Lecture 4Syntax Specification
unit 4syntax
Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrasal structures to certain complex lexemes.
an apple ate an apple Mary ate an apple
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there is no definable “Centre” or “Head” inside the group, usually including the basic sentence, the prepositional phrase, (verb + object) construction, (be + complement) construction.
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1.3 Relation of Co-occurrence
共现关系
Countable Noun： articles plurals *adverb Verb： noun adverb *adjective
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2. Grammatical construction and its constituents
Coordination two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, but and or .
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Coordination of NPs:
[NP
the lady] or [NP the tiger] go to the library] and [VP read a book ] down the stairs] and [PP out the do analysis
戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter 4 PPT
The two levels of structure are not always different.
Wh Movement: Move the wh phrase to the beginning of the sentence.
Wh Movement (revised): Move the wh phrase to the specifier under CP. Practice: (4-4) What will you talk about? Figure 4-16: Practice: Who broke the window? Figure 4-18: Practice: EX. 12 (p60)
Minor lexical categories (次要词汇范畴)
Determiner (Det) 限定词: the, a, an, this, those, … Degree word (Deg) 程度词: quite, very, more, so, … Qualifier (Qual) 修饰语: often, always, seldom, … Auxiliary (Aux) 助动词: must, should, can, will, … Conjunction (Con) 连词: and, but, or, …
Phrase elements (短语成分) P47-49
Specifiers 标志语 1) Semantic role: help make more precise the meaning
语言测试教案4-PPT文档资料12页
IV. What should the test
specification look like?
1.The test purpose 2.Description of the test taker 3.Test level 4.Construct theoretical framework for test 5.Description of suitable language course
each level 17.Description of what candidates at
each level can do in the real world 18. Sample papers 19. Sample of students’ performance on tasks.
Classroom tasks for
or textbook. 6.Number of sections/papers 7.Time of for each sections 8.Text-type 9.Text-length
nguage skills to be tested nguage elements to be tested 12.Test tasks 13.Test methods 14.Rubrics 15.Criteria for marking 16.Description of typical performance at
A test syllabus: a public document , often much
simplified ，indicates to test users what the test will contain.
语言学第四章课件
• Complement:The words on the right side of the heads are complements.
• Modifiers, which specifies optionally expressible properties of head.
• A phrase can contain specifiers, head, complements and Modifiers.
• Specifiers :The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers.
transformations is called surface structure(or Sstructure).
学习交流PPT
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7.Indicatte the category of each word in the following sentences.
a)The old lady got off the bus carefully.
Mod
Mod
学习交流PPT
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S
NP
Infl
PP Pst
NP
NP
VP PP NP
Det Adj N P Det N V
P Det N
A wooden hut near the lake callapsed in the storm
Mod
学习交流PPT
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10.The following sentences all contain conjined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.
语言学chapter4PPT课件
Conclusion: structure of the sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not vice versa. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
.
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4.5: A grammar which analyzes
Lecture4
School of Software Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing, China Lectured by XuLing xuling@
Introduction to Information Technology
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Introduction to Information Technology School of Software Engineering, Chongqing University
Memory
Definition (Continued)
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Introduction to Information Technology School of Software Engineering, Chongqing University
Memory
PCMCIA Card Memory
• PCMCIA Card/PC card: A card designed to expand a computer’s memory.
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Introduction to Information Technology School of Software Engineering, Chongqing University
Memory
Memory Size
• Byte: A storage location in memory; the amount of memory required to store one digit, letter, or character. • Kilobyte/K-byte/KB/K: One thousand bytes. • Megabyte/M-byte/MB/Meg: One million bytes. • Gigabyte/G-byte/GB/Gig: One billion bytes. • Terabyte/T-byte/TB: One trillion bytes. • Address: An identifiable location in memory where data are kept.
