宋濂《宋学士文集-商於子驾豕》中考初中阅读答案试题解析翻译译文
宋濂《宋学士文集|商於子驾豕》中考初中阅读答案试题解析翻译译
文
商於子驾豕
商於子①家贫，无犊以耕，乃牵一大豕②驾之而东。大豕不肯就轭③，既就复解：终日不能破一畦。宁毋先④生过而尤之日：“子过矣!耕当以牛，以其力之巨能起块也，蹄之坚能陷淖⑤也。豕纵大，安能耕耶?”商於子怒而弗应。宁毋先生日：“今子以之代耕，不几颠之倒之乎?吾悯而诏子，子乃反怒而弗答，何也?”商於子日：“子以予颠之倒之，予亦以子倒之颠之。吾岂不知服田⑥必以牛，亦犹牧⑦吾民者必以贤。不以牛，虽不得田，其害小；不以贤则天下受祸，其害大。子何不以尤我者尤牧民者耶？”宁毋先生顾谓弟子日：“是盖有激者⑧也。”
(选自明?宋濂《宋学士文集》)
[注释] ①商於(wù)子：作者虚构的人物。②豕(s h ǐ)：同“猪”。③轭(è)：牛拉东西时驾在颈上的曲木。④宁毋：作者虚构的人物。⑤淖(nào)：烂泥。⑥服田：驾牲口耕田。
⑦牧：统治、管理。⑧有激者：(心中)有不平之气的人。
[文言知识]
说“以”。“以”既可作动词用，也可作介词、连词用。它的解释也相当灵活。上文“子以予颠之倒之”中的“以”，作动词用，解为“认为”。有时“以”与“为”组合成“以为”或“以……为”，也解为“认为”。上文“必以贤”中的“以”，解为“任用”，也作动词用。又，上文“无犊以耕”中的“以”，作连词用；又，“子何不以尤我者尤牧民者耶”中的“以”，作介词用，解为“把”。
[思考与练习]
1．解释：①犊_________②尤__________③过__________
④应_________⑤几_________⑥顾_________⑦盖_________
2．翻译：①既就复解，终曰不能破一畦者耶?__________；
②吾悯而诏子______________；③子何不以尤我者尤牧民者耶？
3．理解：本文的主题思想是________________
【译文】
商於子家很贫穷没有牛耕田，就牵一头大猪日出而作。大猪不肯就范，一套上又被挣脱，一天也不能耕一小块田。宁毋先生经过时责备他道：“你错啦！耕地应当用牛，以牛得力气之大能够其土块，蹄子的坚硬可以站立于泥淖之中。猪再大，怎么能耕地呢？”商於子怒但没搭理他。
宁毋先生日：“今子以之代耕，不几颠之倒之乎?吾悯而诏子，子乃反怒而弗答，何也?”商於子日：“子以予颠之倒之，予亦以子倒之颠之。吾岂不知服田⑥必以牛，亦犹牧⑦吾民者必以贤。不以牛，虽不得田，其害小；不以贤则天下受祸，其害大。子何不以尤我者尤牧民者耶？”宁毋先生顾谓弟子日：“是盖有激者⑧也。”
宁毋子先生说：“《诗经》不是有云吗？‘向猪的祖先祭告，在猪圈中抓猪，’说的是要抓猪去杀了吃肉。如今您拿它来代牛耕地，不是差不多弄颠倒了吗？我同情你才告诉你，您反而发怒还不搭理我，为什么啊？”商於子说：“您认为我颠倒是非，我还认为您颠倒是非呢。我难道不知道侍弄田地必须用牛，也就如同治理百姓必须用贤人一样。不用牛，虽然侍弄不好田地，它的害处小；不用贤人，那么天下遭受祸害，它的害处大。您怎么不以责备我的话去责备治理百姓的人啊？”毋宁先生回头对弟子说：“这个人应该是有激愤的人。”
【参考答案】
商於子驾豕
1.①小牛②责备③错④回答⑤近于⑥回头⑦大概
2.①好不容易套上了，可又挣脱了，整天不能耕一块地；②我同情你才告诉你；③你为什么不把责备我的话去责备那些统治百姓的人呢？
3.抨击统治者不用贤人。
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文言文翻译 一．考点要求 《考试说明》强调：“古文翻译要求以直译为主，并保持语意通畅。要注意原文用词造句和表达方式的特点。” 1.积累性的：关键词语（重要实词、虚词、通假字、 古今异义词等） 2．规律性的：语法现象（词类活用、固定结构、特殊句式等） 二、文言文翻译的标准 信：就是准确，即译文要准确表达原文的意思，要忠实于原文，不歪曲、不遗漏、不增译。 达：就是畅达，即译文明白晓畅，符合现代汉语的表达要求和习惯，无语病。 雅：就是优美，即要求译文语句规范、得体、生动、优美。 三、文言文翻译的原则 字字落实，文从句顺。 "字字落实"：忠实于原文意思，不遗漏，也不能多余；换言之，原文和译文必须是一一对应的关系，原文中有的意思，在译文中一定要落实，原文中没有的意思，在译文中一定不能出现；不多不少，恰到好处。 "文从句顺"：译文要明白通顺，合乎现代汉语的表达习惯，没有语病。 直译为主，意译为辅。 直译：指译文要与原文保持对应关系，重要的词语要相应的落实，要尽力保持原文遣词造句的特点和相近的表达方式，力求语言风格也和原文一致。 意译：指着眼于表达原句的意思，在忠于原意的前提下，灵活翻译原文的词语，灵活处理原文的句子结构。 四、文言文翻译的步骤 首先要通读全文，把握文章大意，做到心中有数，切忌一上来就匆匆忙忙翻译。在翻译时，遇到疑难词句，可暂时放过，等译完上下文，再进行推敲。译完全文后，再通读一遍，检查校正，以防误译、漏译和曲译审审清采分点即两类考点。 切以词为单位，用“/”切分句子。 连按现代汉语语法习惯将逐一解释出来的词义连 缀成句。 誊逐一查对草稿纸上的译句后字迹清晰地誊写到 答案卷上，不写繁体字、简化字、错别字。 五、实例分析 下面这一段译文，请大家指出其翻译上的不足之处。 例1、庖丁为文惠君解牛。手之所触，肩之所倚，足 之所履，膝之所足奇，砉然向然，奏刀马砉然，莫不中 音：合于《桑林》之舞，乃中《经首》之会。 一个厨师丁给文惠君杀牛。他用手按着牛头，用肩膀 靠住牛脖子，用脚踩着牛肚子，用膝盖顶住牛身子，牛 身上发出哗哗的响声，杀牛刀在前进，也发出哗哗的响 声。这些声音，像音乐一样悦耳动听，合乎桑林的舞蹈， 又合乎《经首》，传说中尧的乐曲的节奏。 那么，文言文的翻译有没有一个比较明确的标准呢？ 六、言句子翻译的方法 1.对（对译法） 就是以原来的单音节词为一个语素，另外再加一个 语素，组成一个双音节词来解释。 例1：师者，所以传道授业解惑也。 例2：忧劳可以兴国，逸豫可以亡身。 2.留（保留法） 保留古今意义完全相同的专有名词，如国号、年号、 帝号、官名、地名、人名、朝代名、器物名、书名、度 量衡单位等。 例3：至和元年七月某日，临川王某记。 例4：永和九年，岁在癸丑，暮春之初，会于会稽山 阴之兰亭。 3.换（替换法） 有些词语意义已经发展，用法已经变化，语法已经 不用，在译文中，应该换这些古语为今语。 例5：若舍郑以为东道主，行李之往来，共其乏困， 君亦无所害。 例6：所以遣将守关者,备他盗之出入与非常也 4.删（删减法） 文言中有些虚词的用法，在现代汉语里没有相应的 词替代，如果硬译反而别扭或累赘，译文时可删减。这 些词包括：发语词、凑足音节的助词、结构倒装的标志、 句中停顿的词、个别连词及偏义复词中虚设成分等。 例7：师道之不传也久矣。 例8：原庄宗之所以得天下，与其所以失之者，可以 知之矣。 例：夫晋，何厌之有？ 例：便可白公姥，及时相遣归 5、补（增补法） 原句中有省略或古今用词不同的地方，可根据现代 汉语语法增加或补充一些成分，使译文显豁通顺。 ①单音实词对译成双音实词。 例9：更若役，复若赋，则如何？ ②数词后面增加量词。 例10：轩凡四遭火，得不焚，殆有神护者。 译文：项脊轩总共四次遭到火灾，能够不焚毁， 大概是有神灵保护的原因吧。 ③补充省略句中的主语、谓语、宾语和介词等。 例11：曰：“独乐乐，与人乐乐，孰乐？”曰：“不 若与人。” ④补充行文省略的内容，如关联词语等。 例12：然力足以至焉，（而不至）,于人为可讥，而 在己为有悔。 6、调（调位法） 由于古今语法的演变，有的句型表达方式有所不同， 翻译时，应按现代汉语的语法习惯及时调整。包括：主 谓倒装、宾语前置、定语后置、状语后置等。 例13：蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮 黄泉，用心一也。 例14：求人可使报秦者求可使报秦之人 七、如何达到“信”“达”“雅”的要求 1.注意古今词义、色彩的变化 ①先帝不以臣卑鄙,猥自枉曲。 色彩变化 译文：先帝不因为我地位低、见识浅，委屈自 己，降低了身份。 ②璧有瑕，请指示王。 单、双音节词的变化 译文：宝玉上有斑点，请让我指点给大王看。 ③秦王大喜，传以示美人及左右。 词义变化
中考英语阅读理解题库及答案
