(完整版)南京农业大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

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南京农业大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题精编版

南京农业大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题考生答题须知：1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

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PART I Vocabulary (15points)Section ADirections: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.1. The government slated new elections in the spring, largely as a result of the public clamor.A. demandB. viewC. requestD. opinion2. The most prolific writer is not necessarily the best.A. written-aboutB. productiveC. artfulD. religious3. Imagine my vexation when they said they would come to dinner and then didn't show.A. enlightenmentB. astonishmentC. annoyanceD. contrariness4. Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily.A. fearlesslyB. confidentlyC. silentlyD. prudently5. There is little learning involved when one is reprimanded two or three months after the deed.A. recommendedB. reproachedC. recompensedD. reversed6. Archaeologists are interested in pottery, figurines and other vestiges of ancient civilizations.A. tracesB. shardsC. productsD. artifacts7. Packaging is designed so as to encourage impetuous shopping.A. extravagantB. carefulC. impotentD. impulsive8. Pan of his general thrift is to be meticulous in verifying monthly expenses.A. painstakingB. dilatoryC. meretriciousD. gaudy9. The jurors came to a deadlock in the defendant's trial for murder.A. a decision of guiltyB. a decision to punish by electrocutionC. an impasseD. an unusual verdict10. Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercise jurisdictionover a variety of misdemeanors.A. guidanceB. sovereigntyC. authorityD. suzerainty11. A mistake is rarely atoned for by a single apology, however profuse.A. extravagantB. producedC. divergentD. repetitious12. Her office in the First National Bank building is provisional.A. permanentB. temporaryC. corruptD. craven13. The burglars ransacked the room taking anything of value they found.A. demolishedB. took overC. inhabitedD. thoroughly searched14. The whole of the endowment was used to refurbish the school gymnasium.A. millionairesB. endorsementsC. governmentsD. donations15. The massacre of innocent people cannot ever be condoned.A. overlookedB. praiseC. condemnedD. satisfiedSection BDirections: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.16. When he realized the true nature of the proposal, he ________ all communication with the group.A. convertB. avertedC. severedD. make17. The worsening financial situation made it obvious that an economic depression was _____.A. attainableB. remoteC. imminentD. eminent18. All of the dental instruments need to be _______ before the next patient is seen.A. heatedB. scaldedC. sterilizedD. burned19. Rock climbing is so popular now that many people are able to ________ the steepest face with greatagility.A. scaleB. surpassC. overcomeD. mount20. If you call the 911 emergency number, they will ________ firemen, policemen, and paramedicsimmediately.A. assignB. detachC. attachD. dispatch21. His evident _______ to his wife despite her indiscretion proved him to be a man of integrity.A. personalityB. characterC. fidelityD. morality22. I don't know why he has been given ________. It wasn't his accomplishment but his wife's.A. acclaimB. confidenceC. reimbursementD. robustness23. After a concert tour in Asia, Canada and the U. S., he will _______ work on a five-language opera.A. confineB. indulgeC. resumeD. undergo24. When Ph. D candidates ________ their impending professorships, they consider housing benefits offeredby the prospective universities.A. anticipateB. assumeC. applyD. demand25. My supply of confidence slowly ________ as the deadline approached.A. withdrewB. eliminatedC. exterminatedD. diminished26. The battle is of great significance when viewed in the ________ of the progress of the war.A. prospectiveB. respectiveC. perspectiveD. prescriptive27. It has long been known that total sleep ________ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of thedead bodies, the animals look completely normal.A. depositionB. destructionC. deprivationD. reduction28. In that country, hospital doctors don't go sightseeing very often because their work ________ almost alltheir time.A. takes upB. takes offC. takes apartD. takes over29. According to the law of that country, the Parliament will have to be ________ before the General Election.A. decomposedB. dispersedC. dissolvedD. disintegrated30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ________ theconsequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step intoPART Ⅱ Grammar (15 points)Section ADirections: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. Switzerland is best known for its majesty mountain range and thousands flock to the AlpsA B Ceach year to take advantage of their ideal skiing conditions.D32. Police were sent to disperse the crowds but ended up by shooting down protesters and itA Bwas in this chaos that the seeds of political liberation were sown.C D33. Even today, through the hustle and bustle of Nevsky Prospect, St Petersburg's main street,A Bthe classical beauty of the city mesmerizes the eye.C D34. She is furious of her son's grades in school, which explains why Mark is jealous of Julia's high AB Cmarks on the exam.D35. Smog-choked Southern California demands them. It's a car for people who never want to goAto a gas station again. But the fact is, for all the talk, selling gas-less machines has been aB Chard-sell.D36. People thought: Hey, eat a carp and you will be taking in what it is that gives you these fishA Btheir long life-span. Of course, it hasn't done a lot of good for these carp.C D37. In deciding to undertake dangerous pursuits, people usually strive for their maximumApersonal ability rating, when they are challenged but can he victorious, rather than merelyB Csurmounting the mediocre.D38. In proposing such philanthropic donations, the director of the company certainly spoke fromA Ba genuine concern for the needy and not any desire for personal accolades.C D39. The armor, infantry and other military forces were held up by the enemy counter attack,A B Cthus caused the delay in the advance.D40. Just as children the world over like Christmas rooming, adults so like Christmas eveningA B Cwhen peace and calm return to the household.D41. Each employee with a modicum of intelligence would be able to undertake such a basic process.A B C D42. The economic situation will improve given that there is forecast to be less unemploymentA Band closures than in previous years.C D43. The three most important issues of concern to citizens today are prison reform,A Babusing children and toxic waste.C D44. I was on the verge of incurring Mr. Rochester's wrath by not listening to his prohibitions,A Bwhile a ray once more shone almost imperceptibly on the hallway wall and I heard his muffledC Dstep on the carpet.45. The above is the most important aspect which apes can be told from more primitive socialA B C Dgroupings.Section BDirections: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.46. ________ that the earth was flat?A. Used it to be thoughtB. Did it used to be thoughtC. Was it need to being thoughtD. Does it used to be thought47. It is most inappropriate ________ in the college VIP lounge.A. for any students to be thereB. for there to be any studentsC. to be any students thereD. to have there any students48. She ________ much more accurate responses now, had she taken more pains in devising the questions.A. gotB. would have gotC. had gotD. would be getting49. An extensive foundation in the basic sciences should be required of all science students, ________.A. whether they are future physicists or chemists.B. be they future physicists or chemists.C. they are future physicists or chemists.D. they should be future physicists or chemists.50. The general opinion is that he is ________ to complain.A. so much a milquetoastB. too a milquetoastC. too much of a milquetoastD. so much of a milquetoast51. Although of course there are exceptions, it seems reasonably dear that in certain countries - Rwanda,Somalia and parts of the former Yugoslavia come to mind-hunger is less a result of an absolute foodshortage, ________ a policy decision or the political situation.A. than ofB. rather thanC. but the result ofD. than is52. The ozone layer plays as great a role in the suability of spaceship Earth as ________ the waters of its lakes,ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.A. doB. doesC. playD. are53. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was ________last week.A. to be startedB. to have startedC. to have been startingD. start54. Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of 1066, thedaily vocabulary of English remained Germanic, _______ its grammatical structure.A. the same areB. and so areC. as didD. and so were55. Although money is always useful, it isn't all ________.A. what there is to lifeB. to which there is in lifeC. there is to lifeD. that is in life56. ________ ever so humble, there's no plane like home.A. It beB. Be itC. It wasD. Was it57. ________ all customs, no matter how sacrosanct, are essentially learned reactions appropriate, perhapsonly to the holders thereof is a basic assumption of anthropologists.A. NearlyB. It is nearlyC. That nearlyD. When nearly58. Although women cluster to him like moths around a flame, he is none ______ happier for it.A. butB. theC. matchD. any59. The major reason why Americans enjoy an abundant food supply is that the arable land at their disposalfor food production is ________.A. three times more the world averageB. three times as much the world averageC. three times the world averageD. the world average is three times60. The sound of the roaring of a tiger is ________ heard by jungle dwellers ________ feelings of unease, for ayear does not elapse without victims falling to the tiger's ferocity.A. always...withB. ever...withoutC. ever...withD. never...withoutPART ⅢClone test (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning.One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production-capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring __61__ profits, as well as economic and political power. Some recent theorists, 62 have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of 63 _that they call "postindustrial" society. One important change in such society is that the ownership of 64 amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important 65 of profits and influence; knowledge as well as 66 capital brings profits and influence.There are many 67 with the thesis above, not the least of 68 is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not 69 the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the 70 of some new industries indicates.71 , genetic engineering and the new computer technology have 72 many new fines and made some scientists quite rich. In 73 with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it must also be 74 that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i.e., major corporations) soon 75 to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge.Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly 76 . Many newhigh-tech jobs are being created at the upper-skill, low-paying service 77 . Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the 78 of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try. Illiteracy in English language has been a severe 79 for marry years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and 80 them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.61. A. quantitative B. extensive C. comprehensive D. sophisticated62. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. nevertheless63. A. aggression B. proficiency C. productivity D. evolution64. A. dominant B. impressive C. magnificent D. significant65. A. source B. factor C. component D. element66. A. adequate B. profitable C. material D. spiritual67. A. advantages B. consequences C. problems D. potentials68. A. them B. those C. which D. that69. A. deny B. refuse C. admit D. acknowledge70. A. emergence B. innovation C. extinction D. discovery71. A. In addition B. For example C. Above all D. In short72. A. produced B. created C. improved D. facilitated73. A. line B. need C. doubt D. match74. A. idealized B. recognized C. supervised D. summarized75. A. stepped in B. settled down C. leaned over D. mined out76. A. accessible B. important C. popular D. abundant77. A. enterprises B. employment C. professions D. industries78. A. control B. mastery C. search D. pursuit79. A. handicap B. penalty C. inconvenience D. shortcoming80. A. enforce B. punish C. confine D. condemnPART ⅣREADING OOMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1Let us assume, for the moment, that labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter. In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for a minimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve no significant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of real wages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seem to have realized that, unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement of prices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case.Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits) for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilst workers will usually resist a reduction of money-wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, this might not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves.Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity of the economic machine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Labor is not more truculent in the depression than in the boom-fax from it. Nor is its physical productivity less. These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.81. "Labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage". The sentence means ________.A. a fall in the value of the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of laborB. a rise in the price of wage-goods would lead to a withdrawal of laborC. the demand of labor is for a rise of existing money-wageD. the demand of labor is for reduction in the value of real wages82. The classical school refers to ________.A. those scholars with traditional ideaB. the traditional schoolC. the experts who hold to the standard theoryD. all of the above83. According to the author, the supply curve for labor depends on the ________.A. red money wagesB. movement of priceC. function of money-wagesD. both A & B84. “Their" method cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case because they have not realized that________.A. a fall in the value of real wages would lead to a withdrawal of the labor from market of laborB. a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead to a withdrawal from the labor market oflaborC. the supply of labor is not a function of real wagesD. the demand of labor is only for a minimum money-wages85. How dose labor usually behave?A. Labor would stipulate for money-wage.B. Labor would violently resist a reduction of real wages.C. Labor would strenuously resist a reduction of both money-wages and real wages.D. Labor would stipulate for real wages.86. The last paragraph of thus passage indicates that ________.A. labor resisted a reduction of money-wages, which characterized the depression of the 1930s in the U.S.B. labor demanded a real wage, which characterized the depression of 1930s in the U. S.C. neither labor refusing to work for a lower money-wage nor demanding a real wage could characterize thedepression of 1930s in the U. S.D. both A & BPassage 2The law of private international tribunals with respect to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive, albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose during the selection process. Most national legal systems have statutory rules as to the type of interests, relationships, and experiences that disqualify an arbitrator. Not infrequently, the disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and international arbitration somewhat differently, and may indeed supplement the international roles with additional features. A closer look reveals that courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitrators move in the highly interconnected world of affairs, and do not stand aloof from commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their counsel does not suffice to disqualify, whereas actual business or legal connections will. Inasmuch as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators generally do, suspicions arise that an arbitrator's favor may incline to the party or counsel who has in the past and may again in the future provide employment.The uncertainty in the held is at its most troubling when arbitrators are party-appointed. Some argue that such arbitrators should fulfill he same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-party arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view has had considerable currency, particularly in the United States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as pawns of the appointers. Imposing standard of neutrality and disinterestedness on them would he futile.It follows from this dichotomy between party-appointed and non-party-appointed arbitrators that opinion on the question of their nationality is also split. A party needs to be expected to choose a fellow national. This question of nationality is acute when one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one or more of the arbitrators are likewise nationals; a foreign enterprise contract calling for such arbitration may be foolhardy.The slate is largely blank with respect to roles for the conduct of arbitrators outside the field of conflict of interests. Considering only the matter of ex-parte communications, American case law is astonishing lax, refusing to set aside awards where such communication obtained between an arbitrator and a party without the presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendance of both patties. The differences in views on this topic indicate how useful a set of guidelines might be.87. The best title for this passage is __________.A. International Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsB. Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsC. Arbitrators: Problems in PracticeD. International Arbitrators and Conflicts of Interests88. The expression "They may treat" refers to __________.A. arbitrators and judgesB. national legal systemsC. experiencesD. disqualifying factors89. Courts and agencies __________.A. do not apply their regulations strictlyB. often consider arbitrators as judgesC. understand the general relationship between business and arbitratorsD. may be described by all of the above90. A third-party arbitrator is one who is chosen __________.A. to supplement the two arbitrators chosen by the contending sidesB. to reach a final decision after the two arbitrators have submitted their decisionC. by someone not involved in the matter in disputeD. as a pawn of the appointers91. A foreign enterprises contract is a bad idea __________.A. in all casesB. when each partner picks an arbitratorC. when third party arbitrators are involvedD. when a government agency is one side of the contract92. "Ex-parte communications" refer to __________.A. something that cannot be determined by the textB. all parties being present when matters involving them are discussedC. the requirement to set aside a decisionD. impartialityPassage 3Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don't bother, here’s the answer: Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy stone book rack, next to typical kids' books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy is 'Dysfunctional"'. It's a teacher's guide called "Happy to Be Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem”. Self-esteem as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it "whole language" teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject", be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit", "friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation as consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.Schools have changed. Reviling is out, for one thing. More important, subjects have changed.Whereas I learned English, modern kids learn something called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, twenty per cent tone of voice, and fifty percent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in "How to Win Friends and Influence People". Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high school English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided indimes, searching their soul and honing their critical thinking on paper."Happy to Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class.There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great” or "hopefully" that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique term for "Unit") was not to help students "feel good about themselves". Which is goo d, because all that reviling didn’t make me feel p articularly good about anything.93. In paragraph 2, "whole language" teaching is in inverted commas because __________.A. the writer is using direct speechB. the writer is questioning the education conceptC. the words quoted have been extracted from a translationD. the writer is quoting from another source94. In paragraph 3, the author is clearly expressing his idea about self-esteem. He believes that it is__________.A. essential that self-esteem should be promoted in American schools because the author used to suffer froma lack of self-esteem as a childB. equally important to equip children with the necessary skills and knowledge they will require in the futureC. important to remember how mush school children used to suffer from a lack of self-esteemD. reassuring to observe that children benefit from the promotion of a positive image96. Which of the following is the writer implying in paragraph 4?A. Self-criticism has gone too far.B. Evaluating criteria are inappropriate nowadays.C. Communication is a more comprehensive category than language skills.D. This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today.96. We may infer from paragraph 4 that the writer generally disagrees with one of the following ideas__________.A. the whole concept of communication is being perceived differentlyB. the way American children communicate among themselves is more important than anything elseC. academic skills should be encouraged and promoted in the American education systemD. the progress that American children could be monitor with more traditional methods97. In this passage, the writer is clearly stating the intention which is to get the reader to _____.A. confirm current education trends and teaching methodsB. rethink and reorganize educational strategiesC. think about the various elements which constitute what we call "communication" nowadaysD. reassure the parents about the methodology currently being used in American schools98. What's the best summary for this passage?A. New educational theories will revolutionize the way our children learn.B. The influence of new methodology will spread worldwide.C. Personal values like self-esteem will become predominant for school children in the future.D. Current education trends may jeopardize the prospects of future generations.。

