Unit 8 Word Stress
大二上册基础英语unit1--unit8 翻译和听写
第一单元听写A generation ago, children in many Western countries moved out of home when they left school for work or college study. They would rent a room or share a flat with other teenagers. Today’s young adults are not in such a hurry to leave. It is often more comfortable to live at home than to rough it in cheap accommodation. There are two reasons for this change. The first reason is the depressed job market, which makes it more and more difficult for young school-leavers to get a good job. Besides, many governments have made severe cuts in educational funding. Students are required to pay fees or part of the fees for college education. The second reason is a change of attitude toward life. Today’s young people have more spending power than their parents and they are more prepared to use it. They tend to live for the present rather than prepare themselves for the future.翻译：1. She doesn’t seem to get along with her new classmates.2. I’d been out of touch with Mary for years, but I managed to reach her by phone yesterday.3. The veteran enjoys showing off his medals to everyone whovisits him.4. Her husband seems very much opposed to her going abroad.5. As Thomas couldn’t settle down in his job, his parents were very worried.6. I always have all kinds of bits and pieces in my pockets.7. Her mother pulled a few strings to get her into the business circle.8. I hope the food is to your liking.9. I told the boys off for making so much noise.第二单元听写：The age of twenty is just the beginning of life, and one feels young and full of energy. However, at the same time, a period of life has passed, which makes one sad when he thinks something will never come back. It is not silly to feel a certain regret, for when one gets something, he may meanwhile have lost something else. Many things really begin at the age of twenty, and certainly all is not over then. One begins to see more and more clearly that life is only a kind of sowing time, and the harvest is still far away.翻译：1. He resolved to work on the complicated project immediately.2. They saw an old man knocked over by a car coming from the opposite direction.3. He walked unsteadily/stumbled along in the dark, groping for the light-switch.4. After three month’s illness, he found it difficult to rise to his feet again.5. Owing to the staff shortage, the task could not be fulfilled on schedule.6. During the period of depression, the company was running into financial difficulties.7. When the blind girl got on the crowded bus, the passengers made room for her.8. He at last managed to hold on to the rock on the cliff and stopped himself from slipping.第三单元：听写：Mary, who had been in a deep sleep, was woken suddenly by a strange noise, /which seemed to come from outside her window. /She sat up, startled. /Then she froze as she saw that the window, /which she thought she had locked the night before, was wide open. /With a shock, she remembered that her husbandhad taken the children to visit their sick grandmother, /and that she was alone in the house./ Something cracked ominously behind her. /Turning, she saw, to her great relief, /that it was only the little dog, /which had accidentally knocked over a pitcher on the small table. /Suddenly it occurred to her that she had left the window slightly open for the pup, /as it had not returned after dark. /At this moment, the little dog, whimpering, came to her side to lick her feet /as if it knew it had done something wrong./翻译：1. Mother immediately sent Tom for the doctor.2. She failed to bake the cake as she had run out of sugar.3. I know how desperately busy you are now.4. The whole class roared with la ughter at Tom’s slip of tongue.5. Such things as needles and scissors should be kept out of the reach of children.6. The soldiers stood under the burning scorching sun, drenched with sweat.7. He returned to his own country in the end.第四单元听写：Today I met George in the supermarket for the first time after thirty years. We were close friends in primary school, but I dare not greet him because I was not sure whether he would recall our friendship after so many years. The thing that struck me was my own reaction to meeting him. From day to day I often see men who went to school with me and who have, in the common way of speaking, done well for themselves. They are now doctors, lawyers, important officials and even very successful businessmen. They are wealthy and famous figures in our city. Sometimes, they see me too and nod a greeting or turn their eyes to a shop window as the case may be. Whenever I encounter one of these people I always feel a burning shame and self contempt, but George was different because we were special friends. I used to protect him from the bullies around our school. He noticed me and our eyes met, but he soon noticed the worn, old clothes I was wearing. He greeted me warm-heartedly from a distance and said quickly afterwards: "Billy nice to meet you, but I must run. "I can't understand why I replied" Yes, Sir."翻译：• 1. There is a road on our left leading straight to thefoot of the mountains.• 2. In order to lose weight, she eats nothing but vegetables.• 3. We are sorry to inform you that we cannot employ you right now. If there is a vacant position / a vacancy in the future, we will contact you.• 4. We cannot complete the project as scheduled because we are short of staff.• 5. Children will understand one day that parents’ nagging is for their own good.• 6. She burst out crying when she heard that her lost daughter had been found.•7. If you have any difficulties, don’t hesitate to come to see me.