毕业设计英文翻译
毕业设计中英文翻译【范本模板】
英文The road (highway)The road is one kind of linear construction used for travel。
It is made of the roadbed，the road surface, the bridge, the culvert and the tunnel. In addition, it also has the crossing of lines, the protective project and the traffic engineering and the route facility。
The roadbed is the base of road surface, road shoulder，side slope, side ditch foundations. It is stone material structure, which is designed according to route's plane position .The roadbed, as the base of travel, must guarantee that it has the enough intensity and the stability that can prevent the water and other natural disaster from corroding.The road surface is the surface of road. It is single or complex structure built with mixture。
The road surface require being smooth，having enough intensity，good stability and anti—slippery function. The quality of road surface directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic。
毕业设计外文翻译译文
1 工程概论1.1 工程专业1.2 工业和技术1.3 现代制造业工程专业1 工程行业是历史上最古老的行业之一。
如果没有在广阔工程领域中应用的那些技术，我们现在的文明绝不会前进。
第一位把岩石凿削成箭和矛的工具匠是现代机械工程师的鼻祖。
那些发现地球上的金属并找到冶炼和使用金属的方法的工匠们是采矿和冶金工程师的先祖。
那些发明了灌溉系统并建造了远古世纪非凡的建筑物的技师是他们那个时代的土木工程师。
2 工程一般被定义为理论科学的实际应用，例如物理和数学。
许多早期的工程设计分支不是基于科学而是经验信息，这些经验信息取决于观察和经历，而不是理论知识。
这是一个倾斜面实际应用的例子，虽然这个概念没有被确切的理解，但是它可以被量化或者数字化的表达出来。
3 从16、17世纪当代初期，量化就已经成为科学知识大爆炸的首要原因之一。
另外一个重要因素是实验法验证理论的发展。
量化包含了把来源于实验的数据和信息转变成确切的数学术语。
这更加强调了数学是现代工程学的语言。
4 从19世纪开始，它的结果的实际而科学的应用已经逐步上升。
机械工程师现在有精确的能力去计算来源于许多不同机构之间错综复杂的相互作用的机械优势。
他拥有能一起工作的既新型又强硬的材料和巨大的新能源。
工业革命开始于使用水和蒸汽一起工作。
从此使用电、汽油和其他能源作动力的机器变得如此广泛以至于它们承担了世界上很大比例的工作。
5 科学知识迅速膨胀的结果之一就是科学和工程专业的数量的增加。
到19世纪末不仅机械、土木、矿业、冶金工程被建立而且更新的化学和电气工程专业出现了。
这种膨胀现象一直持续到现在。
我们现在拥有了核能、石油、航天航空空间以及电气工程等。
每种工程领域之内都有细分。
6 例如，土木工程自身领域之内有如下细分：涉及永久性结构的建筑工程、涉及水或其他液体流动与控制系统的水利工程、涉及供水、净化、排水系统的研究的环境工程。
机械工程主要的细分是工业工程，它涉及的是错综复杂的机械系统，这些系统是工业上的，而非单独的机器。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
毕业设计中英文翻译
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目：电力系统检测与计算外文题目：The development of the single chipmicrocomputer译文题目：单片机技术的发展与应用学生姓名： XXX专业： XXX指导教师姓名： XXX评阅日期：单片机技术的发展与应用从无线电世界到单片机世界现代计算机技术的产业革命，将世界经济从资本经济带入到知识经济时代。
在电子世界领域，从 20 世纪中的无线电时代也进入到 21 世纪以计算机技术为中心的智能化现代电子系统时代。
现代电子系统的基本核心是嵌入式计算机系统(简称嵌入式系统)，而单片机是最典型、最广泛、最普及的嵌入式系统。
一、无线电世界造就了几代英才。
在 20 世纪五六十年代，最具代表的先进的电子技术就是无线电技术，包括无线电广播，收音，无线通信(电报)，业余无线电台，无线电定位，导航等遥测、遥控、遥信技术。
早期就是这些电子技术带领着许多青少年步入了奇妙的电子世界，无线电技术展示了当时科技生活美妙的前景。
电子科学开始形成了一门新兴学科。
无线电电子学，无线通信开始了电子世界的历程。
无线电技术不仅成为了当时先进科学技术的代表，而且从普及到专业的科学领域，吸引了广大青少年，并使他们从中找到了无穷的乐趣。
从床头的矿石收音机到超外差收音机；从无线电发报到业余无线电台；从电话，电铃到无线电操纵模型。
无线电技术成为当时青少年科普、科技教育最普及，最广泛的内容。
至今，许多老一辈的工程师、专家、教授当年都是无线电爱好者。
无线电技术的无穷乐趣，无线电技术的全面训练，从电子学基本原理，电子元器件基础到无线电遥控、遥测、遥信电子系统制作，培养出了几代科技英才。
二、从无线电时代到电子技术普及时代。
早期的无线电技术推动了电子技术的发展，其中最主要的是真空管电子技术向半导体电子技术的发展。
半导体电子技术使有源器件实现了微小型化和低成本，使无线电技术有了更大普及和创新，并大大地开阔了许多非无线电的控制领域。
毕业设计英文翻译解读
金刚钻的工业化运用一个程序一般需要50至70美网。
在这样的切割频率下，工具的负载量是比较低的。
而欧洲这样的程序下金刚钻的模型是完全不一样的！在我国，在这样的程序下，普遍金刚钻工具在非常自由的切割条件下，产品是不规则的易碎的微粒！在欧洲因为各种因素，情况是不同的。
因为欧洲的生活水平远高于我国，因此，他们的劳动力成本也要高。
为了使欧洲最大的石材生产商保持竞争力，他们必须要把注意力从原材料转移到生产的有效输出和最大化输出。
这就要求产品从原材料到成品的生产过程中尽可能减小能源的耗费和不必要的浪费。
该方法需要机床技术能够高速运作和先进的加工，可进行可靠的长时间持续的，无人值守操作。
在20世纪90年代，在机械和金刚石工具技术方面有很大的发展，使产量增加和降低生产成本。
如果我们对比一下欧洲和中国生产标准，我们可以看到在机器和工具的生产方面，中欧存在很大的差距。
在欧洲，制造这些瓷砖几乎是完全自动的，因为高效率的机械设计和自动处理设施。
最新一代的锯床这种应用能够使用主轴高达80分直径锯片。
机器和工具的设计，在达到下列的参数下，切割率是可以更快的。
•表面速度：- 25 – 35m / s•切削深度：-1mm•大桥速度：- 17m/min•切割速度：- IPOcm/5min或1m/h每个刀片•机输出：- 640m/5day（8小时每天）在这样的条件下，生产浪费减至最低，产量确更高。
通常情况下，在欧洲，刀片会产生10mm的缺口，而中国有12mm。
并且相对于中国12-15mm的切面的切口，欧洲只有10-12mm的切口。
在实现生产最大化材料处理和优化加工时间也是关键，厚片的切据被自动转移到自动的二次加工。
在这样精确的切割率下，对于金刚钻工具的要求是很高的，在程序控制下，型号和尺寸与中国的标准下是有很大不同的。
由于切割率相对高很多，最通常的尺寸是30-50。
切割率高，意味着工具的负载量也高，金刚钻的性质也会不一样！金刚钻的要求一般都是统一的，强大，块状颗粒，这是使在长时间的高负荷下，保持高产量。
本科毕业设计外文文献翻译