博士研究生入学考试真题英语-2016

装备学院2016年博士研究生入学考试英语(1001)试题(注意：答案必须定在答题纸上，本试卷满分100分)PART I VOCABULARY (10 points, 0.5 point each)Section ADirection:There are 10 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest inmeaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.1. Many women prefer to use cosmetics to enhance their beauty and make them lookyounger.A. revealB. underlineC. improveD. integrate2. What players and coaches fear most is the partiality on the part of the referees in agame.A. justiceB. biasC. participationD. regionalism3. The sale has been on for a long time because the price is reckoned to be too high.A. consideredB. stipulatedC. raisedD. stimulated4. Smugglers try every means to lay hands on unearthed relics for their personal gains.A. set foot onB. lose their heart toC. set their mind onD. get hold of5. There must have been round about a thousand people participating in the forum.A. approximatelyB. exactlyC. less thanD. more than6. These old shabby houses will be demolished for the construction of residentialbuildings.A. pulled outB. pulled inC. pulled downD. pulled up7. Readers are required to comply with the rules of the library and mind their manners.A. observeB. memorizeC. commentD. request8. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the analogy between the computer and thehuman brain.A. likenessB. relationC. contradictionD. difference9. It is often the case that some superficially unrelated events turn out to be linked insome aspects.A. practicallyB. wonderfullyC. beneficiallyD. seemingly10. The alleged all-powerful master of chi kong was arrested on a charge of fraud.A. so-calledB. well-knowsC. esteemedD. undoubted Section BDirection:There are 10 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases markedA, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracketson your Answer Sheet.11. It is hoped that pork can be made leaner by introducing a cow gene into the pig‟sgenetic _______.A. reservoirB. warehouseC. poolD. storehouse12. The chairman said that he was prepared to ________ the younger people in thedecision making.A. put up withB. make way forC. shed light onD. take charge of13. Tom is angry at Linda because she _____ him _______ all the time.A. sets…upB. puts…downC. runs…outD. drops…in14. The ability to focus attention on important things is a ________ characteristic ofintelligence.A. definingB. decliningC. defeatingD. deceiving15. Our picnic having been _____ by the thunderstorm, we had to wait in the pavilionuntil it cleared up.A. destroyedB. underminedC. spoiltD. contaminated16. I was disappointed to see that those people I had sort of ____ were pretty ordinary.A. despisedB. resentedC. worshipedD. ridiculed17. One of the main purpose of using slang is to consolidate one‟s ____ with a group.A. specificationB. unificationC. notificationD. identification18. The _____ from underdeveloped countries may well increase in response to thesoaring demand for high-tech professionals in developed nations.A. brain damageB. brain trustC. brain feverD. brain drain19. This matter settled, we decided to _______ to the next item on the agenda.A. succeedB. exceedC. proceedD. precede20. Listening is as important as taking. If you are a good listener, people often _____you for being a good conversationalist.A. complementB. complimentC. compelD. complainPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions:There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through.Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, orD for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the wordor phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets onyour Answer Sheet.It has been said that in a high-divorce society, not only are more unhappy marriages likely to end in divorce, but in addition, more marriages are likely to become unhappy. Much of life‟s happiness and much of its 21 come from the same source—one‟s marriage. Indeed, few things in life have the potential to provide as much 22 or as much anguish. As the accompanying box indicates, many couples are having more than their share of the 23 .But divorce statistics reveal only part of the problem. For each marriage that sinks, countless others remain 24 but are stuck in stagnant waters. “We used to be a happy family, but the last 12 years have been horrible,”25 a woman married for more than 30 years. “My husband is not interested in my feelings. He is truly my worst 26 enemy.” Similarly, a husband of nearly 25 years said: “My wife has told me that she doesn‟t love me anymore. She says that if we can just exist as roommates and each go our 27 ways when it comes to leisure time, the situation can be 28 .”Of course, some in such terrible straits 29 their marriage. For many, however, divorce is 30 . Why? According to Dr. Karen Kavser, factors such as children, community disgrace, finances, friends, relatives, and religious beliefs might keep a couple together, even in a 31 state. “Unlikely to divorce, legally,” she says, “these spouses choose to 32 a partner from whom they are emotionally divorced.”Must a couple whose relationship has cooled 33 themselves to a life of dissatisfaction? Is a loveless marriage the only 34 to divorce? Experience proves that many troubled marriages can be saved—not only from the 35 of breakup but also from the misery of lovelessness.21. A. mighty B. misery C. mystery D. myth22. A. delight B. dismay C. dignity D. destiny23. A. late B. later C. latter D. last24. A. ashore B. afloat C. arrogant D. ascended25. A. conferred B. compromised C. confessed D. confided26. A. passional B. feeling C. emotional D. sensational27. A. separate B. parting C. different D. divided28. A. excused B. forgiven C. comprehended D. tolerated29. A. intensify B. terminate C. reinforce D. betray30. A. in the end B. out of the count C. in the way D. out of the question31. A. loving B. lovely C. loved D. loveless32. A. insist on B. persist in C. remain with D. keep in with33. A. resign B. deposit C. expel D. return34. A. pattern B. destination C. alternative D. route35. A. addiction B. agony C. abuse D. abolition Part III Reading Comprehension (30 point)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answerfrom the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Passage OneThere are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and other trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language,”says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately, it‟s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.”One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said “These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We‟re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it‟s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also said “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.” In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,000 people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims no t only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield, they also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suicide. If you like, you can also dismember them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful” Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent game still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?36. Which of the following computer games is NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A. Those that help people learn more about computers.B. Those that teach the features of the earth.C. Those that provide special training for writers online.D. Those that provide special training for pilots.37. According to one study, more computer and online games _______.A. allow the players to take part in killing actsB. teach the players to be antisocialC. make the players forget the real life resultsD. that young people like contain violence38. What does the underlined word “dismember” in paragraph 4 mean?A. To kick somebody out.B. To cut somebody into pieces.C. To dismiss somebody.D. To stab a knife into somebody.39. Many studies have suggested that _________.A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB. violence in computer games makes their players more aggressiveC. there are now far more incidents of violence due to computer gamesD. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence40. The author uses “television advertising” as an example to show that _______.A. other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifeB. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC. the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeD. there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real lifePassage TwoThe collapse of the Earth‟s magnetic field—which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures—appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field‟s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet‟s lines of magnetic force.During a reversal, the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity. The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and animals that rely on the magnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite claims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world‟s largest effort at tracking the field‟s shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get some idea of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather,” said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working out the first predictions by the end of the mission.”No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is coming on its way, it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago, when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.41. According to the passage, the Earth‟s magnetic field has __________.A. begun to change in the opposite directionB. been weakening in strength for a long timeC. caused the changes on the polaritiesD. misguided many a man and animal42. During the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic field ____________.A. the compass will become uselessB. man and animals will be confused as to directionsC. the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappearD. the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger43. According to the experts, the reversal of the Earth‟s magnetic field would ______.A. destroy almost all the creatures on the EarthB. cause some species extinctions on the EarthC. not be as disastrous as the previous oneD. cause no big trouble for man and animals44. According to the passage, ___________.A. we should not worry about the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic fieldB. the Earth‟s magnetic field will not change for at least 2,000 yearsC. the Earth‟s magnetic field has decreased its strength rapidlyD. the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic field can be controlled by modern science45. The author says “…the public has no reason to panic” because _________.A. the transition is still thousands of years awayB. the new transition will come 780,000 years from nowC. the transition can be precisely predicted by scientistsD. the process of the transition will take a very long time to finishPassage ThreeThe terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder hat in today‟s world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it‟s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren‟t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that is disproportionate with the actual threat,” says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn‟t what do, but it‟s how it‟s covered that determines the effect.”For example, Bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one ofthe most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the US hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening‟s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group‟s power rather than an individual criminal act. “You don‟t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It‟s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,”says Bulliet. “The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.”Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the US Army reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it‟s the only tactic they have available to them. “They don‟t have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They don‟t have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,” says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy,” Haroun tells WebMD. “You haven‟t really harmed the enemy every much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you‟ve achieved a lot of demoralization.”46. What has changed the rules of psychological warfare? ___________.A. Terrorist attacksB. The increase of military conflictsC. Advances in nuclear weaponsD. Prosperity of the media47. The goal of psychological warfare is to ____________.A. change the ideology of the opponentB. win a battle without military attacksC. generate a greater sense of fearD. bring about more physical damage48. According to Richard Bulliet, publicized an act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because ____________.A. psychological terrorism is a tacticB. terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threatC. the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threatD. publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat49. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that __________.A. means determines effectsB. hostage crises are prevalentC. psychological terrors remain harmlessD. the American media is effective50. Terrorists hold an individual as a hostage to ___________.A. scare the publicB. demonstrate their crueltyC. manipulate the government concernedD. show their group powerPassage FourIn a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this fall‟s entering classes—the first since Katrina—will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require students—who increasingly are applying to multiple institutions—to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications—about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillaed won‟t release numbers, but spokeswoman Maureen Larkins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last year‟s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted student s will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class—1,400 compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to please admitted student, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mail, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot with larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year‟s level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. It‟s also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from …august to mid-September “to turn away from the majority of the hurricaneseason,”Larkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-one-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other things, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted student and hosted a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admissions officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants. “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city are saying, …I want to be a part of the action,‟” says Stieffel, noting that Loyola‟s transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are applying, we feel, are more likely to come,” he says.51. The word “Katrina” in Para. 1 probably refers to _____________.A. a hurricaneB. an admission officialC. a universityD. a student52. It can be learned from the passage that ____________.A. most colleges requires students to apply and commit to their institutionsB. more students are applying to multiple institutionsC. all students are required to make their institution choices by May 1D. university trustees make decisions on enrollment53. The following statements are all true EXCEPT ____________.A. Tulane University also saw drops in applications this yearB. Xavier University fell behind its recruitment scheduleC. applicants to Xavier University fell by about half of last year‟s recordD. Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions54. In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are both _.A. freezing tuitionsB. extending application deadlinesC. hosting meetingsD. increasing scholarships55. Tulane University enjoyed an increase in applicants due to its ____________.A. new enrollment policiesB. aggressive recruitment scheduleC. academic positionD. financial situationSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions orcomplete the statements in the fewest possible words on the Answer Sheet.In all of the industrial countries and many less developed countries, a debate along the lines of government vs. business prevails. This struggle has gone on for so long, and is so pervasive, that many who participate in it have come to think of these two social institutions as natural and permanent enemies, each striving to oppose the other.Viewing the struggle in that format diminishes the chance of attaining more harmonious relations between government and business. Moreover, if these two are seen as natural and deadly enemies, then business has no long-range future. It is self-evident that government, as the only social instrument that can legally enforce its will by physical control, must win any struggle that is reduced to naked power.A more realistic, and most constructive, approach to the conflict between business and government starts by noticing the many ways in which they are dependent on each other. Business cannot exist without social order. Business can and does generate its own order, its own regularities of procedure and behavior; but at bottom these rest upon more fundamental patterns of order which can be maintained and evolved by the political state.The dependence of government on business is less absolute. Governments can absorb direct responsibility for organizing economic functions. In many cases, ancient and modern, government-run economic activities seem to have operated at a level of efficiency not markedly inferior to comparable work organized by business. If society‟s sole purpose is to achieve a bare survival for its members, there can be no substantial objection to governmental absorption of economic arrangements.(注意：此部分试题请在答题纸上作答)56. What is the passage mainly about?57. The function of the government is to ________________________________?58. What is the starting point of a more realistic approach?59. Business can and does generate its own order, but ________________.60. Government depend less on business because ___________________________.Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each) Directions:The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved youshould proofread the passage and correct it in the following way. Writedown your correction on the Answer Sheet.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correctone in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “Λ”sign and write the word you believe to be missingin the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word Cross the unnecessary with a slash “/” and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line. Example:When Λ art museum wants a new exhibit, it never buys things in finished form and hangs them on the wall When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (1) an(2) never(3) exhibitAs one of the many outgrowths of the sweeping federal health carelaw, health insurances and employers must now pay the cost of screening 61.____ children for obesity and providing them with appropriate counseling.With about one in three children in America obese and overweight, 62.____ the need for such programs is clear. But experts say, creating them willbe challenging. More than intensive hospital-based programs, few proven 63.____ models exist for helping children and adolescents achieve and maintain ahealthier weight, and researchers do not even fully understand the factorsthat contributed the rapid rise in childhood obesity in recent years. 64.____ While there are many community efforts aimed at getting every childto eat better and exercise more, including Michelle Obama‟s “Let‟s Move”initiative, there is also growing demand for programs help children who 65.____ are already seriously overweight. WellPoint and the UnitedHealth Group,another large insurer, are experimenting with the new approaches, and 66.____ even Weight Watchers says it is working to develop a program for childrenand teenagers. Drug companies and medical device makers are also testingsome products for children. 67.____ Adults have a difficult enough time lose weight, and the issues are 68.____ even more complicated with children and teenagers, experts say. Childrenare still growing, and the goal of any program maybe to help them grow 69.____ into a healthier weight rather than to actually gain pounds. Experts also 70.____ say that to be successful, programs need to focus on the family as a whole,changing what everybody eats and how much time they are all active, notsitting in front of a computer screen or television.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions:Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet..。

