摘要翻译[1] 2
文献翻译中英文对照 (2)
Low Voltage Flyback DC-DC Converter ForPower Supply ApplicationsHangzhou Liu1, John Elmes2, Kejiu Zhang1, Thomas X. Wu1, Issa Batarseh1 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USAAdvanced Power Electronics Corporation, Orlando, FL 32826, USA Abstract —In this paper, we design a low voltage DC-DC converter with a flyback transformer. The converter will be used as a biased power supply to drive IGBTs. The flyback transformer using planar EI-core is designed and simulated using ANSYS PExprt software. Besides, anLT3574 IC chip from Linear Technology has been chosen for converter control. Finally, the converter modeling and simulation are presented and PCB layout is designed. Keywords：Flyback, anLT3574IC, PCBI.INTRODUCTIONThe goal of this project is to develop and build a prototype of a high-efficiency, high-temperature isolated DC-DC converter to be used as a biased power supply for driving a complementary IGBT pair. It is important that the converter can deliver the required power at an ambient temperature of up to 100℃; therefore it has to be efficient so that its components do not exceed their maximum temperature ratings. The final converter will be completely sealed and potted in a metal case. The input voltage range for this converter is from 9V to 36V. The output sides have two terminals, one is﹢16V and the other one is﹣6V. In order to get the desired performance, anLT3574 IC chip from Linear Technology is used. The key to this design is the flyback transformer. The transformer using planar EI-core is designed and simulated using ANSYS PExprt software. Finally, the PCB layout of the converter will be presented.II.KEY DESIGN OUTLINEFor this flyback topology, the output voltage can be determined by both the transformer turns ratio and the flyback loop resistor pairs. Therefore, at the initial design stage, we can choose a convenient turn’s ratio for the transformer, and modify it later on if necessary to make sure the output performance is desirable and the transformer will not saturate [1].The relationship between transformers turns ratio and duty cycle can be found asWhere n is the transformer turns ratio, D is the duty cycle, V O` is the sum of the output voltage plus the rectifier drop voltage, V IN is the input voltage of the transformer.The value of feedback resistor can be calculated asWhere R REF is the reference resistor, whose value is typically 6.04kΩ; αis a constant of 0.986;V BG is the internal band gap reference voltage, 1.23V; and V TC is normally 0.55V [1].With a specific IC chosen, the converter circuit can be designed based on a demo circuit and some parameters may need to be modified if necessary to optimize the performance. Furthermore, in LT Spice, a large number of simulations need to be done with different conditions such as load resistor values and input voltage levels. It is important to make sure that the output voltage can be regulated well with all these different conditions.The most critical part of the design is the flyback transformer. With high switching frequency, the AC resistance can only be estimated based on some traditional methods such as Dowell’s curve rule [2].In order to get more accurate values of AC resistance values; we propose to use finite element electromagnetic software ANSYS PExprt to do the design [3]. At the initial design stage, key parameters such as the worst-case input voltage, frequency, material, inductance values willbe decided. After that, these data will be imported to the software, from which an optimized solution will be generated.III.CONVERTER SIMULATION RESULTSWe choose LT3574 chip in this design. From the simulation results in Figure 1 and Table 1, it clearly shows that the output voltages which are﹢16V and -6V respectively can be regulated pretty well with the input voltage range from 9V