（Sheaｒ waｌl ｓt ｒuctural desigｎ ofh ｉgh-ｌev ｅl fr ａmeworkＷｕ Jiche ｎgＡbstract ： In t ｈis pape ｒ the basic c ｏｎcepts of ｍａn ｐow ｅr ｆｒom th ｅ ｆra ｍｅ sh ｅａr w ａｌl str ｕc ｔｕｒｅ, analy ｓis of the ｓtruct ｕr ａｌ des ｉgn ｏf th ｅ c ｏnt ｅnt ｏｆ t ｈe fr ａme she ａr wall, in ｃｌudi ｎg the ｓeism ｉc wa ｌl she ａr spa本科毕业设计外文文献翻译学校代码： 10128学 号：题 目：Shear wall structural design of high-level framework 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程专业（建筑工程方向） 班 级：土木08-（5）班 指导教师： (副教授)ｎratiｏdesign, ａnd a concrｅtｅｓtruｃtuｒe in thｅmｏst co ｍmonｌy useｄframe shear walｌstｒｕcturｅtｈｅdesign of p ｏiｎｔs to note.Keyworｄs: cｏncrｅｔｅ; fｒaｍｅshｅａｒwall sｔｒucｔｕre；hiｇh－risｅbuildｉｎｇsThe wall is aｍoｄern high－rｉｓe buiｌdiｎgs is an iｍpo ｒｔant buiｌdinｇconｔｅnt, the ｓize of thｅfraｍe sheａr wall must comｐly with buildｉng reguｌａtｉons. The pｒｉnｃipｌe is ｔhat the largeｒsｉzｅbｕt the thｉｃknessｍuｓt ｂｅsmaller gｅoｍetric featｕrｅｓshoｕlｄｂe ｐｒeｓented ｔo the pｌatｅ,ｔｈe forｃe is close to cylｉndrｉcal.Ｔhe waｌl sｈｅar wa ｌl strｕｃｔure ｉs a flaｔcomｐonent. Itｓeｘposure to tｈe force aｌoｎg ｔhe ｐlane leｖｅl of theｒole ofｓｈear and momｅｎt, must also take ｉｎtｏａccounｔthe veｒｔical preｓsure.Opeｒate unｄer thｅcomｂiｎed actｉｏn oｆbenｄing momeｎts and axial force aｎｄsheａr forcｅbｙthe caｎtilｅｖｅr deep beａm uｎder ｔｈe acｔion of the force leveｌｔo lｏo ｋinto ｔｈe bottom mouｎted on ｔhe basｉs of. Sheaｒｗaｌl ｉｓdiｖidｅｄinｔo a whole walｌand ｔheａssoｃiated ｓｈeａr wall in thｅactual project,a wholｅwａlｌfor ｅxａmpl ｅ, suｃh as ｇenｅraｌhｏusiｎｇｃonstｒuction in tｈe gablｅｏr fish bｏne strｕcture ｆｉlｍwａｌls ａnd small opｅningｓwall.Cｏupled Sｈeａr ｗalls are ｃonnｅcted bｙｔhｅcｏupｌing ｂeam shｅａr wall.Buｔｂecause tｈeｇｅnerａlｃｏupling beaｍstｉｆfness is less thaｎｔhe wall stiｆfnｅsｓof the lｉmbs，ｓｏ. Wａlｌliｍb aｌonｅis obviｏus.The ｃｅntral beam of tｈeｉnflｅｃtion pｏｉnｔtｏpay aｔtenｔiｏｎto tｈeｗaｌl pressｕre thａn the limiｔs of the lｉmb axis. Will forｍa shortｗiｄe beａms，widｅcolｕmn wａll liｍｂｓhear wａll ｏpｅnings toｏlarge ｃomｐonｅnt aｔbothｅn ｄs ｗith jｕst the domain of vａｒiabｌe crosｓ－ｓecｔｉon ro ｄin ｔhe intｅrｎａｌforcｅｓｕnder tｈｅaｃtioｎof maｎy Ｗalｌlｉmb iｎflｅcｔion point Ｔhｅｒeｆoｒe, ｔhe cａｌcula ｔions ａｎd consｔruction sｈouldAccordinｇtｏappｒoxiｍａｔe tｈe framｅstｒucｔure to ｃonsideｒ.Tｈe desｉｇｎof ｓhｅａr walls ｓhoulｄbe based on the cｈａractｅrisｔics ｏf ａvａｒｉｅty oｆwall itseｌｆ,ａnd dｉfferｅnｔmeｃhanical ch ａrａcteｒisｔｉcｓand requireｍents,wall oｆthｅinternａｌforceｄistrｉbutｉon and failurｅmoｄｅs ｏf sｐecific and cｏmprehensive ｃonｓideration of the design rｅinｆorcemｅnt aｎd stｒuctural measｕres. Ｆrame sｈear wall ｓｔrｕctuｒe deｓiｇn is to cｏｎsider the ｓtructｕre of the oｖerall ａnａｌysis for ｂoｔh dｉrecｔｉｏｎsｏｆthｅhｏrｉzontal and vｅrtiｃalｅfｆects. Oｂtain thｅinternal force ｉs reｑuirｅd in ａccｏrdancｅｗｉｔｈtｈe bias or paｒtｉal ｐull normal sｅcｔｉon forｃｅｃaｌculatiｏn.The waｌl strｕcture oｆtheｆｒame sｈear ｗall ｓｔructural dｅsign of ｔhe coｎtent frame hｉgh-rise buildings, in ｔhe actual ｐrｏjeｃｔiｎｔhｅuse of thｅｍoｓt seisｍic ｗａlls have suffiｃient quantitｉeｓto meｅt ｔheｌｉmitsｏf the lａyer displacement, the loｃation iｓｒelａtiｖely flexiblｅ. Seiｓmic wａll for cｏntinuous layout，ｆulｌ-length ｔhroｕgh．Should bｅdesigned to avoid the waｌl mutaｔioｎs ｉn limb ｌｅｎgth and alignment is noｔuｐａnd down the ｈolｅ. The samｅtｉme．Tｈe inｓide of ｔhe hole marginｓcｏlｕｍｎshｏｕld not ｂｅｌｅssｔhan３00mm ｉｎordｅｒtｏguaraｎteｅtheｌengtｈof the colｕｍn ａs the edgｅof tｈe coｍponent and constｒａiｎt eｄgｅcｏｍponeｎts．Thｅbi-direc ｔiｏnal laｔerａl forｃe ｒesiｓting strucｔurａl fｏrm of verticａl aｎｄhorｉzontaｌwalｌcoｎnected.Eａｃh ｏｔhｅr as ｔhe ａffiｎiｔｙof the shｅar wall. Ｆor ｏnｅ, two seismic frａme sｈe ａr ｗalｌｓ,ｅｖen beam highｒatio ｓhould noｔgreateｒthan 5 aｎd a height of nｏt less thaｎ400mm.Midline colｕmnａnd beａmｓ,wall ｍｉdline shouｌdｎoｔbe greaｔer tha ｎthe ｃoｌｕmｎwidｔｈof1/4，ｉn ordｅr ｔｏreｄuce thｅtoｒsional eｆfect of the sｅiｓmｉｃacｔion ｏnｔｈｅｃolｕmn．Oｔhｅrwｉsｅcan be taken tｏstrengthｅn theｓtirruprａｔｉo iｎｔhe cｏlｕmn tｏmake ｕp.If thｅshear wａｌl sheａｒsｐａn ｔhａnｔhe ｂig twｏ. Ｅveｎthe beａｍcro ｓs-heｉｇht ratiｏgreateｒthan 2.5, ｔhen tｈe design presｓｕｒe ｏf thｅｃｕt shoulｄnoｔmａkｅａｂig 0.2. Howevｅｒ, ｉf the sheａｒwallｓheａr sｐａｎｒatiｏof ｌess than two couｐlinｇｂeａms sｐan of ｌeｓs than ２．5, then the shear coｍｐres ｓiｏn rａｔiｏis noｔgreaｔer thａn 0.15. Thｅｏther haｎｄ，ｔhe bｏttom oｆthe fraｍe ｓhｅar walｌstructure ｔo enhａnce tｈｅdｅsign sｈould ｎoｔbe leｓs thaｎ２０0mmａnd noｔlesｓthaｎstorey 1/１6，othｅｒｐaｒtｓｓhｏulｄnot be lｅss than 160mm ａnd ｎｏt ｌｅss thaｎｓtoｒey １/20. Arounｄthe wall of the frame ｓhｅar ｗall strucｔure sｈｏulｄbe set ｔo the beａm or dark bｅamａnd the sｉｄe columｎｔｏform a borｄｅr. Ｈoｒizｏntａl ｄｉｓtrｉbuｔioｎoｆsｈear waｌls cａn from the sheａr effect，tｈｉs design wｈen ｂuilｄｉng higｈｅr longeｒor fｒaｍｅｓtructｕre reinfoｒcｅment shｏuld be aｐprｏpｒiatelｙincｒeａｓed, ｅspｅcｉａlｌy in the sｅnｓitivｅｐarts of the beam pｏsition ｏr teｍperaｔuｒe, stiffnｅsｓchａnge is besｔappｒopriatｅly increased, ｔｈeｎcｏnsidｅration sｈoulｄbe ｇｉveｎｔo the wａlｌvertｉcaｌreiｎforｃemeｎt,becaｕse ｉt is mａinly fｒom the bｅnding efｆecｔ, aｎｄtake in ｓome ｍｕlti-ｓtorｅｙshｅａｒｗａll structuｒereinforcｅｄreｉnｆorceｍent rate -likｅlｅsｓconｓtｒained edgｅｏｆｔhｅcomｐonent or components reinforｃemeｎt of thｅedge ｃomｐｏnent.Referｅnces: [1 sad Hａyaｓhi,He Yaming. Ｏn the shorｔshｅar ｗall ｈigh-riｓe bｕilｄinｇｄesign ［J]．Kｅｙｕaｎ, 2008, (O2).高层框架剪力墙结构设计吴继成摘要: 本文从框架剪力墙结构设计的基本概念人手, 分析了框架剪力墙的构造设计内容, 包括抗震墙、剪跨比等的设计, 并出混凝土结构中最常用的框架剪力墙结构设计的注意要点。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
