戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第4章_Semanticsppt课件
合集下载
04Chapter-4-gram(语言学PPT讲义)
Phrase Structure
Tree diagram
S
NP
VP
Det N V NP
Det N
The girl ate the apple
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17
第17页，共76页。
Word-level
N=noun A=adjective V=verb P=preposition Det=determiner Adv=adverb Conj=conjunction
3 第3页，共76页。
1.1 Relations of Position
For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrases that can occur in a clause.
13 13
第13页，共76页。
2. Grammatical construction and its constituents
2.1 Grammatical Construction
Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrasal structures to certain complex lexemes.
the basic sentence, the prepositional phrase, the predicate (verb + object) construction, and the connective (be + complement) construction.
《戴炜栋 新编简明英语语言学教程 第2版 笔记和课后习题 含》读书笔记PPT模板思维导图下载
4.3 考研真题与 典型题详解
第5章 语义学
5.2 课后习题详 解
5.1 复习笔记
5.3 考研真题与 典型题详解
第6章 语用学
6.2 课后习题详 解
6.1 复习笔记
6.3 考研真题与 典型题详解
第7章 语言变化
7.2 课后习题详 解
7.1 复习笔记
7.3 考研真题与 典型题详解
第8章 语言与社会
《 戴 炜 栋 新 编 简 明 最新版读书笔记，下载可以直接修改 英语语言学教程
第2版 笔记和课后 习题 含》
思维导图PPT模板
01 第1章 导 言
目录
02 第2章 音位学
03 第3章 形态学
04 第4章 句法学
05 第5章 语义学
06 第6章 语用学
目录ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
07 第7章 语言变化
08 第8章 语言与社会
8.2 课后习题详 解
8.1 复习笔记
8.3 考研真题与 典型题详解
第9章 语言与文化
9.2 课后习题详 解
9.1 复习笔记
9.3 考研真题与 典型题详解
第10章 语言习得
10.2 课后习题 详解
10.1 复习笔记
10.3 考研真题 与典型题详解
第11章 第二语言习得
11.2 课后习题 详解
11.1 复习笔记
11.3 考研真题 与典型题详解
第12章 语言与大脑
12.2 课后习题 详解
12.1 复习笔记
12.3 考研真题 与典型题详解
读书笔记
谢谢观看
第1章 导 言
1.2 课后习题详 解
1.1 复习笔记
1.3 考研真题与 典型题详解
chapter 4 syntax 简明英语语言学 戴炜栋
3.3 IC Analysis (直接成分分析法) immediate constituent（直接成分）
Constituent (构成成分) ultimate constituent （最终成分）
IC（直接成分）: Can be further segmented until we obtain the smallest grammatical units. UC（最终成分）: The smallest grammatical unit obtained through segmentation.
2.2.1 Concord/agreement(一致关系)
A verb is to agree with the subject in person and in number. In English, this rule only affects the verb according to the number of the subject.
This principle refers to the rule that the verb can sometimes agree with the subject according to the notion of number rather than to the actual presence of the grammatical marker for that notion. e.g The government have asked the country to decide by a vote The new military government does not have popular support.
subject subject
戴伟栋语言学第四章第一部分
Unit Four Syntax
4.1 What is syntax? 4.2 Categories
4.3 Phrase structure rule
4.1 Syntax
• Definition • Main points of this unit
Definition of Syntax
• A branch of linguistics; • Studies how words are combined to form sentences; • Studies rules that govern the formation of sentence.
word categories can bear some relationship with its meaning; the meaning associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways; a word’s category cannot be told directly from its meaning.
inflection
words of different categories take different inflections; some words do not take inflections.
distribution
返回
Phrase Category
• Phrase
Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category ; its category is determined by the word category.
4.1 What is syntax? 4.2 Categories
4.3 Phrase structure rule
4.1 Syntax
• Definition • Main points of this unit
Definition of Syntax
• A branch of linguistics; • Studies how words are combined to form sentences; • Studies rules that govern the formation of sentence.
word categories can bear some relationship with its meaning; the meaning associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways; a word’s category cannot be told directly from its meaning.
inflection
words of different categories take different inflections; some words do not take inflections.
distribution
返回
Phrase Category
• Phrase
Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category ; its category is determined by the word category.
