600= $15,4005-58 (continued)Use of T-accounts might help:2. The percentage of ending accounts receivable method provides the desiredbalance in the allowance account. The allowance account balance, as apercentage of ending accounts receivable, should be calculated asfollows:($12,500 + $14,000 + $16,500 + $17,600)/($90,000 + $97,000 + $103,000 + $114,000)= $60,600/$404,000 = 15%Ending balance, allowance for uncollectible accounts, 20X5 = 15% x $112,000 =$16,800Beginning + bad debt –bad d balance expense write $16,000 +bad debt –$17,600 = $expenseBad debt expense = $16,800 + $17,600 – $16,000 = $18,400The critical issue is to realize the allowance balance before the bad debt expense entry isthe beginning balance of $16,000 less the write-offs of $17,600; a debitbalance of 1,600. The expense must bring this balance to zero and thencreate the required $16,800 credit balanceChapter 66-31PRA G’s JEWELRY WHOLESA LERSStatement of Gross ProfitFor the Year Ended December 31, 20X8(In Thousands)Gross sales $1,000 Deduct: Sales returns and allo wances $40 Cash discounts on sales 5 45Net sales 955Cost of goods sold:Inv entory, December 31, 20X7 $103A dd: Gross purchases $650Deduct: Purchase returnsand allo wances $27Cash discounts on purchases 6 33Net purchases 617A dd Freight-in 50Cost of merchandise acquired 667Cost of goods av ailable for sale 770Deduct: Inv entory, December 31, 19X8 170 Cost of goods sold 600 Gross profit $355 6-34 (10-15 min.)Cost of Goods A vailable = £21,300(8,000 + 4,200 + 4,400 + 2,300 + 2,400)L I F O E n d i n g I n v e n t o r y=(4,000@£2)+(1,500@£2.10)=£11,150FIFO Ending Inventory = 1,000 @ 2.40 =1,000 @ 2.30 = 2,3002,000 @ 2.20 = 4,4001,500 @ 2.10 = 3,1505,500 £12,250 Weighted av erage = £= £Ending inventory 5,500 @ £2.13 = £11,715Cost of Goods Sold Calculation:LIFO FIFO A verage Goods av ailable £21,300 £21,300 £21,300 Less Ending Inv entory (11,150) (12,250) (11,715) Cost of Goods Sold £10,150 £ 9,050 £ 9,585 6-40(10-15 min.)Compound entries could be prepared. (A mounts are in millions.)a. Sales returns and allowances 5Cash discounts on sales 8A ccounts receivable 226Sales 239b. Cost of goods sold 157Purchase returns and allowances 6Cash discounts on purchases 1Inventory 25Purchases 125Freight-in 14c. Inventory 40Cost of goods sold 40d. Other expenses 80Cash 80 6-53(15-25 min.)Under the FIFO cost-flow assumption, the periodic and perpetual procedures giv e identical results. The ending inv entory will be v alued on the basis of the last purchases during the period.Units $Beginning Inv entory 110 550Purchases 290 2,050Goods av ailable 400 2,600Units sold 255 1,485**Units in ending Inv entory145 1,115** 145 units remain in ending inv entory100 will be v alued at the $8 cost from the October 21 purchase and the remaining 45 will be v alued at the $7 cost from the May 9 purchase100 x $8 = $ 80045 x $7 = 315$1,115 Ending inv entory** Reconciliation: Cost of Goods Sold:255 Units: 110 x $5 = $ 55080 x $6 = 48065 x $7 = 455$1,4856-54 (30-35 min.)1. Gross profit percentage = $1,200,000 ÷ $3,000,000 = 40%Inventory turnover = $1,800,000 ÷2000, 550000,650$= 3 times2. Inv entory turnov er = $1,800,000 ÷ $450,000 = 4 times, a 1/3 increase in turnov er.3. With a lower av erage inv entory and constant turnover, cost of sales must fall. T o t alcost of goods sold = $450,000 x 3 = $1,350,000. To achiev e a gross profit of$1,200,000, total sales must be $1,350,000 + $1,200,000, or $2,550,000. The grossprofit