初二英语阅读理解试题 A A man has a cat. He likes her very much. At mealtime the cat sits at the table with him. The man eats with a knife and a fork, but the cat eats from her plate. Sometimes, when she finishes her dish, her master will give her a bit of his food. He shares his meal with her. One day the cat is not at the table at mealtime. ―Ah! Where is my cat?‖ asks the man..His wife says, ―Can’t you eat without her?‖ So the meal begins without the cat. Before lunch is over, the cat rushes into the room and jumps into the chair quickly. She has two mice in her mouth, and before anyone can stop her, she drops(扔下) one into her own plate, and the other into her master’s plate. ―Dear me!‖ cries the woman, ―A mouse is in your plate!‖ ―Hush(安静)!‖ says her husband.―This shows that she is a nice cat. She knows what friendship(友谊) is. She wishes me to share her dinner as I often share mine with her. 根据短文内容，判断正误，正确（T），错误（F）。 ( )1. The master loves his cat very much. ( )2. The cat always shares her food with her master. ( )3. One day the cat is not at the table at mealtime. ( )4. The cat hurries(匆忙) home with two mice in her mouth when the master and his wife are having lunch. ( )5. The story tells us the cat also loves her master. B My name is Max. I am twelve years old. I have many friends. Most of them are as old as I. Some are older. Some are younger. My best friend is Bill. He lives near me. We go to the same school and we are in the same class. Bill helps me with my maths homework. I help him with his English homework..Bill is taller than me. He is quite fat. He doesn’t like sports, so he doesn’t get much exercise. We both have black eyes, but Bill’s hair is longer. I like sports and I play football or go swimming every day. Every Sunday morning Bill and I play computer games. Sometimes I win. Sometimes he wins. ( )6. The main idea(主题) of the text is ________ .
