英汉语言对比-术语翻译
英汉语言对比与翻译
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第二小点：‘有人就提前’
Unfortunately, the grey and blue cotton pieces reached us whereas our order was for a selection of the green and orange ones. 很遗憾，我们收到的棉制品是灰色的和蓝色的，而 我们订货时选的是绿色的和桔黄色的。 A fair comparison of quality between our products and similar articles from other sources will convince you of the reasonableness of our quotation. 贵方只要把我们的产品质量与别处的同类产品质量 比一比，就会知道我们的报价是合理的。
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第五小点：抽象变火人
If understanding prevails, WTO is in a position to replace confrontation with agreement; it cannot be pull off. 如果大家能普遍接受的话，WTO就能用协议 取代对抗，而这项工作不能在拖延下去了。
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第三小点：人多挑一个
Spectacular economic results ultimately won impressive staff support for the reformer manager. A.惊人的经济成果最终赢得了职工对这位改革派经 理的热情支持。 B. 到头来，职工们对这位改革派经理取得的惊人的 经济成果给予了热情的支持。 C. 这位改革派经理取得了惊人的经济成果，最终赢 得了职工们热情的支持。 D.这位改革派经理取得了惊人的经济成果，职工们 给予了热情的支持。
英汉语言对比与翻译(总结)
adj.（形容词）: degree
ad.（副词） : degree
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up
so long as we are still living.
人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations,
必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
(Condition 条件)
病来如山倒， Sickness comes like an avalanche, 病去如抽丝。 but goes like reeling silk.
(Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折)
the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in
the house that was built by Jack. …
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。
汉英语言比较及汉译英例句
一．中西文化、语言比较：语言是思维的载体，首先来比较中西思维方式的区别1．中国人在哲学上注重心理时空，在思维上尤其突出悟性，主张天人合一、物我交融、和谐、了然；文化求全、求圆满，对称平衡。
不注重形式论证、强调整体性的、和谐的辩证法；中国人过着一种心灵的生活（拥有悠久的历史，既有成年人的智慧，又能过着孩子般的生活，所谓赤子之心）2．而西方人：思维以逻辑、分析、线性linear为特点，是直线形的，片面掘进break-through，single-minded, 崇尚个体思维、重形式论证、注重分析。
人为万物之尺度；（对比：音乐、文学、书法、绘画、医学、哲学、直觉）中国人的心态是一种恬静如沐天恩的心境The serene and blessed mood: 富于想象力的理性；语言也是心灵的语言；心灵是纤细而敏感的，就像毛笔，难于掌握，但一旦掌握，能够得心应手，创造促美妙优雅的书画。
二．语言区别：汉语：意合（Parataxis），靠句子内部逻辑关系联系结构：无主语及主语省略很多，主动语态多、连词少，不怕重复；汉语重质、质实结劲、词语内涵丰富，文句结构流洒自如，在词语和句法组织上重意合而非形合；英语: 形合(hypotaxis), 主要靠语言本身语法手段。
多用连词、介词构建句子，非人称主语多用，被动句，主语不省略；主干结构突出，主谓机制突出，名词（尤其是抽象名词）、介词突出。
所以中国的语言也是一种心灵的语言；因此：英语好比一棵大树；汉语好比一节节竹子；红楼梦：和尚；He bought six pens, which cost him 42 yuan.When he brought them home, he found they were all used.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？前途是光明的，道路是曲折的；While the prospects are bright, the road ahead has twists and turns;has zigzags; tortous这是一项宏伟的工程，所有类似的工程与之相比都黯然失色；It is a gigantic project before which all similar projects pale significantly;典型的例子就是连词：so…. that 和when….1.What was the forbidden city in Beijing like? It wasso interesting that I went several times.北京的紫禁城是个什么地方？它是如此有趣以至我去参观了好几次；When 也不是总译成当…..时候..甚至大部分时间不译成“当……时候”有时甚至出现：“当他转过身来看见我手里握着那根上面刻着亨利.史密斯的名字的旧鱼竿的时候….”这样的怪句子；2．汉语：远看山有色，近听水无声，春去花还在，人来鸟不惊；英语：When you look afar, the mountains are green and clear;But no sound of stream is heard when listening near.The flowers remain in full bloom when spring’s away,A human being’s approach the bird doesn’t fray.汉语是婴儿语言；（1）隐含条件从句的意合早知今日，何必当初；If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently.（2）隐含结果从句的意合；He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him.他说得太快，我们不能理解他的意思；It was so cold that the river froze.天气寒冷，河水都结冰了；It couldn’t make out who he was as I only saw his back;我只见到他的背影，认不清是谁；（3）隐含转折的意合：江山易改，本性难移；It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature.三．英汉两种语言句型具体区别及翻译中的应用：核心区别：汉语：并列型coordination, 表面上是没有主次之分的；英语：从属型subordination，一定是有主次之分的；Eg.7 将国有企业提供社会保障待遇与雇佣关系脱钩，这将有助于使国企经理在作出商业决策时不用考虑政府对社会问题的顾虑，同时还可使员工在调动工作不用担心失去社会福利待遇，这就能够提高劳动力的流动性。