percentage must be $1,200,000 ÷ $2,550,000 = 47.1%. Requirements 2 & 3sho w that if inv entory levels are reduced y ou must increase either turnover ormargins to maintain profitability.4. Summary (computations are sho wn belo w):Succeeding YearGiv en Year 4a 4b Sales $3,000,000 $2,892,857 $3,093,750Cost of goods sold 1,800,000 1,620,000 1,980,000 Gross profit $1,200,000 $1,272,857 $1,113,750a. New gross profit percentage, 40% + .10(40%) = 44%New inv entory turnover, 3 – .10(3) = 2.7New cost of goods sold, $600,000 x 2.7 = $1,620,000New sales = $1,620,000 ÷ (1 – .44)= $1,620,000 ÷ .56= $2,892,857Note that this is a more profitable alternative, assuming that the gross profitpercentage and the turnover can be achiev ed. In contrast, alternative 4b is lessattractiv e than the original 40% gross profit and turnover of 3.b. New gross profit percentage, 40% – .10(40%) = 36%New inv entory turnover, 3 + .10(3) = 3.3New cost of goods sold, $600,000 x 3.3 = $1,980,000New sales = $1,980,000 ÷ (1 .36)= $1,980,000 ÷ .64= $3,093,7505. Retailers find these ratios (and variations thereof) helpful for a v ariety of operatingdecisions, too many to enumerate here. A n obvious help is the quantify ing of theoptions facing management regarding what and how much inv entory to carry, andwhat pricing policies to follo w. You may want to stress that this analy sis ig n o res o n ebenefit of higher turnover—the firm reduces its inv estment in inv entory and reducesstorage and display requirements.6-84(15-20 min.)1.A n understatement of ending inventories overstates cost of goods sold andunderstates taxable income by $500,000. Taxes evaded would be .40 x $500,000 =$200,000.2.This news story provides a good illustration of why a basic knowledge ofaccounting is helpful in understanding the business press. The news story isincomplete or misleading in one important respect. The business owner'sunderstated ending inventory becomes the understated beginning inventory of thenext y ear. If no other manipulations occur, the owner will understate cost of go odssold during the next y ear, overstate taxable income, and pay an extra $200,000 inincome taxes. Thus, the owner will have postponed pay ing income taxes for oneyear, pay ing no interest on the money "borrowed" from the government.To continue to evade the $200,000 of income taxes of y ear one, the endinginventory of the second year must be understated by $500,000 again. Ho wev er, ifonly the $500,000 understatement persists y ear after y ear, the owner is enjoy ing aperpetual loan of $200,000 (based on a 40% tax rate) from the government. Datafollow (in dollars):6-84 (continued)Honest Reporting Dishonest ReportingFirst Year Second Year First Year Second Year Beginning inventory 3,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 Purchases 10,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 Available for sale 13,000,000 12,500,000 13,000,000 12,000,000 Ending inventory 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 Cost of goods sold 10,500,000 10,000,000 11,000,000 10,000,000 Income tax savings @ 40% 4,200,000 4,000,000 4,400,000 4,000,000 Income tax savings fortwo y ears together 8,200,000 8,400,000 Some students may incorrectlycumulative effect. You may wish to emphasize that the second y ear has the samecost of goods sold in each column, because in the "dishonest" case bothbeginning and ending inventory are understated by the same amount. To evadean additional $200,000 