Foundamental concepts and methods in biology
高二英语哲学思想初探单选题30题
高二英语哲学思想初探单选题30题1. Philosophy is the study of _______ and the nature of reality.A. wisdomB. knowledgeC. truthD. thought答案：C。
本题主要考查哲学中对研究对象的理解。
选项A“wisdom”意为智慧；选项B“knowledge”意为知识；选项C“truth”意为真理，哲学研究的是真理和现实的本质；选项D“thought”意为思想，相比之下，“truth”更符合哲学研究的核心。
2. In philosophy, a ________ is a statement that is considered to be true without needing to be proved.A. theoryB. principleC. axiomD. concept答案：C。
“axiom”在哲学中特指无需证明即被认为正确的陈述，选项A“theory”指理论；选项B“principle”指原则；选项D“concept”指概念，均不符合题意。
3. The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and art is called _______.A. ethicsB. aestheticsC. epistemologyD. metaphysics答案：B。
本题考查哲学分支。
选项A“ethics”是伦理学；选项C“epistemology”是认识论；选项D“metaphysics”是形而上学，而“aesthetics”指美学，与美和艺术的本质相关。
4. One of the fundamental questions in philosophy is 'What is the meaning of ______?'A. lifeB. existenceC. beingD. reality答案：A。
学术英语(社科)-Unit1含答案ppt
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
What is the author trying to prove?
What is the author assuming I will agree with?
Do you agree with the author?
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Critical reading and thinking
Activities
Example 2: water vs. diamond
Why is water so cheap, while diamonds are so
expensive?
water
Necessary for survival
diamond
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Example 3: a seat belt law
American laws require seat belts as standard equipment on new cars.
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Key terms
marginal cost: 边际成本 the additional cost from an increase in an activity
四川省广安市2023-2024学年高一下学期7月期末英语试题
四川省广安市2023-2024学年高一下学期7月期末英语试题一、阅读理解Here’re some new reads that you might enjoy.Daughters of the LampSahara has always felt insignificant. She always has a plan. But a necklace (项链) belonging to her late mother changes all of that. Sahara goes to a family wedding in Cairo, Egypt. There, as she looks into the origin of the necklace, family secrets are unearthed. Author Nedda Lewers put Arabian fairy stories into this magic al adventure. The book surely interests teens.The Partition ProjectMaha loves storytelling. She explorers her grandmother’s life story by making a documentary about her. Maha learns about her grandmother’s experience growing up in India and her move from India to Pakistan. The book, by Saadia Faruqi, focuses on the importance of family relationship. It is for children aged 13 and above.Shiny MisfitsWritten by Maysoon Zayid, and illustrated by Shadia Amin, this novel grabs you from the first chapter. Bay Ann has a brain disease, but she doesn’t let that hold her back. She loves tap dancing, and decides to perform at her school talent show. She hopes doing so will get her closer to her dream. It always encourages teens to study hard.Zombie TrainImagine a world where people turn into zombies (僵尸) because of a kind of insect that affects only grown-ups. In this book by David Macinnis Gill, which is for the taste of teenagers, a boy named Wyatt is on a train filled with kids he’s protecting. He meets Ryle who gains his trust. But Ryle has a plan to hijack (抢劫) the train so she can get to Nirvana, where there’s a cure. 1．Which is about a patient’s struggle story?A．Daughters of the Lamp.B．The Partition Project.C．Zombie Train.D．Shiny Misfits.2．What can we say about David Macinnis Gill?A．He’s an author.B．He’s a character in a book.C．He’s a train driver.D．He’s a book illustrator.3．What do the books listed above have in common?A．They’re about family relationships.B．They’re written by the young.C．They’re suitable for teenagers.D．They’re based on true stories.I would treasure every moment on the hockey arena (冰球场). My dream job would be to become a professional hockey player. I grew up playing hockey in local leagues. I was never the star player on the team, but hockey was always something I eagerly expected every day, simply enjoying the game.It has been seven years since I last played hockey, and I deeply miss the excitement of driving to the arena with my family, scoring a goal, making an important save (扑救), or simply being part of a team.Being a professional hockey player makes big money. For example, Connor McDavid signed a $100 million deal with the Edmonton Oilers in 2017. But, in fact, very few people like the career only because of this. The majority of people play it because they love the game. For me, it’s not about the money or the fame (名声). If I were in their skates, I’d treasure every second on the ice.I’d treasure every step on the ice of famous hockey arenas like Madison Square Garden, Bell Centre, Rogers Arena, and Scotiabank Arena. I’d enjoy every moment sharing the ice with future Hall-of-Famers like Sidney Crosby, Alexander Ovechkin, Patrick Kane, and Carey Price.I’d feel like the luckiest person alive every time I’m reminded that I’m living the dream—a dream many, like me, would give anything to experience. Twenty-three lucky individuals for each team have the honor to tell the world with pride that they play hockey professionally and support their families. I’d devote myself to anything for the chance to be among them. Yes, professional hockey players earn significant salaries, but if given the opportunity, I wouldn’t ask for a single dollar.4．What can we say about the author concerning hockey?A．He showed no interest in hockey.B．He started a local hockey team.C．He was not good at playing hockey.D．He played hockey due to his family. 5．What inspires many people to be hockey players?A．The money they make.B．Their love for competition.C．The desire for fame.D．Their interest in the game.6．Why does the author mention the famous hockey arenas?A．To highlight his dream.B．To show hockey is popular.C．To explain his rich experiences.D．To recommend them to hockey lovers. 7．What does the author want to tell us in the last paragraph?A．