英汉语言对比与翻译讲义(二)
英汉语言对比与翻译讲义（二）一、常见的被动式习语译法[1] It is said that 据说，有人说[2] It will be said that 有人会说[3] It is well-known that 大家都知道，众所周知[4] It is believed that 人们相信，大家相信[5] It is reported that 据报导，据报告，据通报[6] It is learned that 据闻，据说，已经查明[7] It is found that 据发现，人们认为[8] It has been found that 已经发现[9] It is considered that 据估计，人们认为[10] It is usually considered that 通常认为[11] It is thought that 有人认为[12] It is universally accepted that 普遍认为，是普遍接受的[13] It is taken that 人们认为，有人以为[14] It is regarded that 人们认为[15] It is generally agreed that 人们通常认为[16] It is generally recognized that 通常大家都承认[17] It is noticed that 人们注意到，有人指出[18] It is noted that 前面已经指出[19] It is announced that 据称，有人宣称[20] It is sometimes asked that 人们有时会说[21] It will be seen that 可见，可以看出[22] It will be seen from this (that) 由此可见[23] It should be pointed out that 必须指出[24] It must be admitted that必须承认，老实说[25] It is supposed that 据推测，人们猜测，假定[26] It may be safely said that 可以有把握地说[27] It is asserted that 有人主张[28] It has been proved that 已经证明[29] It has been shown (stated) that 有人指出，据说，据称，有人说[30] It has been illustrated that 据说明，据图示[31] It is expected that 人们希望[32] It is understood that 不用说，大家知道[33] It is suggested that 有人建议，建议[34] It is demonstrated that 据证实，已经证明[35] It is pointed out that人们指出，有人指出[36] It is estimated that 据估计，有人估计[37] It is claimed that 据称，有人宣称[38] It is recommended that 有人推荐，有人建议[39] It is decided that 已经决定[40] It cannot be denied that 无可否认[41] It is stressed that 人们强调说[42] It is arranged that 已经商定，已经准备[43] It has been calculated that 据估计[44] It is mentioned that 据说[45] It is assumed that 假定，假设[46] It is declared that 据宣称，有人宣称[47] It is hypothesized that 假设[48] It is proposed that 有人指出，有人提议，一般认为[49] It has been viewed that 讨论了，检查了[50] It is enumerated that 列举了[51] It is outlined that 概括地说[52] It is established that 可以认定[53] It is still to be hoped that （我们）仍应希望[54] It is predicted that 据估计，预计[55] It is hoped that 希望，有人希望二、王佐良谈翻译中的具体问题王佐良教授关于翻译的论述，归纳起来，有以下要点。
英汉语言对比研究-词法对比翻译
三、汉英词汇视点差异
汉英两民族在思维上差异，表现在语言思维视点上也有 差异——从不同的思维视角来看待同一事物 。其具体差 异如下： 1.汉英修饰词的转换 A. 有时英语修饰词与汉语相反的情况： 抢险车 a breakdown lorry （不等于 a lorry that has broken down) 防暴警察 riot police (即 anti-riot police) 消防队 a fire brigade 打九折 a 10 percent discount 寒衣 warm clothes 候机室 the departure lounge
汉语词义的模糊性有其优点，有利于词汇的组合与 灵活运用，但在英译时，由于汉英在形象与喻义、所指 与内涵方面存在较大差异，稍不注意便可能导致语义不 准确。
1.形象与喻义 形象与喻义
如： (1).现在的问题时抓“落实”，以确保已出台的政 策措施全部到位。 从字面上看，英语的“抓”, “出台”, “到位”都不合此 上下文，这是汉语的形象表达，在译文中要用“使生 效”、“实行”和“执行”才能将英语实际意义表达出 来呢？ To ensure full implementation of the polices and measures already introduced, the question now is how to bring them into effect.
自学 teacher himself (a self-taught student)
E. 观察事物的角度或联想意义不一样 close the door behind you.——着眼于人所在的位置 随手关门——着眼于手 lie on one ‘ s back ; lie on one ’ a stomach －一以后背为准; 仰卧；伏卧一一以面向为准 胆小如鼠 as timid as a rabbit ; 蠢得像猪 a s stupid as a goose 雨后春笋 be like bamboo shoots after a spring rain F.词语的排列顺序不同 前后back and forth 新旧old and new 冷热hot and cold
翻译-英汉语言对比
小组成员：周洁 邱文姿 周雯 徐倩倩 戴文君 丁家华
1. 主语与主题
英语的特点是主语突出 subject-prominent
“主语突出”是指在该语言里主语和谓语这两 个语法成分是句子的基本结构，句子中通常都 有“主语—谓语”结构（即SV结构）。
It is the time for class.
