lecture4(2007)
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lecture 4.文化与翻译
4.1.3 Translation practice
1. to show one’s face, to
1. 露面 2. 丢脸 3. 碰壁 4.热心 5.祸不单行 6.趁热打铁 7.混水摸鱼 8.一只耳朵进， 一只耳朵出
show up 2. to lose face 3. run one’s head against a wall 4.kind/warm-hearted 5.misfortunes never come singly/alone 6.srike while the iron is hot 7.to fish in troubled waters 8.to go in at one ear and out at the other
1.2 Classification of culture
1.2.1 Classification by ethnolinguistics 文化语言学的分类
1) 物质文化(material culture) 2) 制度文化(institutional culture) 3) 精神文化( mental culture)：
《东西方文明之根本差异》（李大钊）
“东西方文明有根本不同之点，即东洋文化主静，
西方文明主动是也。……一为自然的，一为人为的； 一为安息的，一为战争的；一为消极的，一为积极 的；一为依赖的，一为独立的；一为苟安的，一为 实进的；一为因袭的，一为创造的；一为保守的， 一为进步的；一为直觉的，一为理智的；一为空想 的，一为体验的；一为艺术的，一为科学的；一为 精神的，一为物质的；一为灵的，一为肉的；一为 向天的，一为立地的；一为自然支配的，一为人间 征服自然……”
lecture4
Ep {x(p, w) : p , w) w x2 (p , w) Dw x(p, w) w x (p , w) n w
lecture4
for Chu Kechen Honors College
example: X={x,y,z}, B ={{x,y},{y,z},{x,z}}, C({x,y})={x},C({y,z})={y},C({x,z})={z},(B , C(.)) satisfied WARP, but there is no rationalization preference relation over it.
for Chu Kechen Honors College
1.Preference
Propersition1:
if % is rational, then:
is reflexive and transitive and symmetric If x y % z, then x z
Advanced Economics
(lecture 4: consumption theory I)
Ye Jianliang
lecture4
for Chu Kechen Honors College
Preference and Choice
Content:
Preference and rationality The rule of choice Budget Demand function WA and demanded law
xn ( p , w ) pn
x1 ( p , w ) pn
Lecture4_视频基础
NTSC
NTSC制的扫描特性 制的扫描特性
• •
• • • 在每场的开始部分保留 扫描线作为控制信息， 在每场的开始部分保留20扫描线作为控制信息 扫描线作为控制信息，
因此只有485条线的可视数据。 条线的可视数据。 因此只有 条线的可视数据
525行/帧, 30帧/秒(29.97 fps, 33.37 行帧 帧秒 ms/frame) 高宽比：电视画面的长宽比(电视为 电视为4:3； 高宽比：电视画面的长宽比 电视为 ；电影 为3:2；高清晰度电视为 ；高清晰度电视为16:9) 隔行扫描，一帧分成2场 隔行扫描，一帧分成 场(field)，262.5线/场 ， 线场 颜色模型： 颜色模型：YIQ
Lecture 4 视频基础
电视的发展
尼普柯夫圆盘
黑白电视
彩色电视 数字电视
主要内容
视觉的时间域响应特性 彩色电视制式 彩色电视信号的类型 电视图像数字化 图像子采样 数字电视简介
视觉的时间域响应特性
视觉暂留
当人眼所看到的影像消失后，人眼仍能继续保留其影 0.1-0.5秒左右的图像 像0.1-0.5秒左右的图像
是频率调制(FM） ） 是频率调制
• 图像格式为 ，625线，50 Hz 图像格式为4:3， 线
电视信号
TV制式 TV制式 帧频（Hz） 帧频（Hz） Hz 行 /帧 亮度带宽（MHz） 亮度带宽（MHz） MHz 彩色幅载波（MHz） 彩色幅载波（MHz） MHz 色度带宽（MHz） 色度带宽（MHz） MHz 声音载波（MHz） 声音载波（MHz） MHz NTSC 30 525 4.2 3.58 1.3(I)， 1.3(I)，0.6(Q) 4.5 PAL 25 625 6.0 4.43 1.3(U)， 1.3(U)，1.3(V) 6.5 SECAM 25 625 6.0 4.25 >1.0(U)， >1.0(U)，>1.0(V) 6.5
语言学Lecture4 Phonetics
Clear [l]: 发音时, 舌尖抵住上齿龈根部, 舌前向硬腭抬起, 形成 气流阻碍. 气流从舌的两侧通过, 所以叫做舌侧音. 此时[l] 是浊辅
音, 要振动声带. 这个音与汉语的“乐”有一点相似, 只是汉语的 发音带有元音音素且更清晰.