Gaining success helps become an expert.B．We should stay true to what we run after.C．Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.D．All things are difficult before they are easy.According to the United Nations, there’s plastic litter at the bottom of the ocean and on top of Mount Everest. Now plastic has been found in another unlikely place: on the backs of hermit crabs (寄居蟹).According to a study released in February, 2024, hermit crabs are using plastic litter as shells (外壳). Zuzanna Jagiello, a biologist at the University of Warsaw, in Poland, is the study’s lead author. She said, “They don’t have homes, so they use rubbish.” Jagiello studies the Anthropocene age. That’s the age we’re in now. Scientists consider it as the period in which human activity has had a major impact on the environment. Hermit crabs’ using plastic waste as shells is one example of that impact.Hermit crabs are small, soft-bodied crabs that live near oceans. To protect themselves from enemies, in general, they wear seashells that have been left behind by dead sea snails (海螺). But according to February’s study, at least 386 hermit crabs have been documented wearing rubbish. Of the world’s 16 species of hermit crabs that live on land, 10 have been seen wearing rubbish. Nearly nine out of every 10 of those crabs were wearing plastic waste, such as bottle caps.Scientists aren’t sure why hermit crabs are choosing litter instead of snail shells. But they have theories. Some sea snail populations are declining. Hermit crabs could be turning to litter because they can’t find enough seashells. It’s also possible that crabs are opting for plastic because it’s light and easy to carry. Or they’re drawn to its flamboyant materials. Scientists agree that plastic pollution harms wildlife and their living places in many ways. But it isn’t clear that the crabs are in any danger. “It’s really an amazing example of the beauty of adaptation,” Jagiello says. “What are the long-term results of these adaptations? We don’t know.”8．What do scientists think of hermit crabs’ using plastic waste as shells?A．They’re products of the environment.B．They don’t have to use their homes.C．They don’t have enough food to eat.D．They have ability to live alone.9．What do we know about hermit crabs?A．Their population is becoming smaller.B．Their physical health is getting worse.C．They typically wear seashells not litter.D．They are moving out of the oceans. 10．What does the underlined word “flamboyant” in the last paragraph mean?A．Real.B．Colorful.C．Familiar.D．Expensive. 11．What’s the best title for the text?A．Less Plastic, More Creative Crabs B．The Anthropocene Age’s CrabsC．More Hermit Crabs, Less Polluted D．Hermit Crabs in Plastic ShellsA person’s IQ is a measurement of a person’s intelligence. It stands for intelligence quotient, the amount or degree of intelligence. IQ tests have been around since the beginning of the 20th century, although people have been trying to measure intelligence for much longer than that.French psychologist Alfred Binet was one of the first people to come up with what we know as the IQ test. In 1905, he was tasked with creating a tool for measuring which students in school were more likely to do poorly. A new law had been passed in France that made all children go to school. Education leaders wanted to know the children who were not as intelligent as the others.Binet developed a test that would consider two factors: a child’s chronological age (How old was he or she?) and a child’s mental age (Was the child thinking at, below, or above the level of other children his or her age?). He developed questions for specific age groups. If a child could answer questions that older children could answer, that child’s mental age was higher than his chronological age. If a different child could not answer questions that children his own age could answer, then that child’s mental age was lower than his chronological age.Binet did not believe his test fully measured a person’s intelligence. He felt intelligence was something you could not put a number on. He said more research needed to be done. Despite this, an American psychologist at Stanford University read Binet’s work and confidently developed the test further. It became known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales. This test became one of the most popular IQ tests of the 20th century. The test may be useful, but some people said that Alfred Binet was right: intelligence is more than just a number.12．Why did Alfred Binet create the IQ test?A．To keep poor students out of school.B．To separate weak students from others.C．To measure students’ daily behaviour.D．To make laws for poor but clever students. 13．Which aspect of Binet’s IQ test is paragraph 3 mainly about?A．Its results.B．Its subjects.C．Its methods.D．Its origins. 14．What was the attitude of the American psychologist mentioned to his own IQ test?A．Doubtful.B．Favorable.C．Unclear.D．Negative. 15．What’s the main purpose of the text?A．To provide some explorations of intelligence.B．To present a new intelligencemeasurement.C．To compare the measurements of intelligence.D．To list the benefits of applyingintelligence fully.Let’s talk now about how to visit a museum right once you are inside of it.Dress properly. This is quite important for visiting museums. For example, when in the museum you won’t walk that much, but you’ll stand on the same spot a lot. 16 Wearing some comfortable shoes is necessary for a great museum experience.Don’t spend more than two hours at a museum. From my experience, after two hours at the museum, you’ll be too tired to continue exploring it. Just walking around in the museum without any idea of what you’re looking at won’t be the best experience. 