初三英语专题讲座
初三英语专题讲座The world of education is constantly evolving, and as students progress through their academic journeys, the demands and challenges they face also change. For middle school students, the transition from elementary to secondary education can be both exciting and daunting. One of the crucial subjects that plays a significant role in this transition is English. To help these young learners navigate the complexities of the English language and better prepare them for the years ahead, a middle school English lecture series can be an invaluable resource.The primary objective of this lecture series is to provide a comprehensive and engaging exploration of various aspects of the English language, catering to the unique needs and interests of middle school students. Through a series of interactive presentations, workshops, and discussions, the lecturers aim to equip these students with the necessary skills and confidence to excel in their English studies.One of the key components of the lecture series is a deep dive intothe fundamentals of the English language. This includes a thorough examination of grammar, syntax, and sentence structure. By breaking down the building blocks of the language, students will gain a better understanding of how to construct clear, concise, and well-structured sentences. This knowledge will not only improve their written expression but also enhance their ability to comprehend and analyze complex texts.In addition to the foundational elements of the language, the lecture series will also delve into the rich tapestry of English literature. From classic novels and short stories to contemporary works, students will be exposed to a diverse range of literary genres and styles. Through guided discussions and analysis, they will learn to appreciate the nuances of literary devices, character development, and thematic exploration. This exposure to a wide array of literary works will not only broaden their cultural horizons but also foster a love for reading and a deeper understanding of the written word.Another crucial aspect of the lecture series is the development of essential communication skills. In today's fast-paced, globalized world, the ability to effectively express oneself, both in written and oral form, is paramount. The lecturers will dedicate sessions to honing students' public speaking skills, teaching them techniques for delivering compelling presentations, engaging in thoughtful discussions, and crafting persuasive arguments. These skills will notonly benefit them in their academic pursuits but also prepare them for the demands of the modern workplace.Furthermore, the lecture series will address the importance of critical thinking and analysis in the study of English. Students will be challenged to delve deeper into texts, to question assumptions, and to formulate their own informed perspectives. By developing these critical thinking skills, they will be better equipped to navigate the complexities of the English language, to think creatively, and to become independent, lifelong learners.Throughout the lecture series, the presenters will also emphasize the significance of effective research and study skills. They will guide students on how to efficiently locate and evaluate reliable sources, how