高考阅读理解之主旨大意
------How to get the main idea of a paragraph or a passage?
Step 1: Lead-in A mother mouse was out for a walk with her babies when she found a cat behind a bush. She watched the cat, and the cat watched the mice.Mother mouse barked fiercely, "Woof, woof, woof!" The cat was so frightened that it ran for it's life. Mother mouse turned to her babies and said, "Now, do you understand the value of a second language?”
Sample 2 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2）主题句也会出现在段尾。 作者先摆出事实依据，层层推理论证，最后自 然得出结论，即段落的主题。本段的中心思 想在结尾句得到体现，它是此段内容的结论。
What is the story mainly about? It is important to learn a foreign language.
Woof！
有关阅读理解题目主要有以下几种:
命 题 类
主 事
旨 实
大 细
意 节
词 义 猜 测
推 理 判 断
作者的态度意图
一、设题方式
1) 主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式 • The main idea of the passage is … • The passage is mainly about … • What is the passage mainly about? • Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? 2) 目的类主旨大意题 • The passage is meant to … • The purpose of this article is to … • The author intends to... 3) 标题类主旨大意题 • The best title for the passage might be …
无主题句
• 即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的 主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事 实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析， 然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般 概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏 概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛， 要恰如其分。
Sample 5 A new eight-kilometer road is under
• Sample 3 Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career.” Shu said…... “The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.” Shu said. （3）首尾呼应 为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出 主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见. 通 常, 前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面 的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Sample 5 (5) 从段落中寻找高频率词 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此， 许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出 现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词
●
The passage is mainly about _____. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two railways D. the design of two tunnels
construction that links the port area with motorway system… As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, … The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, … The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. … along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include
Sample 4 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. • （4）在短文中间 • 当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出 问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻 辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.
Types Of Paragraph Structures
type The position of the topic