17 That way, you can really enjoy the artwork, learn the story behind it and have a great museum experience.18 One of my favourite things about visiting museum s is to talk about the art pieces. If you’ll visit the museum on tour, feel free to ask your guide who often knows the artworks well all the questions you have. Why is that painting so famous? How long would an artist need to create a marble statue (大理石雕像)? 19Avoid taking pictures. Although some exhibits could be so beautiful and interesting to you, don’t take photos of them. 20 You’re damaging the paintings that are often hundreds of years old if using the flash. And since the light is not bright at museums, the quality of your photos won’t be the best. Another thing is that you are damaging other visitors’ experience.A．And that could be tiring.B．There are good reasons for this.C．Ask everything that interests you.D．Pick only one collection and explore it deeply.E．Anyway, use the advantage of having an expert with you.F．Find great high-quality photos of the paintings on their website.G．The step of researching the museum collections before your visit is important.二、完形填空Naomi Harper,23, runs a café in London where lonely and unhappy people can come and talk. It opened a few months ago and has now got 21 . So many people come here.She first got the 22 when a homeless man turned to her for help in the street one night. There was no place to 23 him, talk properly and give comfort. She always feels moved by the people who open 24 or make donations.The café was 25 a disused shop, owned by a local church. Naomi rented it and has hired a group of people to 26 . It is called the Open Door.When Naomi was at college, she used to work with her father in the afternoons. Her father is always 27 to help others. He is an eye doctor who sets up camps and performs operations in poor areas of the world. Naomi was 28 by her father and hopes to 29 helping those in need. “I 30 a sense of achievement from the work I do, though tired. My greatest 31 is when I see somebody happy,” she said.In November, Naomi made worldwide headlines when she 32 the café with her father’s help while running a charity event to 33 money for a local children’s hospital. Naomi devotes all her energy to 34 and doesn’t have much time for other activities.35 , she obtains much pleasure from her work.21．A．simple B．famous C．different D．familiar 22．A．idea B．task C．money D．experience 23．A．visit B．follow C．house D．guide 24．A．stores B．doors C．shelters D．companies 25．A．temporarily B．naturally C．eventually D．originally 26．A．show off B．help out C．hold back D．move on27．A．thankful B．ready C．afraid D．nervous 28．A．influenced B．protected C．observed D．trusted 29．A．finish B．advise C．appreciate D．continue 30．A．exchange B．remember C．gain D．copy 31．A．choice B．joy C．role D．opinion 32．A．reached B．saw C．opened D．left33．A．raise B．spend C．save D．borrow 34．A．study B．life C．health D．charity 35．A．However B．Besides C．Otherwise D．Therefore三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
2023-2024学年江苏省常州市联盟学校高一下学期期末学情调研英语试题
2023-2024学年江苏省常州市联盟学校高一下学期期末学情调研英语试题Scientists play a crucial role in advancing technology and improving our quality of life. Consider thework of Marie Curie, who discovered radium and polonium, opening up new frontiers in the field ofradioactivity and laying the foundation for modern nuclear medicine. Her research has led to the development of life-saving treatments and diagnostic（诊断的）tools that have benefited countless patients.Another remarkable scientist is Albert Einstein. His theory of relativity changed our understanding of the universe, challenging conventional wisdom and inspiring countless subsequent studies in physics. This has not only deepened our knowledge of the cosmos but also led to technological advancements such as GPS navigation, which relies on the principles of relativity for correct positioning.Isaac Newton’s laws of motion and universal gravitation provided a framework for understanding the physical world and paved the way for modern engineering and aerospace technology. The applications of his theories are obvious in everything from the construction of buildings to the launch of satellites.Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection transformed our understanding of the diversity of life on Earth. It has had far-reaching implications in fields such as genetics, ecology, and conservation biology, guiding our efforts to protect and preserve the natural world.Nikola Tesla’s contributions to electri cal engineering, particularly in the development of alternating current（交流电）, have powered our modern world. Without his innovations, our reliance on electricity for lighting, communication, and countless other applications would be severely limited.1. Who discovered radium and polonium?A．Albert Einstein. B．Isaac Newton.C．Marie Curie. D．Charles Darwin.2. Which of the following is a major and biggest difference between Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton?B．Their nationality.A．The field of science they mainlycontributed to.D．Their educational background.C．The century in which they did theirresearch.3. Which of the following is a common feature shared by all the scientists mentioned?A．They all made their discoveries in the 20th century.B．They were all from the same country.C．They all faced significant opposition to their work during their lifetimes.D．