毕业设计英语翻译
毕业设计英语翻译【篇一：毕业设计中英文翻译】英文资料翻译题目基于网络信息的自动化控制系别专业班级学生姓名学号指导教师2012年4月con trol based on n etwork andin formatio na automation networking application areas networking is used in all areas of automation. in factory automation, process automati on and buildi ng automati on n etworks perform diverse tasks. likewise, there are dist inct differe nces betwee n tasks performed for applicati ons in differe nt in dustry sectors that all have unique characteristics and con seque ntly vary ing requireme nts. the way devices are conn ected, con figured, and excha nge data also differ.there is no on e-size-fits-all for in dustrial n etworks; rather, buses are optimized foter differe nt characteristics. for example, factory automati on and process automati on are ofte n used in harsh and hazardous en viro nments where a producti on in terrupti on is costly. these requireme nts con trast sig nifica ntly with build ing automati on, for example, where keep ing costs low is a main driving force.factory automatio nfactories with assembly-l ine manu facturi ng, as in the automotive, bottli ng, and mach inery in dustries, are predo minan tly con trolled using discrete logic and sen sors that sense whether or not, for example, a process mach ine has a box standing in front of it. the network types ideal for simple discrete i/o focus on low overhead and small data packets, but they are un suitable for larger, messages like con figurati on download and the like. examples of this network type are seriplex, i nterbus-s, and as-i (as-in terface), which are sometimes called sen sor buses or bit level buses. other more adva need protocols orie nted toward discrete logic in clude device net, con troln et, and profibus (dp and fms applicati on profiles). these buses are sometimes referred to as devicebuses or byte-level buses. factory automati on in volves fast-moving mach inery and therefore requires quicker resp onse than slower processes. traditi on ally, these tasks have bee n han dled by plcs.process automati onprocess plants in industry segments like refining, pulp paper, power, and chemicals are dominated by continuous regulatory con trol. measureme nt is an alog (here meaning scalar values tran smitted digitally), and actuatio n is modulat ing. of course, process industries also use some discrete control and the predo minan tly discrete manu facturi ng in dustries use some modulating. fieldbus on/off valves are already available in the market, as are small remotely moun ted i/o modules for discrete sen sors .in the past, a dcs or sin gle-loop con troller did this.process-related n etwork in clude foun dati on fieldbus, profibus (pa application profile), and hart. all these buses as a category are now typically referred to as fieldbus (without the capital f), though some would argue that one or the other does not bel ong. these three protocols were specifically desig ned for bus-powered field in strume nts with predefi ned parameters and comma nds for asset man ageme nt in formatio n like iden tificati on, diag no stics, materials of con structi on, and fun cti ons for calibratio n and commissi onin g. i n term of size, the n etworks used in in dustrial automati on are con sidered to con stitute local area n etworks (la n) spa nning areas no greater tha n a kilometer or two in diameter and typically confined to a sin gle build ing or a group of build in gs. n etworks that exte nd only a few meters are in sufficie nt, and n etworks that spa n cities or eve n the globe are overkill.field and host tier networkseven within control systems for the process sector there is a n eed for differe nt n etwork characteristics at each tier of the control system hierarchy. at the field and there are instruments such as tran smitters and valve positti oners that have their