Midterm Exam Questions Nov 2011

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机器学习期中考试 midterm

10-701Midterm Exam,Spring20111.Personal info:•Name:•Andrew account:•E-mail address:2.There are14numbered pages in this exam(including this cover sheet).3.You can use any material you brought:any book,notes,and print outs.You cannotuse materials brought by other students.4.No computers,PDAs,phones or Internet access.5.If you need more room to answer a question,use the back of the preceding page.6.Work eﬃciently.Consider answering all of the easier questionsﬁrst.7.There is one optional extra credit question,which will not aﬀect the grading curve.Itwill be used to bump your grade up,without aﬀecting anyone else’s grade.8.You have80minutes,the test has100points.Good luck!Question Topic Max.score Score1Short Questions202Bayes Nets233Decision Surfaces and Training Rules124Linear Regression205Conditional Independence Violation256[Extra Credit]Violated Assumptions61[20Points]Short Questions1.1True or FalseAnswer each of the following True of False.If True,give a short justiﬁcation.If False,a counter-example or convincing one-sentence explanation.1.[2pts]If we train a Naive Bayes classiﬁer using inﬁnite training data that satisﬁes allof its modeling assumptions(e.g.,conditional independence),then it will achieve zero training error over these training examples.2.[2pts]If we train a Naive Bayes classiﬁer using inﬁnite training data that satisﬁes allof its modeling assumptions(e.g.,conditional independence),then it will achieve zero true error over test examples drawn from this same distribution.3.[2pts]Every Bayes Net deﬁned over10variables X1,X2,...X10 tells how to factorthe joint probability distribution P(X1,X2,...X10)into the product of exactly10 terms.Consider the three Bayes Nets shown below:A B C4.[3pts]True or false:Every joint distribution P(X1,X2,X3)that can be deﬁned byadding Conditional Probability Distributions(CPD)to Bayes Net graph A can also be expressed by appropriate CPD’s for Bayes Net graph B.5.[3pts]True or false:Every joint distribution P(X1,X2,X3)that can be deﬁnedby adding Conditional Probability Distributions to Bayes Net graph A can also be expressed by appropriate CPD’s for Bayes Net graph C.1.2Quick questionsAnswer each of the following in one or two sentences,in the space provided.1.[2pts]Prove that P(X1|X2)P(X2)=P(X2|X1)P(X1).(Hint:This is a two-lineproof.)2.[3pts]Consider a decision tree learner applied to data where each example is describedby10boolean variables X1,X2,...X10 .What is the VC dimension of the hypothesis space used by this decision tree learner?3.[3pts]Consider the plot below showing training and test set accuracy for decisiontrees of diﬀerent sizes,using the same set of training data to train each tree.Describe in one sentence how the training data curve(solid line)will change if the number of training examples approaches inﬁnity.In a second sentence,describe what will happen to the test data curve under the same condition.2[23Points]Bayes Nets2.1[17pts]InferenceIn the following graphical model,A,B,C,and D are binary random variables.1.[2pts]How many parameters are needed to deﬁne the Conditional Probability Dis-tributions(CPD’s)for this Bayes Net?2.[2pts]Write an expression for the probability P(A=1,B=1,C=1,D=1)interms of the Bayes Net CPD e notation like P(C=1|A=0)to denote speciﬁc parameters in the CPD’s.3.[3pts]Write an expression for P(A=0|B=1,C=1,D=1)in terms of the BayesNet Conditional Probability Distribution(CPD)parameters.4.[2pts]True or False(give brief justiﬁcation):C is conditionally independent of Bgiven D.5.[2pts]True or False(give brief justiﬁcation):C is conditionally independent of Bgiven A.Suppose we use EM to train the above Bayes Net from the partially labeled data given below,ﬁrst initializing all Bayes net parameters to0.5.A B C D10101?01110?0?0?010?6.[2pts]How many distinct quantities will be updated during theﬁrst M step?7.[2pts]How many distinct quantities will be estimated during theﬁrst E step?8.[2pts]When EM converges,what will be theﬁnal estimate for P(C=0|A=1)?[Hint:You do not need a calculator.]2.2[6pts]Constructing a Bayes netDraw a Bayes net over the random variables{A,B,C,D}where the following conditional independence assumptions hold.Here,X⊥Y|Z means X is conditionally independent of Y given Z,and X ⊥Y|Z means X and Y are not conditionally independent given Z,and∅stands for the empty set.•A⊥B|∅•A ⊥D|B•A⊥D|C•A ⊥C|∅•B ⊥C|∅•A ⊥B|D•B⊥D|A,C3[12Points]Decision Surfaces and Training Rules Consider a classiﬁcation problem with two boolean variables X1,X2∈{0,1}and label Y∈{0,1}.In Figure1we show two positive(“+”)and two negative(“-”)examples.Figure1:Two positive examples and two negative examples.Question[2pts]:Draw(or just simply describe)a decision tree that can perfectly classify the four examples in Figure1.Question[3pts]:In the class we learned the training rule to grow a decision tree: we start from a single root node and iteratively split each node using the“best”attribute selected by maximizing the information gain of the split.We will stop splitting a node if: 1)examples in the node are already pure;or2)we cannotﬁnd any single attribute that gives a split with positive information gain.If we apply this training rule to the examples in Figure1,will we get a decision tree that perfectly classiﬁes the examples?Brieﬂy explain what will happen.Question[5pts]:Suppose we learn a Naive Bayes classiﬁer from the examples in Figure1,using MLE(maximum likelihood estimation)as the training rule.Write down all the parameters and their estimated values(note:both P(Y)and P(X i|Y)should be Bernoulli distributions).Also,does this learned Naive Bayes perfectly classify the four examples?Question[2pts]:Is there any logistic regression classiﬁer using X1and X2that can perfectly classify the examples in Figure1?Why?4[20Points]Linear RegressionConsider a simple linear regression model in which y is the sum of a deterministic linear function of x,plus random noise .y=wx+where x is the real-valued input;y is the real-valued output;and w is a single real-valued parameter to be learned.Here is a real-valued random variable that represents noise, and that follows a Gaussian distribution with mean0and standard deviationσ;that is, ∼N(0,σ)(a)[3pts]Note that y is a random variable because it is the sum of a deterministic function of x,plus the random variable .Write down an expression for the probability distribution governing y,in terms of N(),σ,w and x.(b)[3pts]You are given n i.i.d.training examples{(x1,y1),(x2,y2),...,(x n,y n)}to train this model.Let Y=(y1,...,y n)and X=(x1,...,x n),write an expression for the conditional data likelihood:p(Y|X,w).(c)[9pts]Here you will derive the expression for obtaining a MAP estimate of w from the training data.Assume a Gaussian prior over w with mean0and standard deviationτ(i.e.w∼N(0,τ)).Show thatﬁnding the MAP estimate w∗is equivalent to solving the following optimization problem:w∗=argmin w 12ni=1(y i−wx i)2+λ2w2;Also express the regularization parameterλin terms ofσandτ.(d)[5pts]Above we assumed a zero-mean prior for w,which resulted in the usualλ2w2regularization term for linear regression.Sometimes we may have prior knowledge that suggests w has some value other than zero.Write down the revised objective function that would be derived if we assume a Gaussian prior on w with meanµinstead of zero(i.e.,if the prior is w∼N(µ,τ)).5[25Points]Conditional Independence Violation 5.1Naive Bayes without Conditional Independence Violation Table 1:P (Y )Y =0Y =10.80.2Table 2:P (X 1|Y )X 1=0X 1=1Y =00.70.3Y =10.30.7Consider a binary classiﬁcation problem with variable X 1∈{0,1}and label Y ∈{0,1}.The true generative distribution P (X 1,Y )=P (Y )P (X 1|Y )is shown as Table 1and Table 2.Question [4pts]:Now suppose we have trained a Naive Bayes classiﬁer,using inﬁnite training data generated according to Table 1and Table 2.In Table 3,please write down the predictions from the trained Naive Bayes for diﬀerent conﬁgurations of X 1.Note that ˆY (X 1)in the table is the decision about the value of Y given X 1.For decision terms in the table,write down either ˆY=0or ˆY =1;for probability terms in the table,write down the actual values (and the calculation process if you prefer,e.g.,0.8∗0.7=0.56).Table 3:Predictions from the trained Naive BayesˆP (X 1,Y =0)ˆP (X 1,Y =1)ˆY(X 1)X 1=0X 1=1Question [3pts]:What is the expected error rate of this Naive Bayes classiﬁer on testing examples that are generated according to Table 1and Table 2?In other words,P (ˆY (X 1)=Y )when (X 1,Y )is generated according to the two tables.Hint:P (ˆY(X 1)=Y )=P (ˆY (X 1)=Y,X 1=0)+P (ˆY (X 1)=Y,X 1=1).5.2Naive Bayes with Conditional Independence Violation Consider two variables X 1,X 2∈{0,1}and label Y ∈{0,1}.Y and X 1are still generated according to Table 1and Table 2,and then X 2is created as a duplicated copy of X 1.Question[6pts]:Now suppose we have trained a Naive Bayes classiﬁer,using inﬁnite training data that are generated according to Table1,Table2and the duplication rule. In Table4,please write down the predictions from the trained Naive Bayes for diﬀerent conﬁgurations of(X1,X2).For probability terms in the table,you can write down just the calculation process(e.g.,one entry might be0.8∗0.3∗0.3=0.072,and you can just write down0.8∗0.3∗0.3to save some time).Hint:the Naive Bayes classiﬁer does assume that X2is conditionally independent of X1given Y.Table4:Predictions from the trained Naive BayesˆP(X,X2,Y=0)ˆP(X1,X2,Y=1)ˆY(X1,X2)1X1=0,X2=0X1=1,X2=1X1=0,X2=1X1=1,X2=0Question[3pts]:What is the expected error rate of this Naive Bayes classiﬁer on testing examples that are generated according to Table1,Table2and the duplication rule?Question[3pts]:Compared to the scenario without X2,how does the expected error rate change(i.e.,increase or decrease)?In Table4,the decision ruleˆY on which conﬁgura-tion is responsible to this change?What actually happened to this decision rule?(You need to brieﬂy answer:increase or decrease,the responsible conﬁguration,and what happened.)5.3Logistic Regression with Conditional Independence Violation Question[2pts]:Will logistic regression suﬀer from having an additional variable X2that is actually a duplicate of X1?Intuitively,why(hint:model assumptions)?Now we will go beyond the intuition.We have a training set D1of L examples D1={(X11,Y1),...,(X L1,Y L)}.Suppose we generate another training set D2of L examples D2={(X11,X12,Y1),...,(X L1,X L2,Y L)},where in each example X1and Y are the same as in D1and then X2is a duplicate of X1.Now we learn a logistic regression from D1,which should contain two parameters:w0and w1;we also learn another logistic regression from D2,whichshould have three parameters:w0,w1and w2.Question[4pts]:First,write down the training rule(maximum conditional likelihoodestimation)we use to estimate(w0,w1)and(w0,w1,w2)from data.Then,given the trainingrule,what is the relationship between(w0,w1)and(w0,w1,w2)we estimated from D1andD2?Use this fact to argue whether or not the logistic regression will suﬀer from having an additional duplicate variable X2.6[Extra Credit 6pts]Violated assumptionsExtra Credit Question :This question is optional –do not attempt it until you have completed the rest of the exam.It will not aﬀect the grade curve for the exam,though you will receive extra points if you answer it.Let A,B,and C be boolean random variables governed by the joint distribution P (A,B,C ).Let D be a dataset consisting of n data points,each of which is an independent draw from P (A,B,C ),where all three variables are fully observed.Consider the following Bayes Net,which does not necessarily capture the correct condi-tional independencies in P (A,B,C).Let ˆPbe the distribution learned after this Bayes net is trained using D .Show that for any number ,0< ≤1,there exists a joint distribution P (A,B,C )such that P (C =1|A =1)=1,but such that the Bayes net shown above,when trained on D ,will (with probability1)learn CPTs where:ˆP (C =1|A =1)= b ∈{0,1}ˆP(C =1|B =b )ˆP (B =b |A =1)≤ as |D |approaches ∞.Assume that the Bayes net is learning on the basis of the MLE.You should solve this problem by deﬁning a distribution with the above property.Your ﬁnal solution may be either in the form of a fully speciﬁed joint distribution (i.e.you write out the probabilities for each assignment of the variables A,B,and C ),or in the form of a Bayes net with fully speciﬁed CPTs.(Hint:the second option is easier.)。