农学博士英语试题及答案

农学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is a common agricultural practice?A. MonocultureB. PolycultureC. Both A and BD. None of the above2. The term "photosynthesis" refers to the process by which plants:A. Convert sunlight into energyB. Break down organic compoundsC. Absorb waterD. Release oxygen3. In agriculture, the use of "fertilizers" is primarily for:A. Soil structure improvementB. Pest controlC. Enhancing plant growthD. Harvesting crops4. What is the main purpose of crop rotation?A. To increase crop yieldB. To reduce soil erosionC. To prevent pest infestationD. All of the above5. The "Green Revolution" in agriculture is associated with:A. The use of high-yielding varietiesB. The application of organic farmingC. The reduction of chemical fertilizersD. The promotion of sustainable practices6. What is the role of "pesticides" in agriculture?A. To increase crop yieldB. To protect crops from pestsC. To improve soil fertilityD. To enhance crop quality7. "Organic farming" is characterized by:A. The use of chemical fertilizersB. The avoidance of synthetic chemicalsC. The reliance on monocultureD. The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)8. The term "biotechnology" in agriculture refers to:A. The use of traditional farming methodsB. The application of modern scientific techniquesC. The cultivation of wild plantsD. The breeding of livestock9. "Sustainable agriculture" aims to:A. Maximize short-term profitsB. Ensure long-term productivityC. Increase the use of machineryD. Expand the scale of farming10. "Conservation tillage" is a method that:A. Involves deep plowing of soilB. Reduces soil disturbanceC. Increases the use of waterD. Requires more fertilizers二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The process by which plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil is known as __________.2. A system of farming that mimics natural ecosystems is called __________.3. The use of genetically modified seeds in agriculture can lead to __________.4. The practice of leaving land fallow for a period is known as __________.5. The main component of natural gas used as a fertilizer is __________.6. The technique of grafting involves joining two different plants to form a __________.7. The term "drought-resistant" refers to plants that can survive with __________.8. The process of converting solar energy into chemical energy in plants is __________.9. The use of manure as a fertilizer is an example of__________.10. The practice of planting different crops in the samefield at the same time is known as __________.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the concept of integrated pest management (IPM) in agriculture.2. Describe the benefits of using compost in agricultural practices.3. What are the potential environmental impacts of using chemical fertilizers?4. Discuss the importance of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the role of biotechnology in modern agriculture and its potential implications for food security.2. Analyze the challenges and opportunities presented by the adoption of precision farming techniques.五、翻译题（每题5分，共10分）1. Translate the following sentence into English: “土壤侵蚀是农业生产中一个严重的问题，需要采取有效措施来防止。

南京农业大学历年考博试题

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南京农业大学博士考试英译汉汇总.docx

2011A majority of the world's climate scientists have convinced themselves, and also a lot of laymen, some of whom have political power, that the Earth's climate is changing;什lat the change, from humanity's point of view, is for the worse; and that the cause is human activity, in the form of excessive emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.A minority, though, are sceptical. Some think that recent data suggesting the Earth's average temperature is rising are explained by natural variations in solar radiation, and that this trend may be coming to an end. Others argue that there is no conclusive evidence that modern temperatures arc higher than they used to be.We believe that global wanning is a serious threat, and that the world needs to take steps to try to avert it. That is the job of the politicians・ But we do not believe that climate change is a certainty. There are no certainties in science・Prevailing theories must be constantly tested against evidence, and more evidence collected, and the theories tested again. That is the job of the scientists・世界上大部分气候学家已经使他们口己及许多普通民众（包括一些政界人士）确信，地球的气候正处丁变化之中；对人类而言，这一变化正H趋严重；罪魁祸首是人类活动，其表现形式为过量排放二氧化碳之类的温室气体。