At the beginning At the end In the middle No clear topic sentence
主题句标志性提示
. 1)关注一些表增强转折关系的连词 “but, yet, however, in fact, indeed,”等，这些词后面连 接的通常都是一段话的主题句。 • 2) 关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词： “so,therefore,thus,in brief,in short, above all,in all,after all , all in all,in conclusion, in a word”等，这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题 句。 • 3) 如果主题句含有show, indicate和suggest等词，重点 看其后的宾语从句。
1
Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?
中高考语文阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧
中高考语文阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧一、理解阅读材料的整体内容在解答阅读理解主旨大意题之前，首先要全面理解所给的阅读材料的整体内容。
通常阅读材料的开头会简要介绍文章的主题和背景，中间部分会对主题进行展开和论述，结尾部分会总结文章的观点，并提出作者的态度和建议等。
在阅读材料时，要注意抓住文章的重点和重要观点，理解各个段落之间的逻辑关系，尤其是作者提出的论点和论证过程。
通过理解整体内容，可以更好地把握文章的主旨大意。
二、注意文章的标题和关键词通常情况下，文章的标题会很好地体现出文章的主旨。
因此，阅读材料的标题是理解主旨大意的重要线索。
在阅读中，要着重理解标题所涉及的关键词，并把握关键词与文章内容的联系。
例如，如果标题是“科技与人文的和谐发展”，那么可以推测文章可能会介绍科技和人文之间的关系，以及二者相互促进的作用。
在阅读材料时，就要特别关注与科技和人文相关的内容，并将其与标题联系起来，从而找到文章的主旨。
三、从文章的结构和段落落脚处寻找线索除了标题和关键词，文章的结构和段落的落脚处也是寻找主旨的重要线索。
在写作过程中，作者一般会通过段落层次和结构来展开观点和论述。
在阅读中，可以注意一下各段落的开头和结尾，尤其是结尾处的总结或归纳部分。
通常来说，作者会在结尾部分通过总结来体现文章的主旨。
同时，还可以通过观察段落之间的逻辑关系，从整体上把握文章的结构和信息的连贯性。
四、运用排除法进行筛选在解答主旨大意题时，可以运用排除法进行筛选。
首先，将选项逐个与文章内容进行对比，先排除明显错误的选项。
然后，将剩余的选项与文章的主题和重点进行比较，选取符合文章内容和逻辑的选项。
此外，还可以通过分析选项的表达方式和态度倾向来进行筛选。
例如，如果文章中表达了正面观点和积极态度，那么选项中表达相反观点或消极态度的选项可以排除。
五、总结文章的态度和观点在解答主旨大意题时，还要注意总结文章的态度和观点。
通常来说，作者在文章中会通过逻辑推理、事实陈述、举例论证等方式来表达自己的观点和态度。
如何解答高考英语阅读理解之主旨大意题
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命题 形 式
．
一
主题 型
ｍ ａｎ ｉｅ ， ｉ ｄ ａ
Ｔ ｅｐｓ ｇ ｉｌ ａｏ ｔ ｈ ａ ａｅｉ ｍａ ｖ ｂ ｕ ｓ Ｓ ｎ
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～ ～
（ ｐｃ或 ｔｌ） Ｗｈ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｉｅ ｔ
ａ ’ ｔ ｓ ｔｔｅｆ ｒｔ ｉ ａｓｇｅ ｔＳ ｈｅ ｂｅｔ ｉｌ ｈ ｓｐ ｓａ ？ ｏ
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三 、 试技 巧 应 解答 主 旨大 意题 ， 须 学会 分析 所给 语 篇 的行 文结构 和 写作 特 点 ， 为 关键 的是 知道 如 阿 最 把 握 主题 甸 。其 次 ， 于利用 引 出主 题句 或 细节 句 的信 息词 、 析选 项本 身是 解答 这 类题 目的 善 分 窍门。
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、 － ｒ
Ａ ｈ ｅｉｎｎ （ 金 字 塔 ｘ ｅｉ ｎｓｓｏ ｈ ｔｃ ａｅ ｅ ｓ ｋｎ ａ ａｓ ｔｔｅｂ ｇ ｉｇ 倒 ｎ Ｅ ｐｒ ｍｅ ｔ ｈ ｗ ｔａ ｉ ｒｔｍｏｔｓｒ ｕ ｎ ｅ ｉｌ ｄｓａ ａｃｒ ｅ ｄｓ ｈ ｓ ｅ ｏ ｓａ ｄ ｔｒ ｂｅ ｉ ｓ ｉ ｉ ｒ ｅｅ 开 门见 山， 出主 题 ， 提 随之 ｌ ｅｓ ｃｎ ｅ， ｉ ｒｔ ｍｏ ｉｇ ａｏ ｃｎ ｃｕｅｏｈ ｒ （ ｎ ｓ ， ａ ｃｒ ｃ ａｅ ｅｓ ｋｎ ｌ ａ ａｓ ｔｅ ｉ ｌ ） ｇ ｔ ｓ 用 细 节来解 释 ｈ ａ ｈ ｒｂｅ ．Ｆ ｒ ｅ ａ ｌ，ｉ ａ ｇｖ ｙ ｕ ｅｌ ｐｏ ｌｍｓ ｏ ｘｍｐｅ ｔ ｎ ｉｅ ｏ ａ ｔ ｃ 支撑或 发 展 主
阅读理解专项——主旨大意题课件-2023届高三英语二轮复习
plastic products. 主题句 概括了本文的主要内容
故选D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures 海洋塑料转化为雕塑
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,”…
3. 段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式
(1) The main idea of the second paragraph probably is that . (2) What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with? (3) Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph one? (4) What’s the main idea discussed in the first paragraph?