2011年模拟试题12

2011年专四考试模拟试题（阅读篇12）Migration is usually defined as “permanent or semipermanent change o f residence”.“This broad definition, of course, would include a move across the street or a cross a city. Our concern is with movement between nations, not with internal mi gration within nations, although such movements often exceed international movem ents in volume. Today, the motives of people who move short distances are very s imilar to those of international migrants”.Students of human migration speak of “push”and “pull”factors, which influe nce an individual’s decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic as war, or sever e famine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads are motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do in fluence their choice of destination).Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most of thes e are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good lan d to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the Unit ed States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparen tly better chance for a good life and material well being than is offered by th e place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential d estinations, the deciding factor might be a non economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellowcountrymen already establ ished in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Consider ations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call “intervenin g obstacles”. Even if push and/or pull factors are very strong they still may b e outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the tro uble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the pro blems likely to be encountered on arrival.The decision to move is also influenced by “personal factors”of the potential migrant. The same push pull factors and obstacles operate differently on diffe rent people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or j ust because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packin g up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may app ear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and appallingly diffic ult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to l earn a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another.Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes confl ict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment p roblems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.1. The author thinks that pull factors ______ .A. are all related to economic considerationsB. are not as decisive as push factorsC. include a range of considerationsD. are more important than push factors2. People’s decisions to migrate might be influenced by all the following EXCEPT ______ .A. personalitiesB. educationC. marital statusD. abilities3. The purpose of the passage is to discuss ______ .A. the problems of international migrantsB. the motives of international migrantsC. migration inside the countryD. migration between countries答案1. C) 根据第三段可知pull factors不仅和economic considerations有关，还和non economic considerations有关，由此可排除选项A。