第五单元听写：An important relationship exists between food and comfort. In times of stress, when one is depressed, anxious or hurt, the temptation may be to turn to food—soft, smooth, sweet, soothing food. Many people turn to food that reminds them of their childhood, of being loved and cared for. Others find as much comfort in the distraction offered by the act of preparingfood—the smells, sensations, and physical work in the kitchen. Scientists researching the link between foods and moods believe that some sweet and starchy foods trigger an increase in a certain chemical substance in the brain, making us sleepy and less sensitive to pain. However, there is a problem with using food as a source of comfort— the problem of over-eating and overweight.翻译：1.She looks very beautiful when she piles up her hair ontop of her head.2.The cases and bags being sold in the shops are stuffedwith paper so that they look more attractive.3.The teacher handed out a pencil to each student beforethe exam as the questions were to be answered in pencil.4.The house is totally devoid of furniture.5.He managed to win her trust by taking advantage of herignorance.6.When evening approaches, the vendors would lay out anassortment of small articles on the ground for people tobuy.7.It is said that a new lock has been invented that canidentify its owner by the smell of his or her body.8.Out of gratitude for the help of his teachers andclassmates, he is determined to work hard and score highly.第六单元听写：In general, children in primitive societies are much loved, and when their childhood is not overshadowed by disease or famine, they grow up free and lively. Their education is based on an imitation of adult life, and on the teachings of their elders. Children learn about their own family and its place within a group of other families. Primitive children are a good deal freer in everyday life than are children in the “civilized” world. Their relations with others in their village are controlled less by rules and regulations than by their own knowledge of what is proper and improper that will be important to them throughout their lives.翻译：• 1. At the sight of the general walking towards him, he got to his feet at once and saluted.• 2. “What’s this money for?”“It’s for helping those children who have lost the chance for schooling to returnto school again.• 3. The knock at my door night sent me quivering with fright.• 4. I can assure you that he is a most reliable person.• 5. Everybody hopes that he will take over as dean of the department when Mr. Martin retires.• 6. She tried her best to hide her feelings, but eyes betrayed her longing for the prize.•7. It is said that people increase their risk of skin cancer if they are exposed to the sun too much.第七单元听写：Women’s low social position is a serious problem. It is evident in almost every aspect of social life. Even our language often gives us the false impression that women simply don’t exist. For example, once the word man meant person or human being. But the word man has gradually become more specific in meaning and is now a synonym for an adult male human being only. In the words of a popular dictionary for children, a boy grows up to be a man. Father and Uncle George are both men. This is the meaning that we understand because we hear the word man used in everyday speech in this way from childhood.Later we learn that the word man has another meaning, but we do not accept it with the same certainty. Studies of college students and school children show that phrases like economic man and political man or man is a dreamer create an image of males only, not females or males and females together. Furthermore, we have become aware that conventional English usage often minimizes the achievements, the contributions and sometimes the very presence of women.翻译：1.I prefer spring to autumn though I love both seasons.2.I believe that electric cars will one day supplantpetrol-driven ones.3.They warned him of the danger of climbing the Himalayas,but he wouldn’t listen.4.The teacher told his students that their future prospectshinged on their education.5. Everybody thinks that she deserved the award Best Actress of the Year.6. Every time the girl came across a problem, she would turn to her mother for solution, rather than trying to solve itherself.7. After her husband died, she continued to nurture her three daughters.8. It seems that a lot of people learn English less as a practical language than for its grammar.第八单元：听写：Language is the commonest means of communication for human beings, //but if people speak different languages,// they usually turn to other means. //Gesture, then, is often the first choice. //Gestures in most cases help people a lot in getting their meanings across. //However, since the same gestures may be used for different ideas in different cultures, //failures in communication often happen. //Sometimes this may lead to terrible consequences. //Several years ago, some European sailors were swimming near a coastal area in a foreign country, //which was closed to outsiders. //Seeing these unknown swimmers, the guards on the coast wanted to question them. //The guards shouted to them to come nearer, //and made at the same time their usual “come here” gesture. //The sailors did not understand the language //and took the gesture to mean “go away”, //and they realized they might be nearcoastal defenses, //so they swam off. //The consequence was that the guards who were now highly suspicious, //opened fire, with tragic results. //翻译：。
Unit-8-Word-Stressppt课件
Word Stress Rule
Word type
Where is the stress?
Examples
Two syllables
Nouns Verbs
on the first syllable
on the last syllable
center object flower
release admit arrange
d. For compound adverbs, the stress is on the second part.e.g. head-'first, North-'East 15
9. 部分复合词有双重音，在说话时如后面跟重读 音节，则第一个音节更重些；如后面跟轻读音 节，则第二个音节更重些。
‘Chi’nese
8
pre- pre’sent pre’pare
pre’tend
pro- pro’ceed pro’claim pro’pose
trans- trans’late trans’cribe trans’port
注意：以上只是一般的规律，有些词在词性发生变化 时，读音也会变化。如 ‘present (n.)