Dark /l/: 发音时, 舌尖抵住上齿龈根部, 舌面下凹, 舌后部微微上
BROAD transcription (phonemic transcription)
This is often the form used in dictionaries for indicating the general pronunciation of a word. “back slashes”: /…/. NARROW transcription (or phonetic transcription)
Putting Sounds on Paper: transcription
The International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA)
TWO types of transcription: broad and narrow
E.g. In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sound /l/ in words like leaf /li:f/, feel /fi:l/, build /bild/, and health /helθ/. Question: Is [l] pronounced the same in all these four sound combinations?
Three kinds of pronunciation: the /l/ in /li:f/, occurring before a vowel the /l/ in /fi:l/ and /bild/, occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant the /l/ in /helθ/, followed by an English dental sound
lecture 4 翻译技巧二 词类转换法
技巧一 （词义选择）练习：
• 1.This is the last place where I expected to meet you. • 2.She told me that her 18-year-old son was the baby. • 3.He is unhappy now, because he had a blue with his friend just
9. 他会立即答复。
He will give an immediate reply.
4. 转译成副词
A. Nouns—Adverbs
1. The man nodded with satisfaction. 那人满意地点了点头。 2. He had the honor to attend the congress. 他荣幸地出席了代表大会。
and wisdom.
• 7.Mr. Smith has stepped into the vintage years.
技巧一 （词义选择）练习答案：
1.我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。 2.她对我说她那18岁的儿子是她子女中最小的。 3.他刚和朋友吵架，正闷闷不乐呢。 4.一个绝望的人，一个残废兵，零钱 5.我们应本着和平共处五项原则的精神解决争端。 6.我们又一次领受了他渊博的知识、丰富的经验和
3. The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1. 图一所示是这种新型机器的简图。
3. 转译成形容词
A. Nouns—Adjectives
1. I can note the grace of her gesture. 我可以看到她优雅的举止。
now. • 4. a broken man a broken soldier broken money • 5. We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five
• 1.This is the last place where I expected to meet you. • 2.She told me that her 18-year-old son was the baby. • 3.He is unhappy now, because he had a blue with his friend just
9. 他会立即答复。
He will give an immediate reply.
4. 转译成副词
A. Nouns—Adverbs
1. The man nodded with satisfaction. 那人满意地点了点头。 2. He had the honor to attend the congress. 他荣幸地出席了代表大会。
and wisdom.
• 7.Mr. Smith has stepped into the vintage years.