CIMA E2 2011年9月考试题目及答案

The Examiner's Answers – September 2011E2 - Enterprise ManagementSECTION ASome of the answers that follow in Sections A and B are fuller and more comprehensive than would be expected from a well-prepared candidate. They have been written in this way to aid teaching, study and revision for tutors and candidates alike.Answer to Question OneThere are a number of different management styles and leadership theories which could be used to compare and contrast J’s approach and the approach senior management thinks she should adopt.It would seem from the scenario information that J’s approach is more people centred than task centred. Adair’s action centred leadership model is based on the premise that effective leadership requires the bringing together of task, team and individual needs. In J’s case, senior management is suggesting that J has a focus on the needs of the individual and the group, but has not paid sufficient attention to the task achievement.The Blake and Mouton managerial grid provides a useful framework for understanding and applying effective management. The grid was developed from the precept that management is essentially concerned with production and people. The grid suggests that any combination of concern for production and concern for people may be present in an organisation.Using the Blake and Mouton grid, perhaps J could be viewed as adopting the country club approach to management where the emphasis is on people. People are encouraged and supported and any inadequacies are overlooked on the basis that they are doing their best and that coercion or a more authoritive/directive approach would not improve things.It could be argued that senior management wants J to adopt a task oriented style where the emphasis is on achieving the task, without concern for people. J would be responsible for planning, directing and controlling the work of her subordinates, treating people as commodities or machines.In fact the most effective approach would bring together both J’s current approach and the approach her senior management team suggests. This is a team style, and whilst it might be viewed as idealistic it advocates a high degree of concern for both production and people. It endeavours to discover the best and most effective solutions aimed at the highest attainable level of production to which all involved contribute and in which everyone finds a sense of achievement. In adopting this approach J would assume that employees are committed to the organisation, and that any conflict which occurs can be successfully managed.Note from examiner: Although this answer has been based on Adair’s action centred leadership, and Blake and Mouton Managerial Grid, alternative management style and leadership theories could be used to develop the answer.Answer to Question TwoPorter's Diamond is based on four interacting determinants that assist the country, and hence individual organisations operating in that country, to be more competitive in international markets. These are factor conditions; home demand conditions; related and supporting industries; firm strategy, structure and rivalry.Taking each determinant in turn:•Factor conditions refer to the factors of production that go into making a product or service. Different nations have different stocks of factors which can be categorised as human resources; physical resources; knowledge; capital; infrastructure. It is notsufficient to have an abundance of the factors, rather it is the efficiency with whichthey are deployed that is important.Porter also distinguished between basic factors, which he claims are unsustainableas a source of competitive advantage, and advanced factors.•Home demand conditions refer to the nature of the domestic customer becoming a source of competitive advantage. Dealing with sophisticated and demandingcustomers with high expectations in an organisation's home market will help driveinnovation and quality, which in turn will help an organisation to be effective in othercountries.Although economies of scale are relevant, it is not necessarily about the quantity ofhome demand but the information that the home market gives organisations and theimpetus to innovate. If the customer needs are understood in the home market earlier than in the world market, the firms benefit from the experience.•Related and Supporting Industries. Porter proposes that a nation's competitive industries are clustered, where a cluster is a linking of industries through relationships which are either vertical (buyer-supplier) or horizontal (common customers,technology, skills).Related and supporting industries of local clusters of related and mutually supportive industries can be a source of competitive advantage. In other words, competitivesuccess in one industry is linked to the success in related industries. Having adomestic supplier industry can be preferable to a good foreign supplier as proximity to managerial and technical people along with cultural similarity can facilitate free andopen information flows.•Firm strategy, industry structure and rivalry are related to the fact that nations are likely to secure competitive advantage in industries that are more culturally suited totheir normal management practices and industrial structures. For example, industries in different countries have different time horizons, funding needs and infrastructures.Fierce domestic rivalry and competition will drive innovation, force down costs anddevelop new methods of competing. This can enhance global competitive advantage.Answer to Question ThreeRequirement (a)A matrix structure is based on a dual chain of command and is often used as a structure in project management. In the case of C Consultancy Company, it would involve establishing cross specialist teams, as necessary, to work on particular consultancy projects.Since the consultancy projects will be time bound, a matrix structure provides a way of resourcing and organising work, bringing people together to work on a particular client project and then returning to their specialist area.Consultants would have a dual role in terms of belonging to their specialist area as well as being a member of a project team. This would mean reporting to both the senior manager of the specialist area and the project manager for their work on a particular consultancy project. Requirement (b)The matrix structure could bring a number of advantages to consultancy project work. For instance, it would bring together a wide range of expertise cutting across specialisms to work on a client project. This would also enable the company to offer a broader portfolio of consultancy interventions. From an employee perspective, it can facilitate the development of new skills and adaptation to unexpected problems, broadening a specialist’s outlook by working with others.Whilst there are benefits, there can be disadvantages to the matrix project structure. One of the main problems is associated with the lack of clear responsibilities and potential clashes and tensions between the different priorities of the project tasks and the specialist area. Employees may end up being confused by having to report to two bosses and deciding whose work should take precedence. Conflicts may arise due to the differences in the backgrounds and interests of staff from different specialist areas working together, and some attention will be required to assist team development in the early stages of the project.The project manager may be reluctant to impose authority as they may be subordinates in later projects.Answer to Question FourRequirement (a)In explaining why undertaking competitor analysis is important, the presentation should include points on the following:•The overriding purpose of gathering competitor intelligence is to identify the specific competitive advantage of rival organisations. This would help the company indeveloping a better understanding of strengths and weaknesses of its potentialcompetitors and to help predict competitor behaviour.•It should also help management in understanding the competitive advantage (or indeed disadvantage) of the organisation relative to competitors.•It can help in generating insights into the past, present and potential strategies of its competitors and how they have reacted. This in turn will provide an informed basis for developing future strategies to sustain and establish advantage over competitors and to assist with the forecasting of the returns on strategic investments when decidingbetween alternative strategies.Requirement (b)The second part of the presentation should include points to highlight the types of information that should be collected on competitors.The first point would be to identify the competitors for which information should be collected. This could be based on which competitors it perceives as posing the greatest threat. Other types of information that should be collected as part of competitor analysis include: •The present strategies of key competitors, for example; how is the firm competing and where the firm is competing.•Identifying competitors' current goals and objectives. For example, is a particular competitor seeking sales growth or market share growth in an aggressive manner? Is it investing in new premises?•Information on competitors' current products and services. Also their segmentation strategies, branding and image, and the customer segments targeted.•Identifying the competitors' resources and capabilities. This will therefore involve gathering information on their management profiles, organisational structure, financial strength and technologies to understand not only what they are doing now, but alsowhat they are capable of doing in the future. The scale and size of the company'sresources are both important indicators of the competitor's threat.Answer to Question FiveCompetitive advantage refers to the significant advantages that an organisation has over its competitors. It can be gained on the basis of price or through some form of differentiation, such as quality of service, product design or branding which allows an organisation to charge higher prices for its products/services.The resource based view (RBV) to achieving competitive advantage is a more recent paradigm of strategic management. This is an inside-out-view where competitive advantage is gained from the exploitation of an organisation's resources, competences and capabilities. In other words, it refers to the distinctive groups of skill that would allow an organisation to provide particular benefits and deliver competitor advantage and is not dictated by the constraints of the external environment.The RBV approach emphasises the development of strategy based on internal capability, hence an organisation would need to use strategic management frameworks that would help it in understanding the internal aspects of the organisation. In other words, to determine what it is good at, what its strengths are and what its weaknesses are.Adopting the RBV means that superior profitability would depend on its possession of unique resources or abilities that cannot be easily imitated by its rivals. The assumption here is that an organisation is a collection of resources, capabilities and competences that are relatively unique. These can provide the basis for an organisation's strategic development and its ability to compete better than those of competitors.The RBV has developed from the work of Prahalad and Hamel’s work on core competences which focuses on the strategic intent of an organisation to leverage its internal capabilities and core competences to confront competition. This is sometimes referred to as strategic stretch.Resources can be tangible, such as plant and equipment, access to raw materials and finance, trained/skilled workforce or intangible such as brand and intellectual property. However, it is the way the resources are used which provides the capability to compete. For resources to be unique, Barney (1991) suggests that they must add value, be rare, difficult to imitate and cannot be easily substituted.Intangible resources are often the most likely to create sources of competitive advantage, as it is argued that they are more difficult for competitors to understand and imitate. In addition, it is the way resources are integrated with each other to perform a task or activity that provides the capability or competence for an organisation to compete. Therefore, one of the most important resources for an organisation is the skill and knowledge possessed by the organisation's employees, which is acquired over time and embedded in its culture.SECTION BAnswer to Question SixRequirement (a)PRINCE2 is an acronym for Projects In Controlled Environments and is a structured approach to project management. Essentially it provides a project framework with a set of project tools, guidelines and standards. It includes bureaucratic controls on the planning and execution so that any potential problems that may arise are identified and can be resolved early in the process. Whilst it could be argued that aspects of PRINCE2 could be considered to be just good project management, the difference is in the level of structure and documentation required.The key processes of PRINCE2 methodology offer a number of features that would help the client management IT system project, including:• A defined management structure of roles and responsibilities• A system of plans• A set of control procedures• A focus on product based planningThe key processes and documentation of PRINCE2 would provide the project team with a clear structure of authority and responsibility between members in the project team, so that each party has clear objectives. As part of this, the control responsibilities of the various members of the project team would be determined.The methodology can help in the future planning of the project, which R will need to do to get the project back on track. The PRINCE2 hierarchy of plans include:•The overall project plan.•Individual work plans for each project team member.•Stage plans - which involves preparing plans for each stage. This assists in managing stage boundaries in terms of ensuring that all deliverables planned in a current stage have been completed as defined before authorising the next stage.•The exception plan which is used when there are signs that the project is slipping behind schedule or deviating from budget or quality targets. If the project is going toexceed its tolerance, for example variances in time, cost or quality, this would bereported to the project board including B, the project sponsor. The implications on the whole project deliverables would then be discussed and plans amended to reflect any changes needed to ensure the project delivers its objectives.PRINCE2 has a set of progressive documents for a project and control is achieved through the authorisation of work packages. These include controls on quality, time and costs and identify reports and handover requirements, all of which appear to be problems with regard to the client management IT system project.The methodology also includes a series of ‘management products’, for example, project initiation documents, project budget, quality plan and various checkpoint and progress reports which would improve controls for the project.PRINCE2 would divide the project into:•Technical products, which are the things the project has been set up to provide to users.•Quality products, which define the quality standards the technical product must achieve.•Management products, which include project management structure planning documentation and reports.Requirement (b)B, as the project sponsor, is the person who will initiate the project and appoint the project manager. She will make the resources available for the project and would be responsible for approving the project plan. B will also expect to receive status reports as the project progresses to see that key milestones have been reached. If any changes are made to the plan during the project lifecycle, then the project sponsor will need to be informed.The project sponsor will primarily take the role of watching over the project, she will not get involved in the day to day operational aspects of project management. However, she will provide support and senior management commitment to the project, acting when appropriate as a champion for the project. B will also be responsible for overseeing the financial aspects of the project, and may need to approve any capital expenditure if it is over a certain budget. In contrast, R, as the project manager, will take responsibility for planning the various activities of the project. He will want to ensure the success of the project in terms of delivering its objectives on time and within budget. He will need to secure stakeholder approval, inform key stakeholders of progress and manage the different expectations of the various stakeholders including, for instance, the project sponsor and the project customer.R's role will involve co-ordinating, controlling and communicating project activities on a day to day basis. This will involve securing and allocating project resources, monitoring project progress and controlling costs. He will need to keep B, the project sponsor, informed of progress and alert her to any serious problems which could impact on achieving the project objectives, should they occur.As project manager, R will be responsible for leading and motivating the project team and fostering a collaborative working environment. He may need to manage any conflicts within the project team.However well planned a project is, if problems do occur it will be the responsibility of the project manager to be the negotiator and to resolve problems.Answer to Question SevenRequirement (a)Organisational conflict can occur on a number of different levels and can have a detrimental impact on the business. The conflict in Z Company is best characterised as horizontal conflict. This is where conflict occurs between groups or departments at the same level in the hierarchy. A number of factors play a part in creating the conflict:Goal incompatibility is often the main cause, where the goals of one area block the achievement by other areas. In Z Company, the functional structure of the organisation could encourage employee loyalty to particular departments with employees wanting to concentrate on their own goals. The goals of different departments are often seen as mutually exclusive. This can result in conflict and lack of cooperation between different departments during the New Product Development (NPD) process.Goals of innovation often can cause more conflict than other goals since the NPD process requires departments to co-operate. However, where there is an increase in task interdependence between different departments, then the potential for conflict increases. This is because the greater interdependence means that departments may exert pressure for fast response because the work in one department has to wait on other departments. Employees will need to spend time sharing information and communicating. As a result, differences in goals and attitudes can emerge leading to conflict. There appears to be a lack of understanding and appreciation of the pressures and needs of other departments during the NPD process.For example whilst the Research & Development (R & D) Department wants to come up with the best possible product range from a technical perspective, in doing so it may not take account of the cost aspect, nor of the implications for the production of the new products, which will be of concern for the Production Department.The marketing sales staff will want a new product range ready for the sales team. The Finance Department is viewed very much as a controller and an obstacle to the NPD process. The marketers and R&D staff may see finance as only taking a short term view rather than investing for the future of the company.Another source that can lead to horizontal conflict are the differences in the personalities, attitudes and experience of managers in different functional departments. This is often apparent between the different values of those working in marketing, finance and R &D. This stems from the different skills, qualifications and time horizons of the people working in these different areas.Requirement (b)Meetings can take up a significant amount of time and should, ideally, be seen to benefit those who attend. However, as in the scenario, people often leave meetings feeling frustrated at the time spent without any useful outcomes for them.As a first step, the Finance Director should prepare for the meeting, set clear objectives onthe purpose of the meeting, and establish who from the project team needs to attend. This should ensure that the time is not wasted for people who do not need to be there and to ensure the objectives of the meeting can be achieved. A practical aspect is to make arrangements in terms of the location and time of the meeting to encourage attendance.An agenda should be drawn up by the Finance Director in advance and circulated to those attending. The agenda should provide a focus for the discussion and allow people to prepare before coming to the meeting, ensuring that they have relevant information with them. In the scenario, it is likely this had not been done since the necessary information from finance was not brought along to the meeting.Other common problems that can occur during the meeting stem from having an ineffective chairperson, which can then result in the domination of discussion by a few people, conflict between attendees and the agenda items being unrealistic or badly structured. These problems can be addressed by the Finance Director acting as an effective chairperson. Ideally there will also be a secretary or administrator who will be responsible for taking the minutes at the meetings.The Finance Director should impose some order on the meeting and ask participants to contribute in accordance with meeting protocols, such as time constraints. His role is to facilitate discussion at the meeting. The Finance Director should also be able to manage conflict should it arise in a meeting and control any disruptive elements. Whilst encouraging constructive debate the skill is in limiting the scope of the discussion to agenda items.Throughout the meeting the Finance Director should summarise and clarify key points made, explaining any jargon used and check understanding by all attending the meeting. He should note the actions that need to be taken, by whom and when, so that it is clear who is responsible for what. At the end of the meeting, a summary of the results should be gone through so that all participants are clear on the action points and their commitment is gained.The Finance Director needs to bear in mind that the level of attention of participants diminishes towards the end of a meeting, particularly when it goes on too long. People may agree to anything towards the end of the meeting simply to get away.After the meeting, the main problem is that actions are not always carried out. Therefore, minutes should be distributed to the attendees and other interested parties so that the outcomes are not lost, and team members are reminded of their responsibilities, priorities and action points. This should be kept as brief as possible to improve the chances of the minutes being read and action points acted upon. The minutes should form the basis of the next meeting so that failure to carry out actions is identified.。