•
’solid，‘vulgar；
Nouns (N + N) (Adj. + N)
on the first part
desktop pencil case bookshelf greenhouse
Compound
Adjectives (Adj. + P.P.)
on the last part
well-meant hard-headed old-fashioned
Stress 压力
Unit 8 StressⅠ Topic: StressPresentationStress comes in all shapes and size, and has become pervasive, it seems to penetrate everything and everybody, and it‟s hard to get through a day without hearing or reading something about stress. Some doctors refer to stress as some kind of new plague. However, numerous surveys confirm that the problem has progressively risen since the 1980s. Why all the disorder? After all, stress has been around since Adam and Eve were in the Garden of Eden, Stress is an unavoidable consequence of life. Without stress, there would be no life. However, just as distress can caw disease, there are good stresses that balance this, and promote wellness.Ⅱ Aims of the Unit1.Learning key words, useful expressions and sentence structures.2.Having a correct knowledge of stress.3.Knowing how to deal with stress correctly.III Passage reading and retellingRead the following story, and then retell it in the next class. Passage One What Is Stress?Stress is a feeling that's created when we react to particular events. It's the body's way of rising to a challenge and preparing to meet a tough situation with focus, strength, stamina, and heightened alertness.The events that provoke stress are called stressors, and they cover a whole range of situations - everything from outright physical danger to making a class presentation or taking a semester's worth of your toughest subject.The human body responds to stressors by activating the nervous system and specific hormones. The hypothalamus signals the adrenal glands to produce more of the hormones adrenaline and cortisol and release them into the bloodstream. Thesehormones speed up heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. Blood vessels open wider to let more blood flow to large muscle groups, putting our muscles on alert. Pupils dilate to improve vision. The liver releases some of its stored glucose to increase the body's energy. And sweat is produced to cool the body. All of these physical changes prepare a person to react quickly and effectively to handle the pressure of the moment.This natural reaction is known as the stress response. Working properly, the body's stress response enhances a person's ability to perform well under pressure. But the stress response can also cause problems when it overreacts or fails to turn off and reset itself properly.Passage Two: How to Manage Stress?It is undeniably true that nowadays people are under more and more pressure, at home or at work. No one can escape from it. But how can we face it? That is the question.There‟s such a term called stress management. Experts say it‟s a doub le-edged sword. If you manage stress well, it can work for you. Otherwise, it makes people feel miserable, fall ill or in the extreme cases, commit suicide. Tension is cumulative. Some people are much stressed at home and/or at work. But they drag on until they break down. Or they hope that an escape of a holiday can cure it all. Unfortunately it doesn‟t work sometimes.Experts suggest that to manage stress well, we need to manage our time well. By doing that, we can reduce the chances to be under unneces sary stress. But we can‟t be free from it. There are many kinds of relaxation techniques. Among them are meditation, music therapy and regular workouts. For example, you can do your meditation on the subway. Close your eyes and imagine yourself laying on a seaside bench, enjoying the vastness of the oceans, the scent of seawater and the refreshing taste of a coconut drink. Shut the outside world for a while, you will feel reenergized to tackle all the troubles facing you at home some time later. But remember, don‟t miss the stop you get off. That‟s important. Besides meditation or listening tosoothing music, regular workouts can uplift one‟s spirit. A 30-minute brisk work in the park or a relaxing session of yoga or Chinese Tai Chi will do wonders.In a nutshell, do something to make stress under control. Make stress management into success management. Let it work for you and strive for a better and balanced life.Work in pairs discussing the following questions, and then share your answers with the whole class.1. Do you think you are under any stress? If yes, what kind of stress do you have? (Possible answer: I'm worrying about my final exam. /I have stress from my family /work, etc.)2. What do you think of stress? Good or bad? And explain.(Possible answer: Good, just as the saying goes: pressure is the stimulation for progress. / Bad, because stress can cause a lot of physical and psychological diseases. / Normal, because nobody can get rid of stress.)3. In your opinion, What influences do stress have?(Possible answer: stress may have some bad influences on people‟s physical and psychological health. Lots of diseases are caused by stress.)4. How should we deal with stress?(Possible answer: Take it easy. Everybody actually is under stress because nobody can avoid stress completely. Just learn to develop a positive mental attitude and convert pressure to stimulation for progress)IV. Key words and Phrases1.be engaged in: to do or take part in something 从事，参加2.the Students' Union: 学生会y a foundation on…….