专业英语期末复习
英文专业期末考试题及答案
英文专业期末考试题及答案English Major Final Examination Questions and AnswersPart I: Vocabulary and Grammar (20 points)1. Choose the word that best completes the sentence:- The _______ of the new policy has been widely debated.A) implementationB) implicationC) complicationD) simplificationAnswer: A) implementation2. Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb:- She _______ her book on the table and left the room.A) putB) putsC) is puttingD) was puttingAnswer: A) put3. Identify the grammatical error in the following sentence: - "I don't know where is the nearest bookstore."Answer: The correct sentence is "I don't know where the nearest bookstore is."Part II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:Passage:In the heart of the bustling city, there lies a quaint little bookstore that has been a sanctuary for book lovers for decades. The owner, Mr. Smith, has a passion for literature that is evident in the carefully curated collection of books that line the shelves. He believes in the power of stories to transport us to different worlds and to bring people together.Questions:1. What is the main purpose of the bookstore according to the passage?Answer: The main purpose of the bookstore is to serve as a sanctuary for book lovers and to provide a carefully curated collection of books.2. What does Mr. Smith believe in regarding literature?Answer: Mr. Smith believes in the power of stories to transport us to different worlds and to bring people together.Part III: Writing (30 points)Write a short essay (150-200 words) on the topic: "The Importance of Reading in Personal Development."Answer:Reading is an essential component of personal development. Itnot only broadens our horizons but also enhances our understanding of the world. Through reading, we gain insights into different cultures, philosophies, and ways of life, which fosters empathy and open-mindedness. Moreover, reading stimulates the mind, improving critical thinking and problem-solving skills. It also serves as a source of inspiration and motivation, encouraging us to pursue our dreams and overcome challenges. In essence, reading is a journey of self-discovery and growth, equipping us with the knowledge and wisdom to navigate life's complexities.Part IV: Translation (20 points)Translate the following sentences from English to Chinese:1. "The early bird catches the worm."Answer: 早起的鸟儿有虫吃。
会计英语期末复习
会计英语期末复习一、判断题20题20分二、多项选择题10题20分三、名词解释5题15分四、汉译英20题20分五、会计实践操作25分名词解释1、A ccounting （会计）P3Accounting is an information system that identifies, records, and com muni cates releva nt, reliable, and comparable in formati on about an orga ni zati on 'bus in ess activities that can be expressed in mon etary terms.2、A ccrual Basis Accounting （权责发生制）P183、L iability （负债）P148Liabilities are defi ned as probable future sacrifices of econo mic ben efits arising from present obligations of a particular entity to transfer assets or provide services to other en tities in the future as a result of past tran sact ions or eve nts4、C apital Expenditure （资本性支出）P29Capital expe nditure are expe nditures expected to yield ben efits bey ond the curre nt acco unting period, that is, have future cash flows , and thus should be added to the pla nt and equipme nt or capital asset acco unt.5、M atchi ng prin ciple （配比原则）P26Matchi ng refers to the tim ing of recog niti on of reve nues and expe nses in the in come stateme nt. Un der this con cept, all expe nses in curred in earning reve nue should be recog ni zed in the same period the reve nue is recog ni zed.6、Substanee Over Form （实质重于形式）P3oSubsta nee over form requires that tran sacti ons and other eve nts are accounted for and presented in accordance with their substance and economic reality and not merely their legal form.汉译英真实性和公允性truth and fairness收付实现制cash basis of acco unting持续经营假设going concern assumpti on谨慎性原贝V con servatism资本性支出capital expe nditures配比原贝V matchi ng prin ciple临时性账户temporary acco unt经营成果operat ing results盈余公积surplus reserve 未分配利润un distributed profit银行对账单bank stateme nt应付票据no tes payable实质重于形式substa nee over form 货币计量假设mon etary un it assumpti on重要性原则materiality可变现净值net realizable value完工百分比法perce ntage-of-completi on method 会计主体假设separate en tity assumpti on交易与事项transactions and eve nts会计分期假设acco unting period assumpti on 会计循环acco un ti ng cycle多选题1.会计信息外部使用者有哪些？Suppliers, regulators, lawyers, brokers, the in vestors , le nders, non-executive directors2.资产负债表的构成项目（资产，负债，所有者权益）Assets, liabilities, owners 'equity3.现金流量表的构成项目（经营，投资，筹资）Operating, investing , financing activities4 •所有者权益变动表In vestors, capital reserve, surplus reserve,reta ined5.应收款项的分类Acco unts receivable, no tes receivable, other receivable6.存货的计价方法Specific ide ntificati on, average cost, first-i n first-out7.制造业企业存货的构成Raw materials, good in process of manufacture, fini shed goods8.固定资产折旧的方法press shareholders /un distributed profit first-out, last-i n6。
期末复习商务英语
期末复习商务英语浙江广播电视大学英语专业(成人专科)《综合英语（3）》期末复习注：以下练习题主要针对成人专科的学生来练习。
题型：1．词汇语法题（30分，每题2分）2．完型填空（20分，每题2分）3．阅读理解（20分，每题2分）4．翻译（15分，每题3分）5．写作（15分）I. Vocabulary and StructureDirections: Beneath each of the following are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.（每小题2分，共30分）1. Production grew soon after the new scientific management_____________ our plant.A. was given toB. was introduced toC. was put intoD. was placed in2. Keep an eye on him. He looks __________. Maybe he is a spy.A. upsetB. worriedC. dishonestD. suspicious3. You’d better take a n umbrella with you, for it’s raining__________ outside.A. heavilyB. badlyC. hardlyD. heavy4. Boys are very much ____________at the English class.A. in the memoryB. in a hurryC. in the minorityD. in danger5. Their grandson died of a ___________ illness.A. secretB. mysteriousC. closeD. confidential6. Imagine what it__________ in a world without colors.A. likesB. is likeC. soundsD. looks7. I’m prepared to ____________ it for the time being.A. put up withB. put up toC. put upD. put with8. All the difficulties an d hardships didn’t _________with their project.A. keep them carrying onB. keep them from carryingC. keep them from carrying onD. keep from carrying on9. On __________side of the road flags are fluttering in the wind.A. bothB. neitherC. anyD. either10. When it _______ music, I am completely at sea.A. comes atB. comes aboutC. comes toD. comes across1-5:B D A C B 6-10: B A C D C11. Mr. Johnson _______ a teacher who had done similar projects in the same field.A. dealt withB. told offC. led toD. told of12. He admitted _____ the money.A. takenB. takingC. takeD. to13. My bicycle ______ so I had to go to school by bus.A. broke downB. broke upC. fell downD. fell off14. It would be appreciated if you _____ the payment terms by fax tomorrow.A. considerB. confirmC. convinceD. draft15. _______, the chances of winning the lottery are very small.A. On purposeB. In turnC. In realityD. With pleasure16. You’d rather work than