2011考研英语二真题

2011考研英语二真题IntroductionIn this article, we will explore the 2011 national postgraduate entrance examination (commonly referred to as "考研" in Chinese) English II exam. We will analyze the different sections of the exam, discuss the format, and provide some tips to help candidates prepare for the test. Let's dive in!Section 1: Listening ComprehensionThe Listening Comprehension section is designed to assess the candidates' ability to understand spoken English in various contexts. It consists of four parts, each with multiple-choice questions. In this section, candidates are required to listen to recordings and answer questions based on the information they hear.Part A usually includes short conversations between two speakers, while Part B features longer conversations involving more speakers. Part C requires candidates to listen to a talk or lecture, and Part D involves listening to a longer talk or discussion. The difficulty level increases as the sections progress.To excel in this section, candidates should practice their listening skills by engaging in regular listening exercises. They can listen to English podcasts, watch English movies, or participate in conversation groups to improve their ability to understand spoken English.Section 2: Reading ComprehensionThe Reading Comprehension section aims to evaluate the candidates' reading abilities, including their understanding of both general and specific information. It consists of several passages, each followed by a set of multiple-choice questions.The passages cover a wide range of topics, such as social sciences, natural sciences, humanities, and current events. Candidates should focus on improving their reading speed and comprehension by regularly reading English materials, such as news articles, scientific papers, and literary works.Additionally, candidates can benefit from developing effective reading strategies, such as skimming and scanning, to quickly identify key information and answer the questions accurately within the given time limit.Section 3: TranslationThe Translation section assesses candidates' proficiency in both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation. It commonly includes short sentences or paragraphs that need to be translated accurately and appropriately.To excel in this section, candidates should enhance their vocabulary by learning new words, idiomatic expressions, and grammatical structures. Additionally, practicing translation exercises regularly can help candidates improve their translation skills, such as retaining the original meaning while adjusting for cultural and linguistic differences.Section 4: WritingThe Writing section requires candidates to write an essay or an article on a given topic. It tests the candidates' ability to organize their thoughts, express their opinions, and use appropriate language structures effectively.To excel in this section, candidates should practice writing regularly by choosing topics related to current affairs, social issues, or academic subjects. By following a structured approach, including brainstorming, outlining, and proofreading, candidates can enhance their writing skills and effectively convey their ideas in a coherent and logical manner.ConclusionThe 2011 national postgraduate entrance examination English II exam is a comprehensive assessment of candidates' English language skills. By focusing on improving their listening, reading, translation, and writing abilities, candidates can increase their chances of success in the exam. Regular practice, exposure to English materials, and the use of effective test-taking strategies will pave the way for a successful performance in the examination. Good luck to all the candidates!。

2011midterm exam

第三部分：阅读理解（4篇文章，共20小题，每题1.5分，满分30分）AZhou Y ongjie, a quiet and shy boy from Kongjiang High School, Shanghai, took part in a recent International Computer Programming Contest for University Students in April, 2001. Zhou, with his two partners, came out as third winners, next to the teams from Qinghua University in Beijing and Shanghai Jiaotong University.Zhou took up computer six years ago. He took his parents’ advice and entered his name for a computer class. When asked how to balance his school work and his after-school computer class. Zhou said that it was difficult to keep balanced between the two. Thanks to his hard work, he is always listed as one of the five best students in his class after exams. Zhou gets no introduction from his parents. Whenever he has problems he discusses with his classmates. Self-teaching is not an easy thing and many students have given up. But Zhou Y ongjie is not discouraged. He also regards the computer as a tool for studying maths and other subjects. He also does some programming for running in his spare time.Talking about the international contest, Zhou seemed to be a little excited. He said he and his two partners were supposed to solve eight problems within five hours, including the meal time. They divided the work among themselves and finally solved six problems with joint efforts. What impressed him most was that when a problem was solved, the team would be given a balloon as an encouragement. So once in a while, they would look around and wonder how other teams wer e going. Surprisingly, Zhou Y ongjie hasn’t decided whether to work as a full-time computer programmer in the future. He prefers to do what he likes most and will regard computer as an instrument.56. Which of the following do we know from the passage?A. Zhou Y ongjie still made better progress in his school work besides the computer.B. As a result of learning computer, he always got the first place in examinations.C. Z hou Y ongjie took up computer when he was six years old.D. Zhou Y ongjie has made up his mind to do some research on computer.57. No matter when Zhou Y ongjie meets some problems in his studies, ________.A. he asks for some advice from his parentsB. he has a discussion with his classmatesC. he thinks them over himselfD. he gives them up58. During the contest, __________.A. Zhou solved eight problems within five hoursB. Zhou and his partners solved five problems within five hoursC. Zhou and his partners worked out all the problems with joint efforts within five hoursD. Zhou and his partners worked out six problems and got the third place59. Why is Zhou always regarded as one of the best students in his class after exams?A. For he is very shy and quiet.B. With the help of his two partners.C. Because of his working very hard at his subjects.D. With the help of his computer.60. Which of the following is the best title?A. Self-teaching Is Not EasyB. A Y oung Computer ExpertC. A Y oung Student’s SuccessD. The Secret of SuccessBThe famous director of a big and expensive movie planned to film a beautiful sunset over the ocean, so that the audience could see his hero and heroine in front of it at the end of the film as they said goodbye to each other for ever. He sent camera team out one evening to film the sunset for him.The next morning he said to the men, “Have you provided me with that sunset?”“No, Sir,” the men answered.The director was angry. “Why not?” he asked.“Well,” one of the men answered, “we are on the east coast here, and the sun sets in the w est. We can get you a sunrise over the sea, if necessary, but not a sunset.”“But I want a sunset!” the director shouted. “Go to the airport, take the next flight to the west coast, and get one.”But then a young secretary had an idea. “Why don’t you photograph a sunrise,” she suggested, “and then play it backwards, Then it’ll look like a sunset.” “That’s a very good idea!” the director said. Then he turned to the camera team and said, “Tomorrow morning I want you to get me a beautiful sunrise over the se a.”The camera team went out early the next morning and filmed a bright sunrise over the beach in the middle of a beautiful bay. Then at nine o’clock they took it to the director. “Here it is, Sir,” they said, and give it to him. He was very pleased.The y all went into the studio. “All right,” the director explained, “now our hero and heroine are going to say goodbye. Run the film backwards so that we can see the sunset behind them.”The “sunset” began, but after a quarter of a minute, the director sudde nly put his face in his hands and shouted to the camera team to stop.The birds in the film were flying backwards away from the beach.61. One evening, the director sent his camera team out ______.A. to watch a beautiful sunsetB. to find an actor and an actressC. to film a scene on the seaD. to meet the audience62. Why did the director want to send his team to the west coast?A. Because he changed his mind about getting a sunsetB. Because he was angry about his teamC. Because it was his secre tary’s suggestionD. Because he wanted to get a scene of sunset63. Which of the following is NOT true?A. The team followed the secretary’s advice.B. If you want to see a sunrise, the east coast is a place to go to.C. The camera team wasn’t able to film the scene the first day.D. The director ordered his team to stop filming the “sunset”64. The director wanted to film a sunset over the ocean because _____.A. it went well with the separation of the hero and heroineB. when they arrived at the beach it was already in the eveningC. it was more moving than a sunriseD. the ocean looked more than a sunrise65. After the “sunset” began, the director suddenly put his face in his hands _____.A. because he was moved to tearsB. as he saw everything in the film moving backwardsC. as the sunrise did not look as beautiful as he had imaginedD. because he was disappointed with the performance of the hero and the heroineCMr. Andrews was waiting for a subway train in the city. The train pulled into the station and stopped. As Andrews was getting ready to board the train, he saw an elderly blind man fall to the tracks (站台). David Schnair, aged 75, had mistaken the space between two subway cars for a door, while feeling his way with a cane. Instead of ending up inside the train, Schnair fell off the platform and landed under the train.Andrews jumped down to the tracks to save Schnair. He pulled the man to safety. Onlookers immediately declared Andrews a hero. Messages began to pour in from all over the country. Some people sent checks. The largest was for $3,000. President called Andrews and wished him a Merry Christmas and a good new year.Andrews had been on the subway because he was returning from a job interview. He probably would have been hired anyway, but all the good public ity (宣传) made it a sure thing.After about a week of newspaper stories and donations of food, money and gifts for his children, Andrews faded from limelight. Most people assumed that the story had come to a happy ending, but it didn’t quite happen that way. An drews did start his new job, but the company moved to New Jersey. Andrews didn’t have any way to get to work, so he had to give up. It wasn’t long before he was back to job hunting and being discouraged again. Few newspapers, however, bothered to tell their readers what happened to Mr. Andrews after he became a hero.66. Schnair fell off the platform because __________.A. he was walking carelesslyB. onlookers pushed him downC. he thought he was at a doorD. the train got to the station fast67. Andrews became a hero because __________.A. onlookers reported his good deedB. he succeeded in the job interviewC. he talked to PresidentD. he saved a blind man68. What does the underlined sentence “Andrews faded from the limelight”(in Paragraph 4)mean?A. Andrews disappeared from the public attention.B. Andrews lost his job for his fame.C. Andrews gained his popularity with the public.D. Andrews lost his interest in newspaper.69. According to the writer, Andrews will probably ________.A. never work againB. save another blind manC. hunt a job as long as possibleD. turn to President for help70. It can be inferred from the passage that _______.A. the newspapers paid little attention to Andrews’ lifeB. the public didn’t show enough kin dness to AndrewsC. it was not wise for Andrews to give up his jobD. life is difficult for the unemployedDAs you move around your home, take a good look at the things you have. It is likely that your living room will have a television set and a video, and your kitchen a washing machine and a microwave oven. Y our bedroom drawers will be filled with almost three times as many clothes as you need. Y ou almost certainly own a car and possibly a home computer, holiday abroad at least once a year and eat out at least once a week.Now, perhaps, more than ever before, people are wondering what life is all about, and what it is for. Seeking material success is beginning to trouble large numbers of people around the world. They feel that the long hours work culture to make more money is eating up their lives, leaving them very little time or energy for family or pastimes. Many are turning to other ways of living and downshifting is one of them. Six percent of workers in Britain took the decision to downshift last year.One couple who downshifted is Daniel and Liz. They used to work in central London. He was a newspaper reporter and she used to work for an international bank. They would go to work by train every day from their large house in the suburbs, leaving their two children with a nanny.Most evenings Daniel wouldn’t get home until eight or nine o’clock and nearly twice a month he would have to fly to New Y ork for meetings. They both earned a large amount of money but began to feel that life was passing them by.Nowadays, they run a farm in the mountains of Wales. “I always wanted to have a farm then,” says Daniel, “and we took almost a year to make the decision to downshift. It’s taken some getting used to, but it’s been worth it. We have to think twice now abo ut spending money on car repairs and we no longer have any holidays. However, I think it’s made us stronger as a family, and the children are a lot happier.Liz, however, is not quite sure. “I used to enjoy my job, even though it was hard work and long hou rs. I’m not really a country girl, but I suppose I’m gradually getting used to looking after the animals. One thing I do like, though, is being able to see more of my children. My advice for other people wanting to do the same is not to think about it too much or you might not do it at all.”71．The passage tells us that .A．people seldom work long hours to make moneyB．people hardly buy more things than necessaryC．people are sure everything they own is in the right placeD．people realize there is more to life than just making money72．When Daniel was a reporter he ___.A．lived in central London B．disliked his jobC．missed his children D．was well paid73．Daniel and Liz both agree that the move to the farm ____.A．was easy to organize B．has improved family lifeC．was extremely expensive D．has been a total success74．What does the author mean by saying “the long hours work culture to make more money is eating up their lives” in the second paragraph?A．People work long hours to earn their living.B．To make more money through hard work is the aim of people’s life.C．Long hours of hard work occupy too much of people’s life.D．People spent too much time and money eating meals.75．The underlined word “downshifting” in the second paragraph refers to _________.A．repairing your car by yourselfB．spending money carefullyC．moving out to the countryside to live a simpler and better lifeD．living in a big house in the suburbs and dining out once a week第四部分读与写（共四节，55分）第一节读单词写出划线部分音标，读音标拼写单词（每题1分，共10分）76. analyse _______ 77. blame _________ 78 . rough _______ 79.port ________80. guide _________ 81. /d ɪ f i: t/ _________ 82. /d e z ə t/ _________83. /e dɪtə / _______ 84. /p ɔɪ zn/________ 85./swell/ __________第二节根据课文内容，用正确的单词形式填空（每题1分，共10分）86. The skin is an essential part of your body and its largest _________（器官）.87. Cover the burned area with a dry, clean b__________ that will not stick to the skin.88. Have you ever had a case where some one accused your journalists _______ getting thewrong end of the stick?89. Y ou will find your colleagues very e__________ to assist you, so you may be able toconcentrate on photography later if you are interested.90. Here comes my list of dos and don’ts: don’t miss your ________(最后期限), don’t berude，don’t talk too much..91. If the injuries are second or third degree burns, it is v_______ to get the victim to the doctoror hospital at once.92. Hit by a ________ of fresh air, my head ached.93.John Snow ___________（怀疑）that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.94. The southern part of Ireland was unwilling and _________ away to form its owngovernment.95. At first my new s____________________ were difficult to tolerate.第三节短文填空(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填人一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。