：打下…的基础4.keep….. in mind: to remember something记住5.priority: something that needs attention immediately or first, before other things优先考虑的事情give priority to …...: 优先考虑…..6.on the spot: a). at the place where something is happening在现场b). without stopping to consider 立即，即刻mit suicide：kill oneself 自杀8.senior student: 大四学生freshman/ sophomore/junior student 大一/大二/大三学生9.convert .to：to change into another form, state or system：（使）转变/转化/转换10.arrange: to make plans for something to happen and to agree with other peoplethat it will happen 安排，准备11.reducing the staff trimmer：裁员12.as\so long as: on condition that 只要13.pervasive: present strongly in a place (a word often used to express disapproval)遍布的，蔓延的（常含贬义）14.penetrate: to get through or force a way into something that is difficult to enter渗入，穿透15.plague: a very serious disease that spreads quickly, especially a particular one thatproduce high fever and swellings on your body 疫病，瘟疫，传染病V. Key Structures1.When it rains it pours：to cause more serious damage with one disaster afteranother. The similar expression is “misfortunes never come singly”.2.no wonder…: it‟s not surprising…. The similar expressions are “it‟s no wonder… /it‟s small wonder…”3.Do you have any trouble (in)…: to be unable to do something easily. The similarexpressions is “Do you have any difficulty (in) …”4.I have the … balance between …and …:5.From a …perspective: way of looking at things. The similar expressions are “Froma …angle/ point of view”6.Without …, there would be no …: These sentence structure contains verbs in thesubjunctive mood, which is used chiefly to express a contrary-to-fact andcontrary-to-possibility protasis. The similar expressions is “If there were no …, /Were there no …, there would be no …”7.Never have I …: In formal English, it is quite common to use inversion afternegative adverbial expressions and restrictive words such as only, never, hardly and little, etc.ⅤI Dialogues or presentations related to the topicSection ADialogue 1May: Hi, June! It‟s been a lo ng time that I haven‟t seen you!June: Yeah, I've been busy preparing for CET-4 exam lately. I‟m worried I might fail. May: That shouldn‟t worry yo u. I remembered you were very sharp in English when in high school.June: Well, used to be. Since I entered university, I‟ve been engaged in the activities of the Students' Union, so I haven‟t studied English as hard as before.May: Oh, sorry to hear that. But you‟ve laid a solid foundation in English in your high school, if you study harder from now on, I believe you still have the chance to pass CET-4 exam.Jane: thanks, May, I‟ll try my best.May: Next time, please keep in mind that as a student, study should always be our No.1 priority.June: Ok, I will. Thanks. I have to go to the classroom to study English, see you soon. May: See you.Dialogue 2Linda: Did you hear that?Bill: What? What happened?Linda: A university student in Beijing jumped off from his 20-storey dormitory building this morning and died on the spot.Bill: Unbelievable! Why? Why did he commit suicide?Linda: It‟s said that he‟s a senior student, because couldn‟t find a job to support himself. You know that recent years, the employment situation is becoming more and more serious. He must be under a great stress.Bill: What a pity! Giving up his life for a job!Linda: What‟s worse, his girlfriend said goodbye to him. It‟s als o a heavy blow for him.Bill: Oh, poor man. When it rains it pours, no wonder…Linda: But these are really worth his life? I don‟t think so. Life is given to us only once，if we en d it so easily, it‟s kind of foolish. Then what about our family, friends? We‟re not alone in the world, and we should live a responsible life. Bill: Exactly, no matter what difficulties and stress, everybody should have a positive attitude towards life. Learn to convert pressure to stimulation of progress. Linda: Tomorrow we‟ll have our class meeting, how about discussing this topic? Our student will gain a lot.Bill: Good idea! Let‟s arrange for it.Section BDialogue 1Alan: You look so tired these days, what‟s wrong with you?Jason: Well, nothing much, just about my job.Alan: Your job? Do you have any trouble in it?Jason: No, everything goes well. I love my job and work very hard. But …Alan: Well, what is it?Jason: You know that recently, because of the economic crisis, many companies are reducing the staff trimmer. I‟m worrying that maybe someday, I will be one of those. I find that I couldn't get to sleep lately and my hair is like dropping fast. I‟m just walking around.Alan: yeah, I can feel your anxiety. But keep in mind that, health is important too.Maybe you could try to relax yourself more. Or maybe you can talk to me, share your problems with me. I might be able to help you.Jason: Thanks, Alan, I‟ll try to control my emo tion.Alan: As long as you try your best to do the job well, I believe your boss will recognize your worth sooner or later. Just try to relax yourself. Remember not to give yourself too much stress..Jason: I will try. Thanks a lot.Alan: You…re welcome.Section CDialogue 1(Situation: Two students are arguing about the advantages and disadvantages of stress.)A: I think stress gives us advantages as well as disadvantages. What do you say to my opinion?B: I can't agree with you because I believe that stress only gives us disadvantages, both physically and mentally.A: I admit that stress do cause a lot of bad influences on our life. But thinking a little bit deeper, we also can find out some kinds of advantages stress gives us.B: Your view is quite interesting to me. Before never have I seen such man as has your views. Can you explain to me some more about your view?A: Sure. Let me take one simple example from our daily life. If we are preparing for our examination, imagine there would be no stress at all. Under the kind of situation, really we can concentrate and try hard to develop our ability? Anyone could easily imagine that under such situation, only few would feel responsible and try to have achievement.B: I see. That is undeniable. But at the same time, stress has too many disadvantages against the advantages you just told. First of all, stress can be called as the origin of many kinds of disease such as cancer, stroke and depression, etc. A lot of diseases we are faced with these days have, more or less, some relation with stress.Expanding a step more, stress even keeps people from enjoying happy time at home. Just these two are enough to show you how bad influence stress has on ourlife.A: You can say that again. The life in modern society we can refer to "The war against stress". One clear fact is that, as long as we are imperfect human being, we can't completely avoid stress. But we can wisely let stress go away. Through the conversation with you, I think we should make some progress in this field. Section DDialogue 1(Situation: George Miller, a host of a talk show program, is interviewing three people about their views on the topic How do you handle pressure?)George Miller: Welcome to our talk show program. Tod ay I‟d like to as k you to get a sense of how you handle on-the-job stress. Judy, do you like workingunder pressure？