to organize and synthesize information, and how to present their findings in a clear and compelling manner. These skills will not only aid them in their English studies but will also have a far-reaching impact on their academic journey as a whole.In addition to the core content of the lectures, the series will also include sessions dedicated to the exploration of various career paths and opportunities related to the English language. Students will be introduced to diverse fields, such as journalism, publishing, marketing, law, and education, where proficiency in English is highly valued. This exposure will help students envision the multitude ofpossibilities that await them and inspire them to consider how their passion for the English language can translate into meaningful career aspirations.Throughout the lecture series, the presenters will strive to create a dynamic and engaging learning environment. They will utilize a variety of teaching methods, including interactive presentations, small-group discussions, and hands-on activities, to cater to the diverse learning styles of the students. By fostering an atmosphere of collaboration and open dialogue, the lecturers will encourage students to actively participate, ask questions, and share their own perspectives, further enhancing the learning experience.The middle school English lecture series is not merely an academic exercise but a transformative opportunity for students to develop a deeper appreciation and mastery of the English language. By equipping them with the necessary skills, knowledge, and confidence, this program will empower these young learners to navigate the challenges of secondary education with greater ease and to embrace the endless possibilities that lie ahead. As they embark on this journey, the students will not only strengthen their command of the English language but also cultivate the critical thinking abilities and communication skills that will serve them well throughout their academic and professional endeavors.。
新版计算机专业英语词汇
mand n. 命令，指令2. line n. (数据，程序)行，线路3. display vt. 显示，显示器4. format n. 格式5. cursor n. 光标6. directory n. 目录，索引簿7.current n. 电流8.screen n. 屏幕，屏；v. 屏蔽9.. specify v. 指定，规定，确定10. disk n. 盘，磁盘11. drive v. 驱动；n. 驱动器12. database n. 数据库13. enter v. 键入，送入14.margin n. 余量，边缘，边际15. procedure n. 过程，程序，工序16. dialog n. & vt. 对话17.insert vt. 插入18. item n. 项，项目，条款19.edit vt. 编辑，编排，编篡20.parameter n. 参数，参变量21. variable a. 可变的；n. 变量22. function n. 函数，功能，操作23. button n. 按钮24. index n. 索引，变址，指数25. setting n. 设置，调整26. desire v. & n. 期望27 . switch n. & v. 开关，转换，切换28. default v. 缺省，预置，约定 29. enable vt. 启动，恢复正常操作30. filename n. 文件名31. prompt n. & v. 提示 32. execute v. 实行，实施33. extension n. 扩充，延伸34. argument n. 变元，自变量35. shift v. 转义，换档，移位36. store n. & vt. 存储，存储器37. scroll vt. 上滚(卷)；n. 纸卷38. macro n. 宏，宏功能，宏指令39. define vt. 定义，规定，分辨40. reference n. & a. 参考；参考的41. restore vt. 恢复，复原42. block n. (字，信息，数据)块43. decimal n. & a. 十进制；十进制的44. definition n. 定义，确实，清晰度45. arrow n. 箭头，指针46. label n. 标签，标号，标识符47. issue v. 发行，出版，流出48. available a. 可用的49. attribute n. 属性，标志，表征50. dos 磁盘操作系统51. modify vt. 修改，改变，变址52. bottom n. & a. 底，基础；底下的53. carriage n. 滑架，托架54. content n. 含量，容量，内容55. scope n. 范围，显示器56. paragraph n. 段(落)，节，短讯57. execution n. 执行58. backup n. 备份，后备，后援59. pointer n. 