科技英语1
EST(一、概述)
II.科技英语在句法上的特点: 1.长句使用多:为叙述的严谨,精确,导致科技英语中的长句使用较多,以下 便是一个长句的例子: The closed-loop system has a control unit which gets information from a sensing element,compares the real state with that required by the program and,when there is a difference between the two,makes the necessary adjustment to the control element so that the desired state is maintained. 2.广泛使用被动语态句: 在科技论文中句子描述的重点都是事物,过程及现象,而非操作它们的人;因 此,被动语态句在科技英语中的使用极为广泛.据统计,在物理,化学,工程类 的科技英语教科书中,约有1/3的动词用被动语态,其原因在于被动语态句比 主动语态句更能说明需要论证的对象,使其位置鲜明,突出. 3.动词非谓语形式使用频率高: 与普通英语相比,动词的非谓语形式的使用频率明显偏高,如下面的一个简 单句: Today the computer is widely used in solving mathematical problems having to do with weather forecasting and putting satellites into orbit. 其中既用了动名词,又用了现在分词.
一、科技英语概述
科技英语,English for Science and Technology,简称EST. 当今世界上先进科技文献资料浩如烟海,而记载这些资料所使用的语言文字,在全世 界五千六百多种语言文字中,英语使用最为广泛,约85%的资料是用英语出版的.英语 几乎成了国际通用的语言文字;所以,科技英语作为反映现代科技发展的情况和作为在 这方面进行交流的工具的重要性,正日益增加,而科技英语的学习和研究也就成了一种 世界性的趋势. 需要首先明确的是,科技英语并不是独立的语言,它只是英语这一语言的一个语言支派 或者更为确切地说只是一种语体形式，,它和”日常英语”,”文学英语”等在本质上 都还是一致的.因为它们都共用一套英语语音,同是英语词汇的组成部分,也都必须遵 循英语的语法规则.具体言之，科技英语所使用的仍是日常英语的语音系统，并无自 己特有的语音系统，其次，科技英语固然有很多专业词汇和术语，然而其基本词汇 都是全民的日常英语所固有的。据有关调查材料表明，一般专业书刊中的普通词占 80――90%，而且在科技英语中约有80%的专业词（包括纯专业词及半专业词）都 来源于基本词汇。虽然来源于基本词汇的专业词已具有新的词义，所表示的概念与 原词已有所不同，但却常常仍不失其内在联系，至于由基本词汇中的单词所构成的 合成词就更容易看出其基本含义了；显而易见，基本词汇的作用是不可忽视的。另 外，科技英语并没有自己独立的词法或句法，所使用的语法构造与日常英语所使用 的是一致的。 那么,作为英语的一个语言支派,科技英语的特点何在呢?这可从词汇,句法和修辞三个 方面加以说明.
科技英语1
1．第1题单选题 Before you started to ______, make sure the road is clear ahead of you; otherwise it might lead to an accidentA、overworkB、overtakeC、overhearD、oversee标准答案：B2．第2题单选题 Theories have been proposed by astronomers to ______ electrical disturbances in the atmosphere.A、apply forB、allow forC、account forD、appeal for标准答案：C3．第3题单选题_____ he often forgot their wedding anniversary greatly annoyed his wife.A、AllB、WhatC、WhichD、That标准答案：D4．第4题单选题She heard a terrible noise, _____ brought her heart into her mouth.A、itB、thisC、whichD、that标准答案：C5．第5题单选题However much _____, it will be worth the money.A、the dictionary costsB、costs the dictionaryC、the dictionary will costD、does the dictionary cost标准答案：A6．第6题单选题 She devised a plan ______ they might escape from the tightly guarded prisonA、whereasB、whereinC、wherebyD、whereabouts标准答案：C7．第7题单选题The manager decided to give the job to_________he believed had a strong sense of duty.A、whoeverB、wheneverC、whateverD、wherever标准答案：A8．第8题单选题 He was so shy that he was always ______ to shrink up whenever attention was focused on himA、attendingB、intendingC、tendingD、pretending标准答案：C9．第9题单选题You screamed in your sleep last night. You _____ a terrible dream.A、must have hadB、must haveC、should have hadD、should have标准答案：A10．第10题单选题 Another comforting fact is that only 14 per cent of our household income is spent on our mortgages ______ 40 per cent in the late 1980sA、combined withB、dealt withC、compared withD、replaced with标准答案：C11．第11题单选题 Regarding a job interview, though personality is much more important, don’t ______ the importance of having a good appearanceA、overhearB、overcomeC、overtakeD、overlook标准答案：D12．第12题单选题Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained _____ into account before starting a new project.A、be takenB、had to be takenC、would be takenD、have to be taken标准答案：A13．第13题单选题Every boy and girl _____ not to swim in the lake, for it is polluted.A、 has been warnedB、 has warnedC、 have been warnedD、 have warned标准答案：A14．第14题单选题To his great surprise, Al's doctor insists _____ for three months.A、that he is restingB、that he will restC、 his restingD、that he rest标准答案：D15．第15题单选题 No plan for the future will be acceptable unless it ______ poverty and unemployment.A、abolishesB、abusesC、compelsD、commits标准答案：A16．第16题单选题 The police are trying to find out the ______ of the woman killed in the traffic accidentA、evidenceB、recognitionC、statusD、identity标准答案：D17．第17题单选题He hasn't come yet. What do you consider_________to him?A、happensB、has happenedC、had happenedD、will happen标准答案：B18．第18题单选题 As a ______ woman, she was then among the few mothers who sent their daughters to school and encouraged them to take part in social activities.A、sensitiveB、sensibleC、sentimentalD、senseless标准答案：B19．第19题单选题But for his sister's help, I _____ the work.A、could not finishB、would not finishC、should not finishD、would not have finished标准答案：D20．第20题单选题 Success in establishing a good night-time routine leads to increased confidence and happiness all round, making all the hard work well ______ the effortA、worthB、worthwhileC、legalD、worthy标准答案：A。
科技英语(电子类)(第三版)lesson1
Unit1AThe section serves to introduce the subject of communications systems.本节的目的在于介绍通讯系统这一课题In its basic electrical sense,the term communications refers to the sending,reception and processing of information by electrical means.从其基本的电学意义上讲,通信是指通过电子手段发送、接收和处理信息。
Radio communication was made possible by the invention of the triode.三极管的发明使得无线电通信成为了可能It has subsequently become even more widespread and refined through the invention and use of the transistor,integrated circuit and other semiconductor devices.随后通过晶体管、集成电路和其他半导体器件的发明和使用，它变得更加广泛和精制,A modern communications system is first concerned with the collation,processing and storage of information before its transmission.现代通讯系统第一步要考虑的是在发送消息前对它进行整理、处理和储存The actual transmission then follows.然后进行实际的传输Finally we have reception.最后我们进行接收In order to become familiar with such a system,it is necessary first to know about amplifiers and oscillators.为了熟悉这样一个系统,有必要先了解放大器和振荡器From time to time it is also well to consider some human factors as they influence a particular system.时不时也应该考虑一些人为因素，因为他们会影响某一特定的系统。