中国农业大学博士入学考试英语试题

Part I Listening Comprehension(30questions,20points)Section A(20questions,10points)Directions:In this part,you will hear short conversations between two people.After each conversation,you will hear a question about the conversation.The conversation and questions will not be repeated.After you hear a question,read the four possible answers in your testbook and choose the best answer.Then,on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and draw a line crossing the letter that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.Example:You will hear:You will read:A)2hoursB)3hoursC)4hoursD)5hours1.A)He will be in the line for a long time.B)He has had experience coming to a line and waiting for a long time.C)He will not line up and wait.D)He doesn’t mind getting up early because lines don’t bother him.2.A)She isn’t knowledgeable about where things are on campus.B)The people outside are very good to ask.C)The man should not ask the registration office.D)The registration is outside of the building.3.A)Do a better job of guessing what she is expecting.B)Go talk to the professor and find out what her expectations are.C)Keep trying to work harder.D)Complain to the dean about professor Merrington’s strict marking.4.A)He didn’t pay for it as expected.B)He bought a Horizon.C)He paid a lot for it.D)He didn’t pay that much although you might think he had..5.A)Come to the cafeteria early to get a place.B)Start cooking instead of eating out.C)Move out of the campus housing.D)Stop complaining.6.A)She is a great outdoor type.B)It is unusual for her to go mountain climbing.C)Shania prefers mountain climbing.D)Shania doesn’t really like the outdoor.7.A)Go in a couple of weeks later.B)Come as soon as he finished his case.C)Not go and work on his assignment.D)Come as soon as he is not so far behind.8.A)Who is begging the professor for money.B)What is bothering the professor.C)Why the professor is so upset.D)Who is giving the professor trouble.9.A)She doesn’t want to play here.B)He should decide where to play.C)He should call someone else.D)She would have to be there to decide.10.A)She is late for something.B)She was bored.C)She thinks they shouldn’t wait.D)She thinks more should be achieved.11.A)He is too busy to go.B)He is late for her assignment.C)He would like to go but is afraid she cannot play well.D)He will go as soon as the assignment is finished.12.A)She thinks there is no chance of it happening.B)She thinks it’s quite possible under the circumstancesC)She is ambivalent.D)She would rather just help nurses.13.A)The man’s hand will get cold.B)The man needs to wear gloves.C)The man should hold the skis himself.D)The man should wear thinner gloves.14.A)Marge’s proofreading costs a lot.B)It will take one day for Marge to get back.C)Marge could do it but it will mean more delay.D)Marge may or may not do it.15.A)He thinks the woman should practice more.B)He thinks she hasn’t practiced enough.C)He thinks the woman is now perfect at the new program.D)He thinks she practiced a lot so it’s now paying off.16.A)Look after if she is paid.B)Call Maggie to look after the dog.C)Not look after the dog.D)Look after the dog.17.A)The location of the computer.B)The new schedule.C)How to find a new home.D)The address of the website.18.A)She can go any day,but Friday is the best time.B)She can’t go any day.C)She can only go on Friday.D)She can go any day except Friday.19.A)Go to the Reeds Hotel pool.B)Arrange for a party at Reeds Hotel.C)Remind her to get things ready quickly.D)Confirm bookings at Reeds Hotel.20.A)Bill’s email is on the internet.B)Bill’s number is listed on the internet.C)Bill’s number might be on the listing on the internet.D)Bill may have moved.Section B(10questions,10points)Directions:In this section,you will hear3short passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear some questions.Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C,and D,and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage1Questions21to23are based on the passage you’ve just heard.21.A)In ancient China.B)In ancient Egypt.C)In ancient Greece.D)In ancient Rome.22.A)In ancient Egypt only members of the royal family were allowed to useumbrellas.B)By the late16th century the English people began to use umbrellas.C)The umbrella changed much in style in the18th century.D)The umbrella was initially used as a sunshade.23.A)When and how the umbrella was invented.B)The making of the umbrella.C)The history of the use of the umbrella.D)The different uses of the umbrella.Passage2Questions24to27are based on the passage you’ve just heard.24.A)Both the players and the spectators are protected.B)The players have to catch beetles in their cars.C)The ball is extremely big.D)The players have to catch the ball while driving.25.A)Dangerous.B)Exciting but dangerous.C)Protective.D)Popular.26.A)He thinks the game will be as popular as football.B)He thinks the game will be more popular than football.C)He doesn’t think the game will be more popular than football.D)He doesn’t think the game will be popular at all.27.A)Americans are only interested in new things.B)The game is popular both in America and Europe.C)Football is no longer very popular in America.D)The game can be dangerous for both the players and the spectators.Passage3Questions28to30are based on the passage you’ve just heard.28.A)Scientists and comets.B)The origin of comets.C)Place of comets in the solar system.D)Man’s study of comets.29.A)In1760B.C.B)In1770B.C.C)In1780B.C.D)In1750B.C.30.A)The word‘comet’comes form Greek.B)People used to think that comets brought bad news as well as good news.C)Edward Halley died in1758.D)Halley’s Comet will reappear in2062.Part II.Vocabulary(25questions,25points)Section ADirections:There15incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter in theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the center.31.The first thing to do in seeking a position is to determine exactly what you want to do,not______a vagueobjective but with a definite goal.A)in any term B)in terms of C)in high terms D)in set terms32.Energy shortage,soaring inflation,rampant unemployment and threat of war have made adults Americansnervous,and that sense of pervasive worry has been______the nations’youth.A)went on to D)keep up with C)passed on to D)hold on to33.The idea of trying to cheat the income tax authorities______his principles,he had a strong sense of civicresponsibility.A)went against B)fought against C)leaned against D)over against34.If anyone can think of a better course of action,I______suggestions.A)would like to B)am delighted to C)am in open D)am open to35.With technological developments,some labor-intensive industries have______high-tech industries.A)given up B)stepped aside C)stood along D)yielded to36.You are looking bit______this morning;you must have had too much alcohol last night.A)blank B)fragile C)blue D)dizzy37.As she is______to eggs,she cannot eat one without breaking into a rash.A)partial B)accustomed C)allergic D)relevant38.She still looks weak though her fever______after she took some medicine.A)educed B)caught C)got off D)came down39.Relations between the two countries began to______in1965.A)deteriorate B)cease C)accelerate D)stimulate40.Economic activity has been organized on the______of cheap and abundant oil from the beginning of the20thcentury until early the21st century.A)gist B)notion C)rationale D)premise41.Owing to a/an______lack of lower-income housing,the municipal government is embarrassed by theimpressing housing issue.A)acute B)stressful C)demanding D)urgent42.The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed______two hundred years ago.A)original B)eccentric C)terrific D)splendid43.The policy______it necessary for the town’s safety to arrest most speeders.A)narrated B)elaborated C)deemed D)commended44.If you do something on_____,you do it because you suddenly want to,although you haven’t planned to.A)impulse B)pulse C)impromptu D)imminence45.If______numbers provide any proof,America’s universities and colleges are the envy of the world,for theUnited States’3,500institutions were flooded with407,530students from193different countries last year.A)definite B)strong C)fundamental D)sheerSection BDirections:Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.46.Shortage of land and funding are blamed for the city’s inadequate green space.A)complained about B)are liable for C)accused of D)are damned as47.The hostess didn’t know what to do,as she hadn’t got enough food to go round so many people.A)give service to B)cater for C)be enough for D)sate oneself with48.The government stressed that high production rate should not be achieved at the expense of work quality.A)at any expense B)at the cost of C)at any cost D)to the extension of49.The idea that we cannot leave everything to free market forces seems to gain groundA)be acknowledged B)be accepted C)stand still D)get the ground of50.It is reported that the country’s national debt amounts in aggregate to four thousand million dollars.A)as a whole B)on the whole C)total to D)sum up51.At its last meeting,the Council endorsed changes intended to modernize the building.A)modified B)approved C)signed D)donated52.The United States committed a breach of international practice.A)violation B)concession C)offence D)compromise53.From the start,the plan was doomed to failure,so all his effort was in vain.A)expected B)supposed C)condemned D)promised54.In feudal society where there existed a rigid hierarchy of power,the poor had no chance of advancementexcept that they could pass many different levels of examinations.A)criteria B)layer C)degree D)rank55.You shouldn’t have criticized her so harshly.You have hurt her ego.A)self esteem B)self image C)image D)esteem.Part III.Reading Comprehension(20questions,40points)Directions:Read the following passages and answer the multiple-choice questions after each passage. Passage1Too Many Science Ph.D.’s?Something is wrong when a lot of young scientists,after achieving Ph.D.'s.are feeling like losers.Its a given that the job market for science positions in academe is bleak.A doctorate is supposed to be a ticket to a dream job,but many Ph.D.'s aren't even landing their third or fourth choices.But with reliable statistics hard to come by,the scientific community is at odds over whether it is producing too many Ph.D.'s.Some scientists believe that doctoral programs should be practicing"birth control,"cutting back the number of graduate students they admit.Most.,however,say the answer lies in changing doctoral education which they say has been too focused on producing university scientists."It's really destructive to the profession to have the sense that Ph.D.'s aren't valued,"says Ronald Breslow,a chemist at Columbia University and president of the American Chemical Society.Young scientists in the post-Cold War era are facing two major difficulties:many have had to work in postdoctoral or temporary research positions for four years orlonger,because they can't find jobs.Others,like Kathryn S.Jones,have found jobs but can't find financing for their research.Ms.Jones,a retrovirologist,got a non-tenure-track position as a research assistant professor at the University of Maryland at Baltimore,but is about to lose the job because she hasn't landed a major grant."I have a Ph.D.,"says Ms.Jones,who earned it at the Albert Einstein College of''Medicine,"I've given my data at international meetings.But because of the small percentage of success in this field,I walk around feeling like a failure."By the end of this month,the start-up money that Ms.Jones received three years ago,when she was hired by the university and the Veterans Administration medical Center on the campus,will be gone.She can keep her laboratory and her titles for up to a year,and could be back in business if she gets a grant.But she’s not hopeful. In fact,she’s thinking about getting certified to teach high-school biology.“I have to wonder if I want to be the last rat leaving a sinking ship,”she says.A report published last spring,called“Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers,”has sparked a national debate about doctoral education.Written by scholars and policy makers,it was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences,the National Academy of Engineering,and the Institute of Medicine.According to the report,the proportion of science and engineering Ph.D.'s employed by academe fell to43per cent in1991.the most recent year for which statistics were available,from5I per cent in1977.The1993 unemployment rate was only2per cent for recent Ph.D.recipients and1.6per cent for all scientists and engineers, it said.Those figures seem low,but they include Ph.D.'s in temporary or post-doctoral positions."There is an oversupply of recent graduates for research positions in academic laboratories and federal and industrial labs,"says Phillip A.Griffiths,director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton,N.J.,and chairman of the panel that wrote the report."Beyond that,it becomes quite a bit more murky.There certainly is an oversupply of unmet expectations."Since the job market varies by field,the report said it would be unwise to set across-the-board limits on graduate enrollment.Instead,it suggested broadening Ph.D.programs for students who aren't planning standard academic careers.Scientific societies provide a more up-to-date picture of the job-market,and it is grim.In December,the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics announced an unemployment rate of14.7per cent for the1,226Ph.D.'s awarded in the field in1994——1995——the highest rate ever reported.An additional4.2percent of the Ph.D.'s were in part-time jobs,and of those employed in academe,61per cent were not in positions eligible for tenure.Anne C.Petersen,deputy director of the National Science Foundation,acknowledges that the N.S.F.was late in recognizing the job-market woes.