指针，指示字60. subset n. 子集，子设备61. keyboard n. 键盘62. positioning n. 定位63. toggle n. & v. 触发器；系紧64. device n. 设备，器件，装置65.indicate vt. 指示，表示66. rename vt. 更名，改名67. combination n. 结合，组合68. profile n. 简要，剖面，概貌69. split v. 分开，分离70. access n. 存取，选取，接近71. document n. 文献，资料，文件72. reflow v. & n. 回流，逆流73. install vt. 安装74. assign vt. 赋值，指定，分派75. specific a. 特殊的，具体的76. diskette n. 软磁盘，软盘片77. confirmation n. 认可78. abbreviate vt. 缩写，省略79. delimiter n. 定界符，分界符80. graphic n. & a. 图形；图形的81. confirm vt. 证实，确认82. clause n. 条款，项目，子句83. correspond vi. 通信(联系) 84. property n. 性(质)，特征85. bracket n. (方)括号，等级86. omit vt. 省略，删去，遗漏87. sub-directory n. 子目录88. instruction n. 指令，指导89. ascii n. 美国信息交换标准码90. append vt. 附加，增补91. buffer n. 缓冲器92. coprocessor n. 协同处理器93. overlay v. 覆盖，重叠94. navigation n. 导航95. shortcut n. 近路，捷径96. assigned a. 指定的，赋值的97. match v. 比较，匹配，符合98. release vt. & n. 释放，核发，版99. deletion n. 删去(部分)，删除100. alias n. 别名，代号，标记101. quote n. & v. 引号；加引号102. maximum n. & a. 最大(的)，最高103. switching n. 开关，转接，交换104. element n. 元件，元素，码元105. modification n. 改变，修改106. modified a. 修改的，变更的107. uppercase n. 大写字母108. force v. & n. 强制；压力，强度109. lowercase n. 下档，小写体110. undo vt. 取消，废除111. environ vt. 围绕，包围112. temporary a. 暂时的，临时的113. encounter v. & n. 遇到，碰到114. wildcard n. 通配符115. spill v. 漏出，溢出，漏失116. browse v. 浏览117. memo n. 备忘录118. prior a. 先验的，优先的119. variant n. & a. 变体，易变的120. floppy n. 软磁盘121. supply vt. & n. 电源，供给122. module n. 模块(程序设计) 123. monochrome n. 单色124. assistance n. 辅助设备，帮助125. demonstration n. (公开)表演，示范 126 . template n. 标准框，样板，模板127. linker n. 连接程序128. process vt. 处理，进程，加工129. refer v. 访问，引用，涉及130. overview n. 综述，概要131. syntax n. 语法，文法，句法132. abbreviation n. 缩短，省略，简称133. bios n. 基本输入/输出系统134. minus a. & n. 负的；负数，减135. alternate a. 交替的，备用的136. collapse v. 崩溃，破裂137. interpreter n. 解释程序，翻译机138. slash n. 斜线139. utility n. & a. 实用程序；实用性140. regardless a. 不注意的，不考虑的141. compatible a. 可兼容的，可共存的142. alphabetical a. 字母(表)的，abc的 143. resume v. 重(新)开(始) 144. multiple a. 多次的，复杂的145. monitor n. 监视器，监督程序146. configuration n. 配置147. aboveboard ad. & a. 照直，公开的148. eject n. 弹出149. sequence n. 顺序，时序，序列150. consist vi. 符合，包括151. valid a. 有效的152. suspend v. 中止，暂停，挂起153. enhance vt. 增强，放大，夸张154. separate v. & a. 分隔，分离，各自的155. echo n. 回波，反射波156. comment n. & vi. 注解，注释157. prevent v. 防止，预防158. pressed a. 加压的，压缩的159. dimension n. 尺寸，维，因次160. boundary n. 边界，界限，约束161. zoom v. 变焦距162. initialize v. 初始化163. hello int. & v. 喂！；呼叫164. font n. 铅字，字形165. convert v. 转换，变换166. global n. 全局，全程，全局符167. invoke vt. 调用，请求168. interactive a. 交互式，交互的169. described a. 被看到的，被发现的170. exclusive a. 排斥，排它性171. adapter n. 适配器，转换器172. filter n. 滤波器，滤光材料173. dual a. 对偶的，双的174. equivalent a. 相等的，等效的175. storage n. 存储，存储器176. startup n. 启动177. resident a. 驻留的178. designated a. 指定的，特指的179. pertain vi. 附属，属于，关于180. expansion n. 展开，展开式181. incompatible a. 不兼容的182. blinking n. 闪烁183. precede v. 先于184. transportable a. 可移动的185. routine n. 程序，例行程序186. session n. 对话，通话187. redraw vt. 再拉188. manual a. 手工的，手动的189. assembly n. 汇编，安装，装配190. copyright n. 版权191. retrieve v. 检索192. ram 随机存取存储器193. exception n. 例外，异常，异议194. minimum n. & a. 最小(的)，最低195. reindex v. & n. 变换(改变)符号196. compile vt. 编译197. undefined a. 未定义的198. tick v；n. 滴答(响)；勾号(√) 199. intense a. 强烈的，高度的200. documentation n. 文件编制，文本201. asterisk n. 