specific needs, and valve positioners that have their specific n eeds (fig.5-1a-1). whe n fieldbus bega n to evolve, the process in dustry put a large nu mber of requireme nts on the field-level n etwork that were not met by other types of n etworks. many new desig n con sideratio ns n eeded to be take n into acco unt.on the upper tier, data from all the field-level networks have to be marshaled on to a si ngle host-leveln etwork that also serves any tasks the pla nt may have that seem related to factory automatio n.fig.5-1a-1 field level at the field level, the dominant protocols for process instrument are hart, foundation fieldbus h1, and profibus pa.hart is significantly different from the other two in that it is a so-called smart protocol, that is a comb in atio n of digital com muni cati on simulta neously superimposed on a conven tio nal 4-20ma sig nal. as such, the hart protocol has bee n an ideal in termediate solutio n in the tran siti on from an alog. hart is compatible with exist ing an alog recorders, controllers, and indicators while at the same time it makes possible remote configuration and diagnostics using digital com mun icatio n. the hart protocol does allow several devices to be multidropped on a sin gle pair of wires, but this is a capability in freque ntly explored because of the low update speed, typically half a sec ond per device. for a vast majority of in stallati ons hart devices are conn ected point to point, that is, one pair of wires for each device and a han dheld conn ected temporarily from time to time for configuration and maintenance. both foundation fieldbus h1 and profibus pa are completely digital and even use identical wiri ng, follow the iec 61158-2 sta ndard. however, bey ond that there are major differe nces betwee n these two protocols, and depe nding on the desired system architecture one may be more suitable than the other.at the field level, i nstrume nts appear in large qua ntities, ofte n in the hundreds or thousands. the wire run are very long, as the network cable must run from the control room all the way into the field, up towers, and the n branching out to devices scattered throughout the site. because there is a limit to the nu mber of devices that can be multidropped on each n etwork, eve n a medium-sized pla nt may have many n etwork cables running into the field, although substantially fewer than if poi nt-to-poi nt wiri ng was used. the field-level n etworks were therefore desig ned to en able very long wire runs and to allow field devices to take their power from the network. only asin gle pair of wires carries both the device powera s d thedigital com muni cati ons sig nal. this elimi nates the n eed for a separate power cable, thus keep ing the wiri ng simple and in expe nsive.as ano ther measure to keep costs dow n, desig ners chose a moderate field-level n etwork speed so no rmal in strume nt- grade cable could be used in stead of special data cable. no special conn ectors, couplers, or hubs are required either, which makes it possible to use rugged and weatherproof conn ecti ons.the grade of cable used for conven tio nal in strume nt conn ecti ons on most sites is more tha n sufficie nt for fieldbus n etwork ing. as a result, it is possible to reuse that cable when an existing plant is migrated to fieldbus. in hazardous process en vir onments where flammable fluids are prese nt in tri nsic safety is many times the preferred protecti on method. the field-level n etworks were therefore desig ned to allow safety barriers to be in stalled on the bus.because desig ners chose a moderate field-level n etwork speed the devices conn ected to it do not require a great deal of cpu process ing power to han dle the com muni cati on quickly. as a result, they also con sume very little power. because the low power con sumpti on results inlow voltage drop along the wire, it is therefore【篇二：毕业设计英文翻译模板】都信业设系别姓名专业班级学号息工程学院计英文翻译论文标题****学院大气探测、信***处、两个专业填写电子信息*******工程。
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课题名称酒店信息管理系统系部电气信息与工程学院专业计算机科学技术班级T1023-2学号20100230233姓名熊招指导教师唐海2 0 14 年 4 月 10 日酒店管理系统集成服务1.简介人们普遍认为，网络服务角色在企业中无疑是重要的。
越来越多的商业软件系统通过使用网络技术服务来扩展他们的能力。
今天的电子商务不仅仅是使用网络去传输业务数据或支持人与动态网页互动，而是被网络服务根本的改变了。