可知，独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势。
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn’t feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the
高考英语阅读主旨大意题的解题技巧
高考英语阅读:主旨大意题的解题技巧一、主旨大意题的命题形式主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，亦即考查考生的归纳概括能力。
这类试题包括要求考生选出短文的标题(title, headline)、短文或段落的主题(subject)、中心思想(main idea)、作者的写作目的(purpose或为传递信息、或为愉悦读者、或为阐述某一道理)等。
这类题的设问方式主要有：(1)The subject of the passage/paragraph is ______.(2)The main idea of the passage/paragraph is ______.(3)The text is mainly about ______.(4)The passage mainly centers on ______.(5)The passage mainly tells about ______.(6)What is the subject discussed in the text?(7)What is the main idea of this passage?(8)What is the passage mainly about?(9)What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?(10)What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?(11)Which of the following is the best title for the passage?(12)Which title best gives the idea of the passage?(13)What would be the best title for the text?(14)What might be the most suitable title for the passage?(15)The best headlines for this newspaper article would be______(16)The main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about ______.(17)The writer's purpose in writing this story is ______.(18)What is the author's main purpose?(19)What does the writer really want to tell us in this passage?(20)The writer wrote the story in order to______.(21)What is the advice given in the text / passage / article?二、寻找主题句的方法正确的解答这类题目的关键是准确地找出文章的主题句。
高考英语阅读理解满分秘籍之主旨大意题
高考英语阅读理解满分秘籍之主旨大意题阅读理解满分秘籍——理解题干的要求是核心，分析选项的特点是基础，读懂原文的主旨是条件。
做到题干、选项与原文内容的完美结合。
主旨大意题型高考《考纲》对阅读理解的能力要求是：要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。
考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；……《考纲》对阅读理解的能力要求的第一点就是理解主旨要义。
考生读的每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。
有时从文章第一个段甚至第一句可知文章的主旨要义；有时从文章最后一段甚至最后一句才能了解文章的主旨要义；有时，作者没有明示文章的主旨要义，需要读者从文章的字里行间进行归纳和概括。
无论是那一种情况，无论题干是不是主旨大意题型，考生必须首先要理解文章的主旨要义，这是我们阅读文章的基本目的。
同时，考生做其他题型的选择时也要考虑文章的主旨要义。
了解文章主旨要义的捷径是找到主题句。
主题句通常分为文章主题句和段落主题句，考生一定要分清楚。
通常，主题句有以下特征：1. 首段引入一般不是主题句，后面的结论（so, therefore等）或转折处（but, however 等）可能是文章的主题句；2. 举例说明或解释的句子不是主题句，前一句可能是主题句；3. 问句一般不是主题句，回答的句子可能是主题句；4. 主题句常包含主次之分的表达（A rather than B等）或时间提示词（recently, today等）；5. 定义型（be called as, be known as等）、强调型（stress, focus等）、总结型（research indicates, study suggests等）的句子很可能是主题句。
考查考生对主旨要义理解的题型是主旨大意题型，通常分为the main idea（paragraph or passage）和the best title 两类。
见下图：这两类题型有不同的提问方式。
考点19阅读理解主旨大意题(核心考点)-高考英语一轮复习(上海专用)(学生版)
考点19 阅读理解主旨大意题（核心考点精讲精练）近3年真题考点分布【思维导图】【知识梳理】➢考点一：文章大意类寻找主题句确定文章大意。
主题句的位置一般有以下几种：(1)主题句出现在文首。
文章开门见山，给出了主题句，随之用细节对其进行解释、支撑。
(2)主题句出现在文末。
文章先表述细节，之后在文末归纳概括出主题。
(3)主题句首尾呼应。
为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次升华主题。
(4)主题句出现在文章的中间。
文章首先提出问题，对问题进行描述，讨论之后在文章的中间部分给出主题句，而后又做进一步的解释。
【典例】（2023松江二模）In spite of all these concerns, most scientists hold that revolutionary technology and people’s awakening can shine a light on solutions in ways that are impossible now. There is undoubtedly a long way to go when we address problems facing mankind, but we can always anticipate something.28．What is the main idea of the passage?A．Effective CO2 absorbing technologies have come into wide use.B．With greenhouse gas reduced, global warming can be addressed.C．Future climate will improve with human efforts but threats still remain.D．Future climate will restore to a normal state with advanced technology.【典例】（2023徐汇二模）Casting blame is natural: it is tempting to fault someone else for a mistake rather than taking responsibility yourself. But blame is also harmful. It makes it less likely that people will own up to mistakes, and thus less likely that organizations can learn from them. Research published in 2015 suggests that firms whose managers pointed to external factors to explain their failings underperformed companies that blamed themselves.Blame culture can spread like a virus. Just as children fear mom and dad’s punishment if they admit to wrongdoing, in a blaming environment, employees are afraid of criticism and punishment if they acknowledge making a mistake at work. Blame culture asks, “who dropped the ball?” instead of “where did our systems and processes fail?” The focus is on the individuals, not the processes. It’s much easier to point fingers at a person or department instead of doing the harder, but the more beneficial, exercise of fixing the root cause, so the problem does not happen again.66. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Why We Fail to Learn from Our Own MistakesB. How to Avoid Disastrous Errors in OrganizationsC. Why We Should Stop the Blame Game at WorkD. How to Deal with Workplace Blame Culture➢考点二：段落大意类通过结构或暗示概括段落大意。