科技英语阅读课后参考答案-Unit1,3
科技英语阅读课后参考答案-Unit1,3Unit 1 MathematicsPart I EST Reading Reading 1Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1. Who is Bertrand Russell? Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 – d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by Gottlob Frege (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of neutral monism (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly credited with being one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century. 2. What is Russell’s Paradox? Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russell's discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics. 3. What effect did Russell’s Paradox have on Gottlob Fregg’s system? At first Frege observed that the consequences of Russell’s paradox are not immediately clear. For example, “Is it always permissible to speak of the extension of a concept, of a class? And if not, how do we recognize the exceptional cases? Can we always infer from the extension of one concept’s coinciding with that of a second, that every object which falls under the first concept also falls under the second? Because of these kinds of worries, Frege eventually felt forced to abandon many of his views. 4. What is Russell’s response to the paradox? Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction) axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level,1sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called "no class" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function "x is a set," may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same "type." 5. Have you ever heard of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.? Can you give an account of it? Contradictions like Russell’s paradox arose from what was later called the unrestricted comprehension principle: the assumption that, for any property p, there is a set that contains all and only those sets that have p. In Zermelo’s system, the comprehension principle is eliminated in favour of several much more restrictive axioms: a. Axiom of extensionality. If two sets have the same members, then they are identical. b. Axiom of elementary sets. There exists a set with no members: the null, or empty, set. For any two objects a and b, there exists a set (unit set) having as its only member a, as well as a set having as its only members a and b. c. Axiom of separation. For any well-formed property p and any set S, there is a set, S1, containing all and only the members of S that have this property. That is, already existing sets can be partitioned or separated into parts by well-formed properties. d. Power-set axiom. If S is a set, then there exists a set, S1, that contains all and only the subsets of S. e. Union axiom. If S is a set (of sets), then there is a set containing all and only the membersof the sets contained in S. f. Axiom of choice. If S is a nonempty set containing sets no two of which have common members, then there exists a set that contains exactly one member from each member of S. g. Axiom of infinity. There exists at least one set that contains an infinite number of members. With the exception of (b), all these axioms allow new sets to be constructed from already-constructed sets by carefully constrained operations; the method embodies what has come to be known as the “iterative” conception of a set. /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/entries/russell/ Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea. Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russell’s paradox Part 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russell’s paradox on Gottlob Frege’s system.2Para. 2: Russell’s paradox dealt a heavy blow to Frege’s attempts to develop a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic. Para. 3: An illustration of Russell’s paradox in terms of sets Para. 4: Contradiction found in the set. Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russell’s paradox on his system and inability to solve it. Part 3 (Paras. 6-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russel’s paradox Para. 6: Russell’s own response to the paradox with his "theory of types."Para. 7: Zermelo's solution to Russell's paradox Para. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundation for all of mathematics? Part 4 (Para. 9): Correspondence between Russell and Frege on the paradox 2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1) What is the basic idea of Russell’s paradox? 2) How to explain Russell’s paradox in terms of sets? 3) Can you explain the contradiction found in the sets related to Russell’s paradox 4) Is Russell’s own response to the paradox workable? 5) Do you know Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory? (open) 3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words you’ve learned in the text. Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction) axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level, sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on. Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called "no class" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function "x is a set," may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same "type."Vocabulary and Structure31. Word-building Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once. discover— (suffix) logic— (suffix) correspond—(suffix) describe—(suffix) contradict— (suffix) symbol—(suffix) form—(suffix) develop—(suffix) able—(prefix) equal—(suffix)1) The math may not have been new, but Duchin enjoyed the process of_________, and she got to work collaboratively with half a dozen other math whizzes.( discovery) 2) Packages can be sealed and can contain personal _________if it relates to the contents of the package.( correspondence) 3) New research indicates that the brain region may prefer_________ notation to other numeric representations .( symbolic) 4) To do this, an ideal model based on the _________ paradigm was constructed and then compared with a neutral model reflecting the further education system as it existed before the Act took effect.( equality) 5) Is this not in flagrant _________to Einstein's rule that signals do not travel faster than the velocity of light?( contradiction) 6) Sequential organization has the major advantage that the records are stored in a _________ order, presumably that sequence to which the records are normally required for printing and for soft copy reports.( logical) 7) The mathematical _________ of a zero-sum two-person game is not difficult to construct, and determining the optimal strategies and the value of the game is computationally straightforward.( description) 8) The proof we now know required the_________ unknown in Fermat's time.( development) of an entire field of mathematics that was9) Williams adds that many courses in geometry, “the one high school class that demands _________ reasoning,” have already been “gutted” and are no longer proof-based.( formal) 10) The concept of total aircraft ownership will become increasingly important should the traditional trade structure be _________to cover the expanse of technologies economically.( unable) 2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary. 1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities ("initial" meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base) 42) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of "weak" in the OALD, with a distinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions (definition) 3) The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per cent reduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow) 4) Singapore's continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in our pool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as the world's best in terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term) 5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead) 6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the same way as described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way) 7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly found particles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form) 8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as " the discovery of numerical relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. " (serve) 9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with small tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance (become) 10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterly incongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace) 3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence. 1) A simpleway to describe topology is as a 'rubber sheet geometry' — topologists study those properties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed. 2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities, whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead. 3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under the assumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented. 4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculate a lot faster than ordinary computers—in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal5sense. 5) Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bends light in funny ways. 4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones. 1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars. 2) The full proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is contained in these two papers. 3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period. 