to 36V. The voltage tolerance ranges are from ﹢15V to ﹢19V and -12V to - 5V, respectively. In addition, the current is also under control, which is around 100mA in this designFigure 1 . Output voltage and current simulation resultsTable 1 . LT Spice simulation resuitsIV.TRANSFORMER SIMULATION RESULTSWith the initial design parameters of the transformer, we use ANSYS PExprt to simulate and further optimize the transformer [4].Figure 2 shows the primary winding voltage. In order to make the transformer work correctly in all cases, it is important to make sure that it can work at the worst case, which is the minimum input voltage in the range. Figure 3 shows the current through the primary winding.Figure 2 . Voltage of the primary windingFigure 3 . Current of the primary windingSince it is a low power converter in this design, it is critical to minimize the power losses. We choose to use the planar type transformer structure. After doing the winding interleaving, the power loss can be reduced by approximately 25% and the temperature rise can be reduced byapproximately 15% [5].The structure can be found in Figure 4. The primary winding is marked in yellow, which has 6 turns in series. The first secondary winding is marked in red, which has 3 turns in parallel. The second secondary winding is marked in blue, which has 1 turn. It will be totally 6 layers in the multi-layer transformer structure [6].Figure 4 . Winding geometry by interleaving methodBased on the computer simulation, the 6-layer planar transformer winding structure can be drawn in Figures 5 -10. The primary side winding has 6 turns in series. In Figures 6 and 9, it clearly shows that the turns in different layers are connecting through via hole. In one of the secondary winding which is the +16V one, it has 3 turns in parallel as shown in Figures 5, 8 and 10. The one turn secondary winding (6V) is shown in Figure 7.Figure 5 . Top layer winding structure (secondary 1)Figure 6 . Inner Layer 1 winding structure (primary)Figure 7 . Inner Layer 2 winding structure (secondary 2)Figure 8 . Inner Layer 3 winding structure (secondary 1)Figure 9 . Inner Layer 4 winding structure (primary)Figure 10 . Bottom layer winding structure (secondary 1)The core loss of the transformer is approximately 47mW, comparing to the winding loss of 154mW, it i s about 30%, as shown in Figure 11 [7].Figure 11. Power loss of transformerThe E-I core transformer PCB in this design will be integrated into the converter’s PCB, rather than a separate board being added to the whole circuit [8], which will reduce the cost of the PCB fabrication since multi-layer PCB layout is expensive.V.CONVERTER CIRCUIT PCB LAYOUTIn this project, we make the transformer part layout as one component; it will be integrated into the whole circuit PCB layout. It has 6 layers totally. The isolation requirement is 1500V, so the layout takes a little more space than the one without any isolation rules. In Figure 12, we make the primary side components all in the right hand side of the board, the secondary sides all in the left hand side of the board, and the transformer in between them. The wire traces have been marked with different colors in order to show the specific layer that the traces are on The board area is about 1.4×07, It can always reduce the size of the board by adding more layers. However, the cost will be more expensive. It is important to balance these factors. The size of the PCB board meets the specs of the project.Figure 12. PCB layout of the flyback converterVI.CONCLUSIONIn this paper, a flyback DC - DC converter for low voltage power supply application has been designed. The modeling and simulation results are presented. Based on the design specifications, a suitable IC from Linear Technology is chosen. A large amount of circuit simulations with different conditions such as load resistor values and input voltage levels are presented to get the desirable output voltage and current performance. The transformer has been designed including electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. With all the specific components decided, the PCB layout of the converter has been designed as well.REFERENCE[1] Linear Technology Application Notes , Datasheet of Isolated Flyback Converter Without anOpto-Coupler, /docs /Datasheet/3574f.pdf.