play, ______?A. do youB. wouldn’t youC. would youD. don’t you17. It’s better to ______ schoolchildren by feeding them good food.A. noticeB. neglectC. witnessD. nourish18. If I ___a bird , I ___ fly to you.A. were ,shallB. were , wouldC. am , shallD. was ,would11-18: D B A B C B D B19. Susan called her sled team to a quick halt in the of night, and they couldn't see where the strange voice came from.A. redB. blackC. angerD. shade20. A big guy stood the doorway, so it was impossible for him to get through the door.A. hidingB. preventingC. blockingD. entering21. I three miles when I a pain in my side.A. haven't even gone; gotB. hadn't even gone; gotC. had even gone; gotD. haven't gone; have got22. Again Butcher approached the moose,her ax.A. swingingB. swungC. to swingD. swing23. All the world is three parts – finger-feeders, chopstick-feeders, and fork-feeders.A. fall intoB. separate fromC. broken upD. divided into24. We want especially to thank the friends who gave us encouragement.A. numerousB. nutritiousC. ridiculousD. anxious25. Until fairly recently, the fork in Europe.A. has not completely acceptedB. is completely not acceptedC. didn't completely acceptD. was not completely accepted26. I meet Richard in the library last week.A. applied toB. occurred toC. attached toD. happened to27. Sometimes during banquets, snakes would glide over the tables and among the guests whoA. eatB. have eatenC. ateD. were eating28. She developed a for the natural world, for birds, for mountains, for rivers.A. pastureB. passage29. patience D. passion19--29: B C B A D A D D D D30. Susan called her sled team to a quick halt in the（）of night, and they couldn't see where the strange voice came from.A. redB. blackC. angerD. shade31. A big guy stood（）the doorway, so it was impossible for him to get through the door.A. hidingB. preventingC. blockingD. entering32. All the world is（）three parts –finger-feeders, chopstick-feeders, and fork-feeders.A. fall intoB. separate fromC. broken upD. divided into33. Until fairly recently, the fork（）in Europe.A. has not completely acceptedB. is completely not acceptedC. didn't completely acceptD. was not completely accepted34. I（）meet Richard in the library last week.A. applied toB. occurred toC. attached toD. happened to35. （）a man, holding the bear with a long leash.A. Following would be behindB. Would be following behindC. Behind following would beD. Following behind would be36. The meeting was（）to discuss the issue of how to protect the natural environment in the area.A. shoutedB. calledC. caredD. taken37. They are the sort of friends who are so close they（）each other with their lives.A. dependB. forgiveC. trustD. believe38. When it was all over, both men spoke as if there（）a serious problem.A. hadn't beenB. isn'tC. haven't beenD. wasn't39. Until fairly recently, the fork（）in Europe.A. has not completely acceptedB. is completely not acceptedC. didn’t completely acceptD. was not completely accepted40. The word laser（）"light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation".A. stand byB. stands forC. stand inD. stand out30-40:B C D D D D B C A D BII. Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.（每小题2分，共20分）III. Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.（每小题2分，共20分）Passage A:Wouldn’t it be wonderful if we all could work at any time of day? Now several businesses are experimenting with a more flexible work schedule for their employees. It seems to be successful: Both late sleepers and early risers find the fixed hours of a nine- to- five workday a problem. Now there is an answer that seems to please them both. Employees of over 500 businesses, organizations and government agencies in the United States are adapting their work hours to suit their individual needs. It’s called “flexible time” (flextime) and it means, for example, that employees can start working at any time during the first three hours their office is open and leave after completing their required daily working time, which is normally eight hours, Early risers can begin work at seven a.m., finish at three and still have daylight time for shopping, picking up children at school, or recreation. Late sleepers need not report for work until 10 a.m. -----but they must stay on their job until six in the evening.Says a Boston, Massachusetts, band official: “Our employees like the system, and tardiness has been virtually eliminated. Fewer people are absent, turnover(人员调整)has dropped markedly, and productivity and morale have risen. I wouldn’t be surprised if most businesses adopt flexible work hours in the near future.”1.Workers who either enjoy sleeping late or rising early react in what way to a flexible workhour schedule?_____.A. DepressinglyB. AngrilyC. HappilyD. Disappointedly2. How much time do workers have to start work?______.A. Half an hourB. Three hoursC. Five hoursD. Six hours3. The normal American work day schedule is ______.A. eight hoursB. five hoursC. six and one half hoursD. seven hours4. What is one of the benefits of the flexible work schedule?______.A. The time passes by more quicklyB. There is more time for lunchC. Hardly anyone is ever late for workD. There is enough time for both work and play5. What is the earliest possible time someone can get out of work on eight hour schedule?A. 2:30 p.m.B. 1:00 p.m.C. 3:00 p.m.D. 3:30 p.m.1-5: C B A C CPassage B:Intelligent young people want to go to university, and it is logical for a country to provide university places for then toensure that there will be good-trained men and women to run the Government and industry in the future.. So in the 1960s the Government set up a number of new universities in Britain to give everyone with sufficient opportunity to study. But now something has gone wrong. There is still fierce competition to go to university to study arts subjects, but many places for scientists are not taken up.The new university concentrated on science because it seemed practical. They developed new courses so as not to imitate traditional university education. Why have their calculations proved wrong? One reason is that a lot of young people can get enough qualifications to work in industry by going to technical school. They think university courses are too long and too theoretical. But this does not explain why the majority of students still prefer arts subjects to science subjects.1.What is “logical” according to the first paragraph of the passage?A ) Intelligent young people want to go to university .B) The government should set up universities to train young people for the country.C) People who run the country should be well-trained.D) University is the place to train young men and women.2. What makes the new universities different from the traditional ones?A) There are more science subjects in them.B) There are more art students in them.C) Their curriculum is more scientifically planned.D) There are equipped with more modern facilities.3. What