万维网财团的可扩展标记语言（XML）和可扩展样式表语言（XSL）是标准中所界定的有利于多元化出版和内容重用和正越来越多地被部署在该网站的建设服务中。
因为XML 被看作为标准消息格式，它可以与成千上万编程语言所编写的系统绑定在一起。
任何的程序都可以被映射到网络服务里，同时任何网络服务也可以映射到程序里。
在本文中，我们提出一个下一代商业系统酒店业，可以充分将酒店前台系统，性能管理系统，客户关系管理系统，质量管理系统，后台系统和分布在不同地点的中央预订系统进行整合。
并且我们发现，该系统在酒店业务工作流程中大大增加酒店的客流量和酒店的办公经验。
因为目前的技术已相当成熟，似乎很容易整合现有系统和新系统（例如，基于网络的应用程序或移动应用）。
然而，目前在酒店行业有一些真正的综合系统的使用，因为有这么多异构系统存在和可扩展性，维修，价格，安全问题成为最难去克服的。
从我们的研究一体化集团酒店预订系统（ghirs）来看，仍然有挑战整合企业信息系统（信息系统），企业信息门户系统（信息门户），客户关系管理系统（客户关系管理）供应链管理系统（单片机）一起，因为标准化，安全性和可扩展性的问题，虽然ghirs是几个一体化解决方案增加或扩大酒店软件系统在任何规模的连锁酒店环境。
我们开发的这一系统，整合业务流程管理的酒店使用网络服务和软件集成技术。
在本文中，我们首先描述一个场景的酒店预订和讨论之间的相互作用ghirs与人类。
其次分析细节设计和实施这一制度。
结果和影响的研究的发展，ghirs显示后来的一部分。
最后，我们讨论的一些问题仍然需要加以改进和未来可能的发展方向。
2．酒店预订：一个商业案例研究一个商业案例研究我们最初的思想发展ghirs是尽量减少人类互动的系统。
自ghirs柔性和自动化，它提供了明确的好处都酒店顾客和饭店员工，尤其对集团客户和集团酒店公司。
集团公司通常有很多旅馆，饭店，度假村，主题公园或赌场在不同的地点。
例如，香格里拉酒店集团数以百计的酒店在世界各地不同的国家。
这些群体有一定的顾客喜欢在酒店消费属于同一个组，因为他们是会员组可以有个人服务。
第一步的剧本酒店预订的是消费者的计划和期待一个酒店的位置，价格或任何他的标准确定酒店。
然后他提出保留通过电话，传真，互联网，或邮件，或只是通过他的旅行社。
当酒店员工收到请求，他们第一次看他们是否可以提供有效服务。
如果有足够的资源在饭店，他们准备客房，餐饮、运输请求并发送回确认。
在最后的客人到达和检查。
业务流程相当简单；然而，到完成所有这些任务繁重双方消费者和酒店没有一个高效集成的酒店管理系统。
电话可能是一个很好的方式让一个预订因为它超越了极限时间和空间。
客人可以打电话给酒店在任何时间、任何地点。
然而，它的成本当酒店是远离城市，特别是酒店客人的生活；坐落在一个不同的国家。
另外，如果有一组四或五人订在一起，这将需要很长的时间，酒店员工的所有记录他们所需要的信息。
预订的旅行社节省消费者的时间和成本，但仍有数百万工作做代理。
他们收集要求从消费者，然后分配到适当的目的地酒店。
因为这些酒店不要使用同一系统（这些数以千计的酒店可以使用数以百计的管理系统），有人，代理或酒店工作人员，必须面对的问题，如何处理信息从不同的来源有不同的酒店管理系统不同的目的地。
网络服务的工具，成为解决这些问题。
我们的服务整合该网站的服务器和酒店管理系统，和大家受益。
预订房间方便随时随地使用ghirs成为可能。
消费者浏览网站和发现酒店用他的电脑，掌上电脑或移动电话（无线应用协议的支持），之后他的身份被接受，他可以预订。
2几分钟后，他可以得到确认从酒店用手机发送的短信消息或多媒体消息，或电子邮件发送给他的邮件账户或只是在动态网页上的确认，如果他没有离开网站。
本响应时间可能需要一段时间，因为当酒店秉承追求，在某些情况下，酒店工作人员应检查是否有干净空房左。
网络服务是一个标准接口，所有的旅行社可以处理，收集和分布信息很容易通过互联网预订。
当预订请求承认，酒店工作人员准备的房间，饮食，和运输为客人。
由于信息已经存储在数据库中，每个部分在酒店链可以分享、一起正确。
例如，工作人员在办公楼前，客房部可以为客人准备房间根据数据，工作人员回到办公室可以库存材料餐饮和酒店经理可以检查的目的商业报告在企业信息门户集成ghirs他的浏览器。
房间rent-ratio报告，房态报告，每日收入报告其它实时业务所产生的报告。
管理人员可以访问任何的组报告任何酒店的系统。
在后一部分本文中，我们将展示如何消费者，代理商，和酒店工作人员可以有效地一起工作的ghirs。
ghirs扩展为小到大的连锁酒店管理公司，特别适合酒店集团。
它的真正腾飞无缝连接到全球分布系统，从而提供全球存取。
它还提供了实时在线预订，通过互联网。
3.酒店管理系统的集成3.1存在的系统ghirs是基础上发展起来的一个存在的酒店管理系统FoxhisTM。
FoxhisTM 股份的最大部分软件市场在酒店业中国。
FoxhisTM版本5具有分布式客户机/服务器架构，服务器经营SCO-UNIX客户端运行微软视窗和使用数据库对操作系统。
该系统包括前台系统，物业管理系统，质量管理体系，人力资源管理系统，企业信息门户系统（信息门户），客户关系管理系统（客户关系管理）供应链管理系统（单片机）。
该系统主要是基于网络环境。
大部分工作是在做一家酒店的系统。
它没有客户自助服务。
如果消费者想预订房间，酒店工作人员在当地饭店必须帮助客人记录了他的请求，虽然已经做了很多FoxhisTM系统自动工作。
当系统部署在不同的酒店，都属于一个集团，共享数据成为一个问题。
举个例子，如果集团拥有十家酒店，会有至少有十个本地数据库来存储用户数据。
因为酒店需要真正的时间响应的系统，所以这十个酒店不能部署一个中央数据库不在同一局域网。
因此，客人可以有不同的记录在不同的酒店和信息不能共享。
以网路服务为这些数据接口，可方便地更换。
3.2设计记得我们最初的思想部署ghirs是节省酒店员工，旅行社与消费者的劳动工作，该系统是连接所有环节的酒店业务链。
显示消费者如何，代理，酒店工作人员一起合作有效的系统。
消费者如何，代理和酒店工作人员一起工作消费者可以分为2类。
一个是会员酒店集团，谁拥有不同类别的会员和获得好处折扣或特价提供的。
这些消费者通常贡献很大一部分酒店的利润是作为贵宾。
酒店简介，偏好和会员账户现状。
另一类是普通客人。
所有这些可以和许多其他酒店面临的网络接口，不同的客人和旅游代理来让他们做一个预约。
常见的客人，只是要求他输入系统预订信息如姓名，联系信息，到达和离开系统。
中央处理服务器分发信息适当的酒店。
自我服务技术非常适合提交文件在长时间运行的业务流程，酒店工作人员可以轻松地处理这些数据和从数据库管理系统和应用服务器。
为会员酒店，用户只输入会员号和密码，房间信息，到达出发日期，然后完成请求。
因为酒店保持成员的形象，和系统交换剖面在所有酒店集团的服务，酒店员工不同的酒店可以知道客人的个人需求和提供更好的服务。
代理工作的消费者受益ghirs以及。
他们也可以让消费者和网络服务的接口是开放的，它很容易桥梁系统酒店管理系统。
ghirs部署之前，该代理商应单独和过程中保留的数据和分配给不同的酒店，这是一项繁重的工作。
但现在代理商可以只按一下按钮和所有酒店预订就会发送到目的地。
酒店的工作人员收到的所有请求从不同来源。
一些政策适用应答请求。
例如，一些非常重要的客人的要求是通过自动确认，客人可以得到承认在非常短时间。
请求触发所有连锁酒店业务流程和所有准备工作完成之前，他的到来。
但对于普通客户，酒店员工将检查的预期日期是否有空和清洁房间。
因为所有的FoxhisTM组件集成在一起，用户不需要员工改变计算机接口查询房间状态。
如果它是一个有效的请求足够的客人的信息和有足够的空间，确认发送回来。
如果没有足够的空置房，酒店的工作人员会问客人是否愿意等待时间或转移到其他宾馆的酒店集团或联盟酒店。
为转移客人的要求，数据流从本地数据库到中央服务器通过本地网站服务器，然后传递到另一个数据库的酒店服务接口。
3.3实现今天有很多的平台，可以提供能力整合不同系统和提供其他功能，如安全和工作负载平衡。
主要产品是企业版本（高级）和。
他们提供了非常相同的洗衣清单的特点，虽然以不同的方式。
我们选择。
网络平台的编程环境，然而，这里我们不主张平台是好还是坏。
我们的目标是整合这些分散的分布式系统。
事实上，这两个平台的支持和肥皂来完成我们的任务。
我们使用微软的互联网信息服务（者）作为网络服务器和数据库服务器。
防火墙单独的本地网络的公共网络。
这是非常重要的，从安全角度。
每个酒店的集团有数据库服务器，应用服务器和网站服务器部署多层系统包括用户界面表示层，业务层，业务逻辑层和数据访问层。
C#是通过编程语言为核心的可执行部分，是数据交换的标准格式。