中考英语句型翻译练习总汇
中考句型翻译练习 as soon as 1. 一收到他的来信我就会给你打电话。I will call you __________ I hear from him. 2.Mary一见到她弟弟就会告诉他这个消息。 Mary will tell his brother the news ______________________ she sees him. 3.昨天雨一停孩子们就回家了。 The children went home _______________________________________ yesterday. as...as/ not as...as 4. 麦克和安迪学习一样的努力。Mike studies ________________________ Andy. 5.“一夜成名”不像我们想得那么容易。 : An overnight success is ________________ we think. 6. 北京的春天与夏天一样美丽。 Spring is ____________________________________________ summer in Beijing. as...as possible 7. 在体育测试中，我尽力了。 _________________________________possible in the PE test. 8. 我会在考前最后一个月尽力多读英语。 I’ll try hard to read English ______________________________ in the last month. 9. 玛丽会尽快给你回信的。 * Mary will answer your letter ______________________________. ask for/ ask sb. for sth. 10.当你迷路时，你可以向警察寻求帮助。 You can ______________________________ when you are lost. 11.他每个月都跟妈妈要50元。 He ___________________________________________ every month. 12.他向父母要一辆自行车作为生日礼物。 He __________________________________________as his birthday gift. ask sb. to do / ask sb. not to do 13.】 14.老师要求我们离开教室前要关灯。 The teacher ________________________________ before we leave the classroom. 15.不要让我帮你的忙！你必须要你自己。 Don’t _________________________ help you. You must ____________________. 16.妈妈让我们睡觉前不吃东西。 My mother __________________________________________ before we go to bed. tell sb. to do/ tell sb. not to do 17.让我告诉你如何发送电子邮件。Let me ________________________ e-mails. 18.你能告诉我如何提高我的英语吗
宋濂《秦士录 邓弼》阅读答案及翻译
宋濂《秦士录邓弼》阅读答案及翻译 阅读下面的文言文，完成4～7题。 邓弼，秦人也，身长七尺，能以力雄人。邻牛方斗不可擘，拳其脊，折仆地；市门石鼓，十人舁，弗能举，两手持之行。然好使酒，怒视人，人见辄避，曰：“狂生不可近，近则必得奇辱。” 一日，独饮娼楼，两书生过其下，急牵入共饮。两生素贱其人，力拒之。弼怒曰：“君终不我从，必杀君，亡命走山泽耳，不能忍君苦也！”两生不得已，从之。酒酣，解衣箕踞。两生雅闻其酒狂，欲起走，弼止之曰：“勿走也！今日非速君饮，欲少吐胸中不平气耳。四库书 令隶人捽入。弼盛气曰：“公奈何不礼壮士？今天下虽号无事，东海岛夷，尚未臣顺；西南诸蛮，虽曰称臣奉贡，而称制与中国等。诚得如弼者一二辈，驱十万横磨剑伐之，则东西为日所出入，莫非王土矣。公奈何不礼壮士！”王曰：“尔自号壮士，百万军中，可刺大将乎？”曰：“能。”“突围溃阵，得保首领乎？”曰：“能。”王曰：“姑试之。”阴戒善槊者五十人，驰马出东门外。暨弼至，众槊并进，弼虎吼而奔，人马辟易五十步。已而烟尘涨天，但见双剑飞舞，连斫马首堕地。王抚髀欢曰：“诚壮士！诚壮士！”乃命酒劳弼，弼立饮不拜。 王上章荐诸天子，会丞相与王有隙，格其事不下。弼叹曰：“天生一具铜筋铁肋，不使立勋万里外，乃槁死三尺蒿下，命也，亦时也。尚何言！”遂入王屋山为道士，后十年终4．对下列句子中加点的词的解释，不正确的一项是 Ａ．邻牛方斗不可擘擘：分开 Ｂ．酒酣，解衣箕踞。两生雅闻其酒狂雅：向来 Ｃ．今日非速君饮，欲少吐胸中不平气耳速：邀请 Ｄ．突围溃阵，得保首领乎首领：为首的人，头领 5．以下各组句子中，全都能表明邓弼的才智或勇略的一项是 ①然好使酒，怒视人，人见辄避 ②君终不我从，必杀君，亡命走山泽耳，不能忍君苦也 ③弼历举传疏，不遗一言。 ④德王执法西御史台，弼造书数千言 ⑤弼虎吼而奔，人马辟易五十步 ⑥乃命勺酒劳弼，弼立饮不拜。 A．①②④ B．①⑤⑥ C．②③⑥ D．③④⑤ 6．下列对原文有关内容的分析和概括，不正确的一项是 Ａ．邓弼，秦地人，身材高大，力气极大，而且嗜好喝酒，常常借酒使性，羞辱旁人，因此大家看见他就都远远地躲避开。 Ｂ．邓弼强拉两位儒生到娼楼喝酒，并与他俩比试学问。邓弼博通经传，对答如流，让两儒生自愧弗如。 Ｃ．邓弼带着文稿，强闯德王府，向德王力陈征服天下的策略，德王感佩，称之为“壮士”。 Ｄ．德王向朝廷举荐邓弼，但丞相与德王不和，便从中作梗阻止。邓弼因此悲叹自己生不逢时，壮志难酬，于是遁迹山林。 7．把文中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。 两生素贱其人，力拒之。弼怒曰：“君终不我从，必杀君。亡命走山泽耳，不能忍君