[2] P.L.Dowell, “Effect of eddy currents in transformer windings” Proceedings of the IEE, NO.8PP.1387-1394, Aug 1966.[3] S.Xiao, “Plana r Magnetics Design for Low- Voltage DC-DC Converters” MS, 2004.[4] ANSYS Application Notes, PEmag Getting Started: A Transformer Design Example,/download/ EDA/Maxwell9/planarGS0601.pdf.[5] K. Zhang; T. X.Wu; H.Hu; Z. Qian; F.Chen.; K.Rustom; N.Kutkut; J.Shen; I.Batarseh;"Analysis and design of distributed transformers for solar power conversion" 2011 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), v l., no., pp.1692-1697, 6-11 March 2011.[6] Zhang.; T.X.Wu.; N.Kutkut; J.Shen; D.Woodburn; L.Chow; W.Wu; H.Mustain; I.Batarseh; ,"Modeling and design optimization of planar power transformer for aerospace applic ation," Proceedings of the IEEE 2009 National, Aerospace & Electronics Conference (NAECON) , vol., no., pp.116-120, 21-23 July 2009.[7] Ferroxcube Application Notes, Design of Planar Power Transformer,低电压反激式DC-DC转换器的在电源中的应用Hangzhou Liu1, John Elmes2, Kejiu Zhang1, Thomas X. Wu1, Issa Batarseh1 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USAAdvanced Power Electronics Corporation, Orlando, FL 32826, USA摘要：在本文中，我们设计了一个低电压反激式DC-DC转换器。
翻译学术论文摘要模版
翻译学术论文摘要模版翻译是沟通不同民族人民的思想，是探讨两种语言对应关系的一门学科。
这是店铺为大家整理的翻译学术论文摘要模版，仅供参考!翻译学术论文摘要模版篇一英语翻译探析【摘要】随着中国在经济、文化、科技等领域同国外交往的增多,特别是WTO实质化阶段的到来以及北京2008年奥运会的举办和上海2010年世界博览会的筹办,中国翻译产业正迎来一个黄金发展期。
英语翻译可看作一门科学,它有着自己的内在科学规律;英语翻译也可视为一门艺术,具有极为重要的作用,本文就英语翻译进行探析。
首先以倒译技巧和句子成份的转译技巧为例分析英译汉技巧。
其次,对英语翻译带来的思考提出了自己的建议和看法,具有一定的参考价值。
【关键词】英语翻译探析英译汉技巧1. 前言随着中国在经济、文化、科技等领域同国外交往的增多,特别是WTO实质化阶段的到来以及北京2008年奥运会的举办和上海2010年世界博览会的筹办,中国翻译产业正迎来一个黄金发展期。
近年来,翻译已经从原来的政府和事业单位、科研机构的工作发展成为专门职业。
翻译服务作为新兴的现代服务产业,正成为文化经济中仅次于教育行业的又一新兴产业。
我们以英译汉来进行探讨。
2. 英译汉技巧(1)主语分句汉译技巧。
A man spending twelve days on the moon would find ,on returning to the earth ,that a year had passed by already.一个人如果在月亮上度过了十二天,回到地球以后就会发现一年已经过去了。
(2)谓语分句汉译技巧。
It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻,氧气是大气中最活泼的元素。
(3)定语分句汉译技巧He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that wEighed up to two pounds each.他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿,每个重达两磅。
论文摘要翻译
本文对社会主义市场经济条件下施工企业管理目前面临的主要问题及问题产生的原因并联系实际地进行了深入的分析。
并论述了施工企业管理的意义和基本原则。
本文结合全国和绵阳的具体实际情况，通过查阅大量的实例和真实的数据对施工企业的管理作了论证性的阐述。
为提高经济效益，加强施工企业管理，推动经济发展，提出了具体看法。
本文对施工企业目前管理的现状进行了分析，肯定了成绩是主流，问题是支流，指出了今后发展的方向。
This article analyzed the problem and reason of the problem of The Construction Company’s project management under the socialist market economy system. And it also discoursed the meaning and the basic policy of the construction company’s management. This article is based on the actual situation of Mianyang, discoursed the construction company’s management by collecting many instance and actual data. For improving the economy benefit and the management of the construction company, to promote economy, this article give the It’s own frondose idea. This article analyzed the situation of the construction company’s management for now, the main is good, but still has some problem, and it also point out the developing direction for the future.。
毕业论文英语摘要翻译技巧
例1：（茂名学院，茂名 广东 525000） (Maoming College, Maoming , Guangdong 525000，China)
例2：（茂名学院化学与生命科学学院，茂名 广东 525000） （College of Chemistry and Life Science, Maoming University, Maoming 525000,
语言结构：
语态一般为被动语态 时态：一般目的、方法和结果用过去时或过去完成时，结论 用 一般现在时。
另外，正确的翻译还包括标点符号 其中：中文中顿号“、”，英文时改为“，”；
中文句号“。”，英文时改为“.”