Judy: Oh, yes, I do. I can work under pressure. I don't mind. So I think that if I have to work under sustained pressure I will perform well. Pressure is very important to me. With stress, I do the best possible job. The appropriate way to deal with stress is to make sure I have the correct balance between good stress and bad stress. I need good stress to stay motivated and productive.George Miller: Very smart view! You divide pressure into two kinds: good stress and bad stress, and you think the former is much more beneficial? Judy: Yeah, exactly what I mean.George Miller: thank you, Judy. And Diane, could you share your opinion with us, please?Diane: I always react to situations, rather than to stress. That way, the situation is handled and doesn't become stressful. I actually work better under pressure and I've found that I enjoy working in a challenging environment.George Miller: And how do you relax yourself when you feel stressful sometimes? Diane: From a personal perspective, I manage stress by visiting the gym every evening. It's a great stress reducer.George Miller: Ok, thanks. And Max, how do you handle pressure?Max: Prioritizing my responsibilities so I have a clear idea of what needs to be done when, has helped me effectively manage pressure on the job. If the people I am managing are contributing to my stress level, I discuss options for better handling difficult situations with them.George Miller: It seems that giving examples of how you have handled stress could get a clear picture how well you can work in stressful situations.That's all, thanks for your attendance.ⅥI Pictures related to the topicⅧSituational PracticeSituation 1: Mike and Sam haven‟t met each other for years. Today they meet on street, and they are talking about familystress.Role A: You are Mike, and married ten years ago. Your son has been seven year old. Tell Mike you are under great family stress. Role B: You are Sam, and you see Mike doesn‟t feel well. Ask about the reason and give him some suggestions.Situation 2: This morning, Miss Wang comes to Dr. Li‟s office, a psychological doctor. They are talking about a kind ofpsychological problem- depression.Role A: You are Dr. Li, and you see Miss Wang doesn‟t feel well.Ask about the reason and give her some suggestions.Role B: You are Miss Wang, and these days you don‟t feel like eating or working. Ask for suggestions.。
Unit 8 VOCABULARY
Questions
1.
what are the most common ways for Chinese students to learn vocabulary regarding English? 2. How do Chinese teachers teach English vocabulary? 3.what are some of the vocabulary learning strategies ?
Task 4
P122.
Activity
1 ---activity 6.
Presenting new words
Different teachers have different ways to present new words. Whatever methods are used, the following suggestions may help teachers:
Productive
knowledge of a word includes receptive knowledge and extends it. 1. being able to say it with correct pronunciation including stress. 2. being able to write it with correct spelling 3. being able to construct it using the right word parts in their appropriate forms. ……p121
5,
6.
*English-English explanations are the best for vocabulary teaching.
Unit 8 Stressed Syllables Unstressed Syllables单元8个重读音节和非重读音节
sports-ground, bathroom; language teacher
.
2) Some compounds have double stress: paper tiger, leather shoes, cotton cloth, boiling water;
3) A very few compounds bear primary stress on the second element: With-out, mankind, whatever, myseess placement: Every English word has a definite place for the stress and we are not allowed to change it . If we stress the wrong syllable, it spoils the shape of the word for an English hearer and he may have difficulty in recognizing the word . Although stress placement in English words is very complicated , we still can find some rules to observe: A): General rules of stress placement for simple words : 1) For most English words of two syllables the stress usu. Falls on the first syllable. Common, nation, open, study , sorry . 2). For words of three or more syllables the stress usually falls on the third syllable from the end . Universe, article, relative, democracy, economy B): Compounds: 1) most compounds (esp. Nouns) bear primary stress on the first element.
stress
Content words - stressed
Words carrying the meaning Example main verbs nouns adjectives adverbs negative auxiliaries SELL, GIVE, EMPLOY CAR, MUSIC, MARY RED, BIG, INTERESTING QUICKLY, LOUDLY, NEVER DON'T, AREN'T, CAN'T
Rhythm
Stresses in English tend to recur at regular intervals of time. It is perfectly possible to tap on the stresses in time with a metronome [‘metrənəum] (节拍器). The rhythm can even be said to determine the length of the pause between phrases. An extra tap can be put in the silence, as shown by the marks within the parentheses [pə'renθisi:z] .
Imagine that you receive this telegram message:
SELL
CAR
GONE
FRANCE
SELL
my
CAR
I’ve
GONE
to
FRANCE
Will
you
SELL
my
CA R
because
unit8-stressed-syllables教学文案
Polysyllabic words(多音节词)： dis-co-ve-ry ac-ti-vi-ty ag-ri-cul-ture va-ca-bu-la-ry
noun
conduct import present record export digest protest
verb
conduct import present record export digest protest
When two disyllabic noun and verb are spelled alike , the noun normally has the stress on the first syllable; the verb normally has the stress on the second syllable.
Page 87 Exercise-Listening
2. Word Stress ( stressed syllables)
2.1 What is a stressed syllable?
A word stress means a prominent syllable, which receives strong emphasis and sounds much louder than the other syllables.