星号(*)202. interface n. 接口203. pause vi. 暂停204. assumed a. 假定的205. entry n. 输入，项(目)，入口206. formatting n. 格式化207. symbol n. 符号，记号208. binary n. & a. 二进制；双态的209. subtotal n. & v. 小计，求部分和210. partition v. 划分，分区，部分211. hexadecimal a. 十六进制的212. generate vt. 产生，发生，生成213. specification n. 说明书，规则说明书214. customize vt. 定制，定做215. nest v. 嵌套，后进先出216. duplicate vt. 复制，转录，加倍217. compression n. 压缩，浓缩218. alternately ad. 交替地，轮流地219. intensity n. 强度，亮度220. explicitly ad. 明显地，显然地221. sector n. & v. 扇区，段；分段222. vertically ad. 竖直地，直立地223. horizontally ad. 水平地224. backspace v. 退格，回退225. terminate v. 端接，终止226. drag vt. 拖，拉，牵，曳227. formatted a. 有格式的228. underscore vt. 在…下面划线229. initially ad. 最初，开头230. reformat v. 重定格式231. integrate v. 综合，集成232. trailing n. & a. 结尾；尾随的233. indent v. 缩排234. integer n. 整数235. subscript n. 注脚，下标236. secondary a. 辅助的，第二的237. colon n. 冒号“:”238. allocate vt. 分配239. wordperfect a. 一字不错地熟记的240. verify vt. 鉴定，检验，核对241. emulator n. 仿真器，仿真程序 242. splitting n. 分区(裂) 243. console n. 控制台，操作台244. kernel n. 内核(核心)程序245. modifier n. 修改量，变址数246. invalid a. 无效的247. compiler n. 编译程序(器) 248. dot n. 点249. beep n. 蜂鸣声，嘀嘀声250. random a. 随机的251. facility n. 设施，装备，便利252. asynchronous a. 异步的，非同步的253. paste n. 湖，胶，膏254. respect n. & vt. 遵守，关系255. hyphen n. 连字符，短线256. serial a. 串行的，串联的257. retain vt. 保持，维持258. signal n. & v. 信号；发信号259. cpu 控制处理部件260. deactivate vt. 释放，去活化261. initial a. 最初的，初始的262. corrupt v. & a. 恶化；有毛病的263. host n. 主机264. pending a. 悬而未决的，未定的265. boot n. 引导，靴266. magenta n. & a. 深红色(的) 267. opposite a. & n. & ad. 相反的268. override v. & n. 超越，克服269. hex a. & n. 六角形的270. instant a. 立刻的，直接的271. kilobyte n. 千字节(kb) 272. parenthesis n. 括弧，圆括号273. murder n. 弄坏，毁掉274. flush v. 弄平，使齐平275. consecutive a. 连续的，连贯的 276. addressing n. 寻址277. prefix n. 前缀278. carousel n. 圆盘传送带279. static a. 静态的，不变的280. assignment n. 赋值，分配281. respectively ad. 分别地282. navigate v. 导航，驾驶283. due a. 到期的，应付(给)的284. descend v. 下降，落下285. alter v. 改变，修改286. track n. 磁道，轨道287. precedence n. 优先权288. skeleton n. 骨架，框架289. log n. & v. 记录，存入290. accessible a. 可以使用的291. configure vt. 使成形292. declared a. 承认的，申报的293. compress vt. 压缩，精减294. graphically ad. 用图表表示295. automatic a. 自动的296. aligned a. 对准的，均衡的297. terminal n. 终端，端子298. expire v. 终止，期满299. resolution n. 分辨率300. semicolon n. 分号(；)301. critical a. & n. 临界的；临界值302. border n. 边界，框，界限303. cache n. 高速缓存304. fastback n. 快速返回305. hercules n. 大力神，大力士306. trim n. 区标，微调307. substitute v. 代替，替换，代入308. upgrade v. 升级，提高质量309. instance n. & vt. 例子，情况；举例310. elapsed vi. & n. 经过311. nor conj. 也不312. mono a. & n. 单音的313. abort v. & n. 中断，故障314. scatter v. 散射，分散，散布315. convention n. 常规，约定，协定316. conventional a. 常规的，习惯的317. handler n. 处理程序318. processor n. 处理机，处理程序319. desktop a. 台式的320. development n. 开发，研制，显影 321. exceed v. 超过，大于322. horizontal a. 水平的，横向的323. alphabetically ad. 按字母表顺序324. reserve vt. 保留，预定，预约325. manifest vt. 表明，显示，显现326. disconnect vt. 拆接，断开，拆线327. clockwise a. 顺时针的328. eliminate vt. 除去，消除，切断329.declaration n. 说明，申报330. icon n. 图符，象征331. layout n. 布置，布局，安排332. appendix n. 附录333. truncate vt. 截尾，截断334. inhibit vt. 禁止 335. register n. 寄存器 336. stuff n. & vt. 材料；装入337. exclude vt. 排除，除去338. lexical a. 辞典的，词法的339. port n. 端口，进出口340. segment n. 段，片段，图块341. identically ad. 相等，恒等342. permanently ad. 永久地，持久地343. accelerator n. 