They all had a deep and lasting impact on the advancement of science and humanknowledge.My childhood memory is closely connected with hunger. Unable to provide enough food to feed its ever-increasing population, the People’s Republic had to adopt a food ration（定量）system to ensure equal supply of food for three decades—the ration for an adult in an urban area was 15 kilograms of wheat, rice, com or sorghum per month.Many young people today might not understand why I’m talking about hunger when an adult’s monthly quota for food grains was 15kg, especially because half of that would perhaps be enough for them for a month. But that’s all an adult c ould consume up to the 1970s, because cooking oil, meat, eggs and sugar were strictly controlled.Although the ration system ensured everybody had a share of the available food and prevented starvation deaths, it led to malnutrition（营养不良）among people of every age.On launching reform and opening-up. China realized a major reason for food shortage was farmers not getting their rightful due under the system then. So the government distributed the collectively-owned farmlands to households and farmers. Within years, the farm yield almost doubled, helping China to abandon the food rationing system in 1993.Now, enough food supply and much money have changed Chinese people’s dietary habits. Many youths refuse to learn cooking, arguing that they can source their meals from restaurants or take-out outlets. As a result, one can see thousands of electric bike riders zigzagging the streets to deliver breakfast, lunch or dinner.Paradoxically, Chinn is now battling over-nutrition. One would be lucky to not find a few overweight boys and girls in a class. When I meet with my former classmates, many of whom are overweight or suffering from over-nutrition-related illnesses, we sometimes talk about the “good old food ration days” when almost no one needed to worry about con trolling weight.4. What is the main purpose of China’s adopting a food ration system?A．To feed enough food to people. B．To ensure less waste of food.C．To avoid increase of population. D．To fight against food shortage.5. What can we infer from paragraph 2?A．Lacking other nutrition made 15kg food grains not enough for an adult.B．Young people today consume less food grains to avoid overweight problem.C．People in poverty had no access to oil, meat, eggs and sugar in the 1970s.D．The farm yield almost doubled with the development of faring technology.6. What does the underlined word “Paradoxically” in Paragraph 5 most probably mean?A．Consequently. B．Unexpectedly.C．Similarly. D．Reasonably.7. Why does the author write the article?A．To suggest our country adopting food ration again.B．To advise people to have enough food.C．To record the change in the development of society.D．To introduce a healthy lifestyle to young people.Playing music requires fine motor skills, which are controlled in both hemispheres（大脑半球）of the brain. It also combines language and mathematics, which the left hemisphere is more involved in, with the novel and creative content that the right does well in. For these reasons, playing music has been found to increase the volume and activity in the brain’s corpus callosum（肼胝体）, the bridge between the two hemispheres, allowing messages to get across the brain faster and through more different ways. This may allow musicians to solve problems more effectively and creatively, in both academic and social settings.Because making music also involves creating and understanding its emotional content and message, musicians often have higher levels of decision-making function, a category of interlinked tasks that includes planning, strategizing, and attention to detail and requires immediate analysis of both cognitive（认知的）and emotional aspects. This ability also has an impact on how our memory systems work. And, indeed, musicians exhibit better memory functions, creating, storing, and retrieving memories more quickly and efficiently. Studies have found that musicians appear to use their highly connected brains to give each memory multiple tags（标签）, such as a conceptual tag, an emotional tag, an audio tag, and a contextual tag, like a good Internet search engine.How do we know that all these benefits are unique to music, as opposed to, say, sports or painting? Or could it be that people who go into music were already smarter to begin with? Neuroscientists have explored these issues, but so far, they have found that the artistic and aesthetic aspects of learning to play a musical instrument are different from any other activity studied, including other arts. And several randomized（随机的）studies of participants, who showed the same levels of cognitive function and neural processing at the start, found mat those who were exposed to a period of music learning showed improvement in multiple brain areas, compared to the others.8. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?A．The Connection Between Music and Brain Activity.B．The Secret of Musicians’ Success.C．How Music Changes Our Lives.D．The Impact of Music on Motor Skills.9. What does playing music increase in the brain?A．The size of the left hemisphere.B．The size of the right hemisphere.C．The volume and activity in the brain’s corpus callosum.D．The number of neural connections in the front part of brain.10. What have neuroscientists found about-the benefits of playing music?A．They are not unique. B．They are the same as those of sports.C．They are the same as those of painting. D．They are different from any other activitystudied.11. What did the randomized studies find about those exposed to music learning?A．They had worse cognitive function.B．They showed no improvement in brain areas.C．They showed improvement in duty brain area.D．