of income taxes in the second year, the ending inventorymust be understated by $1,000,000 (not $500,000) in the second y ear.6–86(35-45 min.) A mounts are in millions.Inventory Calculation1. Beginning + Purchases – Sales = Ending658 + Purchases – 6,746 = 1,232Purchases = 6,746 – 658 + 1,232Purchases = $7,3202. Turnover = Cost of sales ÷ average inventory Turnover = $6,746 ÷ ($1,232 + $658) ÷ 2 = $6,746 ÷ $945 = 7.143. Gross MarginSales$18,928$6,746 $18,928 -= .64 2000$12,1734,259$ $12,173-= .65 1999489,8$924,2$ 489,8$ -= .66 1998The gross margin has fallen slightly over the three y ears.Gross margins for Cisco are high. This is because of the industry . Software and technology innovations are expensive to develop but inexpensive to produce and distribute. Note that costs of creating these products are largely research and development, and these costs are accounted for as operating expenses in the year incurred.Chapater77-28(10-15 min.) You may want to use T-accounts too.1. Depreciation expense, equipment 160,000Accumulated depreciation, equipment 160,000 To record annual depreciation:($880,000-$80,000) ÷ 5 = $160,0002. Cash 160,000Accumulated depreciation,equipment 80,000Equipment 220,000Gain on sale of equipment 20,000 To record sale of equipment:Cash proceeds $160,000Original cost $220,000Accumulated depre-ciation, 2 x $40,000 = 80,000Book value (or carryingamount) 140,000Gain on sale $ 20,0003. Cash 110,000Accumulated depreciation,equipment 80,000 Loss on sale of equipment 30,000 Equipment 220,000 To record sale of equipment:Cash proceeds $110,000Book value (see above) 140,000Loss on sale $ 30,0007-58(25-35 min.) A mounts in table are in thousands of dollars.1. Zero Income Taxes2. 40% IncomeTaxesStraight-line Accelerated Straight-line AcceleratedDepreciation Depreciation Depreciation Depreciation Revenues 900 900 900 900 Cash operating expenses 600 600 600 600 Cash provided by operationsbefore income taxes 300 300 300 300 Depreciation expense 50 100 50 100 Operating income 250 200 250 200 Income tax expense ––100 80 Net income 250 200 150 120 Supplementary analysis:Cash provided by operationsbefore income taxes 300 300 300 300 Income tax payments ––100 80 Net cash provided byoperations 300 300 200 220 3. By itself, depreciation expense does not provide cash. This point is illustrated bypart 1 that compares the amounts shown before taxes. Note that the cashprovided by operations (and the ending cash balances) are exactly the same. Nomatter what depreciation expense is allocated to the year (whether $50,000,$100,000, or zero), the $300,000 cash provided by operations and the ending cashwill be unaffected.Examine part 2, that compares amounts after taxes. A gain, by itself, depreciationdoes not affect the cash inflow provided by operations. However, depreciationdoes affect the cash outflow for income taxes. The use of accelerateddepreciation results in a strange combination of showing less net income butconserving more cash. The accelerated method shows net income of $120,000(compared with $150,000 using straight-line), but accelerated shows a netincrease in cash provided by operations (less income taxes) of $220,000(compared with $200,000 using straight-line). A ccordingly, the final cash balanceis $20,000 higher for accelerated than for straight-line.4. Journal entries (not required) may clarify the effects:Depreciation expense 50,000 moreAccumulated depreciation 50,000 moreIncome tax expense 20,000 