加速装置，加速剂 344. originally ad. 原来，最初345. internally ad. 在内(部)346. derelict vt. 中途淘汰347. redirect vt. 重定向348. reside vi. 驻留349. header n. 首部，标题，报头350. extra a. 特别的，额外的351. density n. 密度352. master a. 总要的，总的353. recursive a. 递归的，循环的354. trap n. & vt. 陷阱；俘获355. dimensional n. 尺寸的，…维的356. conjunction n. 逻辑乘，“与”357. interval n. 间歇，区间358. compatibility n. 兼容性，适应性359. express a. 快速的360. volume n. 卷，册，体积，容量361. rated a. 额定的362. odometer n. 里程表，计程仪363. phoenix n. 凤凰，绝世珍品364. easel n. 框，(画)架365. mainframe n. 主机，大型机366. diacritical a. 区分的，辩别的367. confidential a. 机密的368. trace v. 跟踪，追踪369. division n. 除，除法，(程序)部分370. implicit a. 隐式的371. mention vt. & n. 叙述，说到 372. whereas conj. 面，其实，既然373. transform v. & n. 变换，变换式374. align v. & n. 定位，对准375. assist v. & n. 加速，帮助376. upon prep. 依据，遵照377. exhaust v. 取尽，用完378. alpha n. 希腊字母α，未知数379. constant n. 常数380. warranty n. 保证(书)，授权381. trigger n. & v. 触发器；触发382. treat v. 处理，加工383. ally v. 联合，与…关联384. exclamation n. 惊叹(号) 385. dynamic a. 动态的，动力的386. foreground n. 前台387. preserve vt. 保存，维持388. vice n. 缺点，毛病，错误 389. stationary a. 静止的，平稳的390. extract vt. 抽取，摘录，开方391. thereafter ad. 此后，据此392. restructure vt. 调整，重新组织393. delimit vt. 定界，定义394. classify vt. 分类，分级395. interfere vi. 干涉，干扰，冲突396. undesirable a. 不合乎需要的397. lot n. 一块(批，组，套) 398. insufficient a. 不足的，不适当的399. salary n. & vt. 薪水；发工资400. pacific a. 平稳的，太平(洋)的401. emphasize v. 强调，着重，增强402. ansi n. 美国国家标准协会403. permanent a. 永久的404. remark n. 评注，备注405. concatenate vt. 连接，串联，并置406. emulate v. 仿真，模仿；赶上或超过407. tape n. 磁带，纸带408. concept n. 概念409. subsequently ad. 其后，其次，按着 410. registration n. 登记，挂号，读数411. designate vt. 任命，标志412. visible a. 可见的，明显的413. consult v. 咨询，顾问414. virtually ad. 实际上415. substantially ad. 实质上，本质上416. primarily ad. 首先，起初，原来 417. sequentially ad. 顺序地418. client n. 顾客，买主419. commercial a. 商业的，经济的420. sheet n. (图)表，纸，片421. context n. 上下文，来龙去脉422. oriented a. 有向的，定向的423. suppressed vt. 抑制，取消424. subroutine n. 子程序425. bracketed a. 加括号的426. manually ad. 用手，手动地427. preset vt. 预置428. autoindex n. 自动变址(数) 429. performance n. 性能，实绩430. distribution n. 分布，分配431. denote vt. 指示，意味着，代表432. replicate vt. 重复，复制433. mega n. 兆，百万 434. conform vi. 遵从，符合435. controller n. 控制器436. pseudo a. 假的，伪的，冒充的437. administrator n. 管理人，行政人员438. ensemble n. 总体，集合体439. bus n. 总线，信息通路440. traverse v. 横渡，横过，横断441. external a. 外部的442. adequate a. 足够的，充分的443. interpretability n. 配合动作性444. vary v. 变化，变换445. gap n. 间隙，间隔，缝隙446. indexing n. 变址，标引，加下标447. package n. 插件，(软件)包448. insertion n. 插入，嵌入，插页449. intervene vi插入，干涉450. overflow v. 溢出，上溢451. compose v. 组成，构成，构图452. snapshot n. 抽点打印453. sensitivity n. 灵敏度454. mach n. 马赫(速度单位) 455. subsequent a. 后来的，其次的456. capitalized a. 大写的457. compact a. 紧致的，压缩的 458. plain n. 明码459. noted a. 著名的460. desirable a. 所希望的，称心的461. substitution n. 代替，替换，置换462. overstrike n. 过打印463. tornado n. 旋风，龙卷风464. ones n. 二进制反码465. parse vt. (语法)分析466. manufacture vt. & n. 制造(业)，工业467. restricting n. & a. 限制(的) 468 n. & a. 想象(的)，精制的469. fine a. & ad. 微小的，细的470. somewhat pron. & ad. 稍微，有点471. purge v. & n. 清除472. mod a. & n. 时髦的473.mismatch n. & vt. 失配，不匹配 474. ellipsis n. 省略符号，省略(法) 475. parallel a. 并行 476. custom a. & n. 常规的，惯例；用户 477. factory n. 工厂，制造厂478. implement n. & vt. 工具；执行，实现 479. ampersand n. &号(and) 480. proprietary a. 专有的481. vowel n. 元音，母音482. synchronization n. 