“The anxiety some young people have is really obvious,”she says. Foundation officials are uncertain what exactly is happening,she says,because of gaps in the data collected on Ph.D's.But the N.S.F.is committed to improving its data collection,so that better information on where Ph.D.send up is available.In the next few years,she says,the foundation will also direct money to new models of doctoral education,other than the standard one presuming that a Ph.D.will become a professor."The Ph.D.should be construed in our society more like the law degree,"she says."A lot of people go to law school with no plans to practice law."But Mark S Wrighton,president of Washington University in St.Louis and a noted chemist,believes that the Ph.D.experience should continue to be"research-intensive."He says more federal money should be put directly into the hands of graduate students,allowing them to work on their own research ideas——and to make themselves more remarkable—and less given to the research projects of professors who hire graduate students as research assistants.56.After achieving Ph.D's,a lot of young scientists are feeling like losers,because_______.A)they have no faith in the academeB)they can only choose from three or four positionsC)it is very difficult for them to find a desirable jobD)it is impossible for them to carry out scientific work57.As we all know,the job market for science position in academe is_______.A)tight B)challenging C)small D)exclusive58.Which of the following is true according to the article?A)A)Some scientists believe that there are too many doctoral programs.B)B)Reliable statistics suggest that there are not enough Ph.D's for science positions.C)C)Most scientists argue that doctoral education should produce more competent Ph.D's.D)D)Scholars hope that the job market will be open to more Ph.D's.59.What can we learn from the experience of Ms.Jones?A)The start-up money can last three years.B)Every Ph.D has financial problems.C)Postdoctoral position is a good choice.D)Grant,jobs,and title are interrelated.60.In order to reshape the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers,which of thefollowing suggestions is mentioned?A)To set limits on graduate enrollment in all fields.B)To direct money to new models of doctoral education.C)To broaden Ph.D programs for students who are to be professors.D)To hire graduate students as research assistants.Passage TwoOur Love-Hate Affair with TechnologyThe entertainment we enjoy is a measure of who we are.Two recent movies——last summers Star Wars and November's Close Encounters of the Third Kind—suggest that Americans are both fascinated with and horrified by the technological world we have shaped.Neither movie pretends to great seriousness.Star Wars is a light confection about another galaxy and era and a young man named Luke Skywalker who,thanks to an improbable series of coincidences,is drawn into a death battle against the galaxy's wicked emperor.En route to victory,he encounters a fair princess and wins her heart,if not her hand.(This is the age of liberation.)Close Encounters of the Third Kind concerns Roy Neary,an ordinary American who has an encounter with a UFO and becomes obsessed with his search for an explanation.His mission is impeded by those who do not believe in the existence of UFOs;by those who would prefer to wish the perplexing UFOs out of existence;and by those in power who,to prevent panic,deny the existence of UFOs.Luke Skywalker and every adventurer-hero since Odysseus,Neary finds an available pretty girl to accompany him on his lonely mission.In the last frame, though,he achieves a goal more lofty than marriage——he strides into a UFO and,the ultimate American pioneer,flies away with the strange Visitors to destinations unknown.From the popularity of Star Wars,the likely success of Close Encounters,and the increasing respectability ofthe whole genre of science fiction,it is clear that our age,more than its predecessors,needs whatever consolation or reassurance science fiction affords.If all art is to some extent escapist,one might ask what it is that we are escaping from.An answer,I think,is hidden in the films'imagery.In StarWars,Luke Skywalker ekes out a living as a "moisture farmer"(whatever that may be)in a bleak desert on the remote planet of Tatooine.Apparently,the reason he lives in such an unfruitful place rather than in galactic Palm Springs is that there is no galactic Palm Springs:Evil technology has reduced the universe to wind and sand.If the technocrats(技术专家治国论者)were not so vicious and self-serving,the land would be more fruitful.Luke's mission is to replace the Bad technocrats with the Good,which he does.In a closing ceremony disturbingly reminiscent of Nuremberg Nazi rallies,Luke is rewarded with a medal(and a wink)by the princess,who represents the new,benevolent ruling class.Similarly,in Close Encounters,the world in which Roy Neary lives is corrupted by bad technology.Director Stephen Spielberg focuses his camera critically on all the mechanical paraphernalia(器材)——toy trains,hair dryers,TV's——with which we surround ourselves.The way the Visitors from the other planet make their presence known is by wreaking havoc on technology;turning on toys,s,in the dead of night;turning off the telephones and the electricity;and bewildering the air traffic scanners.The vision that obsesses Roy Neary, though,is not one of a Thoreauvian cabin in the woods,where evil technology may never trespass,but rather one of a technologically perfect world,where all the circuits enhance man's happiness.Like Neary and Skywalke,Americans are perplexed by the failure of technology to supply us with a meaningful life or a decent environment to live in.For every wonderful achievement,technology seems to deal us an equivalent kick in the shins.Travel has become more efficient and less civilized.Television has helped to raise a generation of unprecedentedly educated six-year-olds and increasingly illiterate high school seniors.We can enjoy completely enclosed and comfortable environments hundreds of feet above the sidewalk until,as witness the NewYork City blackout last summer,someone pulls the plug and the environments become inaccessible and uninhabitable.Only the most naive believe we can escape our increasingly technological environment. Recognizing that the technologizing trend is irreversible,we fantasize,with Skywalker and Neary,about a world where all the machines work with us,rather than against us,where the computer does not obstinately mis-bill,and where jets disgorge(卸下)our luggage intact at correct destinations.Regrettably,as both these films imply,the"perfect"technocracy is one over which ordinary mortals can exercise no influence.The enormity and complexity of the system preclude nonexpert involvement.Our only options in such a world would be to replace the bad technocrats,as Skywalker does,evade them,as Neary does, or trust that in their loving-kindness they will make the machines produce what we desire.Our democratic methods of trying to control our exploding technology may be less than"perfect,"but they do leave man some room in which to manage his destiny.61.What is Roy Neary's mission?A)To find a pretty girl.B)To look for an explanation about UFOs.C)To fly away to destinations unknown.D)To be a member of the world of UFOs.62.What can we learn from the increasing popularity of the whole genre of science fiction according to theauthor?A)Bad technology has caused serious problems.B)Science fiction is an art of escapism.C)We need more reassurance than our ancestors.D)Science fiction offers us more entertainment than any other art63.We can infer from the passage that the author thinks that__________.A)humans are more vicious and self-serving than any other creatureB)there does not exist a Palm Springs in the universeC)farmers can only eke out a livingD)our world has been seriously damaged by evil technology64.According to the author;every technological achievementA)has changed our living styleB)has made the environment more inhabitableC)has brought us more harm than benefitD)has enhanced people’s happiness65.What is the attitude of the author toward technology?A)Supportive.B)Negative.C)Tolerant.E)Cautious.Passage ThreeComputers BugYear2,000Bug Unstoppable for Some ComputersWith500days left until the year2,000,experts said last week,that it may already be too late for many companies to defuse the millennium computer time bomb.According to the Gartner Group,a US high-technology consultant agency,nearly a quarter of all worldwide companies have not yet started work on plans to solve the year2,000problems.This means most of these organizations will effectively be unable to fix their system in time.The Gartner group,which said last year that the millennium bomb rehabilitation would cost between US$300 billion and US$600billion worldwide,also said in the repot published this month that only50percent of companies that had projects to eliminate the bug planned to test their corrected systems.Dangerous PolicyExperts said this was a dangerous policy,because correcting computer programmes often introduced new flaws. Testing was essential.The millennium computer bomb is a legacy from shortcuts by software writers,who in the name of economy expressed years with just the final two digits rather than four.When clocks tick past midnight on December31,1999,many unrectified computers and chips will interpret the double zero as1900.This will turn many computer programmes to mush.Unchecked,many public utilities,assembly lines,bank teller machines,traffic lights and lifts may shut down.Some experts say the problem has been grossly exaggerated by software companies seeking to scare customers into buying the latest,bug-free products.But Graham Titterington,consultant at London consultancy Ovum,does not share this optimistic view.“The situation is pretty critical.Most companies are doing something,but are they doing enough?”he said in an interview.Titterington also said that for the vast majority of business there was no extemal check on the effectiveness of their remedial work.Running out of TimeMitul Mehta,senior European research manager at Frost&Sullivan in London,said time was running out for many companies.Companies now could only pinpoint vital computer systems for fixing.Less crucial systems would just have to run the risk of crashing and be fixed later,Mehta said.“Some crucial areas apart from computers are not getting enough attention.I don’t think networking companies have their act together–meaning manufacturers of routers,switches and network equipment like Bay(network company)and Cisco(Systems company),these kinds of companies,”Mehta said.He said:“Anybody looking at their system now is probably too late anyway.”Critical SituationIn his report,Gartner Group millennium research director,Lou Marcoccio,said that of the15,000companies and government agencies surveyed,23percent had not started millennium bomb projects.Of these,86percent were small companies which would not have a chance to correct their systems unless they began immediately. The Gartmer report said most Western European companies and the United States had made good progress. Germany was a notable laggard.“:Eastern Europe,Russia,India,pakistan,Southeast Asia,Japan,most of South America,most of middle east and Central Africa all lag the United States by more than21months.“Most of Western Europe is six months behind the United States,except for Germany which is21months behind,and France,which is eight to10months behind.“The US government had the lead on all other national governments by an even wider margin than the companies in those countries.Most government agencies are significantly behind the United States.”The reportsaid.66.Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?A)Most worldwide companies will be too late to solve the year2,000programme problems.B)Only a quarter of these companies have started to solve the year2,000programmeproblems.C)Only50%of companies worldwide planned to test their corrected systems.D)To solve the year2,000programme problems,between US$300billion to$600billion had to be spent.67.The millennium computer bomb problem resulted from the fact that_______.A)computer companies were trying to scare customers into buying new productsB)too many programmes had not been tested before they were put to useC)the software writers expressed years with two digits rather than four digitsD)many uncorrected computers interpreted1,900as2,000,or vice versa68.Lou Maroecio reported that_________.A)15,000computer companies and govemment agencies had not started millennium bomb projects.B)86percent computers would not have a chance to be rectifiedC)Germany was slow in solving the millennium problemD)Most countries have soled the millennium problem69.Which of the following countries is the slowest in correcting its computer systems?A)Japan.B)France.C)German.D)England.70.After reading the passage,one may safely conclude that_______.A)if we start working now,the year2,000bug problem can still be solvedB)it is already too late for many companies to do the correction workC)it is a dangerous policy to correct computer programmes because new flaws may be introducedD)the year2000bug problem has been exaggeratedPassage FourDemographic TransitionWhile economic change has grabbed the headlines,the change in the structure of Asia’s populations has been at least as profound.According to a recent article by Jeffrey Williamson,an economist at Harvard,and Matthew Higgins,of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York,this demographic miracle may almost entirely account for the economic one.Work by Andrew Mason of the University of Hawaii and Ronald Lee and Timothy Miller,both of the University of California at Berkeley,buttresses this view.Both groups of economists argue that the knock-on effect of the demographic changes will,if managed correctly,spur growth throughout Asia until well into the next century.As countries become rich,they tend to go through a“demographic transition”in which fast-improving medical conditions and high birth rates combine to cause rapid population growth.This was the situation in most of Asia 30years ago.Eventually,however,birth rates fall significantly,and population growth slows.This causes a shift in the age profile of the population from that of a lumpy pyramid_lots of infants and children and relatively few grandparents_to a kind of Chinese lantern,with relatively few people in the youngest and oldest groups and a big bulge in the middle.For economies,this bulge is good news.It means that a large share of the population is of working age,and the“dependency ratio”is relatively low.In the West,the demographic transition took more than a century.But in South-East Asia it happened in the space of a single generation.For instance,in1965,Thai women had an average of more than six children;now they have fewer than three.Much the same thing happened first in Japan,then in Singapore,Taiwan,South Korea and Indonesia.At the same time,these countries have had the highest rates of economic growth in the world. This may not be a coincidence.In earlier work,Mr.Williamson estimated that changes in the age structure of the populations alone could account for1.5%of growth in GDP per person per year.But it is not simply high growth rates that have typified the region.It has also enjoyed exceptionally high rates of saving and investment. And it is these,both groups of authors argue,which have been surprisingly affected by demography.Before the early1970s,when the youth-dependency burden was at its peak,South-East Asia’s saving rates were much lower.。