lessCash 20,000 less7-58 (continued)The reduction of retained income would be $150,000 – $120,000. That is, net income(and hence retained income) would be $30,000 lower. In summary:Cash, increase by tax savings, .40 x $50,000 = $20,000Accumulated depreciation, increased by $50,000Operating income, decrease by $50,000Income tax expense, decrease by $20,000Retained income, decrease by $30,0005. The doubling of depreciation would cause net income to decrease but in theabsence of tax effects would have no effect on cash provided by operations:Straight-line AcceleratedDepreciation DepreciationBefore Doubled Before Doubled Revenues 900 900 900 900 Cash operating expenses 600 600 600 600 Cash provided by operations 300 300 300 300 Depreciation expense 50 100 100 200 Income before income taxes 250 200 200 100 Income tax expense ----Net income 250 200 220 100Chapater88-32(10-15 min.)1. Claims Distribution of ProceedsFirst mortgage bondspayable $13,000,000 In full $13,000,000 Accounts payable 3,000,000 3/8 of remainder* 2,250,000 Unsubordinated debentures 5,000,000 5/8 of remainder* 3,750,000 Total claims $21,000,000 Total distribution $19,000,000 * Total general unsecured claims = $3,000,000 + $5,000,000 = $8,000,000,so remaining proceeds of $19,000,000 – $13,000,000, or $6,000,000, will besplit 3/8, 5/8, or 75 cents per dollar of claim ($6,000,000 ÷ 8,000,000).2. Claims Distribution of ProceedsFirst mortgage bondspayable $13,000,000 In full $13,000,000 Accounts payable 3,000,000 In full 3,000,000 Subordinated debentures 5,000,000 Remainder 3,000,000 Total claims $21,000,000 Total distribution $19,000,000 Ordinary trade creditors have than subordinatedholders who would now receive only 60 cents per dollar of claim.If only $14.5 million cash becomes available, the first mortgage holders would get$13 million, the trade creditors would receive $1.5 million (only 50 cents for eachdollar claimed), and the holders of subordinated debentures would receivenothing.8-33(10 min.) A mounts are in millions.1. Income tax expense 4,045Income taxes payable 1,904Deferred income taxes 2,141 To record income tax expense.Income taxes payable 1,904Cash 1,904 To record payment of income taxes.These two transactions could have been combined:Income tax expense 4,045Deferred income taxes 2,141Cash 1,904 To record income tax expense and payments.2. The deferred tax liability increases by $4,045 $1,904 = $2,141.8-44 (15-25 min.)1. Debt to Equity Ratios1999 1992AT&T $90,479 ÷ $78,927 = 1.15 $17,122 ÷ $20,313 = .84 MICRON $ 3,001 ÷ $3,964 = .76 $ 213 ÷ $ 511 = .42 AMGEN $ 1,054 ÷ $ 3,024 = .35 $ 440 ÷ $ 934 = .472. AT&T is a large company with well-established credit reputations and largeamounts of fixed assets to use as collateral for debt. Earnings are relativelystable. Therefore, A T&T has the ability to borrow large amounts, as shown bythe high debt-to-equity ratio.In contrast, Micron Technologies and A mgen are newer, smaller companies involatile high-tech industries. They have not yet established the credit worthinessto borrow as much as A T&T.3. Each company's ratio changes over the seven-year period, but the direction is notconsistent. Thus, the changes appear more idiosyncratic than economy driven.Particularly for small firms such as MICRON and AMGEN, a single new issue ofdebt or equity can have a large immediate effect on the ratios.Chapter99-26(10-20 min.)1. a. PV = $20,000(.6830) = $13,660b. PV = $20,000(.4823) = $ 9,6462. The