does “their calculations” (Line2, Para.2) refer to?A) Their plan to defeat the traditional university education.B) Their calculation of how many students study science and how many students study arts atpresent.C) Their thought that science is practical.D) Their assumption that people are willing to study the practical science subjects in heuniversities.4. Which of the following shows the advantage of technical schools over universities correctly?A) They have more qualified teachers.B) They have more qualified courses.C) The students can be qualified to work within a short time.D) If the students get qualification in technical schools, they are more well-received by industry.5. Why does the majority of the students prefer to study arts in university?A) The reason is not clear.B) The science courses in university are too theoretical.C) Arts sound nobler than science.D) The curriculum of science course is not well-arranged.1-5: B A D C APassage C:There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities ofspelling?If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teacher's interest, clearly a bright childwill be likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. That's why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionariesand pay attention to content rather than technical ability.I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience: “This work is terrible! There are far too many spelling errors andyour writing is illegible.” It may have been a sharp criticis m for the pupil's technical abilities. in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay. If his priorities had centered on the child's ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.1. Teachers differ in their opinions about.A. the difficulties in teaching spellingB. the role of spelling in general language developmentC. the complexities of the basic writing skillsD. the necessity of teaching spelling2. The expression “play safe” probably means.A. to write carefullyB. to do as teachers sayC. to use dictionaries frequentlyD. to avoid using words one is not sure of3. Teachers encourage the use of dictionaries so that .A. students will be able to express their ideas more freelyB. teachers will have less trouble in correcting mistakesC. students will have more confidence in writingD. students will learn to be independent of teachers4. The author seems to think that the teacher's judgment on that sensitive piece of writing is.A. reasonableB. unfairC. foolishD. careless5. The major point discussed in the passage is.A. the importance of developing writing skillsB. the complexities of spellingC. the correct way of marking compositionsD. the relationship between spelling and the content of a composition1—5：B D A B DPassage D:Everyone has heard of the San Andreas Fault, which constantly threatens California and the West Coast with earthquakes. But how many people know about the equally serious New Madrid fault in Missouri?Between December of 1811 and February of 1812, three major earthquakes occurred, and all centered around the town of New Madrid, Missouri, on the Mississippi River. Property damage was severe. Buildings in the area were almost destroyed. Whole forests fell at once, and huge cracks opened in the ground, allowing smell of sulfur to filter upward.The Mississippi River itself completely changed character, developing sudden rapids and whirlpools. Several times it changed its course, and once, according to some observers, it actually appeared to run backwards. Few people were killed inthe New Madrid earthquakes, probably simply because few people lived in the area in 1811; but the severity of earthquake is shown by the fact that the shock waves rang bells in church towers in Charleston, South Carolina, on the coast. Buildings shook in New York City, and clocks were stopped in Washington, D.C.Scientists now know that America’s two major faults are essentially different. The San Andreas is a horizontal boundary between two major land masses that are slowly moving in opposite directions. California earthquakes result when the movement of these two masses suddenly lurches （突然倾斜；东倒西歪地前进）forward.The New Madrid fault, on the other hand, is a vertical fault; at some point, possibly hundreds of millions of years ago, rock was pushed up toward the surface, probably by volcanoes under the surface. Suddenly, the volcanoes cooled and the rock collapsed, leaving huge cracks. Even now, the rock continues to settle downwards, and sudden sinking motions trigger earthquakes in the region. The fault itself, a large crack in this layer of rock, with dozens of other cracks that split off from it, extends from northeast Arkansas through Missouri and into southern Illinois.Scientists who have studied the New Madrid fault say there have been numerous smaller quakes inthe area since 1811; these smaller quakes indicate that larger ones are probably coming, but scientists say there is no method of predicting when a large earthquake will occur.1. This passage is mainly about（）.A. the New Madrid fault in MissouriB. the San Andreas and the New Madrid faultsC. the causes of faultsD. current scientific knowledge about faults2. The New Madrid fault is（）.A. a horizontal faultB. a vertical faultC. a more serious fault than the San Andreas faultD. responsible for forming the Mississippi River3. We may conclude from the passage that（）.A. it is probably as dangerous to live in Missouri as in CaliforniaB. the New Madrid fault will eventually develop a mountain range in MissouriC. California will become an island in futureD. A big earthquake will occur to California soon4. This passage implies that（）.A. horizontal faults are more dangerous than vertical faultsB. Vertical faults are more dangerous than horizontal faultsC. Earthquakes occur only around fault areasD. California will break into pieces by an eventual earthquake5. As used in the first sentence of the fourth paragraph, the word “essentially” means( ).A. greatlyB. extremelyC. basicallyD. necessarily.A B A C CIV. Directions:Put each of the following sentences into English or Chinese, using the word given in the bracket if any. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.（每小题3分，共15分）1. If one falls, the other is there to catch him. If one needs a lift over some obstacle that seemsimpossible to get beyond, the other won’t leave until the obstacle is conquered.如果一个人失足落下山崖,另外的一为位一定会在那里将他抓住救起;如果一个人遇到了似乎是不可逾越的障碍,另外的一位不克服障碍决不抛弃朋友不管。
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结归纳