2011年模拟试题11

2011年专四考试模拟试题（阅读篇11）The status of women in colonial North America has been well studied and describe d and can be briefly summarized. Throughout the colonial period there was a mark ed shortage of women, which varied with the regions and was always greatest in t he frontier areas. This favorable ratio enhanced women’s status and position and allowed them to pursue different careers. The Puritans, the religious sect that dominated the early British colonies in North America, regarded idleness as a s in, and believed that life in an underdeveloped country made it absolutely neces sary that each member of the community perform an economic function. Thus work f or women, married or single, was not only approved, it was regarded as a civic d uty. Puritan town councils expected widows and unattached women to be self supp orting and for a long time provided needy spinsters with parcels of land. There was no social sanction against married women working; on the contrary, wives wer e expected to help their husbands in their trade and won social approval for doi ng extra work in or out of the home. Needy children, girls as well as boys, were indentured or apprenticed and were expected to work for their keep.The vast majority of women worked within their homes, where their labor produced most articles needed for the family. The entire colonial production of cloth an d clothing and partially that of shoes was in the hands of women. In addition to these occupations, women were found in many different kinds of employment. They were butchers, silversmiths, gunsmiths, and upholsterers. They ran mills, plant ations, tanyards, shipyards, and every kind of shop, tavern, and boardinghouse. They were gatekeepers, jail keepers, sextons, journalists, printers, apothecarie s, midwives, nurses,and teachers.1 What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Colonial marriages.B. The Puritan religion.C. Colonial women’s employment.D. Education in the colonies.2. According to the passage, where in colonial North America were there the fewest women?A. Puritan communities.B. Seaports.C. Frontier settlements.D. Capital cities.3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Puritans were ___ ___ .A. UneducatedB. hardworkingC. generousD. wealthy4. According to the passage, Puritans believed that an unmarried adult w oman should be ______ .A. financially responsible for herselfB. returned to EnglandC. supported by her familyD. trained to be a nurse5. According to the passage, what did the Puritans expect from married w omen?A. They should adopt needy children.B. They should assist in their husbands’trade or business.C. They should work only within their own homes.D. They should be apprenticed.答案1. C) 此题为主旨题。

2011教育部考试中心考研英语模拟试题阅读理解二

2011教育部考试中心考研英语模拟试题阅读理解二Not long after the telephone was invented, I assume, a call was placed. The caller was a parent saying, “Your child is bullying my child, and I want it stopped!” the bully’s parent replied, “You must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel.”A trillion phone calls later, the conversation is the same. When children are teased or tyrannized, the parental impulse is to grab the phone and rant. But these days, as studies in the U.S.show bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline, researchers who study bullying say that calling moms and dads is more futile than ever. Such calls often lead to playground recriminations and don’t really teach our kids any lessons about how to navigate the world and resolve conflicts.When you call parents, you want them to “extract the cruelty” from their bullying children, says Laura Kavesh, a child psychologist in Evanston, Illinois. “But many parents are blown away by the idea of their child being cruel. They won’t believe it.” In a recent police-department survey in Oak Harbor, Washington, 89% of local high school students said they had engaged in bullying behavior. Yet only 18% of parents thought their children would act as bullies.In a new U.S.PTA survey, 5% of parents support contacting other parents to deal with bullying. But many educators warn that those conversations can be misinterpreted, causing tempers to flare. Instead, they say, parents should get objectiv e outsiders, like principals, to mediate.Meanwhile, if you ge t a call from a parent who is angry about your child’s bullying, listen without getting defensive. That’s what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13-year-old son had spit in another boy’s food. Her son had confessed, but the victim’s mom “wanted to make sure my son hadn’t given her son a nasty disease,” says McHugh, who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases. She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh’s son that his bad behaviour was being taken seriously. McHugh, founder of Parents Coach Kids, a group that teaches parenting skills, sent the mom the test results. All were negative.Remember: once you make a call, you might not like what you hear. If you have an itchy dialing finger, resist temptation. Put it in your pocket.1.The word “bullying” probably means _____.[A] frightening and hurting [B] teasing [C] behaving like a tyrant [D] laughing at2. Calling to a bully’s parent _____.[A] has long existed but changed its content [B] is often done with careful thinking[C] often leads to blaming and misunderstanding [D] is used to warn the child not to do it again3. According to the surveys in the U. S., _____.[A] bullying among adults is also rising [B] parents are not supervising their children well[C] parents seldom believe bullies [D] most parents resort to calling to deal with bullying4. When bullying occurs, parents should _____.[A] help the bulling child get rid of cruelty [B] resort to the mediator[C] avoid getting too protective [D] resist the temptation of callingura McHugh promised to get the bullied boy tested for diseases because _____.[A] her son confessed to being wrong [B] she was afraid to annoy the boy’s parent[C] he was likely to be affected by these diseases [D] she wanted to teach her own son a lesson答案:1.A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.D核心词汇与超纲词汇(1)bully(n.)仗势欺人者，横行霸道者;(v.)恐吓，伤害，胁迫(2)tease(v./n.)取笑，戏弄，揶揄;招惹，逗弄(动物);(n.)爱戏弄人的人，取笑者(3)tyrannize(v.)对……施行暴政;专横地对待;tyranny(n.)暴虐，专横，苛政;暴君统治;tyrant(n.)暴君(4)impulse(n.)冲动，一时的念头;推动力，刺激(5)rant(n./v.)怒吼，咆哮，大声抱怨(6)navigate(v.)导航，确定位置和方向;航行，航海，横渡;找到正确方法(对付困难复杂的情况)(7)blow away意思是To affect intensely; overwhelm(强烈影响，征服)，如：That concert blew me away(音乐会震撼了我)。