语言学chapter4PPT课件
Language is linear and hierarchical. We can analyze language from its largest level to the smallest level, that is from its construction to its constituents by means of substitutability and expansion. The first divisions or cuts of a construction are called immediate constituents and the final cuts as the ultimate constituents. The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis(IC).
Conclusion: structure of the sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not vice versa. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
.
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4.5: A grammar which analyzes
Conclusion: structure of the sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not vice versa. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
.
10
4.5: A grammar which analyzes
语言学第四章 ppt课件
代关系 – relations of co-occurrence同
性关系
语言学第四章
• EX:
• The _______ smiles.
•
man
•
boy
•
girl
语言学第四章
4.1.2 Relation of Substitutability
• 替代关系 • The Relation of Substitutability
• , and Paradigmatic Relations （聚合关系） by Hjemslev(丹麦语言学家,哥本哈根学派的 创始人和主要理论家 ).To make it more understandable, they are called Vertical Relations（垂直关系） or Choice Relations.
语言学第四章
On the level of syntax, we distinguish for any construction in a language its external and internal properties.
The external syntax of a construction refers to the properties of the construction as a whole, that is to say, anything speakers know about the construction that is relevant to the larger syntactic contexts in which it is welcome.
语言学第四章
Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrasal structures to certain complex lexemes.(词的单位）
性关系
语言学第四章
• EX:
• The _______ smiles.
•
man
•
boy
•
girl
语言学第四章
4.1.2 Relation of Substitutability
• 替代关系 • The Relation of Substitutability
• , and Paradigmatic Relations （聚合关系） by Hjemslev(丹麦语言学家,哥本哈根学派的 创始人和主要理论家 ).To make it more understandable, they are called Vertical Relations（垂直关系） or Choice Relations.
语言学第四章
On the level of syntax, we distinguish for any construction in a language its external and internal properties.
The external syntax of a construction refers to the properties of the construction as a whole, that is to say, anything speakers know about the construction that is relevant to the larger syntactic contexts in which it is welcome.
语言学第四章
Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrasal structures to certain complex lexemes.(词的单位）
《新编简明英语语言学教程》PPT课件
Chomsky’s definition (1957)
“From now on I will consider language to be a
set of (finite or infinite) sentenБайду номын сангаасes, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”
• • • • •
Arbitrariness Productivity/Creativity Duality Displacement Cultural transmission
Arbitrariness
----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings. Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, …. Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang… ) Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy…
Language is arbitrary
Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
语言学 SEMANTICS课件
• 词语只是代表物体的名字或标记。 • Limitations:
1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…
meaning as speaker’s stimulus and hearer’s response
The story of Jack and Jill:
Jill
Jack
S_________r--ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ-----s_________R
S = Jill sees an apple.
r = Jill says “I’m thirsty”.
学习交流PPT
2
• Semantics is the study of meaning.
(the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular)
学习交流PPT
3
Some views concerning the study of meaning
Types of Synonyms:
1. Dialectal synonyms（方言）
e.g. autumn - fall, biscuit - cracker, petrol – gasoline… 2. Stylistic synonyms（文体风格---正式、一般、口语）
1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…
meaning as speaker’s stimulus and hearer’s response
The story of Jack and Jill:
Jill
Jack
S_________r--ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ-----s_________R
S = Jill sees an apple.
r = Jill says “I’m thirsty”.
学习交流PPT
2
• Semantics is the study of meaning.
(the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular)
学习交流PPT
3
Some views concerning the study of meaning
Types of Synonyms:
1. Dialectal synonyms（方言）
e.g. autumn - fall, biscuit - cracker, petrol – gasoline… 2. Stylistic synonyms（文体风格---正式、一般、口语）
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Topics : 5.1 What is semantics 语义学的定义 5.2 Some views concerning the study of meaning 关于意义研究的一些观点 5.3 Lexical meaning 词汇意义的主要意义关系 5.4 Sense relations between sentences
物体的名字或标记
Limitations局限性: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…
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16
Reference 指称 （referent词语所指事物）
---- what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world 语言和客观世界的关系
It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
戴炜栋主编英 语语言学教程 第4章课件 _Semantics
Chapter Five Semantics
2
Questions (the rhetoric use of English words): 1) Why is a river rich? 2) Why Saturday and Sunday are the strongest days? 3) What color would you paint the sun and the wind?”
thought/concept/image指称
Symbol符号 (word)
stands for
referent所指 (object)
12
13
5.2.3 Contextualism 语境论
Meaning should be studied in terms of situation场景, use用法, context语境 — elements closely linked with language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized: 1) Situational context 2) Linguistic context: the probability of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation. e.g.“black” in black hair & black coffee, or black sheep differs in meaning.
Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers, logicians and linguists. E.g. Plato & Aristotle.
5
The meaning of meaning （“meaning”的意义）
14
Meaning: “the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” (Bloomfield Behaviorists) The story of Jack and Jill: Jill Jack S_________r--------s_________R 生理刺激—语言反应—语言刺激—非语言反应
17
Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations; （your dog and my dog ) On the other hand, there are also occasions, when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense, e.g. the morning star and the evening star; rising sun in the morning and the sunset at dusk. The moon in foreign countries is rounder ?
句子之间的意义关系
5.5 Analysis of meaning 意义分析
4
1. 5.1 What is semantics
---- the study of meaning in language. What is meaning?
The meaning of words: Lexical semantics The meaning of sentences: Propositional meaning, compositional meaning
11
5.2.2. The conceptualist view 概念论
The view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what is refers to. This is best illustrated by the classic semantic triangle经典语义三角理 论 suggested by Ogden & Richards
他的目光表露了他全部意图
7
What is the meaning of life? (sense意义)8 Nhomakorabea
What does ‘capitalist’ mean to you? （signify表示)
9
10
Words are names or labels for things.词语只是
John means to write.(intend 打算) A green light means to go.(indicate 指 示“行”)
6
Health means everything. (indicate)
健康意味着一切
His look was full of meaning. (intention)
Topics : 5.1 What is semantics 语义学的定义 5.2 Some views concerning the study of meaning 关于意义研究的一些观点 5.3 Lexical meaning 词汇意义的主要意义关系 5.4 Sense relations between sentences
物体的名字或标记
Limitations局限性: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…
15
16
Reference 指称 （referent词语所指事物）
---- what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world 语言和客观世界的关系
It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
戴炜栋主编英 语语言学教程 第4章课件 _Semantics
Chapter Five Semantics
2
Questions (the rhetoric use of English words): 1) Why is a river rich? 2) Why Saturday and Sunday are the strongest days? 3) What color would you paint the sun and the wind?”
thought/concept/image指称
Symbol符号 (word)
stands for
referent所指 (object)
12
13
5.2.3 Contextualism 语境论
Meaning should be studied in terms of situation场景, use用法, context语境 — elements closely linked with language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized: 1) Situational context 2) Linguistic context: the probability of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation. e.g.“black” in black hair & black coffee, or black sheep differs in meaning.
Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers, logicians and linguists. E.g. Plato & Aristotle.
5
The meaning of meaning （“meaning”的意义）
14
Meaning: “the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” (Bloomfield Behaviorists) The story of Jack and Jill: Jill Jack S_________r--------s_________R 生理刺激—语言反应—语言刺激—非语言反应
17
Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations; （your dog and my dog ) On the other hand, there are also occasions, when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense, e.g. the morning star and the evening star; rising sun in the morning and the sunset at dusk. The moon in foreign countries is rounder ?
句子之间的意义关系
5.5 Analysis of meaning 意义分析
4
1. 5.1 What is semantics
---- the study of meaning in language. What is meaning?
The meaning of words: Lexical semantics The meaning of sentences: Propositional meaning, compositional meaning
11
5.2.2. The conceptualist view 概念论
The view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what is refers to. This is best illustrated by the classic semantic triangle经典语义三角理 论 suggested by Ogden & Richards
他的目光表露了他全部意图
7
What is the meaning of life? (sense意义)8 Nhomakorabea
What does ‘capitalist’ mean to you? （signify表示)
9
10
Words are names or labels for things.词语只是
John means to write.(intend 打算) A green light means to go.(indicate 指 示“行”)
6
Health means everything. (indicate)
健康意味着一切
His look was full of meaning. (intention)