(完整版)博士研究生入学考试真题英语-

装备学院2012 年博士研究生入学考试英语（1001）试题（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，本试卷满分 100 分）Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. There are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1.He was a medal for his outstanding contribution to science.A.rewardedB. awardedC. promisedD. admitted2.Tall and , with close-cropped hair, Austin looks like anyone else on the track t eam.A.allergicB. confusedC. slenderD. splendidinjury and sickness received a good deal of publicity and3.The problem ofattention this year.A.careerB. professionalC. occupationalD. employment4.Three of workers produce machines that reduce tree branches to wood chips.A.shiftsB. shuttlesC. treatiesD. treads5.It is well known that the first can only work hard planting young trees for a new business,while the following people may obtain the successful fruits.A.practitionersB. amateursC. forerunnersD. managers6.The between direct and non-direct investment is thus meant to focus on the issueof control.A.distinctB. distinguishC. discriminationD. distinction7.The old gentleman to be an old friend of his grandfather's.A.turned inB. turned overC. turned upD. turned out8.With its share of the market falling sharply, Vermeer opened a plant in Beijing, taking aChinese partner and drawing help for the from the Chinese.A.adventureB. ventureC. featureD. fractureC. withheldD. deprived10.His casual clothes were not for such a formal occasion.A.appropriateB. grantedC. conspicuousD. noble11.The focus of the conference was the application of computer-game technologies andenvironments to real -world business problems.A.properB. outsideC. virtualD. inside12.The most explanation is that professors are not particularly interested in students'welfare.A.plausibleB. clarifiedC. respectfulD. indifferent13.The manufacturers rely increasingly on governments, here and abroad, to andexpand.A.profoundB. prosperC. extractD. conquer14.The Obama hasn’t tried to formulate policy that far into the future.A.managementB. governmentC. administrationD. parliament15.While the cause of the accident to one part, the commission also raised broaderconcerns about quality control.A.exploringB. consultingC. completingD. narrowing16.The commission recommended that the space agency a better quality-controlprogram for engine parts.A.put into actionB. put into effectC. take into actionD. take into action17.The significance of the new fossils is that Australopithecus sediba is the directancestor of the human genus.A.principleB. effectiveC. principalD. affective18.The analysis is not complete and Dominion no numbers to the public.A.releasedB. publishedC. confessedD. dominated19.The rules stated that anyone who had held office for three years was not for re-election.A.admirableB. eligibleC. reliableD. capable20.The rocks above the cave have gradually away, bringing the fossils to the surface.A.trackedB. tracedC. emergedD. erodedPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 21 an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets to the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reports are on the spot to 22 the news.Newspapers have one basic 23 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to know it. Radio, telegraph, television, and other inventions brought competition for newspapers. 24 did the development of magazines and other means of communication. However, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 25 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Competition also led newspapers to branch out to many other fields. Besides keeping readers 26 of the latest news, today's newspapers 27 and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 28 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 29 . Newspapers are sold at a price that fails to 30 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 31 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 32 in selling advertising depends on a newspaper's value to advertisers. This 33 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 34 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment offered in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information about the community, city, country, state, nation, and world, and even 35 space.21.A. Mean while B. Just when C. Soon after D. Before then22.A. gather B. spread C. carry D. bring23.A. reason B. cause C. purpose D. problem24.A. How B. So C. More D. What25.A.value B. ratio C. rate D. speedrm B. be informed C. to be informed D. informed27.A.entertain B. encourage C. educate D. edit28.A. on B. through C. with D. of29.A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose30.A. spend B. cover C. earn D. realize31.A. source B. origin C. course D. finance32.A. way B. means C. chance D. success33. A. measures B. is measured C. measured D. was measured34. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something35. A. far B. farther C. out D. outerPart III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage 1Hurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury. Hurricanes normally originate as a small area of thunderstorms over the Atlantic Ocean west of the Cape Verde Islands during August or September. For several days, the area of the storm increases and the air pressure falls slowly. A center of low pressure forms, and winds begin to whirl around it. It is blown westward, increasing in size and strength.Hurricane hunters then fly out to the storm in order to determine its size and intensity and to track its direction. They drop instruments for recording temperature, air pressure, and humidity (湿度), into the storm. They also look at the size of waves on the ocean, the clouds, and the eye of the storm. The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane. People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.Once the forecasters have determined that it is likely the hurricane will reach shore, they issue a hurricane watch for a large, general area that may be in the path of the storm. Later, when the probable point of landfall is clearer, they will issue a hurricane warning for a somewhat more limited area. People in these areas are wise to stock up on nonperishable foods, flash light and radio batteries, candles, and other items they may need if electricity and water are not available after the storm. They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows. People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm. Hurricanes generally lose power slowly while traveling over land, but many move out to sea, gather up force again, and return to land. As they move toward the north, they generally lose their identity as hurricanes.36.The eye of the hurricane is .A.the powerful center of the stormB.the relatively calm center of the stormC.the part that determines its directionD.the center of low pressure37.Which of the following statements is true?A.A storm surge is a dramatic increase in wind velocity.B.A hurricane watch is more serious than a hurricane warning.C.Falling air pressure is an indicator that the storm is increasing in intensity.D.It is safe to go outside once the eye has arrived.38.Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A.How to Avoid Hurricane damageB. Forecasting HurricanesC. The dangerous HurricaneD. Atlantic Storms39.The low-lying areas refer to those regions that .A.close to the ground levelB. one-storey flatC. flat housesD. near to the lowest level of hurricane40.Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting one's house from a hurricane?A.taking out heavy thingsB. moving in light-weight furnitureC. covering windowsD. equipping the house with stonesPassage 2On the morning of September 11th, I boarded the train from Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan just as usual and went to the Body Positive office in the South Street Seaport of Lower Manhattan. While I was leaving the subway at 8:53 am, a man ran down the street screaming, "Someone just bombed the World Trade Center." Those around me screamed and shouted "No!" in disbelief. However, being an amateur photographer, and thinking that I might be able to help out, I ran directly toward the WTC. I stopped just short of the WTC at a corner and looked up. There before me stood the gaping hole and fire that had taken over the first building. I stood there in shock taking pictures, wanting to run even closer to help out, but I could not move. Soon I saw what looked like little angels floating down from the top of the building. I began to cry when I realized that these "angels" -- in fact, desperate office workers - - were coming down, some one-by-one, some even holding hands with another. Could I actually be seeing this disaster unfold with hundreds of people around me crying, screaming and running for safety?As I watched in horror, another white airliner came from the south and took aim at the South Tower. As the plane entered the building, there was an explosion and fire and soon debris ( 碎片) began to fall around me. It was then that I realized that we were being attacked and that this was just not a terrible accident. Yet, I still could not move, until I was pushed down by the crowd on the street, many now in a panic running toward the water, as far from the WTC as they could possibly get. All around me were the visual reminders of hundreds of people running in panic. There were shoes, hats, briefcases, pocketbooks, newspapers, and other personal items dropped as hundreds of people ran for safety.Much has been written about the disaster already. We have learned so much in such a small amount of time about appreciating life. In some way we must move forward, bury the dead, build a memorial for those lost, and begin the coping and healing process for the survivors. Buthealing takes time. Some have been able to head right back to work, others seek counseling,while others remain walking through the streets with expressionless faces. However, we are all united in our grief.41.According to paragraph 1, the author’s office was .A.at Washington HeightsB.just beside the World Trade CenterC.in the South Street SeaportD.far from the WTC42.The passage tells us that the author .A.was a social workerB.worked in the Body Positive office near the WTCC.was asked to take some pictures of WTCD.ran toward WTC because he wanted to make out what was happening43.What was his first reflection when he stood at the corner?A.People were floating down from the top of the building as if they wanted to break a world record.B.A terrorist attack against America had begun. .C.There was a terrible accident in which an airliner struck the first building.D.He was just at a loss and could not make out what had happened.44.What was the immediate reaction of the man on seeing all this?A.He watched in horror and cried, but couldn’t move.B.He ran nearer to help out.C.He ran nearer to take pictures.D.He ran away to try to find a shelter.45.In the last paragraph, the author’s attitude is that .A.different people have different ideasB.people shouldn’t walk with expressionless facesC.people should go back to work immediatelyD.however difficult the situation is, people should unite and move forwardPassage 3We can begin our discussion of “population as global issue” with what most persons mean when they discuss “the population problem”: too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it wasseldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood w ereespecially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8,000 B.C. till approximately A.D. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the world’s population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.46.Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long thinpowder fuse analogy?A.A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.B.A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic increase.C.Too many people on earth and some rapid increase in the number added each year.D.A long period when death rates exceeds birthrates and then a short period with higherfertility and lower mortality.47.During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of extinctionbecause .A.only one in ten persons could live past 40.B.there was higher mortality than fertility in most places.C.it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions.D.our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children.48.Which statement is true about population increase?A.There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year 2000.B.About 50,000 babies are born every six hours at present.C.Between 8000 BC and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 personseach year.D.The population increased faster between 8000BC and 1650 than between 1650 and thepresent.49.The word “demographic” in the first paragraph means .A.statistics of humanB.surroundings studyC.accumulation of humanD.development of human50.The author of the passage intends to .A.warn people against the population explosion in the near futurepare the demographic growth pattern in the past with that after 1650C.find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent yearsD.present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growthPassage 4Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. ？The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, andthe English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price, that is ,a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best au ctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one ofthemselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a‘knock-out’ comes off, the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.51.A candle used to burn at auction sales .A.because they took place at nightB.as a signal for the crowd to gatherC.to keep the auctioneer warmD.to limit the time when offers could be made52.An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers .A.the current market values of the goodsB.details of the goods to be soldC.the order in which goods must be soldD.free admission to the auction sale53.The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because .A.he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB.he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC.he wants to keep certain people waitingD.he wants to reduce the number of buyers54.An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because .A.then he earns more himselfB.the dealers are pleasedC.the auction-rooms become world famousD.it keeps the customers interested55. A ‘knock-out’ is arranged .A.to increase the auctioneer's profitB.to allow one dealer only to make a profitC.to keep the price in the auction room lowD.to help the auctioneerSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer each question in English with no more than 15 words. Write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1.Chad Hurley and Steve Chen have some experience with turning a small Web site into Internet gold. In 2006 they sold their scrappy start-up YouTube to Google for $1.65 billion.2.More recently they picked an unlikely candidate to be their next Web sensation: a Yahoo castoff (丢弃物).3.The men are trying to inject new life into Delicious, a social bookmarking service that, in its time, was popular among the technorati, but failed to catch on with a broader audience.4.“What we plan to do,” Mr. Hurley said in an interview here last week, “is try to introduce Delicious to the rest of the world.”5.Created in 2003, Delicious lets people save links from around the Web and organize them using a simple tagging system, assigning keywords like “neuroscience” or “recipes.” It was praised for the way it allowed easy sharing of those topical links. The site’s early popularity spurred Yahoo to snap it up in 2005 — but in the years after that Yahoo did little with it.6.In December, leaked internal reports from Yahoo hinted that the company was planning to sell or shut down the service.7.At the same time, Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley, who had recently formed a new company called Avos and begun renting space a few blocks from the original YouTube offices in San Mateo, had been brainstorming ideas for their next venture. One problem they kept circling around was the struggle to keep from drowning in the flood of news, cool new sites and videos surging through their Twitter accounts and RSS feeds, a glut that makes it difficult to digest more thana sliver of that material in a given day.8.“Twitter sees something like 200 million tweets a day, but I bet I can’t even read 1,000 aday,” Mr. Chen said. “There’s a waterfall of content that you’re missing out on.”9.He added, “There are a lot of services trying to solve the information discovery problem, and no one has got it right yet.”10.When the men heard about Yahoo’s plans to close Delicious, their ears perked up, and they placed a personal call to Jerry Yang, one of the founders of Yahoo, and made him an offer. (They declined to disclose financial details of the transaction.)11.At heart, they say, the revamped service will still resemble the original Delicious when it opens to the public, which Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley said would happen later this year. But their blueprint involves an overhaul of the site’s design and the software and the systems used to tag and organize links.12.The current home page of Delicious features a simple cascade of blue links, the most recent pages bookmarked by its users, and it tends to largely be dominated technology news. But the new Delicious aims to be more of a destination, a place where users can go to see the most recent links shared around topical events, like the Texas wildfires or the anniversary of the Sept.11 attacks, as well as the gadget reviews and tech tips.13.The home page would feature browseable “stacks,” or collections of related images, videos and links shared around topical events. The site would also make personalized recommendations for users, based on their sharing habits. “We want to simplify things visually, mainstream the product and make it easier for people to understand what they’re doing,” Mr. Hurley said.14.Mr. Chen gives the example of trying to find information about how to repair a vintage car radio or plan an exotic vacation.15.“You’re Googling around and have eight to 10 browser tabs of results, links to forums and message boards, all related to your search,” he said. The new Delicious, he said, provides “a very easy way to save those links in a collection that someone else can browse.”16.They say they decided to buy Delicious rather than build their own service for a number of reasons.17.“We know how hard it would be to build a brand,” Mr. Hurley said. “Delicious lets us hit the ground running with its existing footprint.”18.A number of sites already have Delicious buttons as an option for sharing content — right alongside Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr, Mr. Hurley said.19.But Mr. Chen said the team also “liked the idea of saving one of the original Web 2.0 companies that started the social sharing movement on the Web.” He added: “There was some sense of history. We were genuinely sad that it would be shut down.”20.Both founders acknowledge that they were never diehard Delicious users. “I signed up in 2005 and I didn’t use it again until 2011,” Mr. Chen said with an embarrassed laugh.56.What is likely to be Chad Hurley and Steve Chen’s next web sensation according to thepassage?57.Why the author says in paragraph 2 that the sensation is an UNLIKELY candidate?58.How do you un derstand the sentence said by Mr. Hurley “Delicious lets us hit the groundrunning with its existing footprint” in paragraph 17?59.What does the word ‘diehard’ possibly mean in the first sentence of the last paragraph?60.List no less than 10 words in the passage that are related with web or i nternet.Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each) Directions: Each of the following underlined part has an error. Find out the errors in the underlined parts and without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the Answer Sheet.To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use to start late in life to say: “I wi ll take an interest in this or that.”(61) Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledges of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief.(62) It is no use doing what you like; you have got to dislike what you do. Broadly speaking, human being may be divided as three classes (63): those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week’s sweating and effort, (64) the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the profession or business man, (65) who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, people whose work and pleasure are one. (66) Of these the former are the major. (67) They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, and a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. (68) But Fortune’s favored children belong to the second class. Their life is a naturally harmony. (69) For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vacation. Yet of both classes the need of an alternative outlook, (70) of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions: Translate the five underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. Write down your translation on the Answer Sheet.A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best。