4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks is red. 5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayes's theorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.Discourse Understanding1. C. A "3 percent margin of error" means that there is a 95 percent chance that the survey result will be within 3 percent of the population value.2. E. How is it that a survey of only 1,000 people can reach this level of accuracy?3. G. The margin of error depends inversely on the square root of the sample size.4. A. The margin of error is a mathematical abstraction, and there are a number of reasons why actual errors in surveys are larger.5. F. Finally, the 3 percent margin of error is an understatement because opinions change.Reading 2 (/doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/article.cfm?id=mandelbrot-set-1990-hor gan) Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/article.cfm?id=mandelbrot-set-1990 1. Who discovered the Mandelbrot set? This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many people including Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery. 2. Why was the set named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot? The set is named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot, a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because he coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales. 3. Why has there been so much controversy about who discovered the Mandelbrot set?6Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim. 4. What did the challengers say about Mandelbrot’s claim of discovery? Two mathematicians said that they independently discovered and described the set at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrot's efforts but also helped to guide them 5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrot’s claim? Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, because his efforts brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community.Section C Post-reading TaskReading and Understanding1. Choose the best summary of the passage. C A B D2. Complete the sentences based on the text. 1) The term Mandelbrot set is used to refer both to a general class of_________________ and to a particular instance of such a set. （fractal sets） 2) 2.In general, a Mandelbrot set marks the set of points in the _________________ such that the corresponding Julia set is connected and not computable. （complex plane） 3) "The" Mandelbrot set is the set obtained from the _________________ z_(n+1)==z_n︿2+c with z_0==c, where points in the complex plane for which the orbit of z_n tend to infinity are in the set. （quadratic recurrence equation） does not4) Setting z_0 equal to any point in the set that is not a _________________ gives the same result. （periodic point） 5) The Mandelbrot set was originally called a _________________ by Mandelbrot. J. Hubbard and A. Douady proved that the Mandelbrot set is connected（ molecule） /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/11901033_d.html Language in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column. 迭代函数 iterative function 优先权之争 priority battle 分形特征 fractal properties7有意义 make sense 以越来越⼩的规模重复同⼀模式 patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales 混沌理论chaos theory 季刊 a quarterly journal 数学界 the mathematics community 波纹线 crisp lines 会议公报 proceedings of a conference 2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones. e.g. a. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape . b. The shape can be subdivided in parts. c. each part is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property called d. each part has a property of self-similarity. e.g. A fractal is generally "a rough or fragmentedgeometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole", a property called self-similarity. 1) In addition to coining the term "fractal" to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular at various dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as "fractal dimensions" and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z → z2 + c. 2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his school lessons supplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by Gaston Julia 3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraic problems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the "perfected" shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, behind these strange patterns. 4) But the beauty in Mandelbrot's models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, but that they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。
科技英语
②并非所有被动语态句子都能起到突出新信息的作用。 基于以上观点，现代科技工作者提倡用主动语态撰写科 技文章。例如《Science》和《Nature》等国际著名刊物在征 稿要求中提出稿件应尽量采用主动语态写作。
翻译例句 本文介绍了热能制冷技术和燃料电池的工作原理及其特 点。针对燃料电池汽车余热浪费大的特点，提出了利用其余热 制冷为燃料电池汽车空调提供冷源的方法，并对其可行性进行 了研究。 译文1：In this paper, the work principles and features of fuel cell as well as refrigeration technique driven by heat energy are introduced. Considering the present fact that a large amount of heat of fuel cell automobile is wasted, the program that cold source is provided for automobile airconditioner with the refrigeration driven by the heat has been proposed and the feasibility of it has been studied. 第一句使用被动语态，该句主语由17个单词构成，而谓语 只有2个单词，造成头重脚轻的结构。第二句为了使用被动语 态，出现了“悬垂分词”，不合英语语法。
It was unsatisfactory for industry to depend on supplies coming from so far away from the industrial areas of Europe. It was always possible that wars or shopping trouble could stop supplies.