annual rates would be halved and the periods doubled. Present valuesdecline:a. PV = $20,000(.6768) = $13,536b. PV = $20,000(.4665) = $ 9,3303. Present values rise because the money is repaid more quickly:a. PV = $5,000(3.1699) = $15,849.50b. PV = $5,000(2.5887) = $12,943.509-28(10-15 min.)1. Equipment 394,000Cash 100,000Contract payable (or note payable) 294,000 Equipment is capitalized at its cash-equivalent cost.2. The imputed interest rate makes the present value of the payments equal to thecash price:DM100,000 + (DM400,000 x (4-year, Y% factor in Table 9-2)) = 394,000Factor = (DM394,000 DM100,000) ÷ DM400,000 = .7350From the 4-year row of Table 9-2, Y = 8%Year 1 Interest expense 23,520Contract payable 23,520 .08 x DM294,000 = DM23,520Year 2 Interest expense 25,402Contract payable 25,402 .08 x (DM294,000 + 23,520) =.08 x DM317,520 = DM25,4029-29(15-20 min.)1. Equipment 416,990Cash 100,000Contract payable, current 68,301Contract payable, long-term 248,689 Equipment is capitalized at its cash-equivalent cost of $100,000 plus thepresent value of the contract:PV = $100,000(3.1699) = $316,990Analysis of first installment:Total amount $100,000Interest portion, .10 x $316,990 = 31,699Principal portion, current liability $ 68,301Total contract payable $316,990Current liability 68,301Long-term portion $248,2892. Interest expense 31,699Contract payable, current 68,301Cash 100,000 To record interest expense andreduction of principal.Contract payable, long-term 75,131Contract payable, current portion 75,131 To reclassify current liability oflong-term debt as short-term debt.Analysis of second installment:Total amount $100,000Interest portion,.10 x ($316,990 – $68,301)or .10 x $248,689 = 24,869Principal portion current liability $ 75,3119-45 (25-35 min.)Analysis of Bond Transactions (In Thousands of Norwegian Kroner)A = L + SECashBonds Payable Discount on Bonds Payable Retained Incomea. Issuance7,881=+10,000 –2,119b. First semi-annual interest– 500* =+ 52 – 552** ⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡Expense Interest Increasec. Maturity value–10,000 = –10,000 Bond related totals***–12,119 =0 0 –12,119* NKR10,000,000 x 10% x 1/2 ** NKR7,881,000 x 14% x 1/2*** Twenty semi-annual payments of NKR500 plus repayment of NKR2,119 in excessof the original borrowing. 2. Sample Journal Entries Bond Transactions (In Thousands of Norwegian Kroner)a. Cash 7,881 Discount on bonds payable 2,119 Bonds payable 10,000To record proceeds upon issuance of 10%bonds maturing on December 31, 2015. b. Interest expense 552 Discount on bonds payable 52 Cash 500To record amortization of discount and payment of interest.c. Bonds payable 10,000Cash 10,000 To record payment of maturity valueof bonds and their retirement.3. When presented on balance sheets, unamortized discounts are deducted fromthe face value of the related bonds (in thousands):December 31, 2005 June 30, 2006Bonds payable, 10% due December 31, 2015 NKR10,000 NKR10,000 Deduct: Discount on bonds payable 2,119 2,067* Net liability NKR 7,881 NKR 7,933* 2,119 – 52 = 2,0679-49(20-40 min.)1. To compute the gain or loss, first calculate the net liability at December 31, 2001:Face amount $20,000,000Proceeds 17,880,800 * Discount at issuance 2,119,2006/30/01 discount amortization (51,656) ** 12/31/01 discount amortization (55,272) †Bond discount unamortized at 12/31/01 $ 2,012,272 * ($1,200,000 x 10.5940) + ($20,000,000 x .2584)** (7% x $17,880,800) – (6% x $20,000,000)†(7% x ($17,880,800 + $51,656)] - (6% x $20,000,000)The net liability is the face amount less the discount:Face amount $20,000,000 Bond discount unamortized at 12/31/01 2,012,272 Net liability at 12/31/01 $17,987,728 The amount by which the cash payment for the debentures exceeds the netliability is the loss on early extinguishment. A mounts are in thousands:Cash payment $19,000Net liability at 12/31/01 17,988Loss on early extinguishment of debt $ 1,0129-49 (continued) 2. Analysis of Early Extinguishment of Debt (In Thousands of Dollars)A =L+ SEIssuer's Record Cash = Bonds Payable Discount on Bonds PayableRetained IncomeRedemption,December 31, 2001 –19,000= –20,000+2,012⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡Discount Decrease –1,012 ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡ment Extinguish Early on Loss 3. Journal Entry(In Thousands)Issuer's RecordsDecember 31, 2001 Bonds payable 20,000 Loss on early extinguishment of debt 1,012 Discount on bonds payable 2,012 Cash 19,000To record open-market acquisition of entire issue of 12% bonds for $19 million. 4. A gain arises if the bond is extinguished for less than the carrying value,$17,987,728 – $500,000 gives a price of $17,487,728.9-57 (20-30 min.)Some instructors may prefer to (a) ask students to prepare entries for two years only here and (b) also assign the next problem. 1. PV A = $40,000 x A nnuity Factor for 3 years at 18% = $40,000 x 2.1743= $86,9722. Equipment leasehold 86,972Lease liability, current*24,345Lease liability, long-term 62,627 To record capital lease.Analysis of first installment:Total amount $40,000Interest, .18 x $86,972 15,655Principal portion, current liability $24,345Total liability $86,972Current liability 24,345Long-term liability $62,627Entry for straight-line amortization of the asset for each of three years: Amortization of equipment leasehold 28,991 Equipment leasehold 28,991 To record straight-line amortization:$86,972 ÷ 3 = $28,991.Lease Payments and Liability ReclassificationsYear OneInterest expense 15,655Lease liability, current 24,345 Cash 40,000 To record interest expense andreduction of liability.Lease liability, long term 28,727 Lease liability, current 28,727 To reclassify next installment oflong-term debt as short-term debt.Analysis of second installment:Total $40,000Interest portion:.18 x ($86,972 – $24,345)= .18 x $62,627 = 11,273 Principal portion, current liability $28,727Total liability $62,627Current liability 28,727Long-term liability $33,9009-57 (continued)Year TwoInterest expense 11,273Lease liability, current 28,727Cash 40,000 To record interest expense andreduction of liability.Lease liability, long-term 33,900Lease liability, current 33,900 To reclassify next installmentof long-term debt as short-term debt.Year ThreeInterest expense 6,100Lease liability, current 33,900Cash 40,000Analysis of third installment:Total amount $40,000Interest, .18 x $33,900 6,102Principal $33,898** Rounding causes this amount to differ from the $33,900 liability. These roundingerrors occur because the present value tables are carried to four places only rather thanto five or more places. This rounding causes the present value of the lease to be rounded at its inception.。
_财务会计2_第8版习题答案(1-6章)