They showed improvement in multiple brain areas.Last week a study was published showing that people with bowel cancer（肠癌）who drink coffee—quite a lot of coffee, two to four cups a day—were less likely to suffer a return of the disease. Experts have said that if the results hold in further studies, coffee could be prescribed（开处方）to cancer patients on the NHS（National Health Service）. That coffee does have an effect on human function is no doubt—but whether that impact is beneficial or harmful has been controversial（有争议的）since its beginning in the mid-15th century.The native peoples of the forests of Kaffa in south-west Ethiopia searched for berries（浆果）from wild coffee plants that were shipped across the Red Sea to prepare the decoction（煮出的汁）known as qahwa, which was used to reduce their desire for sleep. Once mainstream Islamic courts said coffee was not poisonous, consumption became widespread among the Muslim populations in the Middle East and the Ottoman empire.First regarded as a form of medicine, Turkish traders introduced coffee to Venice, where it was prescribed for digestive disorders. It was served in small, cold potions. London’s first coffee houses appeared in the 1650s, attracting customers with the advertised health benefits of the new beverage. However, not all were convinced. The 1674 Women’s Petition Against Coffee declared that too much coffee consumption weakened men and made them unproductive.Since the 1960s, mass surveys of coffee drinkers have shown different results of its impact. In 1991 the World Health Organization listed coffee as a possible cause of cancer, but in 2016 this conclusion was reversed（反转）as more studies have shown a larger number of positive outcomes being associated with coffee drinking. Following centuries on the defensive（处于守势）, it may be time for coffee professionals to dust down those handbills and channel their inner Pasqua Rosée.12. What was the main finding of the recent study mentioned in paragraph 1?A．Coffee has no impact on human function.B．Drinking coffee reduces the risk of bowel cancer.C．People with bowel cancer should avoid drinking coffee.D．Coffee has no effect on the return of bowel cancer.13. Why does the writer mention the history of coffee consumption?A．To highlight the cultural significance of coffee in different regions.B．To emphasize the historical controversy around coffee’s health effects.C．To show coffee’s long-standing popularity and usage.D．To show the link between coffee’s origins and its medical applications.14. Which is the most suitable title for this passage?A．The Dark Side of Coffee: A Hidden Cancer RiskB．The Bitter Drink: Coffee’s Secret in Being PopularC．Uncovering the Truth: Coffee’s Cancer-Fighting HistoryD．Surprising History of Coffee: From Controversial Drink to Potential Cancer Cure15. Which section of the journal might this article belong to?A．Health & fitness. B．Home & garden.C．History & Culture. D．Finance & investment.Around 1830, the Romantic period slowly arose from the delicate form of the Classical period, expanding orchestral（管弦乐的）forces to express emotions and extra-musical ideas they had never expressed before. How was this possible? 16Romantic Period SoundIf you expect the music to have a regular, eight bar phrase（乐节）, think again. It might have irregular phrases to throw you off course, like in Schubert’s ‘Unfinished’ Symphony No. 8. 17 It may well be that composers like Mahler jump to an unexpected musical ending, like in his Symphony No. 2. If in doubt, be prepared to forget anything and everything you previously thought about music, and expect to be surprised, attracted, and amazed by the unexpected twists and turns of the Romantic period.Romantic InstrumentsAs music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral instruments just weren’t rich enough for many Romantic composers. So, more were added, including the contrabassoon, bass clarinet and piccolo, xylophones, drums, celestes, harps, bells, and triangles. 18 Listen to how Tchaikovsky makes use of various instruments in the ‘Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy’ in his ballet, The Nutcracker.Romantic PiecesDespite often being marked as a Classical period composer, Beethoven’s style really covered the two periods. His later works are pretty expansive, conjuring（变戏法般的）life, death, joy, peace, and even the concept of a universal brotherhood in the symphony of all symphonies, his choral Symphony No. 9, written in 1824. 19 It was a one-movement work evoking a story or poem, like Debussy’s dreamy Prélude à l’après-midi d’un faune or Dukas’ Sorcerer’s Apprentice.20 They also expanded the orchestra to express the full range of human emotion through music. But, understandably, this over-indulgent expression had its critics（批判者）who favoured absolute music-music for music’s sake, without a programme or story-and these critics led music into the ever-diverse 20th Century period.After being poorly bred（饲养）by a backyard breeder. Stevie was ________ at a rescue. She was born ________, so her breeder had no ________ to sell her. As soon as Stevie’s parents became aware of her situation, they immediately offered to ________ her. Her eyes were infected（感染）badly and she had congenital glaucoma（先天性背光眼）. Since she never had ________ to begin with, the vet（兽医）decided to ________ her eyes to relieve pain.Slowly, she started to heal from all the trauma（创伤）she had been through. Her adopt（收养）parents became more and more ________ to her. A ________ was made that Stevie would stay as a family member for the rest of her life. She now lives an adventure-packed life with her pup friends. Stevie has no problems ________ as she gradually learned to “feel” her way. She enjoys hikes, camping trips, and even helps other adopted dogs feel ________ in her home. Stevie has shown people that a dog with a（n）________ can live a healthy and happy lifestyle. Eventually, the family also tuned to The Endless Pawsabilities Rescue Society for help. The Endless Pawsabilities Rescue Society is a non-profit organization ________ to animal welfare（福利）. Furthermore, they actively support North American rescue and adoption ________.Stevie’s story became a beacon（灯塔）of hope for countless animals in need. She became a（n）________ of the unbreakable spirit that animals possess. ________ everyone that every pet, regardless of their challenges, deserves a loving home.21.A．bought B．abandoned C．attacked D．disliked 22.A．deaf B．unhappy C．blind D．broken23.A．reason B．secret C．course D．clue24.A．buy B．forgive C．sell D．keep25.A．ability B．sight C．hearing D．sense26.A．cover B．remove C．widen D．reduce27.A．equal B．closed C．attached D．cruel28.A．wish B．notice C．movement D．decision 29.A．going away B．getting over C．getting around D．going through 30.A．active B．popular C．confident D．comfortable 31.A．disability B．specialty C．difference D．interest32.A．admitted B．used C．addicted D．devoted 33.A．performances B．efforts C．battles D．answers 34.A．symbol B．signal C．imagination D．fact35.A．pushing B．helping C．proposing D．reminding阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