科技英语教材 第 1 至 4 章 练习答案
参考答案第1章第1节翻译的标准第1节翻译练习11．动力装置是船舶的心脏。
(英语中一词多义的现象很普遍，翻译时要根据上下文判断多义词的准确含义，尤其是在翻译科技英语时，一定要选用恰当的中文词汇。
plant一词含义很多，但在此句中应该是“设备，装置”的意思。
)2．驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
(该句也存在英语中一词多义的现象。
unit一词含义很多，但在此句中应该是“装置”而不是”单元”的意思。
)第1节翻译练习21．半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多应用中替代电子管。
(不好)半导体器件也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。
(较好)2．狭窄的条件就意味着旅客的腿不能自由活动。
(不好)空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
(较好)3．所有物体被知道具有重量并占据空间。
(不好)我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
(较好)第1节翻译练习31．从水中把矿物质去除被叫做软化。
(欠佳)去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
(简洁)2．属于双子叶的植物的典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。
(欠佳) 双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。
(简洁)第4节翻译的一般方法第4节翻译练习11．爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一的理论。
(直译)2．这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属，硅酸盐和水构成。
(意译)3．设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。
(意译)4．要使印刷品的质量达到要求，部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。
(意译)第4节翻译练习21．植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。
(合译)2．医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。
(分译)3．太阳的大小看起来有变化．这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。
(分译) 4．这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等，大的直径有1，000公里，小的不到1公里。
(分译) 5．制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。
前者指的是生产少量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。
(分译)第4节翻译练习31.制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。
科技用英语怎么说
科技用英语怎么说社会上习惯于把科学和技术联在一起，统称为“科技”。
实际二者既有密切联系，又有重要区别。
科学解决理论问题，技术解决实际问题。
科学要解决的问题，是发现自然界中确凿的事实与现象之间的关系，并建立理论把事实与现象联系起来;技术的任务则是把科学的成果应用到实际问题中去。
那么你知道科技用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
科技英语说法1：technology科技英语说法2：science and technology科技的相关短语：创新科技 Creative T echnology ;联发科技 MediaTek ;MTK ; mediatek科技树 Technology tree; Arbre des technologies ; technology tree科技创业 Technology Review ; technology entreprencurship 朗讯科技Lucent Technologies ; LUCENT ; LU ; Avaya Technologies资讯科技Information T echnology ; IT ; Geotechnology ; Information Technologies科技的英语例句：1. Several of the delays were caused by the new high-tech baggage system.几次延误都是由新的高科技行李传送系统造成的。
2. Scientific development meant the growth of numerous professions ancillary to medicine.科技发展意味着许多医学衍生职业的增长。
3. Please enclose your remittance, making cheques payableto Thames Valley T echnology.请附上汇款，支票收款人为泰晤士河谷科技公司。
Unit 1 科技英语基础知识(一)
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例1 This electron beam sweeps across each line at a uniform rate，then flies back to scan another line directly below the ， previous one and so on，until the horizontal lines into which it is ， desired to break or split the picture have been scanned in the desired sequence． ． 此句可先分解和简化为如下的简单句: 此句可先分解和简化为如下的简单句 beam sweeps each line， ， then flies back to scan another line， ， it is desired to break picture into lines in desired sequence． ． 全句译为: 电子束以均匀的速率扫描每一行，然后飞速返回 全句译为 电子束以均匀的速率扫描每一行， 去扫描下一行，直到把被扫描的图像按所希望的顺序分割成行。 去扫描下一行，直到把被扫描的图像按所希望的顺序分割成行。
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要成为一个名副其实的内行，需要学到老。 例6 要成为一个名副其实的内行，需要学到老。 这句中， 这句中，有“成为”、“需要”、“学”三个表示动作 成为” 需要” 的词，本句译成英语 的词，本句译成英语: To be a true professional requires lifelong learning. 可以看出， 作为谓语， 可以看出，选“需要(require)”作为谓语，其余两个动 需要 作为谓语 作中的“成为”用不定式形式to be，“学”用动名词形式 作中的“成为”用不定式形式 ， learning，这样才能符合英语语法的要求。 ，这样才能符合英语语法的要求。 把水加热并不会改变水的化学成分。 例7 把水加热并不会改变水的化学成分。 本句有两个动作， 本句有两个动作，即“加热”和“改变”，译成英语: 加热” 改变” 译成英语 Heating water does not change its chemical composition. 本句将“改变”用作谓语，而将“加热” 本句将“改变”用作谓语，而将“加热”(heating)处理 处理 为动名词，连同其宾语 作为本句主语。 为动名词，连同其宾语water作为本句主语。 作为本句主语
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下面这些论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改：正确：①Auditory Perspectives(透视) of Different Types of Music②Y ellow Fever‘s(黄热病) Effect on Transportation and Commerce③The Single Community Concept：A Model for Adult Environmental Education④A Qualitative / Quantitative Analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at CornellUniversity⑤Populations：A Statistical Analysis错误：①Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans—→Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Humans②How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid(半干旱) Land—→Using WaterResources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land③Physics and Art：Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered—→Physics and Art：Uncovering Conceptual Linkages④Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices—→Use of Diamond for Electric Devices⑤Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education —→Protecting Water Quality Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education⑥The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science—→The Nature of Student Science Projects in Comparison to Educational Goals for Science⑦The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill，Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired(后天的) Immune Deficiency Syndrome(综合症)Populations：A Statistical Analysis —→The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill，HIV and AIDS判断下文摘自研究论文的哪个部分，并分析其结构和每句话的作用。