2011年英语专业四级真题

TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2011) -GRADE FOUR-TIME LIMIT: 135 MINPART I DICT ATION [15 MIN]Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. Y ou will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more.Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION [20 MIN]In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question on Answer Sheet T wo.SECTION A CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.1. Which of the statements about the auto show is INCORRECT?A. The show will have more stands this year.B. The show will have more visitors this year.C. The number of overseas visitors will be the same this year.D. The number of exhibition days will be the same this year.2. According to the conversation, the price for a stand would include _____.A. a catalogueB. a posterC. two desksD. four chairs3. During the conversation, the man seems to be more interested in _____.A. the size of the showB. the cost of the standC. the basic furnitureD. the visitor numberQuestions 4 to 7 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.4. What is Jim interested in?A. Investing in the company's product.B. Buying a new educational computer.C. Joining the computer company.D. Reading the campaign plan.5. The advertisements will be placed in all the following EXCEPT _____.A. family magazinesB. Sunday newspapersC. morning televisionD. teenage magazines6. The advertisements are intended to be seen by _____.A. parents onlyB. children onlyC. school teachersD. whole families7. Linda sounds _____ about the success of the campaign plan.A. confidentB. hesitantC. uncertainD. delightedQuestions 8 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.8. John has worked in all the following places EXCEPT _____.A. a book shopB. a paper factoryC. a schoolD. a fast-food restaurant9. From the conversation, we learn that John _____.A. has no interestB. has only one interestC. has two interestsD. has quite a few interests10. Sue Green seems to be more interested in John's experience of ____.A. working in a paper factoryB. working in a youth clubC. looking after his brother and sisterD. looking after his young friendsSECTION B PASSAGESIn this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 second s to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.11. According to the passage, the average age of the fleet of Delta/Northwest is _____.A. 10 yearsB. 14 yearsC. 16 yearsD. 20 years.12. It can be learned from the passage that _____.A. air journeys are quite often far from comfortableB. air travellers usually enjoy luxury during flightC. air travellers usually enjoy upgraded conditionsD. airlines always provide good in-flight entertainment13. Older planes can stay safe for more than 25 years because of the following EXCEPT _____.A. new enginesB. strong materialsC. proper maintenanceD. new interiorQuestions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 s econd s to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.14. Which job will involve supervising workers using dangerous equipment?A. Assistant site manager.B. Carpenter supervisor.C. Assembly supervisor.D. Automobile service station manager.15. Who will also decide on the prices of products and services?A. Airlines' flight service manager.B. Automobile service station manager.C. Assistant site manager.D. Carpenter supervisor.16. Who may also do some of the work he supervises?A. Assistant site manager.B. Airlines' flight service manager.C. Assembly supervisor.D. Carpenter supervisor.17. Which job offers the highest salary?A. Assistant site manager.B. Automobile service station manager.C. Carpenter supervisor.D. Airlines' flight service manager.Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 second s to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.18. Where were the two men filmed?A. In the jewelry shop.B. In the City Mall.C. Near the lorry.D. In the parking lot.19. Witnesses saw the two men _____.A. leave the lorry together.B. leave the lorry without hoods.C. run back to the lorry separately.D. run back to the lorry without hoods.20. Which of the following details is CORRECT?A. The lorry was originally painted white.B. The lorry had no registration plates.C. The shorter man was the passenger.D. The taller man was the driver.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section, you will hear several news items. Listen to them carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 21 and 22 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.21. What did NASA's Constellation Programme originally plan to do?A. To set up a moon colony by 2020.B. To send astronauts again to the moon by 2020.C. To continue the current shuttle missions till 2020.D. To create more jobs for NASA till 2020.22. NASA's Constellation Programme would be cancelled mainly because _____.A. there were more important space missions.B. the space agency lacked funding for the programme.C. the current shuttle missions would continue.D. Congress failed to pass President Obama's budget.Questions 23 and 24 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 second s to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.23. The Russian cargo ship was sinking. What was the direct cause?A. No explanation of the problem.B. Long distance away from land.C. Slow rescue efforts.D. Severe weather.24. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a possible means of rescue?A. Aircraft.B. Tugboat.C. Nearby cargo ship.D. V essels at the oil rig.Questions 25 and 26 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 second s to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.25. Why did the singers meet in Hollywood?A. To raise money for African humanitarian efforts.B. To raise money for Haitian earthquake victims.C. To sing in memory of Michael Jackson.D. To make a recording of the original version of the song.26. Which of the following details about the news is INCORRECT?A. The organizer is one of the co-writers of the first songB. Singers will use the same recording studio as in 1985.C. The recording session is expected to last long.D. Stars from the original version will take part.Questions 27 and 28 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 second s to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.27. The additional 2 billion dollars will mainly be used to _____.A. upgrade its network capacityB. improve customer servicesC. develop new productsD. market more iPhones28. Where does A T&T face difficulties in particular?A. Nationwide.B. Overseas.C. In large cities.D. In remote towns.Questions 29 and 30 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 second s to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.29. Where is the presence of security patrols most evident?A. Where matches take place.B. Where protests may take place.C. In downtown V ancouver.D. Around the athletes' village.30. What is this news item mainly about?A. Political protests during the Olympics.B. Security operations during the Olympics.C. Olympics' security forces.D. Security measures in buildings.PART III CLOZE [15 MIN]Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two."Congratulations, Mr. Cooper. It's a girl."Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and (31) _____ a different response from every man who hears these words. Some feel (32) _____ when they receive the news, (33) _____ others worry, wondering whether they will be good fathers. (34) _____ there are some men who like children and may have had (35) experience with them, others do not particularly (36) _____ children and spend little time with them. Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time. (37) _____ other couples, pregnancy was an accident that both husband and wife have (38) _____ willingly or unwillingly.Whatever the (39) _____ to the birth of a child, it is obvious the shift from the role of husband to (40) _____ of a father is a difficult task. (41) _____, unfortunately, few attempts have been made to (42) _____ fathers in this resocialization (43) _____. Although numerous books have been written about mothers, (44) _____ recently has literature focused on the (45) _____ of a father.It is argued that the transition to the father's role, although difficult, is not (46) _____ as great as the transition the wife must (47) _____ to the mother's role. The mother's role seems to require a complete (48) _____ in daily routine. (49) _____, the father's role is less demanding and (50) _____.31. A. bring down B. bring forth C. bring off D. bring in32. A. emotional B. sentimental C. bewildered D. proud33. A. while B. when C. if D. as34. A. When B. If C. Although D. Y et35. A. considerate B. considerable C. considering D. considered36. A. care about B. care of C. care with D. care for37. A. For B. Of C. From D. Upon38. A. received B. taken C. accepted D. obtained39. A. reply B. reaction C. readiness D. reality40. A. what B. this C. one D. that41 .A. As a result B. For example C. Y et D. Also42. A. educate B. cultivate C. inform D. convert43. A. step B. process C. point D. time44. A./ B. just C. quite D. only45. A. role B. work C. career D. position46. A. a little B. just C. nearly D. almost47. A. take B. make C. carry D. accept48. A. transformation B. realization C. socialization D. reception49. A. In addition B. Above all C. Generally D. However50. A. current B. immediate C. present D. quickPART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY [15 MIN]There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on Answer Sheet Two.51. My uncle is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is no longer the man _____ he was fifteen years ago.A. whichB. whomC. whoD. that52. Which of the following sentences is a COMMAND?A. Beg your pardon.B. Have a good time.C. Never do that again!D. What noise you are making!53. Which of the following italicized phrases indicates purpose?A. She said it for fun, but others took her seriously.B. For all its effort, the team didn't win the match.C. Linda has worked for the firm for twenty years.D. He set out for Beijing yesterday.54. When you have finished with the book, don't forget to return it to Tim, _____?A. do youB. will youC. don't youD. won't you55. In phrases like freezing cold, burning hot, or soaking wet, the -ING participle is used _____.A. as a commandB. as a conditionC. for concessionD. for emphasis56. Which of the following italicized phrases is INCORRECT?A. The city is now ten times its original size.B. I wish I had two times his strength.C. The seller asked for double the usual price.D. They come here four times every year.57. It is not so much the language _____ the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understand.A. asB. norC. butD. like58. Which of the following italicized parts is used as an object?A. What do you think has happened to her?B. Who do you think the visiting professor is?C. How much do you think he earns every month?D. How quickly would you say he would come?59. The additional work will take _____ weeks.A. the otherB. another twoC. other twoD. the more60. Which of the following italicized parts is a subject clause (主语从句)?A. We are quite certain that we will get there in time.B. He has to face the fact that there will be no pay rise this year.C. She said that she had seen the man earlier that morning.D. It is sheer luck that the miners are still alive after ten days.61. It's getting late. I'd rather you _____ now.A. leftB. leaveC. are leavingD. will leave62. In the sentence "The manager interviewed Jim himself in the morning", the italicized word is used to modify _____.A. the objectB. the verbC. the subjectD. the prepositional phrase63. There is no doubt _____ the couple did the right thing in coming back home earlier than planned.A. whetherB. thatC. whyD. when64. The sentence that expresses OFFER is _____.A. I'll get some drinks. What'll you have?B. Does she need to book a ticket now?C. May I know your name?D. Can you return the book next week?65. Which of the following italicized phrases indicates a subject-predicate relation (主谓关系)?A. Mr. Smith's passport has been issued.B. The visitor's arrival was reported in the news.C. John's travel details have not been finalized.D. The new bookstore sells children's stories.66. Our office has recently _____ to a new computer system.A. alteredB. convertedC. transformedD. modified67. The crowd went _____ as soon as the singer stepped onto the stage.A. wildB. emotionalC. uncontrolledD. unrestricted68. Our school library is _____ closed for repairs.A. ShortlyB. quicklyC. temporarilyD. rapidly69. John is up to his eves in work at the moment. The underlined part means _____.A. very excitedB. very busyC. very tiredD. very efficient70. V ictoria bumped into her brother quite by chance in the supermarket. The underlined word means _____.A. riskB. opportunityC. possibilityD. luck71. "Look at those pretty girls' skirts" is _____, because it is not clear whether the girls or the skirts are "pretty".A. ambiguousB. hiddenC. indirectD. indistinct72. House repairs, holidays, school fees and other _____ have reduced his bank balance to almost nothing.A. amountB. paymentC. expensesD. figures73. It was really _____ of you to remember my birthday.A. gratefulB. thoughtfulC. considerableD. generous74. Y ou can go to a travel agency and ask for a holiday _____.A. introductionB. advertisementC. bookD. brochure75. The city government is building more roads to _____.A. accommodateB. receiveC. acceptD. hold76. They've