常用的句型及词语
在英语论文中，常使用一些较为固定句型和表达方式，从而形 成一些独特的表达习惯。 1.表示研究目的、过程、结果等的常用句型 purpose of this study (investigation,report,etc.) is to….
与实词的要求一样。
二 、 作 者 姓 名 及 工 作 单 位 (signature and department)
按照国家科技期刊翻译标准，本部分的翻译需用统一格 式。
作者：姓，全部大写；名，首字母大写，其余小写，双 名在中间加连字符，不缩写。
例：毛泽东为 MAO Ze-dong ；张仲景为 ZHANG Zhongjing
（四）关键词（key words） 关键词指那些出现在论文标题以及摘要、正文
中，能够表现论文主题内容特征、具有实质意义 的语言词汇。
关键词可以是名词、动词、形容词或词组。 一般3～8个词为宜。多个关键词之间用“，”或
“；”分隔,以便于计算机自动切分。
毕业论文摘要英文翻译
毕业论文摘要英文翻译Abstract:This paper examines the effects of exercise on mental health and well-being. As individuals continue to face increasing levels of stress and anxiety, it is important to explore alternative methods of managing and improving mental well-being. Exercise has been widely recognized as a potential solution, and numerous studies have investigated the relationship between physical activity and mental health. This research aims to synthesize and evaluate existing literature to determine the impact of exercise on mental health outcomes. The study also investigates the mechanisms through which exercise influences mental well-being.The literature review confirms the positive relationship between exercise and mental health. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, exercise is associated with improved cognitive function and increased self-esteem. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the beneficial effects of exercise, including the release of endorphins, increased blood flow to the brain, and social interaction.Despite the evidence supporting the positive effects of exercise on mental health, barriers exist that prevent individuals from engaging in regular physical activity. These barriers include lack of time, motivation, and access to exercise facilities. Strategies to overcome these barriers are discussed, such as incorporating exercise intodaily routines, setting realistic goals, and utilizing community resources.In conclusion, exercise has a significant positive impact on mental health and well-being. This research highlights the importance of integrating physical activity into daily life, especially in the face of increasing levels of stress and anxiety. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for individuals, healthcare providers, and policymakers. By promoting the benefits of exercise and addressing the barriers to physical activity, society can strive towards improved mental well-being for all.。
论文英文摘要范文
论文英文摘要范文英语论文摘要seems like we need to do some copy plus translation work. the differences in manners and customs between Chinese and western cultures.The old saying: “When in Rome, do as the Romans” is not sufficient for bridging the communication gap and cultural differences between China and the western countries.What is considered "mannerly" is highly susceptible to change with time, geographical location, social stratum, occasion, and other factors. When exploring the differences in communication manners and customs, we set them mainly into three parts: manner and culture; communication manner and table manner. Considering the roots of these differents, histirical and regional causes might took the significant places. Therefore, a cross culture environment and a cross culture mind do lead to the better understanding in today's communication.done. run your spell check please. I didn't pay any attention about spelling and the numbers of words while typing. add some words of your major couses.good luck and best wishes.求论文英文摘要Abstract: Xiao Hong, the half a century ago to "the other side singing of Cheonggye, green leaves here," [1] spring chant verses, the writer lamented the fate of the Forum from the path that day on, on to love feelings of concern and compassion with the vision of the land north-east of the survival of large numbers of people, and her own unique spiritual and delicate brush strokes to capture the land of the north-east all kinds of people, exposing them to the original backward, ignorant, but also to tell people awakening: "living to die than to be meaningful for the Death of the more" philosophy of survival. This article from the awareness of their homes, customs, life forms on three aspects of cultural style of Xiao Hong Northeast Fiction impact, and further reveals the Xiao Hong from two poles of life and death, the tragedy of everyday life the meaning of life as well as in the mining this process the meaning of life and the pursuit of human values and interpretation.Keywords: Awareness of their homes; Customs; Life forms; Value of life求毕业论文英文摘要,请大虾帮忙啊范文 1. 碧绿的大海里，鱼儿在无拘无束地游览；湛蓝的天空下，鸟儿在无拘无束地鸣唱，青翠的草地上，花儿在力争上游地开放……整个世界，显得那么生气盎然！生命是什么，生命是风的轻快岁月，生命是雨的淋漓尽致，生命是有着很多合音的交响，生命是有着一颗感恩而欢乐的心，生命是能够每日欢乐弥漫的幸福。