《财务会计Ⅱ》习题答案：项目一外币折算一、单项选择题1.A2.D3.C4.C5.D6.C7.A8.B二、多项选择题1.ACD2.AC3.CD4.CD5.AC6.AD7.BD8.CD三、判断题1.√2.×3.√4.√5.×6.×7.√8.√四、计算分析题1.借：银行存款（人民币户）307 500（50000×6.15）财务费用 2 500贷：银行存款——美元户 310 000（50000×6.2）2.借：银行存款——美元户 61 000（10000×6.1）财务费用 1 000贷：银行存款（人民币户）62 000（10000×6.2）3.借：固定资产 1 537 500（250000×6.15）贷：应付账款——美元户 1 537 5004.借：银行存款——港元户 3 300 000（3000000×1.1）贷：短期借款——港元户 3 300 0005.会计分录：（1）借：银行存款——美元户3 120 000（500000×6.24）贷：实收资本3 120 000（2）借：固定资产2 492 000（400000×6.23）贷：应付账款2 492 000（3）借：应收账款1 244 000（200000×6.22）贷：主营业务收入1 244 000（4）借：应付账款1 250 000（200000×6.25）贷：银行存款1 242 000（200000×6.21）财务费用——汇兑差额8 000（5）借：银行存款1 890 000（300000×6.3）贷：应收账款1 875 000（300000×6.25）财务费用——汇兑差额15 000期末汇兑损益的计算：银行存款账户汇兑损益=700 000×6.3-（625 000+3 120 000-1 242 000+1 890 000）=4 410 000-4 393 000=17 000（元）（调增、收益）应收账款账户汇兑损益=400 000×6.3-（3 125 000+1 244 000-1 875 000）=2 520 000-2 494 000=26 000（元）（调增、收益）应付账款账户汇兑损益=400 000×6.3-（1 250 000+2 492 000-1 250 000）=2 520 000-2 492 000=28 000（元）（调增、损失）汇总损益净额=17 000+26 000-28 000=15 000（元）借：银行存款17 000应收账款26 000贷：应付账款28 000财务费用——汇兑差额15 000项目二借款费用一、单项选择题1.A2.A3.C4.C5.D6.A7.A8.B9.A 10.C二、多项选择题1.ABC2.ABCD3.ABD4.ABC5.AB6.ABC7.ABD8.AD9.AD 10.ABC11.ACD 12.ACD 13.ABD三、判断题1.√2.×3.×4.√5.×6.√7.×8.√9.× 10.×四、计算分析题1.（1）资本化期间为2016年1月1日至2017年6月30日。
_财务会计2_第8版习题答案（1-6章）
_财务会计2_第8版习题答案（1-6章）《财务会计Ⅱ》习题答案：项目一外币折算一、单项选择题1.A2.D3.C4.C5.D6.C7.A8.B二、多项选择题1.ACD2.AC3.CD4.CD5.AC6.AD7.BD8.CD三、判断题1.√2.×3.√4.√5.×6.×7.√四、计算分析题1.借：银行存款（人民币户）307 500（50000×6.15）财务费用 2 500贷：银行存款——美元户 310 000（50000×6.2）2.借：银行存款——美元户 61 000（10000×6.1）财务费用 1 000贷：银行存款（人民币户）62 000（10000×6.2）3.借：固定资产 1 537 500（250000×6.15）贷：应付账款——美元户 1 537 5004.借：银行存款——港元户 3 300 000（3000000×1.1）贷：短期借款——港元户 3 300 0005.会计分录：（1）借：银行存款——美元户3 120 000（500000×6.24）贷：实收资本3 120 000（2）借：固定资产2 492 000（400000×6.23）贷：应付账款2 492 000（3）借：应收账款1 244 000（200000×6.22）贷：主营业务收入1 244 000（4）借：应付账款1 250 000（200000×6.25）贷：银行存款1 242 000（200000×6.21）财务费用——汇兑差额8 000借：银行存款1 890 000（300000×6.3）贷：应收账款1 875 000（300000×6.25）财务费用——汇兑差额15 000期末汇兑损益的计算：银行存款账户汇兑损益=700 000×6.3-（625 000+3 120 000-1 242 000+1 890 000）=4 410 000-4 393 000=17 000（元）（调增、收益）应收账款账户汇兑损益=400 000×6.3-（3 125 000+1 244 000-1 875 000）=2 520 000-2 494 000=26 000（元）（调增、收益）应付账款账户汇兑损益=400 000×6.3-（1 250 000+2 492 000-1 250 000）=2 520 000-2 492 000=28 000（元）（调增、损失）汇总损益净额=17 000+26 000-28 000=15 000（元）借：银行存款17 000应收账款26 000贷：应付账款28 000财务费用——汇兑差额15 000项目二借款费用一、单项选择题1.A2.A3.C4.C5.D6.A7.A8.B9.A 10.C二、多项选择题1.ABC2.ABCD3.ABD4.ABC5.AB6.ABC7.ABD8.AD9.AD 10.ABC11.ACD 12.ACD 13.ABD三、判断题1.√2.×3.×4.√5.×6.√7.×8.√9.× 10.×四、计算分析题1.（1）资本化期间为2016年1月1日至2017年6月30日。
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第1 章总论1.1考点难点归纳一、企业财务会计的性质现代企业会计可以划分为财务会计与管理会计两大分支。
目标可以分为两个方面：主要目标是服务于企业内部管理，次要目标是对外提供财务报告。
企业财务会计发挥作用的主要形式是为企业管理和企业外部使用者提供有用的会计信息。
1.对企业会计信息的需求（1）企业内部管理对会计信息的需要企业会计要采用一定的程序和方法，将企业大量的经济数据转化为有用的会计信息，以便为企业管理决策提供依据。
（2）企业外部对会计信息的需要在市场经济条件下，企业外部需要利用会计信息进行决策的，至少有五个方面的关系人，如表1-1 所示。
表1-1 企业外部信息使用者2.企业财务会计的特点与管理会计相比，企业财务会计的主要特点是：（1）从直接的服务对象来看，财务会计除了直接服务于企业内部管理之外，还要以财务报告的形式为企业外部有关方面提供会计信息。
（2）从提供信息的时态来看，财务会计主要是提供有关企业过去和现在的经济活动情况及其结果的会计信息。
（3）从提供信息的跨度来看，财务会计主要是定期反映企业作为一个整体的财务状况、经营成果以及现金流量情况。
（4）从工作程序的约束依据来看，财务会计要受外在统一的会计规范（如会计准则或统一会计制度）的约束。
（5）从会计程序与方法来看，财务会计有一套比较科学、统一、定型的会计处理程序与方法，如填制凭证、登记账簿、编制报表等。
3.经济环境对财务会计的影响一定时期的财务报告目标和会计实践是与特定的经济环境相适应的。
经济环境对于决定财务报告目标的三个因素均有重要影响：（1）经济环境影响会计信息的需求（2）经济环境影响会计程序与方法（3）经济环境影响企业提供会计信息的意愿反之，企业财务会计在实现其目标的过程中，会通过它所提供的会计信息反过来影响经济环境。
二、企业会计准则为了保证对外提供会计信息的质量，需要建立一套财务会计规范体系，也就是会计标准，明确规定会计信息的质量要求。
具体来说，会计标准是会计人员从事会计工作（主要是从事确认、计量、记录、报告工作）必须遵循的基本原则，是会计行为的规范化要求，其表现形式主要有会计准则（accounting standards）与会计制度两种，本节着重讨论企业会计准则。
1.西方国家会计准则产生的社会经济背景会计准则不是人们主观意志的产物，而是社会生产发展到一定阶段的必然结果，体现了社会生产对会计的客观要求。
会计准则最早出现于西方资本主义国家，美国的“公认会计原则”在西方国家具有代表性。
其产生过程如表1-2 所示。