lifted a two-year-long economic _____ on the country.A. enclosureB. restrictionC. blockadeD. prohibition77. Everyone is surprised that she has fallen out with her boy friend. The underlined part means _____.A. leftB. quarreledC. attackedD. defeated78. His plan is carefully prepared and full of details, so it is a very _____ one.A. elaborateB. refinedC. ambitiousD. complex79. The girl's voice was so low that we could ______ hear her.A. seldomB. almostC. onlyD. barely80. She must have been pretty _____ to fall for such an old trick.A. interestedB. gullibleC. enthusiasticD. shrewdPART V READING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN]In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Mark your answers on Answer Sheet Two.TEXT AWe have a crisis on our hands. Y ou mean global warming? The world economy? No, the decline of reading. People are just not doing it anymore, especially the young. Who's responsible? Actually, it's more like, What is responsible? The Internet, of course, and everything that comes with it – Facebook, Twitter (微博). Y ou can write your own list.There's been a warning about the imminent death of literate civilization for a long time. In the 20th century, fir st it was the movies, then radio, then television that seemed to spell doom for the written world. None did. Reading survived; in fact it not only survived, it has flourished. The world is more literate than ever before – there are more and more readers, and more and more books.The fact that we often get our reading material online today is not something we should worry over. The electronic and digital revolution of the last two decades has arguably shown the way forward for reading and for writing. Take thearrival of e-book readers as an example. Devices like Kindle make reading more convenient and are a lot more environmentally friendly than the traditional paper book.As technology makes new ways of writing possible, new ways of reading are possible. Interconnectivity allows for the possibility of a reading experience that was barely imaginable before. Where traditional books had to make do with photographs and illustrations, an e-book can provide readers with an unlimited number of links: to texts, pictures, and videos. In the future, the way people write novels, history, and philosophy will resemble nothing seen in the past.On the other hand, there is the danger of trivialization. One Twitter group is offering its followers single-sentence-long "digests" of the great novels. War and Peace in a sentence? Y ou must be joking. We should fear the fragmentation of reading. There is the danger that the high-speed connectivity of the Internet will reduce our attention span - that we will be incapable of reading anything of length or which requires deep concentration.In such a fast-changing world, in which reality seems to be remade each day, we need the ability to focus and understand what is happening to us. This has always been the function of literature and we should be careful not to let it disappear. Our society needs to be able to imagine the possibility of someone utterly in tune with modern technology but able to make sense of a dynamic, confusing world.In the 15th century, Johannes Guttenberg's invention of the printing press in Europe had a huge impact on civilization. Once upon a time the physical book was a challenging thing. We should remember this before we assume that technology is out to destroy traditional culture.81. Which of the following paragraphs briefly reviews the historical challenges for reading?A. Paragraph One.B. Paragraph Two.C. Paragraph Three.D. Paragraph Four.82. The following are all cited as advantages of e-books EXCEPT _____.A. multimodal contentB. environmental friendlinessC. convenience for readersD. imaginative design83. Which of the following can best describe how the author feels toward single-sentence-long novels?A. IronicB. Worried.C. Sarcastic.D. Doubtful.84. According to the passage, people need knowledge of modern technology and _____ to survive in the fast-changing society.A. good judgmentB. high sensitivityC. good imaginationD. the ability to focus85. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Technology pushes the way forward for reading and writing.B. Interconnectivity is a feature of new reading experience.C. Technology is an opportunity and a challenge for traditional reading.D. Technology offers a greater variety of reading practice.TEXT BI know when the snow melts and the first robins (知更鸟) come to call, when the laughter of children returns to the parks and playgrounds, something wonderful is about to happen.Spring cleaning.I'll admit spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp. Today's busy families hardly have time to load the dishwasher, much less clean the doormat. Asking the family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-Fi. It interrupts the natural order. "Honey, what say we spend the weekend beating the rugs, sorting through the boxes in the basement and painting our bedroom a nice lemony yellow?" I say."Can we at least wait until the NBA matches are over?" my husband answers.But I tell my family, spring cleaning can't wait. The temperature has risen just enough to melt snow but not enough for Little League practice to start. Some flowers are peeking out of the thawing ground, but there is no lawn to seed, nor garden to tend. Newly wakened from our winter's hibernation (冬眠), yet still needing extra blankets at night, we open our windows to the first fresh air floating on the breeze and all of the natural world demanding "A wake and be clean!" Biologists offer a theory about this primal impulse to clean out every drawer and closet in the house at spring's first light,which has to do with melatonin, the sleepytime hormone (激素) our bodies produce when it's dark. When spring's light comes, the melatonin diminishes, and suddenly we are awakened to the dusty, virus-filled house we've been hibernating in for four months.I tell my family about the science and psychology of a good healthy cleaning at spring's arrival. I speak to them about life's greatest rewards waiting in the removal of soap scum from the bathtub, which hasn't been properly cleaned since the first snowfall."I'll do it," says the eldest child, a 21-year-old college student who lives at home."Y ou will? Wow!" I exclaim.Maybe after all these years, he's finally grasped the concept. Maybe he's expressing his rightful position as eldest child and role model. Or maybe he's going to Florida for a break in a couple of weeks and he's being nice to me who is the financial-aid officer.No matter. Seeing my adult son willingly cleaning that dirty bathtub gives me hope for the future of his 12-year-old brother who, instead of working, is found to be sleeping in the seat of the window he is supposed to be cleaning."A wake and be clean!" I say.86. According to the passage, "...spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp" means that spring cleaning _____.A. is no longer an easy practice to understand.B. is no longer part of modern family life.C. requires more family members to be involved.D. calls for more complicated skills and knowledge.87. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be included in family spring cleaning?A. Beating the rugs.B. Cleaning the window.C. Restoring Wi-Fi services.D. Cleaning the backyard.88. Why does the author say “spring cleaning can't wait”?A. Because there will be more activities when it gets warmer.B. Because the air is fresher and the breeze is lighter.C. Because the whole family is full of energy at spring time.D. Because the snow is melting and the ground is thawing.89. Which of the following interpretations of the biologists' theory about melatonin is INCORRECT?A. The production of melatonin in our bodies varies at different times.B. Melatonin is more likely to cause sleepiness in our bodies.C. The reduction of melatonin will cause wakefulness in our bodies.D. The amount of melatonin remains constant in our bodies.90. Which of the following can best sum up the author's overall reaction to her adult son's positive response to spring cleaning?A. Surprised and skeptical.B. Elated and hesitant.C. Relieved and optimistic.D. Optimistic and hesitant.TEXT CThese days lots of young Japanese do omiai, literally, "meet and look." Many of them do so willingly. In today's prosperous and increasingly conservative Japan, the traditional omiai kekkon, or arranged marriage, is thriving.But there is a difference. In the original omiai, the young Japanese couldn't reject the partner chosen by his parents and their middleman. After World War II, many Japanese abandoned the arranged marriage as part of their rush to adopt the more democratic ways of their American conquerors. The Western ren'ai kekkon, or love marriage, became popular; Japanese began picking their own mates by dating and falling in love.But the Western way was often found wanting in an important respect: it didn't necessarily produce a partner of the right economic, social, and educational qualifications. "Today's young people are quite calculating," says Chieko Akiyama, a social commentator.What seems to be happening now is a repetition of a familiar process in the country's history, the "Japanization" of anadopted foreign practice. The Western ideal of marrying for love is accommodated in a new omiai in which both parties are free to reject the match. "Omiai is evolving into a sort of stylized introduction," Mrs. Akiyama says.Many young Japanese now date in their early twenties, but with no thought of marriage. When they reach the age - in the middle twenties for women, the late twenties for men - they increasingly turn to omiai. Some studies suggest that as many as 40 % of marriages each year are omiai kekkon. It's hard to be sure, say those who study the matter, because many Japanese couples, when polled, describe their marriage as a love match even if it was arranged.These days, doing omiai often means going to a computer matching service rather than to a nakodo. The nakodo of tradition was an old woman who knew all the kids in the neighbourhood and went around trying to pair them off by speaking to their parents; a successful match would bring her a wedding invitation and a gift of money. But Japanese today find it's less awkward to reject a proposed partner if the nakodo is a computer.Japan has about five hundred computer matching services. Some big companies, including Mitsubishi, run one for their employees. At a typical commercial service, an applicant pays $80 to $125 to have his or her personal data stored in the computer for two years and $200 or so more if a marriage results. The stored information includes some obvious items, like education and hobbies, and some not-so-obvious ones, like whether a person is the oldest child. (First sons, and to some extent first daughters, face an obligation of caring for elderly parents.)91. According to the passage, today's young Japanese prefer _____.A. a traditional arranged marriage.B. a new type of arranged marriage.C. a Western love marriage.D. a more Westernized love marriage.92. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. A Western love marriage tends to miss some Japanese values.B. Less attention is paid to the partner's qualification in arranged marriages.C. Y oung Japanese would often calculate their partner's wealth.D. A new arranged marriage is a repetition of the older type.93. According to the passage, the figure 40% (Paragraph Five) is uncertain because _____.A. there has been a big increase in the number of arranged marriages.B. Western love marriage still remains popular among young Japanese.C. young Japanese start dating very early in their life in a Western tradition.D. the tendency for arranged marriages could be stronger than is indicated.94. One of the big differences between a traditional nakodo and its contemporary version lies in the way _____.A. wedding gifts are presented.B. a proposed partner is refused.C. formalities are arranged.D. the middleman/woman is chosen.95. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To tell the differences between an old and modern nakodo.B. To provide some examples for the traditional nakodo.C. To offer more details of the computerized nakodo.D. To sum up the main ideas and provide a conclusion.TEXT DCordia Harrington was tired of standing up all day and smelling like French fries at night. She owned and operated three McDonald's shops in Illinois, but as a divorced mother of three boys, she yearned for a business that would provide for her children and let her spend more time with them.Her lucky moment came, strangely enough, after she was nominated in 1992 to be on the McDonald's bun committee. "The company picked me up in a corporate jet to see bakeries around the world," she recalls. "Every time I went to a meeting, I loved it. This was global!"The experience opened her eyes to business possibilities. When McDonald's decided it wanted a new bun supplier, Harrington became determined to win the contract, even though she had no experience running a bakery.Harrington studied the bakery business and made sure she was never off executives' radar. "If you have a dream, you can't wait for people to call you," she says. "So I'd visit a mill and send them photos of myself in a baker's hat and jacket, holding a sign that says 'I want to be your baker.'" After four years and 32 interviews, her persistence paid off.。