外研社笔译题型
外研社的笔译题型主要包括以下几种：
1. 英汉互译：这是笔译考试中最常见的题型之一。
考生需要将英文句子或段落翻译成中文，或者将中文句子或段落翻译成英文。
这种题型主要考察考生的语言转换能力、语法和词汇运用能力，以及跨文化意识。
2. 篇章翻译：这种题型通常给出一段几百字的英文或中文文章，要求考生将其翻译成另一种语言。
这种题型主要考察考生对文章整体的把握能力、语言转换能力和翻译技巧。
3. 摘要翻译：这种题型通常给出一段英文或中文文章，要求考生将其摘要或总结翻译成另一种语言。
摘要翻译需要对原文进行浓缩和提炼，同时要求翻译准确、流畅。
4. 商务翻译：这种题型主要涉及商务文本的翻译，包括商务函电、合同、协议等。
商务翻译要求考生具备扎实的商务知识，同时要求翻译准确、专业、流畅。
5. 科技翻译：这种题型主要涉及科技类文本的翻译，包括科技论文、产品说明书等。
科技翻译要求考生具备扎实的科技知识，同时要求翻译准确、流畅、专业。
以上是外研社笔译考试的主要题型，不同的题型考察的侧重点不同，考生需要根据实际情况进行备考。
英语翻译家基础：专业术语翻译
翻译研究词典1. Absolute Translation 绝对翻译按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。
在绝对翻译中，整个源文本被转换成目标语，对原文内容和形式都不加以改动。
According to Gouadec, one of seven types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements which can arise during the course of their work. In absolute translation, the whole of ST is transferred into TL, with no alteration to the content or the form of the original document.2. Abstract Translation 摘要翻译古阿德克提出的用以应付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。
摘要翻译是将源文本的全部信息扼要译出，目的是让客户“迅速得到特定类型的信息”。
其方法有多种：第一种是翻译源文本的一般主题思想；第二种是概述源文本的主要内容、文本主旨及次要内容；第三种是节录源文本中一切有用的内容。
According to Gouadec, one of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfill the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment. In abstract translation, a condensed translation of all the information in ST is made in order to give the client "rapid access to specific types of information". This may be done in various ways. Firstly, the generic themes of the text may be translated; secondly, a description may be given of the generic content and the objectives of the text and its sub-units; thirdly, an abridged translation of all the useful content of the text may be supplied.3. Abusive Translation 滥译路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。
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Clusters Analysis of the Level of Social Development of Anhui
Province
Abstract: Throughout history, around the world, we know that there is a different level of development of various social world..From the ancient obscuration of the primitive society to today's developed modern society. Even in contemporary, belong to a land of China, we also know that for the level of social development, there is a considerable difference between the provinces around the city.Deal with these differences and social development level of the classification of the body, is beneficial to the pertinence and effectiveness of economic policy, is conducive to regional cooperation and complementary advantages. Take every city in anhui province as an example, as early as 2006, the the two-year study completion of the scheme of comprehensive evaluation of the level of social development, is through the national accreditation. The introduction of this evaluation program, will guide the governments at all levels in the province while eager to increase GDP, will pay more attention to the quality of life of the people, fiscal revenue, per capita consumption index and per capita GDP, population quality, etc, and the people life more closely on the improvement of social development indicators. In this paper. Selection based on the above indexes of 16 cities in Anhui province, to various cities in different social development level of clustering analysis, which will be divided into three level of social development in Anhui province in different economic regions, the results provide the reference for the relevant decision-making departments.
Key words: social development level; cluster analysis; the city around Anhui province; reasons and recommendations of social development level difference.。