高考英语主旨大意题答题技巧
高考英语主旨大意题答题技巧我们阅读一篇文章，首先是要了解其大意，明确其主旨。
因此，主旨大意题是常考题。
主旨大意题包括：主要内容(main idea， mainly 2匕。
仇)型、文章标题(title)型、写作目的(purpose)型。
一、主要内容型［技巧点拨］弄清文章的大意，关键是找到主题句。
主题句的位置：主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时也在文中，或没有主题句，需根据文章所述内容进行归纳。
各段的主题句也常在该段的首句或尾句。
议论文和说明文一般有主题句，但记叙文通常没有主题句，需要归纳。
找主题句的方法：用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息。
找主题句的四个小窍门：1.段落中出现表转折的词语(如 however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast等)时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。
2.首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句。
3.作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨;反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4.表示总结或结论的话常有 therefore，thus， in short， conclude，conclusion 等。
经典例题1. That' s when Jack arrived on the scene. He was different from any other guy I’ d dated. He could sit for hours on the piano bench with my mother, discussing some composers. My brother Rick loudly announced that Jack wasrf t a turkey like the other guys I' d brought home. Jack passed my family' s test. But what about Dad’ s?What is the main idea of Paragraph 2?A.Jack got the family' s approv al except Dad’ s.B.Jack was different from any other boy.C.Jack was getting on well with Mother.D.Jack knew a lot about piano.答案：A解析：通过第二段的内容可知Jack赢得了作者全家人的欣赏，但由于作者的父亲已去世，作者不知道Jack在父亲那儿是否也能通过，故A正确。
高考英语阅读理解题解题技巧之主旨大意题讲义
主旨大意题一、总体解题思路1、宏观上分清文章体裁（记叙文、科普类的说明文议论文）和捋清文章行文脉络二、记叙文：主旨一般在首段和尾段出现（扫读重点关注首尾段各段首尾句或第二句以及转折处句子）第1篇I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I wasalways an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment.It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voiceand they loved it !It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on form generation to generation.As a novelist, l've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy（盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library, Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can. [ 2020全国II卷D篇]首先先快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子每段有每段的中心句这个中心句可能是全文主旨句也可能只是本段的主旨所以为了更全面把握主旨中心需要每段都要扫读到I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I wasalways an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.and an addedsource(来源) ofAs a novelist, l've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy（盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library, Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can. [ 2020全国II卷D篇]既然是记叙文一般就从首尾段找主旨I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I wasalways an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.As a novelist, l've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy（盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library, Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can. [ 2020全国II卷D篇]从首尾段提取主题词可以快速缩小选择范围提高准确率即微观上要抓住主题词那么主题词特征有以下几个●反复高频出现●绝大多数以名词为主动词和形容词为辅●出现时往往前有铺垫后有解释说明I和library 就是反复出现高频词并且说的就是I和library的关系优先排除A和B 都属于无中生有显然Young属于偷换概念只有D 和主题词切合并且逻辑关系是呼应的即I和library的关系第2篇Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume thatmore is more when it es to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.I found the preholidays a good time to encourage young children to donate lessused things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about being a doctor)For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ballsimple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, pletely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.