英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性: S aid of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.ngue语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.4.Arbitrariness任意性:One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位:2.Allophone音位变体:3.Minimal pair最小对立体:第三课1.Morphology形态学:which words are formed.2.Derivational morphemes class of words are called…3.Inflectional morphemes第四课1.Syntax语法句法:classes,4.Surface to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from第五课1.Reference指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.2.Homonymy同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.3.Hyponymy 上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.第六课1.Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.Utterance话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.3.Utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstractmeaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4.Illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1．What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?Phonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties.Phonology:It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language.Morphology: A field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a language Syntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context.2．language?The important characteristicssystematic, arbitrary and vocalFirst of all,language in a wrong way.3．1) Arbitrariness:2)Productivity:provides and forunderstanding novel messages.3) Duality:4)5)第二课1.语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences inmeaning.2. What is phone? How is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?Phone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.第三课1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: -ingMeaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its resultStem type: added to verbsExamples: fighting: denote the action of battlebuilding: denote the action of constructionSuffix: -ableMeaning: able to beStem type: added to verbsExamples: avoidable: able to be prevented fromSuffix: -ist2. Think of three morpheme be1)prefix: un-meaning:once more; afresh; anewstem type: added to verbsexamples: restart: start once morereaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again第五课1. What are the major types of synonyms in English?并举例1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves2. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peaceHomographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. The1.2.3.4.5.6.Hyponymyare called its hyponyms. For example,第六课答：way to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development andand 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics.traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in thattakes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type?答：(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, tothe truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type答：Make your conversational(1) The maxim of quantity①②(2) The maxim of quality①②(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.①②③④(】。
计算机专业英语期末考复习资料
英语翻译成汉语：1、In order to solve a computational problem, its solution must be specified in terms of a sequence of computational steps, each of which may be performed by a human or a digital computer．If you want to solve the computational problem with a computer, you should learn how to program．The task of developing programs for the soultion of computational problems is referred to as programming．Computer programming is the process of planning and creating a sequence of steps for a computer to follow．In general，this process will help us resolve a problem，which is either too tedious (冗长的) or difficult to work out otherwise．So programming is breaking a task down into small steps．译：为解决计算问题，其解决方案必须被指定在一个计算步骤的序列，每一个可能由一个人或一个数字计算机。
如果你想解决计算问题的计算机，你应该学会如何计划。
制定发展任务的计划称为编程。
计算机编程的过程中规划和创建一个序列的计算机执行步骤。
一般来说，这个过程将帮助我们解决一个问题，是太冗长的或难以解决的方式。
西北大学专业硕士英语期末复习(一)
西北大学专业硕士英语期末复习（一）一、Vocabulary（15分，60题选30题）1. A number of _____works of art have been sold as genuine.A. falseB. beautifulC. famousD. forged2. To _____ one`s power is to commit a crime and eventually end up in jail.A. accuseB. abuseC. deduceD. excuse3. Seeing the speeding car ,the policeman _____ the driver to pull up at the curb.A. reckonedB. beckonedC. softenedD. stiffened4. Unfortunately, he hit a traffic jam and missed the train _____a few minutes.A. withB.byC. beforeD. for5. She gave a clear and _____account of her plans for the company`s future.A.lucidB. dullC. unclearD. ambiguous6. Isn`t it rather_____ to talk about how much money you earn?A. policeB.boringC. vulgarD. pleasant7. The books will be _____free to local schools.A. contributedB. tributeC. attributedD. distributed8. The editor required him to _____ some details of the article.A. omitB. permitC. summitD. illuminate9. Few of us can be unmoved by the _____ of the Romanian orphans.A. lightB. mightC. plightD. moonlight10. I have to _____my reputation.A. detectB. protectC. intactD. prevent11. He was _____ with gratitudeto Professor Brown for helping him.A. excitedB. concernedC. overwhelmedD. interested12. The _____ between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits has been greatly relaxed.A. intentionB. tensionC. tenseD. attention13. The scholarship helped Martin to tide overa _____ embarrassment.A. temporaryB. contemporaryC. temporalD. tempting14. We should enhance people's _____ that caring for the aged is the traditional virtue of Chinese culture.A. excitementB. knowledgeC. understandingD. awareness15. I don't grudge him his success, that is, I admit he _____ it.A. preservesB. conservesC. deservesD. reserves16. While people traditionally _____ caring, sharing and generosity in life and work, modern people seem to be more self-absorbing and self-concerned.A. valueB. regardC. prioritizeD. commoditize17. You can't regard him as a friend but a business _____.A. relativeB. associateC. comradeD.spokesman18. I will calm down and seriously _____ over my work and teaching methodology in order to take them to a new level.A. mullB. mumbleC. muteD. mock19. I'm in a puzzle as to how to _____ the new situation.A. figure outB. lieC. work onD. cope with20. Leaders who _____ education are neither far-sighted nor mature, and they aretherefore unable to lead the drive for modernization.A. neglectB. omitC. respectD. avoid21. Thomas holds a belief in the _____ nature of reality.A. dualB. bothC. eitherD. twin22. I think that the Christian baptism is by complete _____ of the person in water.A. immensityB. immersionC. immoralityD. immaturity23. Man has a(n) _____ need for love and nurturing.A. easyB. elementaryC. submergingD. direct24. This building represents the post-modernist _____ in architecture.A. markB. trenchC. trendD. tendency25. One common Chinese _____ is that the elders ought to be respected.A. noticeB. ideaC. objectionD. notion26. This was the momentwhen Spielberg'scareer really _____.A. kept offB. cut offC. got offD. took off27. For low income families, mortgages are hard to _____.A. come byB. come inC. come backD. come over28. He was appointed as the director to _____ a team of investigators.A. overlookB. superviseC. checkD. supply29. The company _____ the new perfume with prime-time