同步483. comprise vt. 包括，由…组成484. absence n. 缺少，没有485. revolutionize vt. 变革，彻底改革486. constantly ad. 不变地，经常地487. expunge vt. 擦除，删掉488. contrast n. 反差，对比，对比度489. invent vt. 创造，想象490. unshift v. 未移动，不移档 491. complexity n. 复杂性，复杂度492. degrade v. 降低，减少，递降493. suggestion n. 暗示，提醒494. substantial a. 实质的，真正的495. solely ad. 独自，单独，只496. distribute vt. 分布，配线，配给497. capture vt. 俘获，捕捉498 reinstate vt. 复原，恢复499. nicety n. 细节，精细500. roll n. & v. 案卷；卷动，滚动501. exponent n. 指数，阶，幂502. exponential a. 指数的，幂的，阶的503. complicated v. 使复杂化，使混乱504. reactivate v. 使恢复活动505. synchronize v. 使同步506. formation n. 构造，结构，形成507. comma n. 逗号“,”，逗点508. inexperienced a. 不熟练的，外行的509. noninteractive a. 不相关的，非交互的 510. chart n. 图(表)511. dearly ad. 极，非常，昂贵地512. placement n. 布局513. stamp n. 图章514. equation n. 方程，方程式515. discard v. 删除，废除，放弃516. regard vt. 考虑，注意，关系517. potentially ad. 可能地，大概地 518. moreover ad. 况且，并且，此外519. shield v. 屏蔽，罩，防护520. transaction n. 事项，事务，学报521. emulation n. 仿真，仿效 522. dump v. (内存信息)转储523. logged a. 记录的，浸透的524. ware n. 仪器，商品525. disregard vt. 轻视，把…忽略不计526. comparison n. 比较，对照527. programmable a. 可编程的 528. definable a. 可定义的，可确定的529. employe vt. 使用，花费530. defective a. 故障的，有毛病的531 interpretable a. 彼此协作的532. fourscore n. 八十533. procedural a. 程序上的 534. penalty n. 惩罚，罚款，负担535. violate vt. 违犯，妨碍，破坏536. indefinitely ad. 无限地，无穷地537. crop v. 切，剪切538. diagonally ad. 斜(对) 539. avail v. & n. 有益于；利益540. hang v. 中止，暂停，挂起541. craze n. & v. 裂纹开裂 542. acknowledgment n. 接收(收妥)，承认543. bypass n. 旁路544. grant vt. 允许，授权545. logarithm n. 对数546. resolve v. 分辨，解像547. separator n. 分隔符548. assortment n. 种类，花色品种 549. growing n. 分类，分组，成群550. scattered a. 分散的551. superimpose vt. 重叠，叠加552. reorganization vt. 重排，改组553. deter vt. 阻止，拦住，妨碍554. moment n. 矩，力矩，磁矩555. rectangular a. 矩形的，成直角的556. tag n. 特征，标记，标识符 557. manipulating v. 操纵，操作558. masking n. 掩蔽，屏蔽559. demonstrate v. 论证，证明，证实560. turnkey n. 总控钥匙561. suspension n. 暂停，中止，挂起562. seamless a. 无缝的563. clipper n. 限幅器，钳位器564. unformatted a. 无格式的565. redundant a. 冗余的566. dependent a. 相关的567. contiguous a. 相连的，邻接的568. association n. 结合，协会，联想569. interpret v. 解释570 assemble v. 汇编，装配571. cad 计算机辅助设计572. arithmetic n. 算术，运算5737. sufficient a. 充足的，足够的574. blast v. & n. 清除；爆炸575. caret n. 插入符号576. socket n. 插座，插孔，插口577 stated a. 规定的578. protocol n. 规约，协议，规程579. esoteric a. 深奥的，奥秘的580. successive a. 逐次的，相继的581. chunk n. 厚块，大部分 582. alignment n. 序列，成直线583. indentation n. 缩进，缩排584. terminology n. 术语585. ascending a. 增长的，向上的586. obsolete a. 作废的，过时的587. accommodate v. 调节，适应588. motif n. 主题，要点，特色589. distinction n. 区别，相异，特性590. fundamental a. 基本的，根本的591. underlying a. 基础的，根本的592. iterative a. 迭代的593. charm n. 吸引力594. hit v. 命中，瞬时干扰595. exceeded a. 过度的，非常的596. numerical a. 数量的，数字的597. combo n. 二进位组合码。
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Phases of Compilation
COMP 144 Programming Language Concepts Felix Hernandez-Campos 2
Syntax Analysis
Review: Regular Expressions
• A regular expression (RE) is:
– A single character – The empty string, ε – The concatenation of two regular expressions
» Notation: RE1 RE2 (i.e. RE1 followed by RE2)
• Regular expression for
– Identifiers identifier → letter ( letter | digit | _ )* letter → a | b | c | … | z
COMP 144 Programming Language Concepts Felix Hernandez-Campos 10
• Recursion is not allowed!