3.2.2 Disyllabic verbs (双音节动词)
release begin
admit forget
arrange commit compose
3.2.2 Disyllabic verbs (双音节动词)
[语言学]胡壮麟版《语言学教程》名词解释
![[语言学]胡壮麟版《语言学教程》名词解释](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/e855be050740be1e650e9a59.png)
胡壮麟《语言学教程》术语表第一章phonology音系学grammar语法学morphology形态学syntax句法学lexicology词汇学general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistics历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学anthropology人类学stylistics文体学signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列sub-structure低层结构super-structure上层结构open syllable开音节closed syllable闭音节checked syllable成阻音节rank 等级level层次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论sing-song theory唱歌说yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说pooh-pooh theory感叹说ta-ta theory模仿说animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说Prague school布拉格学派Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立Private opposition表缺对立Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词Presupposition预设Speech acts言语行为Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言Applied linguistics应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学第二章trachea/windpipe气管tip舌尖blade舌叶/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌顶back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords声带vocal tract声腔initiator启动部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制Adam’s apple喉结Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant请辅音Voiced sound浊音Voiced consonant浊辅音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸状态Voice state带音状态Whisper state耳语状态Closed state封闭状态Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼气音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive内爆破音Click/ingressive吸气音Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental复音段Synthetic language综合型语言Diacritic mark附加符号Broad transcription宽式标音Narrow transcription窄式标音Orthoepy正音法Orthography正字法Etymology词源Active articulator积极发音器官Movable speech organ能动发音器官Passive articulator消极发音器官Immovable speech organ不能动发音器官Lateral边音Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音Resonant共鸣音Central approximant中央无摩擦延续音Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音Unilateral consonant单边辅音Bilateral consonant双边辅音Non-lateral非边音Trill [r]颤音trilled consonant颤辅音rolled consonant滚辅音Labal-velar唇化软腭音Interdental齿间音Post-dental后齿音Apico-alveolar舌尖齿龈音Dorso-alveolar舌背齿龈音Palato-alveolar后齿龈音Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音Pre-palatal前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization软腭音化Voicing浊音化Devoicing清音化Pure vowel纯元音Diphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization单元音化Centring diphthong央二合元音Closing diphthong闭二合元音Narrow diphthong窄二合元音Wide diphthong宽二合元音Phonetic similarity语音相似性Free variant自由变体Free variation自由变异Contiguous assimilation临近同化Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化Regressive assimilation逆同化Anticipatory assimilation先行同化Progressive assimilation顺同化Reciprocal assimilation互相同化Coalescent assimilation融合同化Partial assimilation部分同化Epenthesis插音Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音Weak stress弱重音Stress group重音群Sentence stress句子重音Contrastive stress对比重音Lexical stress词汇重音Word stress词重音Lexical tone词汇声调Nuclear tone核心声调Tonetics声调学Intonation contour语调升降曲线Tone units声调单位Intonology语调学Multilevel phonology多层次音系学Monosyllabic word多音节词Polysyllabic word单音节次Maximal onset principle最大节首辅音原则第三章词汇liaison连音contracted form缩写形式frequency count词频统计a unit of vocabulary词汇单位a lexical item词条a lexeme词位hierarchy层次性lexicogrammar词汇语法morpheme语素nonomorphemic words单语素词polymorphemic words多语素词relative uninterruptibility相对连续性a minimum free form最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式variable words 可变词invariable words不变词paradigm聚合体grammatical words(function words)语法词/功能词lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词closed-class words封闭类词opened-class words开放类词word class词类particles小品词pro-form代词形式pro-adjective(so)代形容词pro-verb(do/did)代副词pro-adverb(so)代动词pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词determiners限定词predeterminers前置限定词central determiners中置限定词post determiners后置限定词ordinal number序数词cardinal number基数词morpheme词素morphology形态学free morpheme自由词素bound morpheme黏着词素root词根affix词缀stem词干root morpheme词根语素prefix前缀infix中缀suffix后缀bound root morpheme黏着词根词素inflectional affix屈折词缀derivational affix派生词缀inflectional morphemes屈折语素derivational morphemes派生语素word-formation构词compound复合词endocentric compound向心复合词exocentric compound离心复合词nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词adjective endocentric compound形容词性向心复合词verbal compound动词性复合词synthetic compound综合性复合词derivation派生词morpheme语素phoneme音位morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morphemic structure语素结构phonological structure音素结构monosyllabic单音节polysyllabic多音节phonological conditioned音位的限制morphological conditioned形态的限制coinage/invention新创词语blending混成法abbreviation缩写法acronym首字母缩写法back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法analogical creation类比构词法borrowing借词法loanword借词loanblend混合借词loanshift转移借词loan translation翻译借词loss脱落addition添加metathesis换位assimilation同化contact assimilation接触性同化contiguous assimilation临近性同化theory of least effort省力理论non- contiguous assimilation非临近性同化distant assimilation远距离同化morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化morphological change形态变化syntactical