句子之间依靠各种关系词（介词、关系代 词、关系副词、连接词）来过渡和连接， 往往形成长句。
例1：
The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.
英语——形合
重词形与句法，语言中有明显的逻辑 关系，强调形式上紧密结合，结构完 整。主要采用句法手段和词汇手段。 句间常用连接词语。
汉语——意合
重直觉，强调意念流，强调意识上结 合紧密。语法意义和逻辑关系常隐藏 在字里行间。主要使用语义手段，多 依靠语义的贯通，语境的映衬，少用 连接词语。
例：
上梁不正下梁歪 If the upper beam in not straight, the lower ones will go aslant.
例2：
昨天的事多亏你帮忙。
参考译文： Thank you for your help yesterday.
2. 形合与意合
形合 （hypotaxis):
借助语言形式手段来实现词语或句子的连接（包括 句法手段和词汇手段）
意合(parபைடு நூலகம்taxis):
英汉语言对比与翻译
If winter comes , can spring be far behind? 4. 好好学习，天天向上。
Study hard, and make progress eve. When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of
2. The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。
3. 李教授原打算在这干一辈子的，但还是由于种种原因去 了深圳。 Professor Li had planned to work here for the rest of his life, but now he has been to Shenzhen for reasons.
I also like righteousness. If I cannot have the
two together, I will give up my life to preserve
righteousness.”
hypotactic
Hypotactic vs. Paratactic
The American Heritage Dictionary defines
Feature of English as a hypotactic Language
Feature of Chinese as a paratactic Language
英汉语言对比
He got up early in the morning in order that he might have time to fetch water and sweep the yard for his aunt . They fought so bravely that the invasion was crushed in seventy-two hours.
1.He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spent his vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job had been engaged in in the South .
This attitude has been described as anything from a “merciful loss of memory “to” escapist therapy”. His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition –free college of the city of New York . The development of an economical artificial heart is only a few transcient failures away.
6.Where do you expect shanghai to be in five years? 预计今后五年上海的发展目标如何？ 翻译不是一种语言中的词语和语句结构到另一种语 言的词语和语句结构的简单转换，也不是在另一种 语言中寻找与一种语言中对等的词语和语句结构然 后将其串接成句的过程。在英汉翻译中，如果把眼 光盯着原文的词语和语句结构这些属于语言层次的 东西，结果翻译出来的只是一种文字层次的转换， 徒具其形，原文的内容和意义不可能得到很好的表 达。
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1.dynamicity of language 语言的动态性
It refers to a distinctive feature of Chinese. Compared with English, Chinese have a much higher degree of dynamicity. It puts more emphasis on motion or action, which finds its expression in verbs and adverbs; however, English seems to lay more focus on the concept, as is expressed by nouns.
例：你怎么看？How do you think? What do you think?
2.semantic motivation 语义理据
It refers to the mental associations of the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal meaning and figurative meaning of a word. It can be achieved through rhetorical devices such as metaphor, hyperbole, analogy, metonymy and image.
例：metaphor: 喇叭花，纸老虎，鹅卵石
3.lexical gap 词汇空缺
Lexical gap refers to the fact that no corresponding lexical items of the source language can be found in the target language. There are several causes for such gaps: different motivations behind nomenclature, different ways of grouping things, differences among synonyms, and things unique to a culture, etc.
例：billions, millions
4.parataxis 意合
It means that the connections between sentences depend on the meanings of the languages or their logical relationship. Compared with English, Chinese is more paratactic because of its perceptional thing and holistic comprehension.
例：留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
As long as the green mountains are there, one should not worry about firewood.
In Chinese, there is no word to join the two clauses, but their English translations must have
conjunctions.
5.Conceptual metaphor 概念隐喻
Conceptual metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain called a target domain in terms of another conceptual domain called a source domain.
for example, in the sentence “Life is a journey.”, “life” is the target domain while “journey” is the source domain.
6.phonographic language 表音文字
It means that its letters only stand for sounds. Only a combination of sounds can represent a meaning. English is a phonographic language, whose letters do not represent any meaning, whereas Chinese is a morpheme language or an ideographic language, who characters represent particular meanings.
7.intonation 语调
It refers to the pitch pattern changes in connected speech. It mainly concerns the syntactic level and is used to distinguish questions from statements. At the syntactic level, English is an intonation language while Chinese is a contour tone language.
8.lexicalization 词汇化
It refers to a word formation process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language. It is the realization of a meaning in a single word or morpheme rather than in a grammatical construction.
9.nominalization 名词化
The process of forming a noun or noun phrases from a clause or a verb. This phenomenon shows the objectivity and conciseness of English language.
10.cohesion 衔接
It refers to the grammatical and lexical relationships between the different elements of a discourse, which can be achieved through reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion.。