翻译如下：Hotel Management System Integration Services1.IntroductionItis generally accepted that the role oftheweb services in businesses is undoubtedly important. More and more commercial software systems extend their capability and power by using web services technology. Today the e-commerce is not merely using internet to transfer business data or supporting people to interact with dynamic web page, butare fundamentally changed by web services.TheWorld Wide Web Consortium's Xtensible MarkupLanguage (XML) and the Xtensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) are standards defined in the interest of multi-purpose publishing and content reuse and are increasingly being deployed in the construction of web services. Since XML is looked as the canonical message format,it could tie together thousandsof systems programmed by hundreds of programming languages. Any program can be mapped into web service, while any web service can also be mapped into program. In this paper, we present a next generation commercial system in hotel industry that fully integrates the hotel Front Office system, Property ManagementSystem,Customer RelationshipManagement System,Quality Management system, Back Office system and Central Reservations System distributed in different locations. And we found that thissystemgreatly improves both the hotelcustomer and hotelofficer’s experiences inthe hotel business work flow. Because current technologies are quite mature, it seems no difficulty to integrate the existing system and the new coming systems (for example, web-based applications or mobile applications). However, currently in hotel industry there are few truly integrated systems used because there areso manyheterogeneoussystemsalreadyexist and scalability, maintenance, price, security issues then become huge to be overcome. From our study onGroup Hotel Integration Reservation System (GHIRS), there are still challenges to integrate Enterprise Information System (EIS), Enterprise Information Portal system (EIP), Customer Relationship Management system (CRM) and Supply Chain Management system (SCM) together becauseof standardization, security and scalability problems, although GHIRS is one of few integration solutions to add or expand hotel software system in any size of hotel chains environment.We developed this system to integrate the business flow of hotel management by using web services and software integration technologies.In this paper, firstly we describe a scenario of hotel reservation and discuss the interaction between GHIRS and human. Secondly we analyze details of design and implementation of this system. The result and implications of the studies on the development of GHIRS are shown in the later part. Finallywe discuss some problems stillneed to beimproved and possible future directions of development.2.Hotel Reservation: A Business Case StudyOur initial thinking to develop GHIRS is to minimize the human interaction with the system. Since GHIRS is flexible and automated, it offersclear benefits for both hotel customers and hotel staff, especiallyfor group hotel customersand group hotel companies.Group hotel companies usually have lots of hotels, restaurants, resorts, theme parks or casinos in differentlocations. For example, Shangri-La group has hundreds of hotels in different countries all over the world. These groups have certain customers who prefer to consume in hotels belong to the same group because they are membership of the group and can have individual services.The first step of a scenario of hotel reservation is that the consumer plans and looks for a hotel according the location, price or whatever his criteria and then decides the hotel. Then he makes a reservation by telephone, fax, internet, or mail, or just through his travel agent. When hotel staff receives the request, they first look if they can provide available services. If there is enough resource in the hotel, they prepare the room, cateringand transportation for the request and send back acknowledgement. At last the guest arrives and checks in. The business flow is quite simple; however, to accomplish all these tasks is burdensome for both the consumer side and the hotel side without an efficient and integrated hotel management system.Telephone may be a good way to make a reservation because it is beyondthe limit of time and space. Guests can call hotels at any time and any place. However, it costs much when the hotel is far away from the city where guest lives; especially the hotel locates in a different country. Moreover, if there is a group of four or five people to make reservation together, it would take a long time for hotel staff to record all the information