专业八级模拟611
专业八级模拟611(总分：134.92，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTURE(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Culture Shock and the Process of AdaptationⅠ. Culture shock1) Theoretical 1—troublesome feelings,—caused by loss of familiar 2 from the home culture.2) 3—to describe problemse.g. Chinese meet when they 4e.g. Foreigners have when they come to China.3) 5 of culture shock.—Living in one"s home culture, a person knows what people mean by means of 6—After leaving the familiar environment, meanings are not 7 , and the person does not know how to respond.4) Results of culture shock.— 8 : the person will not adapt successfully.—opportunities: changes as a person.It is not easy predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. toⅡ. The process of adaptation.1) Stage one: Excitement.—The excitement continues through 9—Eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture 10 do not work in the new environment, but make the problem worse.2) Stage two: 11—people experience a 12 in mood or spirit.3) Stage three: Frustration.—self-doubt and depression are replaced by more13 attitudes.—start the long climb up toward feeling positive.4) Stage four: Growing effectiveness.—increasing 14 that he can deal with new situations as they arise.5) Stage five: Appreciation.—be able to experience the full 15 of human feelings in the new culture.6) Increased ability.Culture Shock and the Process of AdaptationⅠ. Culture shock1) Theoretical 1—troublesome feelings,—caused by loss of familiar 2 from the home culture.2) 3—to describe problemse.g. Chinese meet when they 4e.g. Foreigners have when they come to China.3) 5 of culture shock.—Living in one"s home culture, a person knows what people mean by means of 6—After leaving the familiar environment, meanings are not 7 , and the person does not know how to respond.4) Results of culture shock.— 8 : the person will not adapt successfully.—opportunities: changes as a person.It is not easy predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. toⅡ. The process of adaptation.1) Stage one: Excitement.—The excitement continues through 9—Eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture 10 do not work in the new environment, but make the problem worse.2) Stage two: 11—people experience a 12 in mood or spirit.3) Stage three: Frustration.—self-doubt and depression are replaced by more13 attitudes.—start the long climb up toward feeling positive.4) Stage four: Growing effectiveness.—increasing 14 that he can deal with new situations as they arise.5) Stage five: Appreciation.—be able to experience the full 15 of human feelings in the new culture.6) Increased ability.（分数：15.00）解析：definition [听力原文]Good morning, everyone, today"s lecture is the very first of a series of lectures on culture shock. So I"d like to spend some time discussing with you the nature of culture shock and the six stages of the adaptation process so as to help you better understand and adapt to a new cultural environment.First of all, what is culture shock? I believe most people are familiar with the idea of culture shock. In theory, culture shock is defined as troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture. The "shock" in culture shock emphasizes the pain and doubt that a person experiences when faced with a significantly new experience.In practice, people usually use the term culture shock whenever they tell a story about problems. Chinese meet when they go abroad or when they want to describe problems foreigners have when they come to China. It can be easily understood that when a person is living in his home culture, he knows what people mean when they speak and act. He is able to interpret situations and knows how to respond. The world makes sense. However, when he leaves that familiar environment, he is deprived of familiar cues, familiar behaviors and meanings that reassure him that he understands the world. Suddenly meanings are not clear, and the person does not know how to respond. He feels disoriented. This is perfectly normal and occurs in situations other than moving to a new culture. When put into any significantly new and challenging situation, the person faces risks and has opportunities. The risk is that the person will not adapt successfully. If the person is not able to endure the pain and overcome the problems, he may abandon the new situation and return to a life that is more familiar and comfortable. If that is not possible, he may continue to live inthe new situation, but in a way that causes continuing difficulties for himself and others. If the person adapts successfully, he changes as a person. He acquires new skills, new attitudes, and a new outlook on the world.It is not easy to predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. So before going abroad, learning about the process of adaptation will help you better understand what is happening to you, though it will not prevent culture shock. Typically people experience the following stages as they adapt to a new cultural situation.Stage one: Excitement about the new situation.Except for refugees and others who are pushed to leave home against their will, most people who go abroad to live temporarily or permanently in a new culture do so willingly. They have some specific purpose