2016年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2016年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Can I see the doctor soon?W: Of course. How about next Monday? There’s a slot available at 10 in the morning. M: I’m afraid I’m working at 10. Is there anything available after 3?W: Let me see. Not on Monday, but we have a 3 o’clock opening next Wednesday. Would you like to come in then? M: No problem. Thank you. Q: When is the man scheduled to see the doctor?1．A．At ten next Wednesday.B．At three next Wednesday.C．At ten next Monday.D．At three next Monday.正确答案：B解析：时间细节题。

护士跟男病人确认了最后的时间是next Wednesday的三点。

听力原文：W: What kind of pain is it? Can you describe the pain? M: It’s terrible, like a knife stabbing me. Q: What kind of pain is the man suffering from?2．A．A dull pain.B．A piercing pain.C．A burning pain.D．A numb pain.正确答案：B解析：细节题。

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南京农业大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题考生答题须知：i.所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

2 .评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

3. 答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

4. 答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

PART I Vocabulary （15poi nts）Secti on ADirect ions: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the un derl ined word.1. The gover nment slated new elect ions in the spri ng, largely as a result of the public clamor.A. dema ndB. viewC. requestD. opinion2. The most prolific writer is not necessarily the best.A. writte n-aboutB. productiveC. artfulD. religious3. Imag ine my vexation whe n they said they would come to dinner and the n did n't show.A. en lighte nmentB. ast oni shme ntC. annoyanceD. con trari ness4. Any troop of wild ani mals should be approached warily.A. fearlesslyB. con fide ntlyC. sile ntlyD. prude ntly5. There is little lear ning invo Ived whe n one is reprimanded two or three mon ths after the deed.A. recomme ndedB. reproachedC. recompe nsedD. reversed6. Archaeologists are in terested in pottery, figuri nes and other vestiges of ancient civilizatio ns.A. tracesB. shardsC. productsD. artifacts7. Packagi ng is desig ned so as to en courage impetuous shopp ing.A. extravaga ntB. carefulC. impote ntD. impulsive8. Pan of his gen eral thrift is to be meticulous in verify ing mon thly expe nses.A. pain stak ingB. dilatoryC. meretriciousD. gaudy9. The jurors came to a deadlock in the defe ndan t's trial for murder.A. a decisi on of guiltyB. a decisi on to punish by electrocuti onC. an impasseD. an unu sual verdict10. Among the lowest of the judicial ran ks, justices of the peace n evertheless freque ntly exercisejurisdiction over a variety of misdemea nors.A. guida neeB. sovereig ntyC. authorityD. suzera inty11. A mistake is rarely atoned for by a single apology, however profuse.A. extravaga ntB. producedC. diverge ntD. repetitious12. Her office in the First Nati onal Bank buildi ng is provisional.A. perma nentB. temporaryC. corruptD. crave n13. The burglars ransacked the room taking anything of value they found.A. demolishedB. took overC. in habitedD. thoroughly searched14. The whole of the endowment was used to refurbish the school gymnasium.A. milli on airesB. en dorseme ntsC. gover nmentsD. don ati ons15. The massacre of innocent people cannot ever be condoned.A. overlookedB. praiseC. condemnedD. satisfiedSecti on BDirections: Choose the an swer that best completes the senten ce.16. Whe n he realized the true n ature of the proposal, he _______all com muni cati on with the group.A. convertB. avertedC. severedD. make17. The worse ning finan cial situati on made it obvious that an econo mic depressi on was __ .A. atta in ableB. remoteC. immi nentD. eminent18. All of the dental instruments need to be _______ before the next patient is seen.A. heatedB. scaldedC. sterilizedD. bur ned19. Rock climbi ng is so popular now that many people are able to __________ the steepest face with greatagility.A. scaleB. surpassC. overcomeD. mount20. If you call the 911 emergency number, they will ______________ firemen, policemen, and paramedicsimmediately.A. assig nB. detachC. attachD. dispatch21. His evident ______ to his wife despite her indiscretion proved him to be a man of integrity.A. pers on alityB. characterC. fidelityD. morality22. I don't know why he has bee n give n ______ . It was n't his accomplishme nt but his wife's.A. acclaimB. con fide neeC. reimburseme ntD. robust ness23. After a con cert tour in Asia, Can ada and the U. S., he will _____ work on a five-la nguage opera.A. confineB. i ndulgeC. resumeD. un dergo24. When Ph. D can didates ______ their impe nding professorships, they con sider hous ing ben efits offeredby the prospective uni versities.A. an ticipateB. assumeC. applyD. dema nd25. My supply of con fide nee slowly ______ as the deadli ne approached.A. withdrewB. elimi natedC. exterm in atedD. dimi nished26. The battle is of great sig nifica nee whe n viewed in the ______of the progress of the war.A. prospectiveB. respectiveC. perspectiveD. prescriptive27. It has long bee n known that total sleep ______ is 100 perce nt fatal to rats, yet, upon exam in ati on of thedead bodies, the animals look completely normal.A. depositi onB. destructi onC. deprivati onD. reduct ion28. In that coun try, hospital doctors don't go sightsee ing very ofte n because their work _____ almost alltheir time.A. takes upB. takes offC. takes apartD. takes over29. Accordi ng to the law of that coun try, the Parliame nt will have to be _____ before the Gen eral Electio n.A. decomposedB. dispersedC. dissolvedD. dis in tegrated30. He failed to carry out some of the provisi ons of the con tract, and now he has to _______________ t hecon seque nces.A. an swer forB. run in toC. abide byD. step intoPART E Grammar (15 poi nts)Secti on ADirections: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. Switzerla nd is best known for its majesty mou nta in range an d thousands flock to the Alps AB Ceach year to take adva ntage of their ideal skii ng con diti ons.D32. Police were sent to disperse the crowds but en ded up by shooting dow n protesters and itA Bwas in thjs chaos that the seeds of political liberati on were sown.C D33. Even today, through the hustle and bustle of Nevsky Prospect, St Petersburg's main street,A Bthe classical beauty of the city mesmerizes the eye.C D34. She is furious of her son's grades in school, which explains why Mark is jealous of Julia's high A B Cmarks on the exam.D35. Smog-choked Souther n California demands them. It's a car for people who n ever want to goAto a_gas station again. But the fact is, for all the talk, selling gas-less machines has been aB Chard-sell.D36. People thought: Hey, eat a carp and you will be taking in what it is that gives you these fishA Btheir long life-span. Of course, it has n't done a lot of good for these carp.C D37. In decid ing to un dertake dan gerous pursuits, people usually strive for their maximumApers onal ability rati ng, when they are challe nged but can he victorious, rather tha n merely B C surm oun ti ng the mediocre.D38. In proposing such philanthropic donations, the director of the company certainly spoke fromA Ba genuine concern for the needy and not any desire for personal accolades.C D39. The armor, infantry and other military forces were held up by the enemy counter attack,A B Cthus caused the delay in the advanee.40. Just as children the world over like Christmas rooming, adults so like Christmas evening ABCwhen peace and calm return to the household. D41. Each employee with a modicum of intelligenee would be able to undertake such a basic process.A BCD42. The economic situation will improve given that there is forecast to be less unemploymentA Band closures tha n in previous years.C D43. The three most importa nt issues of concern to citize ns today are prison reform,A Babusing children and toxic waste.C D44. I was on the verge of incurring Mr. Rochester's wrath by not liste ning to his prohibiti ons,A Bwhile a ray once more sho ne almost imperceptibly on the hallway wall and I heard his muffled C Dstep on the carpet.45. The above is the most importa nt aspect which apes can be told from more primitive social A B C Dgroup in gs.Secti on BDirect ions: Choose the an swer that best fills in the bla nk.46. _______ t hat the earth was flat?A. Used it to be thoughtB. Did it used to be thoughtC. Was it n eed to being thoughtD. Does it used to be thought47. It is most in appropriate _______ i n the college VIP loun ge.A. for any stude nts to be thereB. for there to be any stude ntsC. to be any stude nts thereD. to have there any stude nts48. She _______ much more accurate resp on ses now, had she take n more pains in devis ing the questi ons.A. gotB. would have gotC. had gotD. would be gett ing49. An exte nsive foun dati on in the basic scie nces should be required of all scie nee stude nts, ____ .A. whether they are future physicists or chemists.B. be they future physicists or chemists.C. they are future physicists or chemists.D. they should be future physicists or chemists.50. The gen eral opinion is that he is _______ to compla in.A. so much a milquetoastB. too a milquetoastC. too much of a milquetoastD. so much of a milquetoast51. Although of course there are excepti on s, it seems reas on ably dear that in certa in coun tries - Rwanda,Somalia and parts of the former Yugoslaviacome to mind-hunger is less a result of an absolute foodshortage, _______ a policy decisi on or the political situati on.A. tha n ofB. rather tha nC. but the result ofD. tha n is52. The ozone layer plays as great a role in the suability of spaceship Earth as ________ the waters of its lakes,pon ds, ocea ns, rivers, and streams.A. doB. doesC. playD. are53. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I cha nged my mind about the new job eve n though I was ______last week.A. to be startedB. to have startedC. to have bee n starti ngD. start54. Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of 1066, thedaily vocabulary of En glish rema ined Germa nic, _____ its grammatical structure.A. the same areB. and so areC. as didD. and so were55. Although money is always useful, it isn't all _______ .A. what there is to lifeB. to which there is in lifeC. there is to lifeD. that is in life56. _______ e ver so humble, there's no pla ne like home.A. It beB. Be itC. It wasD. Was it57. _______ a ll customs, no matter how sacrosa net, are esse ntially lear ned reacti ons appropriate, perhapsonly to the holders thereof is a basic assumpti on of an thropologists.A. NearlyB. It is nearlyC. That nearlyD. When nearly58. Although women cluster to him like moths around a flame, he is none _____ happier for it.A. butB. theC. matchD. any59. The major reas on why America ns enjoy an abundant food supply is that the arable land at their disposalfor food productio n is _______ .A. three times more the world averageB. three times as much the world averageC. three times the world averageD. the world average is three times60. The sound of the roari ng of a tiger is _______ heard by jun gle dwellers ________ feeli ngs of un ease, for ayear does not elapse without victims falling to the tiger's ferocity.A. always...withB. ever...withoutC. ever...withD. n ever...withoutPART 皿Clone test (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning.One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of product ion-capital. The own ership of large amounts of capital can bring _61 profits, as well as econo mic and political power. Some rece nt theorists, 62 have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of 63 _that they call "posti ndustrial" society. One importa nt cha nge in such society is that the own ership of _64 amounts of capital is no Ion ger the on ly or eve n the most importa nt 65 of profits and in flue nee;kno wledge as well as 66 capital brings profits and in flue nee.There are many 67 with the thesis above, n ot the least of 68 is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and kno wledge they n eed to keep their profits and in flue nee. But this does not 69 the importa nee of kno wledge in an adva need in dustrial society, as the 70 of some new in dustries in dicates. 71_, gen etic engin eeri ng and the new computer tech no logy have 72 many new fines and made some scie ntists quite rich. In 73 with criticism of the post in dustrial society thesis, however, it must also be 74_ that those already in eontrol of huge amounts of capital (i.e., major corporations) soon 75 to take most profits in these in dustries based on new kno wledge.Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly 76 . Many newhigh-tech jobs are being created at the upper-skill, low-pay ing service 77 . Somethi ng like a caste line is emergi ng cen tered around kno wledge. In dividuals who fall too far behi nd in the 78 of kno wledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try. Illiteracy in EnglishIanguage has been a severe 79 for marry years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point whe n computer illiteracy will hin der many more people and 80 them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.61. A. qua ntitative B. exte nsive C. comprehe nsive D. sophisticated62. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. n evertheless63. A. aggressi on B. proficie ncy C. productivity D. evoluti on64. A. domi nant B. impressive C. magn ifice nt D. sig nifica nt65. A. source B. factor C. comp onent D. eleme nt66. A. adequate B. profitable C. material D. spiritual67. A. adva ntages B. consequences C. problems D. pote ntials68. A. them B. those C. which D. that69. A. deny B. refuse C. admit D. ack nowledge70. A. emerge nee B. inno vati on C. exti nction D. discovery71. A. In addition B. For example C. Above all D. In short72. A. produced B. created C. improved D. facilitated73. A. li ne B. n eed C. doubt D. match74. A. idealized B. recog ni zed C. supervised D. summarized75. A. stepped in B. settled dow n C. lea ned over D. mined out76. A. accessible B. importa nt C. popular D. abundant77. A. en terprises B. employme nt C. professi ons D. in dustries78. A. con trol B. mastery C. search D. pursuit79. A. han dicap B. pen alty C. inconvenience D. shortco ming80. A. enforce B. punish C. confine D. condemnPART W READING OOMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1Let us assume, for the moment, that labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter. In other words, it may be the case that within a certa in range the dema nd of labor is for a mi nimum mon ey-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would invo Ive no sig nifica nt change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of real wages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite in determ in ate. They do not seem to have realized that, uni ess the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every moveme nt of prices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case.Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits) for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilst workers will usually resist a reduction of money-wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, this might not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves.Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity of theeconomic machine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Labor is not more truculent in the depression than in the boom-fax from it. Nor is its physical productivity less. These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.81. "Labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage". The sentence means ______ .A. a fall in the value of the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of laborB. a rise in the price of wage-goods would lead to a withdrawal of laborC. the demand of labor is for a rise of existing money-wageD. the demand of labor is for reduction in the value of real wages82. The classical school refers to ______ .A. those scholars with traditional ideaB. the traditional schoolC. the experts who hold to the standard theoryD. all of the above83. According to the author, the supply curve for labor depends on the ______ .A. red money wagesB. movement of priceC. function of money-wagesD. both A & B84. “Their" method cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case because they have not realized thatA. a fall in the value of real wages would lead to a withdrawal of the labor from market of laborB. a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead to a withdrawal from the labor market of laborC. the supply of labor is not a function of real wagesD. the demand of labor is only for a minimum money-wages85. How dose labor usually behave?A. Labor would stipulate for money-wage.B. Labor would violently resist a reduction of real wages.C. Labor would strenuously resist a reduction of both money-wages and real wages.D. Labor would stipulate for real wages.86. The last paragraph of thus passage indicates that ______ .A. labor resisted a reduction of money-wages, which characterized the depression of the 1930s in the U.S.B. labor demanded a real wage, which characterized the depression of 1930s in the U. S.C. neither labor refusing to work for a lower money-wage nor demanding a real wage could characterize thedepression of 1930s in the U. S.D. both A & BPassage 2The law of private international tribunals with respect to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive, albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose duri ng the selecti on process. Most n ati on al legal systems have statutory rules as to the type of in terests, relati on ships, and experie nces that disqualify an arbitrator. Not in freque ntly, the disqualify ing factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and international arbitration somewhat differe ntly, and may in deed suppleme nt the intern ati onal roles with additi onal features. A closer look reveals that courts and arbitration agenciestend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitrators move in the highly in terc onn ected world of affairs, and do not sta nd aloof from commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their counsel does not suffice to disqualify, whereas actual bus in ess orlegal conn ecti ons will. In asmuch as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators gen erally do, suspici ons arise that an arbitrator's favor may incline to the party or coun sel who has in the past and may again in the future provide employment.The un certa inty in the held is at its most troubli ng whe n arbitrators are party-appo in ted. Some argue that such arbitrators should fulfill he same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-party arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view has had considerable currency, particularly in the Un ited States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as paw ns of the appo in ters. Impos ing sta ndard of n eutrality and dis in terested ness on them would he futile.It follows from this dichotomy betwee n party-appo in ted and non-party-appo in ted arbitrators that opi nio n on the questio n of their n ati on ality is also split. A party n eeds to be expected to choose a fellow n ati on al. This question of nationality is acute when one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one or more of the arbitrators are likewise n ati on als; a foreig n en terprise con tract calli ng for such arbitratio n may be foolhardy.The slate is largely bla nk with respect to roles for the con duct of arbitrators outside the field of con flict of in terests. Con sideri ng on ly the matter of ex-parte com muni cati ons, America n case law is ast onishing lax, refus ing to set aside awards where such com muni cati on obta ined betwee n an arbitrator and a party without the presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendance of both patties. The differe nces in views on this topic in dicate how useful a set of guideli nes might be.87. The best title for this passage is __________ .A. I nternatio nal Arbitrators: Causes and Soluti onsB. Arbitrators: Causes and Soluti onsC. Arbitrators: Problems in PracticeD. I nternatio nal Arbitrators and Con flicts of In terests88. The expressi on "They may treat" refers to ________ .A. arbitrators and judgesB. n ati on al legal systemsC. experie ncesD. disqualify ing factors89. Courts and age ncies _________ .A. do not apply their regulati ons strictlyB. ofte n con sider arbitrators as judgesC. un dersta nd the gen eral relati on ship betwee n bus in ess and arbitratorsD. may be described by all of the above90. A third-party arbitrator is one who is chosen ________ .A. to supplement the two arbitrators chosen by the contending sidesB. to reach a final decision after the two arbitrators have submitted their decisionC. by someone not involved in the matter in disputeD. as a pawn of the appointers91. A foreign enterprises contract is a bad idea ________ .A. in all casesB. when each partner picks an arbitratorC. when third party arbitrators are involvedD. when a government agency is one side of the contract92. "Ex-parte communications" refer to ________ .A. something that cannot be determined by the textB. all parties being present when matters involving them are discussedC. the requirement to set aside a decisionD. impartialityPassage 3Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don't bother, here 'sthe answer: Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy stone book rack, next to typical kids' books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy is 'Dysfunctional"'. It's a teacher's guide called "Happy to Be Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem”. Self-esteem as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms.Many American schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it "whole language" teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject", be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit", "friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation as consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.Schools have changed. Reviling is out, for one thing. More important, subjects have changed.Whereas I learned English, modern kids learn something called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, twenty per cent tone of voice, and fifty percent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in "How to Win Friends and Influence People". Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high school English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided in dimes, searching their soul and honing their critical thinking on paper."Happy to Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class.There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great ”or "hopefully" that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique term for "Unit") was not to help students "feel good about themselves". Which is goo d, because all that reviling didn ' t makaertimcuelaferleylgpoodabout anything.93. In paragraph 2, "whole language" teaching is in inverted commas because ________ .A. the writer is using direct speechB. the writer is questioning the education conceptC. the words quoted have been extracted from a translationD. the writer is quoting from another source94. In paragraph 3, the author is clearly expressing his idea about self-esteem. He believes that it isA. essential that self-esteem should be promoted in American schools because the author used to suffer froma lack of self-esteem as a childB. equally important to equip children with the necessary skills and knowledge they will require in the futureC. important to remember how mush school children used to suffer from a lack of self-esteemD. reassuring to observe that children benefit from the promotion of a positive image96. Which of the following is the writer implying in paragraph 4?A. Self-criticism has gone too far.B. Evaluating criteria are inappropriate nowadays.C. Communication is a more comprehensive category than language skills.D. This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today.96. We may infer from paragraph 4 that the writer generally disagrees with one of the following ideasA. the whole concept of communication is being perceived differentlyB. the way American children communicate among themselves is more important than anything elseC. academic skills should be encouraged and promoted in the American education systemD. the progress that American children could be monitor with more traditional methods97. In this passage, the writer is clearly stating the intention which is to get the reader to __ .A. confirm current education trends and teaching methodsB. rethink and reorganize educational strategiesC. think about the various elements which constitute what we call "communication" nowadaysD. reassure the parents about the methodology currently being used in American schools98. What's the best summary for this passage?A. New educational theories will revolutionize the way our children learn.B. The influence of new methodology will spread worldwide.C. Personal values like self-esteem will become predominant for school children in the future.D. Current education trends may jeopardize the prospects of future generations.Passage 4"Sloganeering" did not originate in the 1960s. The term has a rich history. It originated from the Gaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a "host-shout, " “war cry," or "gathering word or phrase of one of the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the field." English-speaking people began using the term by 1704. The team at the time meant "the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons." Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the middle age, and they were utilized primarily as "passwords to insure pooper recognition of individuals at right or in the confusion of battle." The American revolutionary rhetoric would not have been the same without "the Boston Massacre," "the Boston Tea Party," "the shot heard around the world," and shouts of "no taxation without representation" .Slogans operate in society as social “symbols" and, as such, their intended or perceived meaning may be difficult to grasp and their impact or stimulation may differ between and among individuals and groups.Because slogans may operate as "significant symbols" or as key words that have a standard meaning in a group, they serve both expressive and persuasive functions. Harold Lasswell recognized that the influencing of collective attitudes is possible by the manipulation of significant symbols such as slogans. He believed that a verbal symbol might evoke a desired reaction or organize collective attitudes around a symbol. Murray Edelman。