they need. Making r eservation by travel agent saves consumers’ time and cost, but there is still millions of work for agent to do. They gather the requirements from consumers, then distributeto properdestination hotels. Because these hotels don’t use a same system (these t housands of hotels may use hundreds of management systems), someone, agent orhotelstaff, must face the problemhow to handle information from differentsources with different hotel management systems to different destinations.Web service becomes the tool to solve these problems. Our web services integrate the web server and hotel management system together, and everyone gets benefit. Booking a room easily anywhere and anytime becomes possible by using GHIRS. Consumer browses websites and finds hotel using his PC, PDA or mobile phone(WAP supported), after his identity is accepted, he can book a reservation.Twominutes later he can get the acknowledgement from the hotel by mobile phone textmessageormultimediamessage,oremailsenttohisemailaccount orjust acknow ledgement on the dynamic web page, if he hasn’t leave the website. The response time may take a little longer because when the hotel receives the quest, in some circumstance, hotel staff should check if there is clean and vacant room left. The web service is a standard interface that all travel agents can handle, gather and distribute the reservation information easily through internet.When the reservation request is acknowledged, hotel staff prepares the room,catering, and transportation for guests. Since the information already stored in the database, every part in the hotel chains can share it and work together properly. For example, staff in front office and housekeeping department can prepare room for guests according to the data, staff in back office can stock material for catering purpose and hotel manager can check business report inEnterprise Information Portal integrated with GHIRSby his browser. Then room rent-ratio reports, room status reports, daily income reports and other real time business reports are generated. Managers of the group can access any report of any hotel by the system. In the later part of this paper, we will show how consumers, agents, and hotel staff can efficiently work together by GHIRS.GHIRSis scalable for small-to-largehotel chains and management companies,especiallygood for hotel group. It truly soars with seamlessconnectivity to global distribution systems thereby offering worldwide reservation access. It also delivers real-time, on line reservations via the Internet.3. Integrationof Hotel Management System3.1 Existed SystemGHIRS is developed on the base of an existed hotel managementsystem called FoxhisTM. FoxhisTM shares the largest part of software market in hotel industry in China. FoxhisTM version 5 has distributed Client/Server architecture that the server runs SCO-UNIX and client runs Microsoft Windows and it use Sybase database on UNIX. Thesystem includes Front Office system, Property Management system, QualityManagement system, Human Resource Management system, Enterprise Information Portal system (EIP), Customer Relationship Management system (CRM) and Supply Chain Management system (SCM).This system is largely based on intranet environment. Most of the work is done in a single hotel by the hotel staff. It’s no customer self-service. If a consumer wants to book a room, hotel staff in local hotel must help the guest to record his request, although FoxhisTM system already done lots ofautomatic job.When the systems are deployed in different hotels that are parts of a group, sharing data becomes a problem. Just as an example, if the group has ten hotels, there would be at least ten local databases to store the consumers’ data. Because hotels need real time respond of the system, so these ten hotels can’t depl oy a central database that does not locate in the same local network. Thus one guest may have different records in different hotels and the information cannot be shared. By web services as an interface, these data can be exchanged easily.3.2 DesignRecall that our initial thinking to deploy GHIRS is to save hotel staff, travel agents and consumers’labor work the system is to link all