commercials on the major networks.A. startedB. beganC. launchedD. initiated30. You'll meet the same word again in a _____ different context.A. slightlyB. delicatelyC. lightlyD. rarely31. This will help to _____ the hardship of the refugees.A. relishB. relieveC. reviveD. rely32. She felt the _____ competition between the two brothers.A. intenseB. intensiveC. intentionD. intend33. The bride and groom promised to _____ each other through sickness and health.A. nagB. blameC. spoilD. cherish34. You could feel the _____ in the room as (when) we waited for our exam results.A. intenseB. tensionC. tenseD. intensive35. Angela _____ with disappointment when she was told that she had not got the job.A. signedB. signaledC. persistedD. sighed36. If he can just _____ a little longer, we can give him a hand.A. hold backB. hold inC. hold onD. hold up37. This is a political _____ an economicquestion.A. as wellB. as well asC. as muchD. as usual38. She can _____ her troubles and keep smiling.A. keep offB. take offC. shrug offD. lay off39. The two captains _____ a coin before the match.A. tossB. are tossedC. tossedD. tossed for40. I haven't really kept _____ people I knew at school.A. in touch withB. out of touch withC. to the touchD. touching41. Jones is _____ as a novelist.A. boomB. doomC. boomingD. dooming42. The government has _____ to improving health education.A. promisedB. committed itselfC. plannedD. intended43. A railway _____ arrested him.A. detectB. detectionC. detectingD. detective44. Each rank in the army has a _____ sign to wear.A. distinctionB. distinctiveC. distinguishD. distinctively45. The story of the boy's adventures _____ their friends.A. intriguedB. introducedC. interestD. interrupt46. He deserved long imprisonment for his many _____.A. misdeedsB. misfortuneC. mischiefD. misery47. The judge jailed the young _____ for thirty days.A. offendB. offenderC. offenceD. offensive48. I can't _____ any difference between these coins.A. perfectB. performC. perplexD. perceive49. They were essential to the economic_____ of the country.A. prosperB. prosperousC. prosperityD. prosperously50. The gang committed several _____ crimes.A. outrageousB. outgoingC.outcomeD. outright51. She _____to help but couldn`t get there in time.A. has wantedB. wantedC. had wantedD. will want52. According to the timetable, the train for Beijing _____ at seven o`clock every evening.A. leavesB. has leftC. was leftD. will leave53. They _____ the factory, but a heavy downpour spoiled their plan.A. visitedB. were visitingC. were to have been visitedD. were to have visited54. There was a knock at the door. It was the third time that someone_____ methatevening.A. interruptedB. had interruptedC. to interruptD. had been interrupted55. He _____ for ten years.A. has joined the armyB. has been in the armyC. had been in the armyD. joined the army56. It was not until then that I came to know that practice _____perfect.A. had madeB. has madeC. madeD. makes57. It is reported that by the end of this month, the output of cement in the factory _____ by about 10%.A. will have risenB. has risenC. will be risenD. has been rising58. Even if it _____this afternoon, I will go there.A. rainsB. will rainC. had rainedD. has rained59. We _____ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.A. just have hadB. have just hadC. just hadD. had just had60. She _____ to the office than she got down to writing the report.A. have no sooner gotB. no sooner gotC.had hardly gotD. had no sooner got二、Complete（20分。
高等职业英语期末复习题库
2013-2014学年第一学期《大学英语I》期末复习题库Part II Vocabulary (30 points)题库词汇部分实施细则：3套题量，每套(Part)分为三个部分（Section），题库词汇部分打乱在课本中出现的顺序，可以把全部题目给学生。
Section A 单选题10个。
资料来源：考《读写教程》所学1、3、6、7单元的section 2课文里的重要词汇，或历年B级英语真题或模拟试题中的词汇题目。
Section B配对题10个（中英）。
资料来源：《读写教程》所学1、3、6、7单元task 4 match A with B。
Section C填空题10个。
资料来源：《读写教程》所学1、3、6、7单元task 5。
词汇部分题库的编辑是把所有的题目放在一起，并且打乱顺序。
编码按照每部分题目数量编辑：Section A: 1-30Section B: 1-10、1-10、1-10Section C: 1-30Section A (1×10=10 points)Directions: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). You are required to complete the sentence by deciding on the most appropriate choice.1. Do not _________ me to help you unless you work hard.A) expect B) hope C) depend D) think2. The classroom needs ______.A) clean B) to clean C) to be cleaned D) being cleaned3. What are the essential differences ______ selling and marketing?A) between B) from C) among D) for4. There is a nice-looking car there. I wonder ______.A) whom it belongs to B) whom does it belong toC) it belongs to whom D) whom does it belong5. This question ________ now is where to build the new factory.A) discusses B) discussing C) be discussed D) being discussed6. Jack called the airline to ______ his flight to Beijing this morning.A) improve B) believe C) confirm D) insure7. John decided to ________ the present job in order to travel around the world.A) give up B) put up C) wake up D) brake up8. It was in the year of 2002 ______ they set up a branch company in China.A) as B) that C) what D) which9. Wordsworth was one of the greatest poets ______ lived in the 19th century.A) which B) who C) those D) that10. Michael’s new hou se looks like a palace, compared ________ his old one.A) of B) with C) for D) in11. You’d better ______ advice before making a project plan.A) put down B) take in C) turn out D) ask for12. ___ the population is too large, we have to take measures to control the birth rate.A) Although B) Since C) If D) Until13. Computer technology makes it ________ for people to work from home.A) harmful B) serious C) possible D) difficult14. It is requested that every student ______ a paper on sustainable development.A) writes B) wrote C) writing D) write15. Young people now live a life-style ______ their parents could hardly dream of.A) which B) why C) when D) where16. We are delighted at the news ________ they are started the business cooperation with your company.A) that B) when C) which D) what17. He said, "I ______ a lot of new poems by the end of last year."A) had already learnt B) have already learntC) would have already learnt D) already learnt18. While traveling in France, he ______ some everyday French.A) gave up B) picked up C) drew up D) got up19. Hardly ______ at the office when the telephone rang.A) I arrived B) I had arrived C) did I arrive D) had I arrived20. As Edison grew ______, he became more and more interested in science.A) elder B) the elder C) older D) the older21. The computer problem is designed for the ________ of easy online reading.A) experience B) purpose C) invitation D) decision22. The business talk ________ next week when the CEO of your company comes.A) was held B) is being heldC) will be held D) has been held23. Only in this way ______ catch up with your brothers.A) do you can B) can you C) you can D) you do can24. To work ______ with the machine, you must read the instructions carefully.A) firstly B) naturally C) efficiently D) generally25. We’ll have to continue the discussion tomorrow ______ we can make a final decision today.A) unless B) because C) when D) since26. It was so noisy that we found it hard to ________ the conversation.A) carry on B) set for C) turn on D) go about27. No one, except his two best friends, ______ where he is.A) know B) knows C) to know D) knowing28. If you have three years’ work experience, you will be the right ______ for this job.A) person B) passenger C) tourist D) customer29. You can not cancel your order ________ you change your mind within three days.A) as if B) while C) so that D) unless30. Mr. John has decided that he will ______ the branch company set up in the small town.A) take over B) hand in C) put in D) lead toSection B(1×10=10 points)Directions: The following is a list of 10 Chinese phrases. You are required to find the English equivalents in the table below, and match them.1. 