change句法变化finite element有定成分semantic change语义变化multisemous多种意义broadening词义扩大narrowing词义缩小meaning shift词义转移class shift词性变换folk etymology俗词源orthographic change拼写的变化conversion变换/变码domain范围/领域meaning shift意义转移split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造词语clipping截断法metanalysis再分化finiteness定式proximate(this)近指代词obviative(that)远指代词non-productivity/unproductive非多产性semiotics符号学paradigmatic relations聚合关系associative relations联想关系syntagmatic relations组合关系sequential relations序列关系logogram语标register语域passive vocabulary消极词汇lexis/vocabulary词汇表第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(ICanalysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substituability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command forshort)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function称呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function诗学功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇功能transitivity及物性actor动作者mood system语气系统the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陈语气imperative祈使语气mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）existential process生存过程第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(ICanalysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substituability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统=derivational procedure推导系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function称呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function诗学功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇功能transitivity及物性actor动作者mood system语气系统the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陈语气imperative祈使语气mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）existential process生存过程empiricism经验主义（洛克，白板说）rationalism 理性主义（笛卡尔）mentalism心灵主义new empiricism新经验主义(Bloomfield)priori先天综合判断（康德Kant）Cartesian linguistics笛卡尔语言学派Syntactic structure (SS)早期转换句法时期Standard theory (ST)标准理论时期Extended Standard theory (EST)扩展的标准理论Revised Standard theory(REST)扩展的休正标准理论The theory of government and binding(GB theory)管辖和约束理论时期（管约论）Minimalist program (MP)最简方案时期Structural description结构描写式Performance system应用系统Modular theory模块理论Spell-out拼写Language faculty语言机制/官能Mental organ心智器官Knowledge of language 语言知识Meaning potential 意义潜势Context culture 文化语境Field语场Tenor语旨Mode语式pivot words轴心词mental construct心理构念theoretical cognitive psychology理论认知心理学psychological faculty心理官能autosyn/autogram/autoknow语法自主(arbitrariness任意性,systemacity系统性, self-containedness自足性)typological functionalism类型学功能主义extreme functionalism极端的功能主义external functionalism外部功能主义integrative functionalism一体化功能注主义exceptional case marking例外格标记specifier标定成分fall-category maximal projection全语类的最大投射two-segment category两节语类complement domain补足语区域minimal domain最小区域internal domain内部区域checking domain检验区域sisterhood姐妹关系minimizing chain link最小语链联结representational system表达系统strict cyclic principle严格的层级条件structure-preserving principle结构保存原则C-commanding condition成分统领条件articulatory-perceptual system发音-听音系统conceptual-intentional system概念-意旨系统interface conditions中介条件full-interpretation完全解释原则procrastination逻辑形式操作优先原则greed句法操作自利原则the shortest linkage principle最短联接原则the shortest movement principle最短移位原则primarycomplement/modifier(referential NP)一级补语位/修饰语位(定指名词短语)secondary complement(non- referentialNP) 二级补语位(非定指名词短语)empty category principle空范畴原则aspect checking特征验证aspect feature基本体貌特征ASPP is functional projection .ASPP是功能投射.crossing branch交叉分支across the board extraction抽取跨界移动principles-and-parameters framework原则与参数语法head parameter中心语参数logical form(LF)逻辑形式phonetic form(PF)语音形式spell-out拼读phonological component音韵部分overt component显性部分covert component隐性部分core computation核心运算asymmetric c-command不对称成分统制linear correspondence axiom线形对应定理adjunction加接determiner限定词concatenate联结linearization线性化functional parameterization hypothesis功能参数设定假设right-branching右向分支X’(V,N,A,P)词项X’’=XP=Xmax是X的二阶投射结构Y’’=指示语specifierZ’’=补述语complementIP=屈折短语inflection phraseXP=general phrase structureC HL人类语言的运算系统=computational system for humanlanguageLCA线性对应定理=linearcorrespondence axiomXmin=X0=最小投射。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
• 如两词在意义上联系紧密，产生一个新的意义时， 第一个词保留重音，第二个词则失去重音，称为 非并列重音。例如： • a greenhouse（温室）原意是“绿房”两词 各有自己的重音，即green house，后产生新 义“暖房，温室”，house失去重音。又如： blackboard（黑板），原意为“黑色的木板”， 两词均须重读。后产生新义：（在教室里使用的） “黑板“。Board失去重音。
•..
..• .•.
How to pronounce word stress?
When a syllable is stressed, it is pronounced
• longer in duration • higher in pitch • louder ieacher?
on the last part (the verb part)
Word type
Where is the stress?
Examples turn off buckle up hand out economic Geometric electrical
Phrasal Verbs
on the particle
Longer Higher Louder teeeeeeeeeeee cher tea cher
TEA cher
TEEEEEEEEEEE cher
All three combined
重读音节和非重读音节
• 影响英语词重音定位的因素 • （1）是简单词还是复杂词。前者是指不带词缀的 词，如little；后者指带有词缀的派生词，如joyous。 • （2）最后三个音节中的元音是紧音还是松音。 “紧”与“松”是语音的一对区别性特征。“紧音” 表示语音持续不断的时间较长；“松音”表示语音 持续不断的时间较短。就英语元音来说，长元音[а]׃ [Ə[ ]׃İ:] , [Ɔ[ ]׃u]׃和双元音[аi] [еi] [Ɔi] [iƏ] [ɛƏ] [uƏ] [Əu] [аu]是紧音；短元音ʌ i u ɔ ə e æ是松音； • （3）是什么词类。
,prepo’sition ,recom’mend pro,nunci’ation e,xami’nation
7. 由两个成分组成的复合词，多数是第一个成 分重读。
’blackboard ‘world-wide ‘everything ‘newspaper ‘broadcast ‘downstairs ‘downtown ‘anywhere ‘whitewash
• 1 and then a 2 and then a 3 and then a 4
Word Stress
• A word stress means a prominent syllable
word tea.cher pattern •.