thetaches of hotel business chains.Figure1 shows how consumers, agents, hotel staff cooperate together efficiently with the system.Consumers could be divided into two categories. One is member of hotel group, who holds different classes of memberships and gains benefits like discount or special offers. These consumers usually contribute a large part of the hotel’s profit then are looked as VIP. The hotel keeps their profiles,preferences and membership account status. The other category is common guest. All these two kinds of guests and travel agents who may trade with many other hotels face the web-based interface that let them to make a reservation. For common guest, the system just requires him to input reservation information such as guest name, contact information, arrival and departurethesystem.Thecentral processing server then distributes the informationto appropriate hotel. Since web services technology is so good for submitting documents to long running business process flows, hotel staff could easily handle this data in andoutof databasemanagementsystem and application server.As the membership of hotel, a user just inputs his member id and password, room information, arrival and departure date, thenfinish the request. Because hotels keep members’ profile, and systems exchange profile across all hotels of the gr oup by web services, hotel staff in different hotels could know the guest’s individual requirement and provide better services.The agents work for consumers get benefits from GHIRS as well. They may also keep the consumers’ profile and the web services i nterface is open to them, it is easy to bridge their system to hotel management system. Before GHIRS is deployed, the agents should separate and process the reservationdata and distribute them to different hotels, which is an onerous job. But now the agents could just press one button and all the hotel reservation is sent to destination.Hotel staff receives all request from different sources. Some policies are applied to response the request. For example, some very important guest’s request is passed aut omatically without confirmation, the guest could getacknowledgement in very short time. The request triggers all chains of the hotel business flow and all the preparation work is done before his arrival. But for the common customer, hotel staff would checkon the anticipate date if there is vacant and clean rooms available. Because all the FoxhisTM components are integratedtogether, staff users needn’t change computer interface tocheck he room status. If it is avalid request with enough guests’ information a nd there is enough room left, a confirmation is sent back. If there is not enough vacant room, hotel staff will ask if guest would like to wait a time or transfer to other hotels in the hotel group or alliance hotels. In order to transfer guest’s request, data flows from local database to the central server through local web server, then it is passed to another hotels database by web services interface.3.3 ImplementationToday there are lots of platforms that could provide capabilities to integrate different system and offer other features such as security and work load balancing. The two main commercial products are Java2 Enterprise Edition(J2EE)and . They offer pretty much the same laundry of list of features, albeit in different ways. We choose .NET platform as our programming environment, however, here we don’t advocate which platform is better or not. Our target is to integrate thesedecentralized and distributed systems together. In fact, both of these platforms support XML and SOAP to accomplish our task.We use Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) as web server and Sybase database server. The firewalls separate the local networks from the public networks. This is very important from the security point of view. Each hotel of the group has a database server, an application server and a web server to deploy this multi-tier system that includes the userinterface presentation tier, business presentation tier, business logical tier, and the data access tier.C# is adopted as the programming language for the core executable part. XML is the data exchange standard format.。