表1-2 美国会计准则产生的过程2.我国的企业会计准则我国的企业会计标准自20 世纪50 年代起直至90 年代初，一直采用企业会计制度的形式。
1988 年起，开始研究起草企业会计准则，过程如表1-3 所示。
表1-3 我国会计准则的制定过程三、财务会计的基本前提财务会计的基本前提，也称为财务会计的基本假设，它是指组织和开展财务会计工作必须具备的前提条件；也是财务会计的理论基础。
根据我国《企业会计准则——基本准则》的规定，可以概括为会计主体、持续经营、会计期间、货币计量与权责发生制五项。
具体如表1-4 所示。
表1-4 财务会计的基本前提四、财务会计的基本要素对会计所要反映的经济活动内容的基本分类项目，称为财务会计的基本要素，简称会计要素。
企业财务会计的基本要素既是会计核算内容的具体分类，同时也是作为财务报告核心内容的财务报表的基本构成要素。
我国《准则》规定，资产负债表要素包括资产、负债与所有者权益；利润表要素包括收入、费用与利润。
1.会计要素核算应解决的主要问题会计要素的核算主要应解决会计确认、会计计量、会计记录与会计报告四个方面的问题，且这四方面是紧密联系的，而且常常相互交织在一起。
（1）会计确认会计确认（accounting recognition）指对企业经济活动及其所产生的经济数据进行分析、识别与判断，以明确它们是否对会计要素产生影响以及影响哪些会计要素。
会计确认要以权责发生制为前提，可以分为进入会计系统时的确认与退出会计系统时的确认，前者可以进一步分为入账环节的确认与入表环节的确认。
换一种表达方式，会计确认可以分为初始确认、后续确认与终止确认。
（2）会计计量会计计量（accounting mea s urement），是指确定特定的经济活动对有关会计要素的数量增减变化会产生多大的影响。
会计计量主要是货币计量，因而也可称为货币计价。
但企业会计有时也提供一些非货币信息。
企业在将符合会计要素确认条件的金额登记入账并列报于会计报表时，应当针对计量对象的某种计量属性进行计量，确定其金额。
我国《企业会计准则—基本准则》规定的会计计量属性主要包括5 个：①历史成本：适用于资产与负债a.资产的历史成本是指企业取得资产时所实际付出的代价，即取得资产所支付的现金或者现金等价物的金额，或者取得资产时所付出的对价的公允价值。
b.负债的历史成本是指因承担现时义务而实际收到的款项或者资产的金额，或者承担现时义务的合同金额，或者按照日常活动中为偿还负债预期需要支付的现金或者现金等价物的金额。
一般在会计要素计量时均采用历史成本。
②重置成本：适用于资产与负债a．资产的重置成本是指企业现在购买相同或者相似资产所需支付的现金或者现金等价物的金额。
b．负债的重置成本是指企业现在重新承接相同的债务所能收到的现金或者现金等价物的金额。
③可变现净值：适用于资产，通常是存货资产的可变现净值是指其正常对外销售所能收到的现金或者现金等价物的金额扣减该资产至完工时估计将要发生的成本、估计的销售费用以及相关税费后的金额。
④现值：适用于资产与负债a．资产的现值是指预计从其持续使用和最终处置中所产生的未来净现金流入量的折现金额。
b．负债的现值是指预计期限内需要偿还的未来净现金流出量的折现金额。
⑤公允价值：适用于资产与负债公允价值是计量日转让资产所收到的金额或转移一项负债所付出的金额。
按照我国现行会计准则的规定，企业在对资产或负债进行计量时，一般应当采用历史成本，如果需要采用重置成本、可变现净值、现值或公允价值进行计量，应当保证相关金额能够可靠地取得。
（3）会计记录会计记录指企业财务会计将企业经济活动对有关会计要素的影响性质与数量正确地记录下来的过程。
取得原始凭证是会计记录的依据（前提），设置会计科目是会计记录的基础，填制记账凭证是广义的会计记录，登记账簿是典型的会计记录的方法。
在企业的日常会计核算过程中，会计科目的设置需要着重考虑两个方面：一是满足企业内部管理的要求，二是满足财务报告的要求。
（4）会计报告会计报告（财务会计报告、财务报告）是指企业对外提供的反映企业某一特定日期的财务状况和某一会计期间的经营成果、现金流量等会计信息的文件。
会计报告包括会计报表及其附注和其他应当在会计报告中披露的相关信息和资料。
会计报表至少应当包括资产负债表、利润表、现金流量表和所有者权益变动表。
小企业编制的会计报表可以不包括现金流量表。
2.六大会计要素（1）资产资产（asset）是企业过去的交易或事项形成的、由企业拥有或者控制的、预期会给企业带来经济利益的资源。
作为资产的资源必须能够用货币进行可靠的计量。
①分类：通常将企业的全部资产按其流动性划分为流动资产与非流动资产两大类。
流动资产是指那些可以合理地预期将在一年内转换为现金或被销售、耗用的资产，主要包括货币资金、应收票据、应收账款和存货等。
除流动资产以外的所有其他资产统称为非流动资产，包括持有至到期投资、长期股权投资、固定资产、无形资产等。
②计价：企业财务会计要正确反映企业各项资产的增减变动及其结存情况。
这就要求对于企业在一定时期内增加与减少的资产以及期末结存的资产进行正确的计价。
资产入账，按实际（历史）成本计价的原则。
资产期末减少与期末结存的计价中，企业持有的各项资产如果发生减值，一般应按规定计提相应的减值准备，且在资产负债表上，各项资产往往分别按历史成本、可变现净值、现值或公允价值等属性计价。
（2）负债负债（liability）是企业过去的交易或事项形成的、预期会导致经济利益流出企业的现时义务。
负债是能够用货币确切计量或合理估计的经济责任，有明确的受款人和偿付日期，或者受款人和偿付日期可以合理地估计确定。
①分类：负债按其偿还期的长短可分为流动负债与非流动负债。
流动负债是指偿还期在1 年或长于1 年的一个营业周期以内的债务，主要包括短期借款、应付票据、应付账款、应付职工薪酬、应交税费、应付股利、其他应付款等。
非流动负债则是指偿还期在1 年或长于1 年的一个营业周期以上的债务，主要包括长期借款、应付债券和长期应付款等。
②计价：负债的计价至少有两种可供选择的标准：一是未来应予偿付的金额（到期值）；二是未来偿付金额的贴现价值（现值）。
在会计实务中，根据重要性原则，对负债的计价往往根据不同的情况采用不同的标准。
流动负债通常按它们的到期值进行计价。
（3）所有者权益所有者权益（owner ’s equity）是指企业资产扣除负债后由所有者享有的剩余权益。
公司的所有者权益又称为股东权益。
①来源：所有者投入的资本、直接计入所有者权益的利得和损失、留存收益等。
②内容：实收资本或股本；资本公积，包括资本溢价或股本溢价和其他资本公积；盈余公积，指按国家规定从税后利润中提取的盈余公积金；未分配利润。
盈余公积与未分配利润可以合称为留存收益。
（4）收入企业（revenue）以获取利润为其主要目的，就必须取得收入。
收入有广义与狭义之分。
我国《企业会计准则——基本准则》采用的是狭义的收入概念。
①定义与范围：广义的收入是指会计期间内经济利益的增加；狭义的收入是指企业在日常活动中形成的、会导致所有者权益增加的、与所有者投入资本无关的经济利益的总流入。
它主要包括营业收入、投资收益等。
②确认标准：经济利益很可能流入从而导致资产的增加或负债的减少，并且经济利益的流入额能够可靠地用货币加以计量。
（5）费用费用（expense）有广义与狭义之分。
我国《企业会计准则——基本准则》采用的是狭义的费用概念。
①定义与范围：广义的费用是指会计期间内经济利益的减少。
狭义的费用是指企业在日常活动中发生的、会导致所有者权益减少的、与向所有者分配利润无关的经济利益的总流出。
它主要包括营业成本、税金及附加、销售费用、管理费用、财务费用等。
②确认标准：经济利益很可能流出从而导致企业资产减少或负债增加，且经济利益的流出额能够可靠地用货币加以计量。
【特别说明】根据财会〔2016〕22 号规定：全面试行营业税改征增值税后，“营业税金及附加”科目名称调整为“税金及附加”科目，该科目核算企业经营活动发生的消费税、城市维护建设税、资源税、教育费附加及房产税、土地使用税、车船使用税、印花税等相关税费；利润表中的“营业税金及附加”项目调整为“税金及附加” 项目，本书与现行会计政策保持一致，后文不再一一赘述。