in mind such as furthering their education, pursuing economic or professional opportunities, or simply experiencing something new. Especially when friends and relatives put a positive value on going abroad, when they give it high prestige or think they will also benefit, then the person who is going usually anticipates the experience with a great deal of excitement. The excitement of this stage typically continues through the early period after arriving in the new culture. Everything seems to be wonderful. The expectations the person has for the new experience have not yet been tested. The newcomer is using standards from his home culture to evaluate the situation in the new culture. But eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture strategies for dealing with problems not only do not work, but make the problem worse. And this marks the end of the first stage and the beginning of the second.Stage two: Confusion when faced with the hidden aspects of culture.At the beginning of the confusion stage, the person in an unfamiliar culture often experiences a sudden decline in mood or spirit. Often at this stage, newcomers misread or misinterpret the behavior and speech of the local people. Part of the problem may be limited language skills, but more important is a tendency to interpret meanings according to the home cultural grammar. Stage three: Frustration when old ways of dealing with situations fail to work.At this stage the confusion, self-doubt and depression of the second stage usually decline and are replaced by more negative attitudes such as frustration and anger about the new culture. Instead of blaming or doubting himself, the newcomer starts to put the blame for his difficulties on the new culture and its people. He may become suspicious and believe that the host country people around him always have negative reasons for doing what they do. In a way, this is a change for the better, because it shows that the newcomer is paying more attention to what the people around him are actually doing. And this will lead him to start the long climb up toward feeling as positive about himself and the new culture as he did the day he left home.Stage four: Growing effectiveness as new skills are acquired.During the third stage the person is feeling bad but is acting in a more assertive way to deal with the new culture. In time these efforts pay off and the person becomes more effective. The person is gaining cross-cultural skills and has added important new skills to his cultural software and has some confidence that he can deal with new situations as they arise.Stage five: Appreciation as new skills and attitudes enable the person to live more fully in the new situation.In this stage the person moves beyond effectiveness in the new culture to an attitude of appreciation. He is developing a more personal understanding of the new culture and values it. The person is able to live a full life, experiencing the full range of human feelings in the new culture. He is becoming more creative, expressive and able to take initiative and responsibility. Stage six: Increased ability to deal with new and novel situations.When a person has successfully adapted to a new culture, he has learned how to learn culture. That is a valuable attribute for anyone living in the global village. The person is now ready for new cross-cultural experiences.Now, to sum up, in today"s lecture we have elaborated on the nature, causes and results of culture shock, which was a commonplace phenomenon experienced by people going abroad. The subsequent discussion on the six stages of the adaptation process focuses on what is happening to people going abroad, a good knowledge of these stages can help people understand what is going on, so as to ease the confusion and frustration of the initial stages and accelerate the acquisition of the ability to appreciate and deal with the new cultural environment.[解析] 由文章开头看出讲座首先从理论的角度定义了culture shock这一概念。
英语语言学(江西师范大学)智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下江西师范大学
英语语言学（江西师范大学）智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下江西师范大学江西师范大学第一章测试1.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.答案:错2.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.答案:错nguage is used to record the facts, which is the informative function oflanguage, also called ideational function in the framework of functionalgrammar.答案:对4.Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.答案:对5.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use,it is said to be _______.答案:descriptive6.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?答案:Meaningfulnessnguage is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connectionbetween _______ and meanings.答案:sounds8.Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at languagefrom a ________ point of view.答案:sociological…psychological9.According to Jakobson, ___________ are the functions of language?答案:referential;conative;metalingual10.Which of the following belongs to the main branches of linguistics?答案:Morphology;phonetics;Semantics第二章测试1.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into differentcategories.答案:错2.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequenceof two or more phonemic segments.答案:对3.What is the difference between the fields of phonetics and phonology?答案:Phonetics is concerned with the physical and physiological aspects ofsounds, while phonology is concerned with sounds as parts of language.4.Question: Which of the following sounds is velar ?答案:A.g5.Which of the following sounds is not alveolar?答案:f6.Would it be useful to compare German and English when trying to establishhow English was spoken in the past?