[ 2018全国III卷D ]首先先快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子（每段有每段的中心句这个中心句可能是全文主旨句也可能只是本段的主旨所以为了更全面把握主旨中心需要每段都要扫读到）Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that提取首尾段首先排除A 和D 显然文中没有提及属于无中生有文中是帮助孩子学习而B的向孩子学习显然属于颠倒逻辑答案C就是直接来自首段尾句其实当文章自问自答或者提出了问题那么后面的回答就是文章的主题三、科普类文章：主旨一般与研究结果或专家建议观点紧密相关快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子寻找观点结论第3篇We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, around by people who are, like us, deeply look at their smartphones or, worse, fighting with the unfortable silence.What's the problem? It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's challenging, or we think it's unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it's an invaluable social practice that results in big advantages. Small talk is the grease (润滑剂) for social munication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk," he explains. "The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just municate with them."In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to look for an interaction (互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their waiter reported higher positive (积极的) feelings and a better coffee shop experience. "It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband." says Dunn. But interactions with peripheral (边缘的) members of our social network matter for our wellbeing also."Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a greater sense of belonging (归属感), a relationship with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. "Small talk is the basis of good manners." he says [2018II卷D篇]通过每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子找出观点结论性的词句We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, around by people who are, like us, deeply look at their smartphones or, worse, fighting with the unfortable silence.首段只是一个铺垫而第二段but转折词后面信息才是关键信息，Small talk是在文中反复出现的高频词文章结构属于总分结构：铺垫+总观点+分别解释科普类文章的一大特点提出一个现象或问题再提出观点结论然后进行解释说明首先就可以排除A和C 那么B和D 那个和主旨更切合呢B和D结构相同都是of结构显然D文中并没有提到ways，而是反复在讲advantages第4篇We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes(基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation(突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.Oh Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of seadwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts(支柱) in coastal waters. "They are simply a stranger to the land," said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. I could see them actually walking under the sea.' In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. "It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive. [ 2020 全国III卷D篇]快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子寻找观点结论the past few thousand years.People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at highthere were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive. [ 2020 全国III卷D篇]显然首段的首句就是一种观点，第二句又用科学研究发现来进一步证实另外evolution及近义词是反复出现的高频词文章属于总分结构：总观点+分别解释这道题难在出题者对选项答案进行了巧妙化处理并没有直接使用文中的词句故意进行了变换增加了难度和迷惑性不过可以先使用排除法B选项skills文中并未提及属于无中生有，偏离文章主题D 选项中的字眼Best绝对化像这样的选项除非文中明确指出来了，否则带有绝对性字眼的选项不要选另外文中说的是better而非best C选项methods文中也未提到属于无中生有正面分析 A 选项关键词就是remodeled 进行拆分re再次ed过去分词表完成状态model 模式模型——再模型化——重构改型含义=evolution出题者为了增加难度往往把正确答案设定成原文词的同义词近义词或短语第5篇Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overing this very tiny big problem? lt's turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they're close to a solution(解决方案). "We don't give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers," says Florence Gold, a project manager."There are no tests," Gordon says. "There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than 'Are you working towards your goal?' Basically, it's 'I've got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.' Engineers e and really do an inperson review, and..it's not a very nice thing at time. It's a hard business review of your product.Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. "These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don't teach." And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space. （2019全国IlI卷D篇）快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子寻找观点结论Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hoursand..it's not a very nice thing at time. It's a hard business review of your product.Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. "These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don't teach." And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space. （2019全国IlI卷D篇）首段提出问题but转折之后的尾句才是关键信息而第二段首句直接给出观点回答问题，NASA HUNCH是反复出现的词典型的总分结构：铺垫+总观点+分别解释提出问题解决问题解释说明其实有时候归纳出文章主旨并不难，而难在出题人在选项上故意设置陷阱迷惑我们，刁难大家让你误入歧途所以我们要紧紧抓住主旨去排除错误选项，选择正确选项本文主旨说的是NASA的HUNCH项目与high school classrooms之间关系HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. 那么首先可以排除A和C 因为A只讲了NASA 而后面的the home 纯属无中生有而C选项Nature是属于偷换概念用于代替NASA显然不对另外文中也没有提及outdoor classroom那么D中虽然有HUNCH 但后面讲的是大学准入改革而HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. 说的是有影响并不是说HUNCH program就是准入改革风马牛不相及只有B选项提到了Space 与NASA有关对应后面还提到homework与high school classrooms 紧密相关对应B选项同时把space和homework联系起来与文中主旨NASA与high school classrooms联系是呼应的贴合的总结解主旨题要把明确文章体裁握住文章的行文脉络和结构从每段首尾句或第二句及转折处句子找主旨段主旨句主题词从而归纳出主旨还要紧扣主旨去选择和排除那么具有迷惑性的错误答案另外明确了文章了主旨对于读懂文章和做其他题型都有帮助毕竟主旨对全文和所有的题都有统摄作用作者不可能偏离主题去写文章出题者也不可能偏离主题去出题。
高考阅读理解主旨大意题
阅读理解主旨大意题一、题型介绍：主旨大意题是高考阅读理解的主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对文章大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。
此类题数量较大，在15个题中约占3-4个。
◆主旨大意题的分类⑴从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种：①篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。
主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段或为几段主题的综合；②段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。
主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻找或总结。
⑵从考查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分为三种：①主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；②目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；③标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。
◆设问特点：1. 考查全文主旨或段落大意。
2. 正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。
3. 错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。
4. 常以main idea, best idea, subject, mainly discuss等词提问。
◆常考问题：1). 中心思想类The main point / idea of the passage is…The passage is mai nly about…The passage mainly discusses…The last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with…?Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?2). 标题类Which of the following is the best title of the passage?The best title for the passage would be …3). 目的类The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to …The passage is meant to ….In writing this passage, the author mainly intends to…其他常见考查形式：The text is mainly about ____.The main idea／The general idea／The main purpose is ______. What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? What would be the best title /headline for the text?This article mainly tells about the story of ____.What is the topic of the text?The subject discussed in this text is ____.What does the second paragraph discuss?The paragraph (passage) deals with _____.What is mainly discussed in the text?二、主旨大意题解题方法与步骤：略读法是理解全文大意的快速而有效的方法，略读的关键是能抓住文章要点的前提下，以个人最快的速度阅读，主要目的是尽快获得足够的信息以便准确的回答问题，利用略读法去做阅读时，要特别注意首尾两段，要学会寻找文章段落的主题句，这是高效省事地抓住段落要点的捷径，同时也是准确理解文章大意的有效途径。
主旨大意题型阅读解题技巧(知识梳理)
主旨大意题型阅读解题技巧题型介绍命题特点：主旨大意题是高考阅读理解的主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对锻炼大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。
此类题数量较大，在15个题中约占3—4个。
◆主旨大意题的分类从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。
主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段或结尾几段主题的综段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。
主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻找或总结。
◆常考问题：中心思想类：考查文章或段落的主旨大意；The m ain point /idea of the passage is…The passage is mainly about…The passage mainly discusses…The last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with…?Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?标题类：考查文章或段落的写作目的；Which of the following is the best title of the passage?The best title for the passage would be …目的类：考查文章或段落的写作目的；The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to …The passage is meant to ….In writing this passage, the author mainly intends to…干扰项的特点：1.以偏概全：答案只阐述了主旨的一部分，也就是局部信息，概括不够。
2. 主题扩大：归纳概括的范围过大，超过了文章要讨论的东西。
3. 断章取义，概括错误：常常以次要的事实、细节冒充全文主要观点。