技巧一 （词义选择）练习答案：
1.我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。 2.她对我说她那18岁的儿子是她子女中最小的。 3.他刚和朋友吵架，正闷闷不乐呢。 4.一个绝望的人，一个残废兵，零钱 5.我们应本着和平共处五项原则的精神解决争端。 6.我们又一次领受了他渊博的知识、丰富的经验和
3. The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1. 图一所示是这种新型机器的简图。
3. 转译成形容词
A. Nouns—Adjectives
1. I can note the grace of her gesture. 我可以看到她优雅的举止。
now. • 4. a broken man a broken soldier broken money • 5. We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five
lecture 4
2
i 1 j 1 r k
O
ij
E ij E ij
2
Contingency tables: Chi-square test
• Testing procedure (5 steps) • 1) Hypothesis • H0: the distribution criteria are statistically independent • 2) Sample distribution • Chi-square distribution • Degrees of freedom: (k-1)(r-1)
Single linear regression: correlation
Single linear regression: relation between b and r
Regression coefficient b presents the character of the relation, but tells nothing about the strength
Ecellij Prowi Pcolumn totaln j
Men Income (* € 1000,-) low 20 middle 20 - 40 High > 40 Total Oij 25 30 35 90 Eij 27 33 30 90 Women Oij Eij 20 18 25 22 15 20 60 60 Total 45 55 50 150
Contingency tables: example
Sex Women abs. % 20 33 25 42 15 25 60 100
Income (* €1000,-) low ( 20) middle (20-40) high (> 40) Total abs. 25 30 35 90
i 1 j 1 r k
O
ij
E ij E ij
2
Contingency tables: Chi-square test
• Testing procedure (5 steps) • 1) Hypothesis • H0: the distribution criteria are statistically independent • 2) Sample distribution • Chi-square distribution • Degrees of freedom: (k-1)(r-1)
Single linear regression: correlation
Single linear regression: relation between b and r
Regression coefficient b presents the character of the relation, but tells nothing about the strength
Ecellij Prowi Pcolumn totaln j
Men Income (* € 1000,-) low 20 middle 20 - 40 High > 40 Total Oij 25 30 35 90 Eij 27 33 30 90 Women Oij Eij 20 18 25 22 15 20 60 60 Total 45 55 50 150
Contingency tables: example
Sex Women abs. % 20 33 25 42 15 25 60 100
Income (* €1000,-) low ( 20) middle (20-40) high (> 40) Total abs. 25 30 35 90
lecture4Sequential Games(博弈论, Mike Shor,Vanderbilt University)
Initiated plans to build a super-jumbo jet Room for at most one megaseater “Boeing, the world’s top aircraft maker, announced it was building a plane with 600 to 800 seats, the biggest and most expensive airliner ever.”
B beats G then winner versus R B beats R then winner versus G G beats R then winner versus B
R G B
G B R
15
Mike Shor Game Theory & Business Strategy
Each time, you can accommodate or fight What do you do the first year?
18
Mike Shor Game Theory & Business Strategy
The Game
E2 E3
E1 M
M
Mike Shor Game Theory & Business Strategy
Airbus
Boeing
– $3 billion, – $3 billion
Mike Shor Game Theory & Business Strategy 4
Looking Forwa first move:
Must
consider how Boeing will respond – $2 billion
lecture4
– Combination of major depression episodes and dysthymic disorder
Depressive disorders
• Usual onset is 25 years but is decreasing • Depressive episodes last from 2 weeks up to years • Adult patients with dysthymic disorder are more likely to commit suicide than patients with major depressive disorder • Depression can result from grief
Causes of mood disorders
• biological factors
– if one twin presents with a mood disorder, an identical twin is approximately three times more likely than a fraternal twin to have a mood disorder (heritability approx. 40% for women)
Suicide
• 8th leading cause of death in the USA (30 000 people a year) for people aged 25-34 • Among teenagers, suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death • The suicide rate for young men in the USA is the highest in the world • Males are four to five times more likely to commit suicide than females • 90% of suicides are committed by people suffering from psychological disorder
Depressive disorders
• Usual onset is 25 years but is decreasing • Depressive episodes last from 2 weeks up to years • Adult patients with dysthymic disorder are more likely to commit suicide than patients with major depressive disorder • Depression can result from grief
Causes of mood disorders
• biological factors
– if one twin presents with a mood disorder, an identical twin is approximately three times more likely than a fraternal twin to have a mood disorder (heritability approx. 40% for women)
Suicide
• 8th leading cause of death in the USA (30 000 people a year) for people aged 25-34 • Among teenagers, suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death • The suicide rate for young men in the USA is the highest in the world • Males are four to five times more likely to commit suicide than females • 90% of suicides are committed by people suffering from psychological disorder