Result—结果：Table 11 shows the number of years to complete a doctoral program for both U.S. and international students at a major research university. As can be seen, international students on average complete doctoral programs in less time than U.S. students in all divisions. The difference in years to completion ranges from a relatively low 0.3 years in physical sciences/engineering and humanities/ arts to a high of 2.8 years in individual departmental programs.Discussion—讨论：The consistent difference in time to degree is not fully understood at present. However, one key factor may be motivation. Many international students have considerable external pressures，including sponsorship/scholarship restrictions, family obligat ions, and employer demands, which could influence the length of time it takes to earn a doctorate.根据下列各段话的内容和语言特点，判断各段话分别摘自研究论文正文中的哪个部分Method—方法：Male red-winged blackbirds were recorded and observed. Analog tape-recordings of vocalizations were completed and territorial behaviors were monitored for each subject during three separate 30 minute observation periods. Females were observed in each subject's territory during recording. Individual territories and perching positions were mapped for each subject.Result—方法：From the 41 responses received, only 5 were form schools whose students only completed team projects. 32 responses were from school whose students completed only individual projects. This is reflected in the high frequency of disagree and strongly disagree responses to question 28 （see Table1）.Method—方法：A copy of the questionnaire can be seen in Fig. 1. The questions were designed to match each of the eight goals and five methods for science as defined in this study. The questions were then examined by several professional educators in the field of science. The viewers' comments were used to develop questions for each goal. The experts' opinions were in agreement that the final version of the questionnaire was worded appropriately and that the content of the questions matched these goals for science education.Discussion—讨论：Science projects were rated overwhelmingly and consistently positive on each of the eight educational goals for science. In the minds of the teachers, science projects are an effective way to address the new educational goals. The rating frequencies show that teachers think science projects are especially effective in incorporating hands-on/minds-on science.Result—结果：The analysis shows 52 % of the graduates used their exhibits at events in their county （Fig. 4）。
Many graduates （64 % ）collected water samples in their county，56 % established a water sample collection point in their county for transport to a water testing lab，and 48 % demonstrated sample collection.Discussion—讨论：The plants produce viable shoot sections, which are capable of growth and may serve as vegetative propagules （繁殖体）。
Development of new tissues is a clear sign of healthy，growing shoot sections and indicates that the sections could go on to produce mature plants if left undisturbed. Under our growth conditions，80% of shoot sections could have matured into seed-producing plants.在下列句中增加或替换适当的词，以减弱句子的语气：1. The experience of older students is not necessary to be more successful with a science project. 将划线部分改为may not be2. One explanation for these differences is that teachers who most strongly believe science projects are valuable encourage their students to work harder and encourage them to go to science fair.将划线部分改为One possible explanation3.However, additional training is needed in disinfection alternatives, iron and hydrogen sulfide removal，and proper well construction.将划线部分改为may be needed4. Some fluctuation is inevitable，since only less than 20 students took the qualifying exam each year.将划线部分改为is probably inevitable5. As can be seen，the pass rate fluctuated quite widely.将划线部分改为appeared/seemed to fluctuate6. From 1989 until the end of the period covered，pass rates have steadily climbed.将划线部分改为appeared/seemed to have steadily climbed7. Other factors are the amount of research funding，the quality of the students themselves，and the priority given to doctoral funding.将划线部分改为Other possible factors8. In fact，the pass rate is cyclical.将划线部分改为seems to be cyclical9. Even so，the fact that 10 out of 15 students passed in 1985 caused the department to try and reduce its number of doctoral students the following year.将划线部分改为probably caused10. The overall results prove that the Quality Water for Home and Farm correspondence program met the objectives set for the program and was an effective method to deliver water quality and management training.将划线部分改为indicate文献类型及载体类型标识：专著[M]，论文集[C]，报纸文章[N]，期刊文章[J]，学位论文[D]，报告[R]，标准[S]，专利[P]开幕词由首部、正文和结束语三部分组成：首部包括标题、时间、称谓三项。