行动计划 A. good appearance2. 职业道路 B. a field visit3. 自我分析 C. self-analysis4. 款待客人 D. making and taking telephone calls5. 现场参观 E. career path6. 跑腿，办事 F. in advance7. 良好的外表G. above all8. 接听电话H. host visitor9. 预先I. run errands10. 首先J. action plan1.充分利用 A. professional experience2.空闲时间 B. private matters3.自我分析 C. self-analysis4.行动计划 D. making and taking telephone calls5.专业经验 E. make full use of6.守约 F. keep an appointment with7.个人隐私G. spare time8.无论何时何地H. daily routine matters9.接听电话I. action plan10.日常例行事物J. whenever and wherever1. 兼职工作 A. get along with2. 升职机会 B. personal qualities3. 与…相处 C. a part-time job4. 尽快地 D. in advance5. 人际关系 E. interpersonal relationship6. 预先 F. as quickly as possible7. 良好的外表G. office professional8. 办公室专职人员H. good appearance9. 个人品质I. advancement opportunity10. 良好的工作关系J. good working relationshipSection C (1×10=10 points)Directions: Fill in the blanks with the right words or phrases. Change the form where necessary.1. The _______of the service here has improved a lot since he was promoted to manager.2. It is not so easy to make a quick_______ to the new environment.3. Wedding customs _______country to country.4. The conference was ________by that committee.5. He felt honoured to do________ work during 2008 Beijing Olympics.6. If you fail to ________your dentist you’ll have to pay for it.7. You should _______everything that is necessary for making the final decision.8. This bus _________covers a large number of streets.9. A(n) ______is a vocation by which you make a living.10. He is a man whom you can _________.11. The company ________five departments.12. I am busy ______a speech for the conference.13. The company __________a survey to find out the needs for their products in the market.14. The manager asked experienced workers to help the newcomers to _________the new working environment quickly.15. This bathroom is for the President’s______ use.16. Several experts will________ in the project as technical advisers.17. Those involved in the accident have been ________and found blameless.18. Everybody ________the importance of the meeting.19. Unless it receives more financial __________from the government, the hospital will have to close.20. The library bought all the ______between the President and his wife.21. His decision ________many years of investigation and research.22. Several experts will________ in the project as technical advisers.23. He won the election more on__________ than on money.24. The police have to ______their list of suspects.25. It is _______for the most important person to sit at the end of the table.26. A child ______rapidly both physically and mentally between the ages of 13 and 16.27. The company ________five departments.28. ______respect is necessary for the partnership to work.29. The manager thought he was a _____person and told him all about the new plan.30. I wonder whether you will _______as with your technical know-how.Part ⅢReading Tasks (30 points)题库阅读部分实施细则：只提供样题和题目范围，不给原题和文章。
英语专业语言学期末复习资料
Phonetics (sound)语音学；phonology(sounds) 音系学；morphology(word) 形态学；syntax(words, sentence)句法学；semantics(meaning)语义学；pragmatics(meaning ina context)语用学1. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive (modern). If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.2. Synchronic static state grammer; diachronic dynamic historical developmentngue (language): the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, stable.; Parole (speaking): the realization of langue in actual use, concrete, specific, changeable. What a linguist ought to do, according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole.sociological or sociolinguistic point of view4. American linguist N. Chomsky Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,stable,prerequisite; Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situations,changeable.psychologically or psycholinguistically.5.Traditional grammar ---- prescriptive, written, Latin-based frameworkModern linguistics ----- descriptive, spoken, not necessarily Latin-based framework nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Design Features of Language.1:Arbitrariness2:duality:The structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e. g. words in written language) and meaningless segments (e. g. sounds, letters in spoken language).1. Combine meaningless sounds into meaningful linguistic unitsbine small units into big units3.productivity/creativity:Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings.4.Displacement: which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.5.cultural transmission7.Six Functions of language:Addresser---Emotive the addresser expressed his attitude to the topic or situation of communication; Addressee---Conative使动xx aims to influence the addressee’s course of action or ways of thinking；Context---referentia所指, xx conveys a message or informationl;Message---Poetic xx uses language for the sole purpose of displaying the beauty of language itself;Contact--Phatic communication寒暄, xx tries to establish or maintain good interpersonalrelationships with the addressee；Code--Metalingual xx uses language to make clear the meaning of language itself.8.M. A. K. Halliday.Metafunctions of Language:Ideational function:About the natural world in the broadest sense, including our own consciousness; Relates to the context of culture. Interpersonal function:About the social world, especially the relationship between speaker and hearer ; Relates to the context of situation. Contextual function:About the verbal world, especially the flow of information in a text; Relates to the verbal context.9.A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. But a phone doesn’t necessarily distinguish meaning; some do, some don’t. A phoneme is a phonological unit;It is aunit that is of distinctive value;It is an abstract unit;It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.10. phones are placed within square brackets: [ ], and phonemes in slashes: / /.11./p/ in [pi:k] (peak) : an aspirated [ph]12./p/ in [spi:k] (speak): an unaspirated [p]13.Both [ph] and [p] are called as allophones of /p/14. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called allophones. [p, ph] are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme.15. Minimal pairs: Pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound; More precisely: two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string.16.Sequential rules The patterning of sounds in a particular language is governed by rules;The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other.Refer to the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.17.Assimilation rule—assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar, e.g. the prefix in-18. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tried to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone.19.单元音monophthongs 双元音diphthongs20.Morpheme: the minimal unit of meaning. It is the smallest unit that carries grammatical and /or semantic meaning.Morphs:The smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.The phonological or orthographic forms which realize morphemes. Allomorphs:A member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.21.Free morpheme is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.Bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme, such as “-s”in “dogs”, “-al”in “national”, “dis-”in “disclose”, “-ed”in “recorded”, etc.22.Derivational morphemes—the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class,or meaning of words. e.g. modern —modernizeInflectional morphemes:purely grammatical markers;signifying tense, number, and case;not changing the syntactic category; never adding any lexical meaningpounding (合成词) blackboard; Derivation(派生词) --ful ---able;Back-formation逆构词法television televise; Borrowing—loan words (外来词); Clipping（缩略词）labtory lab; Blending（混成法）motel; Acronym（词首字母）APEC；Coinage/Invention (Neologism) 创新词nylon24.Open: n. V. Adj. Adv. Bound morphemes :roots and affixes25.①traditional categories: n., v., adj., adv., prep., conj., aux., pronoun….②non-traditional categories: determiner (Det限定词), degree words (Deg程度词), qualifier (Qual修饰语).26.Three criteria are used to determine a word’s category: meaning, inflection, distribution.27.the structure or elements of phrases:XP rule specifier+head+complement28.NP (Det) + N + (PP)…29.VP (Qual) + V + (NP)…30.AP (Deg) + A + (PP)…31.PP (Deg) + P + (NP)…32.S →NP VP33.Deep structure: formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called ds. Surface structure: corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called ss. Do insertion, WH movement.34.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformation. A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.35.Head: A V N P36. Semantics is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language.37. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form And what it refers to (i.e.between language and real world ); rather, in the interpretation of meaning, they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Semantic triangle by ogden and richards: symblo/form, thought/ reference/, refrent.38.Contextualism: Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context ---- elements closely linked with language behavior. JR forth39.Sense---- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. The relationship between sense and reference:And, if等只有sense, 而无reference.一个sense可以有许多reference同一referenece可有不同的sense，Mrs Thatcher, & the Iron Lady. Morning Star & Evening Star.40.Major sense relations: Synonymy (同义关系)Antonymy (反义关系)Polysemy (多义关系)Homonymy (同音/形异义) Hyponymy (上下义关系)41.Antonymy: Complementary antonyms (互补反义词)非A即B; Gradable antonyms (程度反义词) :AB有中间, very .. How..; Relational opposites （关系对立词）丈夫妻子42.Sense relations between sentences: Synonymy (同义关系) inconsistency (自相矛盾)Entailment (蕴涵)Presupposition (预设)X is a contradiction (自相矛盾)X is semantically anomalous (反常的43.man [+HUMAN +ADULT +MALE] women [+HUMAN +ADULT －MALE]girl [+HUMAN －ADULT －MALE] child [+HUMAN －ADULT OMALE]father: PARENT (x, y) & MALE (x)x is a parent of y, and x is male.take: CAUSE (x, (HA VE (x, y)))x causes x to have y.give: CAUSE (x, (~HA VE (x, y)))x causes x not to have y.44.predication analysis: G.leech: argument 名词predicate 动词45. Pragmatics --- the study of the intended meaning of a speaker (taking context into consideration). Pragmaticists regard meaning as something that is realized in the course of communication.Semantics --- the study of the literal meaning of a sentence (without taking context into consideration).Semanticists take meaning to be an inherent property of language. Essential difference is that whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. 不senmantics.46.Sentence meaning: It is abstract and context-independent; it’s the literal meaning of a sentence. Utterance meaning: It is concrete and context-dependent; It’s the intended meaning of a speaker.It is the product of sentence meaning and context. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence.47.John Austin’s speech act theory.Performatives (行事话语): I promise Constatives (述事话语)48.A locutionary act (言内行为) is the act of saying words, phrases, clause; it is an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.An illocutionary act (言外行为) is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. 关注A perlocutionary act (言后行为) is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.act performed by saying sth.49.Searle’s classification of speech acts:Representatives (陈述) Directives (指令)Commissives (承诺) Expressives (表达) Declarations (宣布)50.CP Grice:The maxim of quality: ck adequate evidence.The maxim of quantity信息充足; The maxim of relation继续下去; The maxim of manner方式表达清楚模糊词绕口1. P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Pragmatics2. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.context3. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontexualized.abstract4. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.Performatives1. An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the actperformed in saying something.illocutionary2. A c_________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.commissive3. An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.expressive4. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.quantity4. ____C______ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is _B_____.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs1. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. F2. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. T3. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is. F4. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. F5. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century. T6. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. T7. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. F1. A __bound_____ morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.2. On, before and together are__close_____words—they are words which do not take inflectional endings.3. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __affix__ and __root__ root.4. Pronouns, prepositions,conjunctions and articles are all_close__class items.5. handsome consists of 2 morphemes, one is the _free___ morpheme hand, the other is the __bound__ morpheme some.1.There are _C__ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. 3B. 4.C. 5.D. 62. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called___A_ morphemes.A. inflectionalB.freeC. boundD. Derivational1. Major lexical categories are___N__, __V__, __adj__and____prep_.2. The deep structure refers to ____.3. when the affirmative sentence "Jack sold his textbooks to jill after the final examination' is transformed into "When did jack sell his textbooks to Jill?", three transformational rules are applied. they are__Do insertion__, subject-aux inversion and __Wh movement__.4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called __transformation______.5. The head is the word __n v a p___.1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.F2. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F3. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.T1. Phonetics studies the phonic medium of a certain language. ( F )2. The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are all lax vowels. ( T )3. In English, pill and bill are a minimal pair, and so are pill and till, pin and ping. ( T )4. The phoneme /p/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, therefore they’re in phonetic complementary distribution. ( F )5. The sequential rules in English can apply to all the other languages. For example, the velar nasal /N/ never occurs in the initial position in English nor in Chinese.( F )The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between the larynx and the end of the __C____.A. tongueB. hard palateC. soft palateD. vocal cords2. A sound produced when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration is said to be___B__.A. resonantB. voicelessC. voicedD. vowel3. The obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the sound ___A___.A. /t/ and /d/B. /k/ and /g/C. /p/ and /b/D. / N/ and / W/4. The phoneme is an abstract ___B_ unit.A. phonicB. phonologicalC. phoneticD. grammatical5. The sound /k/ and /g/ are separate __B____.A. allophonesB. phonemesC. morphemesD. Allomorphs。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
1、无机化合物命名法：•Hydrogen 氢H1 Carbon碳C6•Lithium 锂Li3 Silicon硅Si14•Sodium 钠Na11 Oxygen氧O8•Potassium 钾K19 Sulfur硫S16•Magnesium 镁Mg12 Helium氦He2•Calcium 钙Ca20 Neon氖Ne10•Aluminum 铝Al13 Argon氩Ar18•Lead 铅Pb82 Nitrogen氮N7•Phosphorus 磷P15 Fluorine 氟F9•Chlorine 氯Cl17 Bromine 溴Br35•Iodine 碘I53•2、单原子阳离子：元素名称+ ion如果某元素能形成一种以上的阳离子，则使用斯托克数字（Stock number）来表示其所带电荷（只形成一种阳离子的不必用）。
Exam：Na+：sodium ion；Ag+：silver ion；Ca2+：calcium ion；Al3+：aluminum ion；Fe+：iron（I）ion；Fe2+：iron（II）ion；Fe3+：iron（III）ion；3、多原子阳离子：原子团名称+ ionExam：NH4+：ammonium ion4、单原子阴离子：元素名称的词干+ -ide + ionExam：F-：fluoride ion（F：fluorine）；Cl-：chloride ion（Cl：chlorine）；Br-：bromide ion（Br：bromine）；I-：iodide ion（I：iodine）5、含氧阴离子，又称酸根离子如果某元素能形成一种以上的含氧阴离子，则按以下规则：①高（过）* 酸根离子：per- + 词干+ -ate + ion②* 酸根离子：词干+ -ate + ion③亚* 酸根离子：词干+ -ite + ion④次* 酸根离子：hypo- + 词干+ -ite + ionExam：•SO42-：sulfate ion（S：sulfur）；SO32-：sulfite ion；•NO3-：nitrate ion（N：nitrogen）；NO2-：nitrite ion ；•ClO-：hypochlorite ion；ClO2-：chlorite ion；•ClO3-：chlorate ion；ClO4-：perchlorate ion；•PO3-（偏磷酸根）：metaphosphate ion•6、含氢阴离子：hydrogen + 去掉氢的离子名称Exam：HCO3-：hydrogencarbonate ion7、如果某元素能形成一种以上的含氧酸，则按以下规则：①高（过）*酸：per- + 词干+ -ic acid ②* 酸：词干+ - ic acid③亚*酸：词干+ -ous acid ④次* 酸：hypo- + 词干+ -ous acid Exam：H2SO4：sulfuric acid；H3PO4：phosphoric acid（P：phosphorus8、元素名称+ hydroxide如果某元素能形成一种以上的阳离子，则使用斯托克数字（Stock number）来表示其所带电荷（只形成一种阳离子的不必用）。
Exam：NaOH：sodium hydroxide；KOH：potassium hydroxide9、正盐：不带“ion”的阳离子名称+ 不带“ion”的阴离子名称Exam：CuCl：copper（I）chloride；CuCl2：copper（II）chloride；CuSO4：copper（II）sulfate；KClO4：potassium perchlorate10、酸式盐：同正盐的读法，酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。
NaHCO3: sodium hydrogencarbonate NaH2PO4: sodium dihydrogenphosphate11、非水化合物名称+ 表示结晶水个数的希腊数字前缀+ hydrate常用数字前缀：1. mono-;2. di-;3. tri-;4. tetra-;5. penta-;6. hex(a)- ( sex(a)-);7. hept(a)- (sept(a)-); 8. oct(a)- ; 9. non(a)-; 10. dec(a)-Exam：CuSO4·5H2O：copper（II）sulfate pentahydrate•CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxide•N2O4 ：dinitrogen tetroxide OH-: hydroxide ion•Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide•CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate•KMnO4 potassium permanganate AlCl3。
6H2O: potassium permanganate ••有机化学的命名：②烷烃（alkane）命名：数字头+ -ane （以a结尾的直接加-ne ）③烯烃（alkene ）命名：数字头+ -ene （以a结尾的去a加-ene）•多烯的命名：二烯类--- 数字头+ -diene ; 三烯类--- 数字头+ -triene . Exam：乙烯: ethene; 丁烯: butene; 丁二烯: butadiene; 丁三烯: butatriene④炔烃（alkyne ）命名：数字头+ -yne（有时是-ine）（以a结尾的去a加-yne ）•多炔的命名: 二炔类--- 数字头+ -diyne .•Exam：乙炔: ethyne; 丁炔: butine; 己二炔: hexadiyne 或hexadiine⑤脂环烃（alicyclic hydrocarbons）命名：烃类名称前+ cyclo-E xam：环己烷: cyclohexane; 环己二烯: cyclohexadiene⑥烃基（hydrocarbyl）命名：将烃类名称的词尾换为–ylExam：甲基: methyl; 乙基: ethyl; 癸基: decyl;乙烯基: ethenyl; 丁烯基: butenyl; 乙炔基: ethinyl = ethynyl⑦支链烃类的命名：i). 以最长的碳链为主链，从一端向另一端编号，使侧链具有最低编号。
如有几个侧链，按侧链取代基字头的英文字母顺序排列。
5-甲基-4-丙基壬烷5-methyl-4-propyl nonaneii). 不饱和烃中应使不饱和键的编号最小。
3-甲基（-1-）丁烯3-methyl（-1-）butene或3-methyl but-1-eneiii) 多个-ene或-yne不饱和键，用di-或tri-等字头表示1,3-丁二烯: but(a)diene 或1,3-butadiene 或buta-1,3-diene2-甲基-1,3 -丁二烯2-methyl-1,3 -butadiene环状烃类加cyclo-:环辛四烯cyclooctatetraene环烃有取代基时，将环作为母体，对取代基进行编号。
如取代基较复杂，取代基内部可单独编号。
1-甲基-2-（3-甲基丁基）环己烷:1-methyl-2-(3-methylbutyl) cyclohexane1,3,5-三甲苯1,3,5-trimethyl benzene1-甲基乙基)苯(1-methylethyl) benzene isopropyl benzene表示取代基相对位置的字头：5-羟基-2-戊酮：5-hydroxy-2-pentanone1\卤化物的命名：在相应的烃的名称前+ “卤代”2-氯-2-甲基丙烷:2-chloro-2-methyl propane溴甲基苯bromomethyl benzene 1,2-二溴乙烷，1,2-dibromo ethane1-溴-3-氯苯: 1-bromo-3-chloro benzene 或：间-溴氯苯:m-bromochloro benzene2. 醇、酚、醚的命名醇的命名：在相应的烃的名称后，去“-e”加“-ol”。
如果是二醇或三醇，则须加“-diol”或“-triol”（在很多情况下不去“-e”）。
2-甲基-2-丙醇: 2-methyl-2-propanol（2-methyl-propan-2-ol）1,2-乙二醇1,2-ethandiol（ethan-1,2-diol）1,2,3-丙三醇，1,2,3-propantriol（俗称甘油，glycerin）2-乙基-2-丁烯-1-醇2-ethyl-2-buten-1-ol （2-ethyl-but-2-en-1-ol）当羟基位于侧链时，侧链上的羟基作取代基处理。
取代基形式的羟基用“hydroxy-”表示。
2-羟基-1-环己烷羧酸:2-hydroxy-1-cyclohexane carboxylic acid2-羟甲基-1,4-丁二醇:2-hydroxy methyl-butan-1,4-diol酚的命名：在benzene后，去“-e”加“-ol”。
如果是二醇或三醇，则须加“-diol”或“-triol”（在很多情况下不去“-e”）。
1,4-苯二酚，1,4-benzendiol 1,2,4-苯三酚，1,2,4-benzentriol醚的命名：将较简单的烷类与氧原子一起作为取代基命名。
烷氧基名称：烷基字头+“-oxy”。
乙基乙烯基醚，ethoxy ethane 甲基苯基醚，methoxy benzene1,2-环氧丙烷，1,2-epoxypropane 1,3-环氧丙烷，1,3-epoxypropane1,4-环氧丁烷，1,4-epoxybutane醛命名：将同样碳数的烃的名称后去-e加-al甲醛，methanal 2-甲基丙醛，2-methyl propanal醛基作为取代基时写为：formyl-（称为：甲酰基）（4-甲酰基苯基）乙酸（4-formyl phenyl）acetic acid酮的命名：将同样碳数的烃的名称后去-e加-one2-戊酮，2-pentanone；丙酮，propanone4-羰基-1-环己烷羧酸4-oxo-1-cyclohexane carboxylic acid羧酸的命名：•命名法1：将同样碳数的烃的名称后去-e加“-oic acid”。
编号从-COOH上的碳原子开始。
（适用于链状的一元或二元酸）•命名法2：在羧基以外的烃的名称后加上“carboxylic acid”。