beau.ti.ful
un.der.stand con.ti.nue
单词加上后缀-able, 重音保持不 变。
• Rely re‘liabel • De’pend de’pendable • Adapt a’daptable • Detest detestable
6. 三音节和三音节以上的词，除了主重音外， 往往还有一个次重音。次重音的位置通常在 第一个或第二个音节上，与主重音间隔一个 轻读音节。
‘Chi’nese ‘Ber’lin ’looking ‘ill-’tempered ‘thir’teen ‘hand-’made ‘Bei’jing ‘good‘un’known ‘over’work ‘absent-’minded
做定语的复合词重音：
• 并列重音的复合词用做定语时，该词的第 二部分失去重音。例如： • a light-blue shirt（淡兰色衬衣）， • a full-length portrait（全身画像）， • pig-skin gloves（猪皮手套）， • a brand-new car (一辆崭新的小汽车)
-ic -ics -ion -ious -eous -uous -ient -ience
syste’matic climatic pho’netics mathe’matics o’pinion com’panion perfection de’licious injurious cou’rageous con’tinuous suf’ficient ex’perience
-phy, -gy, -try, -cy, -fy, -al -meter
the third from the last syllable
简单名词的重音定位规则
• （1）如果最后三个音节的元音都是松音，那么重 音就落在倒数第三音节上。例如： A'merica，as'paragus，'asterisk，'venison • （2）如果最后音节的元音是松音，倒数第二音节 的元音是紧音，那么重音就落在这个紧音上即落在 倒数第二音节上。例如：a'roma，ho'rizon， throm'bosis
简单形容词的重音定位规则
• 简单形容词的重音定位规则与简单动词的重 音定位规则完全相同 • （1）‘common，’frantic， ‘handsome， • ’solid，‘vulgar； （2）ex’treme，i‘nane，obs’cure， • re‘mote，sin’cere； • （3）au‘gust， co’rrupt， di‘rect， • i'mmense．
’fashioned
d. For compound adverbs, the stress is on the second part.e.g. head-'first, North-'East
9. 部分复合词有双重音，在说话时如后面跟重读 音节，则第一个音节更重些；如后面跟轻读音 节，则第二个音节更重些。
disdis’cuss emem’ploy enen’joy eses’cape exex’cess imim’pair inin’clude mis- mis’take obob’scene per- per’mit per’form
dis’play em’bark en’close establish ex’clude im’ply in’crease mis’lead ob’tain per’sist
8. 在少量的复合词中第二个成分重读。
how’ever our’selves my’self with’out for’ever with’draw
a. For compound nouns, the stress is on the first part.e.g. ‘blackbird ‘greenhouse b. For compound verbs, the stress is on the second part.e.g. to under’stand to over’flow c. For compound adjectives, the stress is on the second part e.g. bad-’tempered old-
1.双音节词的重音多数落在第一音节上 ’teacher ’tractor ’hobby ’fancy ’other ’happy 2.具有前缀的双音节词（以及三音节词）重音落在前 缀的后一个音节上。 aa’ sleep af’ fect ac’ complish ab-, ac-, ad- 等同此 be- be’ gin be’ fore be’ lieve com- com’ plete com’ bine com’ panion con- con’ sist con，ceive con’tribute de- de’ mand de’ rive de’ velop
Word Stress Rule
Word type Where is the stress? Examples center object flower release admit arrange desktop pencil case bookshelf greenhouse well-meant hard-headed old-fashioned understand overlook outperform
-ic
the syllable before the ending（词重音总是
Word with added ending
-tion, -cian, -sion
落在该词缀前一个 音节上。）
Technician graduation cohesion
Photography biology geometry Parameter Thermometer barometer
dis’cover em’body en’large es’teen ex’cite im’modest in’deed mis’place ob’serve
prepre’sent pre’pare pre’tend propro’ceed pro’claim pro’pose trans- trans’late trans’cribe trans’port 注意：以上只是一般的规律，有些词在词性发生变化 时，读音也会变化。如 ‘present (n.) 3. 三音节和三音节以上的多音节词，重音在多数情况 下落在倒数第三个音节上。 ‘foreigner ‘family ‘specialty ge’ometry phi’losophy de’mocracy te/le/com/mu/ni’/ca/tion demo’cratic
4. 含有下列词尾的单词，重音往往落在最后一个 音节上。 -ain enter’tain -ee refu’gee employee -eer pio’neer -esque gro’tesque 古怪的，怪诞的 -oon bal’loon 5. 含有下列词尾的词，重音通常落在倒数第二个 音节上。 -ial in’dustrial -ian mu’sician