COMP 144 Programming Language Concepts Felix Hernandez-Campos 6
Exercise
digit → 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 unsigned_integer → digit digit* digit* unsigned_number → unsigned_integer ( ( . unsigned_integer ) | ε ) ( ( e ( + | – | ε) unsigned_integer ) | ε )
– i.e. determine whether a string belongs to the set or not – Scanners extract tokens from source code in the same way DFAs determine membership
COMP 144 Programming Language Concepts Felix Hernandez-Campos 4
– The union of two regular expressions
» Notation: RE1 | RE2
– The closure of a regular expression
» Notation: RE* » * is known as the Kleene star » * represents the concatenation of 0 or more strings
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
COMP 144 Programming Language Concepts
Spring 2002
Lecture 4: Syntax Specification
Felix Hernandez-Campos HernandezJan 16
BackusBackus-Naur Form
Backus• Backus-Naur Form (BNF)
– Equivalent to CFGs in power – CFG
expression → identifier | number | - expression | ( expression ) | expression operator expression operator → + | - | * | /
– Describes its form
» i.e. Organization of tokens (elements)
– Formal notation
» Context Free Grammars (CFGs)
COMP 144 Programming Language Concepts Felix Hernandez-Campos 3
» Union » Kleene star » Meta-level parentheses Meta| * ()
– It has the same expressive power
COMP 144 Programming Language Concepts Felix Hernandez-Campos 13
• A set of tokens is a regular set that can be defined by comprehension using a regular expression • For every regular set, there is a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) that can recognize it
• Regular expression for
– Identifiers identifier → …
COMP 144 Programming Language Concepts Felix Hernandez-Campos 9
Exercise
digit → 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 unsigned_integer → digit digit* digit* unsigned_number → unsigned_integer ( ( . unsigned_integer ) | ε ) ( ( e ( + | – | ε) unsigned_integer ) | ε )
• Regular expression for
– Decimal numbers number → ( + | – | ε) unsigned_integer ( ( . unsigned_integer ) | ε )
COMP 144 Programming Language Concepts Felix Hernandez-Campos 8
» Terminal symbols
» Non-terminal symbols Non» Production rule (i.e. substitution rule) terminal symbol → terminal and non-terminal symbols nonCOMP 144 Programming Language Concepts Felix Hernandez-Campos 11
Context Free Grammars
• CFGs
– Add recursion to regular expressions
» Nested constructions
– Notation
expression → identifier | number | - expression | ( expression ) | expression operator expression operator → + | - | * | /
Review: Formal definition of tokens
• A set of tokens is a set of strings over an alphabet
– {read, write, +, -, *, /, :=, 1, 2, …, 10, …, 3.45e-3, …} 3.45e-
– BNF
〈expression〉 → 〈identifier〉 | 〈number〉 | - 〈expression〉 expression〉 identifier〉 number〉 expression〉 | ( 〈expression〉 ) expression〉 | 〈expression〉 〈operator〉 〈expression〉 expression〉 operator〉 expression〉 〈operator〉 → + | - | * | / oNaur Form Backus• Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF) Backus– It has the same expressive power
BNF 〈digit〉 → 0 digit〉 〈digit〉 → 1 digit〉 … 〈digit〉 → 9 digit〉 〈unsigned_integer〉 → 〈digit〉 unsigned_integer〉 digit〉 〈unsigned_integer〉 → 〈digit〉 〈unsigned_integer〉 unsigned_integer〉 digit〉 unsigned_integer〉 EBNF 〈digit〉 → 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 digit〉 〈unsigned_integer〉 → 〈digit〉 〈digit〉* unsigned_integer〉 digit〉 digit〉
• Regular expression for
– Decimal numbers number → …
COMP 144 Programming Language Concepts Felix Hernandez-Campos 7
Exercise
digit → 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 unsigned_integer → digit digit* digit* unsigned_number → unsigned_integer ( ( . unsigned_integer ) | ε ) ( ( e ( + | – | ε) unsigned_integer ) | ε )