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The University of LiverpoolManagement SchoolEcon906 Corporate Finance IMidterm 07 November 2011Time Allowed: 1 hourInstruction:Answer all questions.All questions carry equal marks.Financial tables are provided.University approved calculators should be used.Econ 906 (Corporate Finance I)Sample Mid-Term Examination07 November 2011Instruction: Choose the correct answer and mark your answer on the answer sheet using an HB pencil.1.John House has taken a $250,000 mortgage on his house at an interest rate of 6%per year. If the mortgage calls for twenty equal annual payments, what is theamount of each payment?A. $21,796.18B. $10,500.00C. $16,882.43D. None of the above2.Which of the following investment rules has value adding-up property?A. The payback period methodB. Net present value methodC. The accounting rate of return methodD. The internal rate of return method3.Driscoll Company is considering investing in a new project. The project willneed an initial investment of $2,400,000 and will generate $1,200,000 (after-tax) cash flows for three years. Calculate the IRR for the project.A. 14.5%B. 18.6%C. 20.2%D. 23.4%4.The following table gives the available projects for a firm.If the firm has a limit of 210 million to invest, what is the maximum NPV the company can obtain?A. 200B. 283C. 307D. None of the above5.When a firm has the opportunity to add a project that will utilize excessfactory capacity (that is currently not being used), which costs should be used to determine if the added project should be undertaken?A. Opportunity costB. Sunk costC. Incremental costsD. None of the above6.You are considering the purchase of one of two machines required in yourproduction process. Machine A has a life of two years. Machine A costs $50 initially and then $70 per year in maintenance. Machine B has an initial cost of $90. It requires $40 in maintenance for each year of its 3 year life. Eithermachine must be replaced at the end of its life. Which is the better machine for the firm? The discount rate is 15% and the tax rate is zero.A. Machine A as EAC for Machine A is $100.76B. Machine B as EAC for Machine B is $79.42C. Machine A as PV of costs for Machine A is $163.80D. Machine B as PV of costs for Machine B is $181.337.You are planning to produce a new action figure called "Hillary". However,you are very uncertain about the demand for the product. If it is a hit, you will have net cash flows of $50 million per year for 3 years (starting next year). If it fails, you will only have net cash flows of $10 million per year for 2 years (starting next year). There is an equal chance that it will be a hit or failure(probability = 50%). You will not know whether it is a hit or a failure until the first year's cash flows are in. You have to spend $80 million immediately for equipment and the rights to produce the figure. If the discount rate is 10%, calculate the NPV without the abandonment option.A. -9.15B. +13.99C. +9.15D. -14.48.An investor can undo the effect of leverage on his/her own account by:I) investing in the equity of a levered firmII) by borrowing on his/her own accountIII) by investing in risk-free debt like T-billsA. I onlyB. II onlyC. III onlyD. I and III above9.MM Proposition II states that:A. The expected return on equity is positively related to leverageB. The required return on equity is a linear function of the firm's debt to equityratioC. The risk to equity increases with leverageD. All of the aboveE. None of the above10.A firm has a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.50. Its cost of debt is 10%. Its overallcost of capital is 14%. What is its cost of equity if there are no taxes?A. 13%B. 16%C. 15%D. 18%11.In order to calculate the tax shields provided by debt, the tax rate used is the:A. average corporate tax rateB. marginal corporate tax rateC. average of shareholders' tax ratesD. average of bondholders' tax rates12.MM Proposition I with corporate taxes states that:I) Capital structure can affect firm value by an amount that is equal to thepresent value of the interest tax shieldII) By raising the debt-to-equity ratio, the firm can lower its taxes and thereby increase its total valueIII) Firm value is maximized at an all debt capital structureA. I onlyB. II onlyC. III onlyD. I, II, and III13.Although the use of debt provides tax benefits to the firm, debt also putspressure on the firm to:I) Meet interest and principal payments which if not met can put the companyinto financial distressII) Make dividend payments which if not met can put the company intofinancial distressIII) Meet both interest and dividend payments which when met increase the firm cash flowIV) Meet increased tax payments thereby increasing firm valueA. I onlyB. II onlyC. II and III onlyD. III and IV only14.The value of the firm in the presence of debt may risk financial distress.Bankruptcy, the most severe type of financial distress, has an impact on value by:I) the risk or probability that it may occurII) the level of risk aversion investors have to debtIII) the total value of the firm being siphoned off to cover bankruptcy costsA. I onlyB. I and II onlyC. III onlyD. II only15.According to the trade-off theory of capital structure:A. optimal capital structure is reached when the present value of tax savingson account of additional borrowing is just offset by increases in the present value of costs of distress.B. optimal capital structure is reached when stockholders' right to default isbalanced by the bondholders' right to get interest and principal payments.C. optimal capital structure is reached when the benefits of limited liability isjust offset by the value of the lawyers' claim.D. none of the above16.When shareholders pursue selfish strategies such as taking large risks orpaying excessive dividends, these will result in:I) no action by debtholders since these are equity holder concernsII) positive agency costs, as bondholders impose various restrictions andcovenants, which will diminish firm valueIII) investments of the same risk class that the firm is inA. I onlyB. II onlyC. III onlyD. I and III only17.What signal is sent to the market when a firm decides to issue new stock toraise capital?A. Bond markets are overpricedB. Bond markets are underpricedC. Stock price is too lowD. Stock price is too high18.What dividend policy is probably the best from a financial standpoint, but notlikely to be accepted by the market place or investors?A. High dividendB.Low dividendC.Residual dividendD.Signalling dividend19.Which of the following statements is consistent with Titman [2002] on MMtheorem and integration of financial markets?A.Financing and risk management choices may affect firm value if theassumptions that total cash flows to a firm’s financial claimants areunaffected by the choices and perfect markets hold.B.The M&M theorem does not require complete markets.C.The slope of the risk-free term structure does not vary over time.D.All of the above20.Which of the following is consistent with Miller [1988] with reference to MMpropositions after thirty years?A.Holding the value of a firm independent of its capital structure is acceptedas an implication of equilibrium in all capital markets.B.Any gains from cheaper debt capital would be offset by thecorrespondingly higher cost of equity capital.C.The weighted average of the cost of equity capital and debt capital willshow a decline when the amount of debt increases.D.None of the abovePresent Value of ?No. Periods / Rates1%4%5%6%7%8%9%10%12%14%15%16%20%21%10.9900.9620.9520.9430.9350.9260.9170.9090.8930.8770.8700.8620.8330.82620.9800.9250.9070.8900.8730.8570.8420.8260.7970.7690.7560.7430.6940.68330.9710.8890.8640.8400.8160.7940.7720.7510.7120.6750.6580.6410.5790.56440.9610.8550.8230.7920.7630.7350.7080.6830.6360.5920.5720.5520.4820.46750.9510.8220.7840.7470.7130.6810.6500.6210.5670.5190.4970.4760.4020.38660.9420.7900.7460.7050.6660.6300.5960.5640.5070.4560.4320.4100.3350.31970.9330.7600.7110.6650.6230.5830.5470.5130.4520.4000.3760.3540.2790.26380.9230.7310.6770.6270.5820.5400.5020.4670.4040.3510.3270.3050.2330.21890.9140.7030.6450.5920.5440.5000.4600.4240.3610.3080.2840.2630.1940.180100.9050.6760.6140.5580.5080.4630.4220.3860.3220.2700.2470.2270.1620.149 110.8960.6500.5850.5270.4750.4290.3880.3500.2870.2370.2150.1950.1350.123 120.8870.6250.5570.4970.4440.3970.3560.3190.2570.2080.1870.1680.1120.102 130.8790.6010.5300.4690.4150.3680.3260.2900.2290.1820.1630.1450.0930.084 140.8700.5770.5050.4420.3880.3400.2990.2630.2050.1600.1410.1250.0780.069 150.8610.5550.4810.4170.3620.3150.2750.2390.1830.1400.1230.1080.0650.057 160.8530.5340.4580.3940.3390.2920.2520.2180.1630.1230.1070.0930.0540.047 170.8440.5130.4360.3710.3170.2700.2310.1980.1460.1080.0930.0800.0450.039 180.8360.4940.4160.3500.2960.2500.2120.1800.1300.0950.0810.0690.0380.032 190.8280.4750.3960.3310.2770.2320.1940.1640.1160.0830.0700.0600.0310.027 200.8200.4560.3770.3120.2580.2150.1780.1490.1040.0730.0610.0510.0260.022Present Value of an Annuity of ?No. Periods / Rates1%4%5%6%7%8%9%10%12%14%15%16%20%21%10.99010.96150.95240.94340.93460.92590.91740.90910.89290.87720.86960.86210.83330.82642 1.9704 1.8861 1.8594 1.8334 1.8080 1.7833 1.7591 1.7355 1.6901 1.6467 1.6257 1.6052 1.5278 1.50953 2.9410 2.7751 2.7232 2.6730 2.6243 2.5771 2.5313 2.4869 2.4018 2.3216 2.2832 2.2459 2.1065 2.07394 3.9020 3.6299 3.5460 3.4651 3.3872 3.3121 3.2397 3.1699 3.0373 2.9137 2.8550 2.7982 2.5887 2.54045 4.8534 4.4518 4.3295 4.2124 4.1002 3.9927 3.8897 3.7908 3.6048 3.4331 3.3522 3.2743 2.9906 2.92606 5.7955 5.2421 5.0757 4.9173 4.7665 4.6229 4.4859 4.3553 4.1114 3.8887 3.7845 3.6847 3.3255 3.24467 6.7282 6.0021 5.7864 5.5824 5.3893 5.2064 5.0330 4.8684 4.5638 4.2883 4.1604 4.0386 3.6046 3.507987.6517 6.7327 6.4632 6.2098 5.9713 5.7466 5.5348 5.3349 4.9676 4.6389 4.4873 4.3436 3.8372 3.725698.56607.43537.1078 6.8017 6.5152 6.2469 5.9952 5.7590 5.3282 4.9464 4.7716 4.6065 4.0310 3.9054109.47138.11097.72177.36017.0236 6.7101 6.4177 6.1446 5.6502 5.2161 5.0188 4.8332 4.1925 4.0541 1110.36768.76058.30647.88697.49877.1390 6.8052 6.4951 5.9377 5.4527 5.2337 5.0286 4.3271 4.1769 1211.25519.38518.86338.38387.94277.53617.1607 6.8137 6.1944 5.6603 5.4206 5.1971 4.4392 4.2784 1312.13379.98569.39368.85278.35777.90387.48697.1034 6.4235 5.8424 5.5831 5.3423 4.5327 4.3624 1413.003710.56319.89869.29508.74558.24427.78627.3667 6.6282 6.0021 5.7245 5.4675 4.6106 4.4317 1513.865111.118410.37979.71229.10798.55958.06077.6061 6.8109 6.1422 5.8474 5.5755 4.6755 4.4890 1614.717911.652310.837810.10599.44668.85148.31267.8237 6.9740 6.2651 5.9542 5.6685 4.7296 4.5364 1715.562312.165711.274110.47739.76329.12168.54368.02167.1196 6.3729 6.0472 5.7487 4.7746 4.5755 1816.398312.659311.689610.827610.05919.37198.75568.20147.2497 6.4674 6.1280 5.8178 4.8122 4.6079 1917.226013.133912.085311.158110.33569.60368.95018.36497.3658 6.5504 6.1982 5.8775 4.8435 4.6346 2018.045613.590312.462211.469910.59409.81819.12858.51367.4694 6.6231 6.2593 5.9288 4.8696 4.6567。