(完整版)中考英语阅读翻译专练
【2015湖南长沙】第一节语篇翻译读下面的短文，将划线部分译成英文或中文。（共5小题，计10分〉 What are magic words? Words like "thank you”，"please" and "sorry" can work wonders in our daily life. These polite expressions arc used every day in America 一among strangers, between friends or with family. 66. People with good manners always communicate with others well by using these magic words. What should you do when you receive a gift for your birthday? 67.你最好坐下来写一封感谢信。 68. The words “th an k vou” are very important and used very often. We say them when someone hands us a letter, passes us a book, offers us a drink, or lends us an umbrella. "Please" is another important word, but many people forget to use it. It is not polite to ask someone for without saying "please”. 69. We are supposed to use it when we ask for something too. It may be a book, a pen, or more milk. It may be in the classroom, at home, or at the bus stop. We can use“please”to make a request (请求）pleasant. 70. 我们也应该会说“对不起”。If we have hurt someone's feeling, we have to say“sorry”. When we have told a lie and regret it, the same word should be used. Sometimes we have forgotten something or broken a promise, so we need to explain with the word as a beginning, "Sorry" is such a word that can make people forget wrongs. "Thank you! Please! Sorry!"—these words are simple but useful. Man said them long ago. We use them now. So will our kids. 66. _________________________________ 67. _________________________________ 68. _________________________________ 69. _________________________________ 70. _________________________________ 66.有礼貌的人总是会用有魔力的语言跟别人交流的很好。 67.You’d better sit down and write a letter of thanks. 68. “谢谢你”这句话是非常重要的和经常使用的。 69.我们也希望当我们询问事情的时候使用它。 70. We also should learn to say“sorry”。 【2015湖南邵阳】B)英汉互译阅读短文，将文中划线的句子翻译成汉语或英语。(共5小题，每小题2分) As teenagers, we should always keep ourselves safe. How can we keep safe? Here is some advice. ▲71. We must pay attention to the importance of food safety. When we buy food, we should read the instructions and dates carefully. 72. 请保持食品的干净和新鲜。We’d better eat less junk food. ▲73.We must follow the traffic rules. Please don’t run or play in the street. It’s very dangerous. ▲74. In summer, we mustn’t swim alone in the river. We need our parents to go with us. If we are in danger, we must keep calm and call the police for help. ▲75. 保持安全对于我们来说很重要。Hope all of us can protect ourselves well. 【主旨大意】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍夏季青少年要保持安全的几种方法。 71.我们必需注意食品安全的重要性。 72.Please keep food clean and fresh.