答案:Yes, because English and German are related and each may have a more conservative pronunciation in some points.7.In German, the word 'Kind' (child) has the plural form Kind-er. In the letter dis actually pronounced as [t], but in the plural form one pronounces it as a [d].Which phonological feature is involved in this alternation?答案:Voice8.English and German have relatively large vowel inventories. What reasondoes the discussion provide for this?答案:These languages tend to have a simpler syllable structure than otherlanguages, and need more differences between vowels.9.How do features help us understand and explain the path of languageacquisition?答案:Children try to find out how speech sounds can be built up offeatures.;Children do not acquire sounds, but rather features.;Children become gradually aware of features.10.Which three of the following parameters are relevant for consonant sounds?Please check all that apply.答案:Voicing;Manner of articulation;Place of articulation第三章测试1.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ____.答案:lexical words2.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _____morpheme.答案:inflectional3.______ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existingwords by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.答案:back-formation4.The stem of the word “disagreements” is ________.答案:disagreement5.All of them are meaningful except for ________.答案:phoneme6.“Fore” in “foretell”is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.答案:错7.The words “whimper”, “whisper”and “whistle”are formed in the way ofonomatopoeia.答案:对8.In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to thenumber of morphemes.答案:错9.Back-formation is a productive way of word-formation.答案:错10.Inflection is a particular way of word-formation.答案:对第四章测试1.Prase structure rules have ______ properties.答案:recursive2.The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.答案:finite3.The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to formgrammatical sentences.答案:combinational4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to thegrammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.答案:ungrammatical5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory wordthat introduces the embedded clause.答案:subordinator6.An ________ can further be divided into two types: subordination andcoordination.答案:endocentric construction7.What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?答案:Exocentric8.The head of the phrase “behind the door”is __________.答案:none9.The phrase “on the shelf”belongs to __________ construction.答案:exocentric10.The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to exposethemselves.”is a __________ sentence.答案:simple第五章测试1.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references indifferent situations.答案:对2.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherentrelation to the physical world of experience.答案:错3.The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all itscomponents.答案:错4.Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but rankeddifferently according to their degree of formality.答案:对5.________ is not one of seven types of meaning advanced by Geoffrey Leech.答案:derogatory meaning6.Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.答案:synonyms7.___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called semantic features.答案:Componential analysis8.“teacher” and “student” are ______________.答案:converse antonyms9._________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.答案:Reference10.“John killed Bill”_______ “Bill didn’t die.”答案:is inconsistent with第六章测试1.It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if thecontext of language use was left unconsidered.答案:对2.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in thestudy of meaning the context of use is considered.答案:对3.Utterances always take the form of complete sentences.答案:错4.Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.答案:错5.Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.答案:错6.The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditionalsemantics.答案:intrinsic7. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is oftenstudied in isolation.答案:grammatical8.__________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.答案:A perlocutionary act9.__________ is advanced by Paul Grice.答案:Cooperative Principle10.When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______might arise.答案:conversational implicatures第七章测试1.Halliday is hailed as the father of modern linguistics.（）答案:错。
复旦大学研究生高级英语教师用书
《研究生高级英语教师用书》Advanced English for Graduate Students（Teachers’Book）UNIT ONEText: The Idea of a UniversityBackground InformationClark Kerr (1911-2003) was an American professor of economics and academic administrator.He was the first chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley and the twelfth president of the University of California (1958-1967).He is acknowledged as one of the architects of the modern public university —and, in particular, the American research university.In an era of unprecedented growth in American higher education, he recognized the distinct roles of community colleges, state universities and the ‘flagship’research universities, and he coined the term “multiversity”in an attempt to capture the reality of large universities that had evolved to be a “whole series of communities and activities held together by a common name, a common governing board and related purposes,”reflecting the wisdom and thoughtfulness of one of America’s preeminent higher education specialists.Key to ExercisesIII.Vocabulary StudyChoose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences.1. B2. D3. A4. A5. C6. B7. D8. C9. C 10. AIV.ClozeThere are 10 blanks in the following passage.Fill in each blank with a proper word.1.relationship2.ability3.living4.farmers5.respond6.on7.benefits8.marry9.after10.towardTranslation of the Text大学的理想克拉克 克尔一个多世纪前, 红衣主教纽曼在参与建立都柏林大学时对“大学的理想”的阐述也许是最到位的。
2023年考研英语试卷
1、The recent study on climate change emphasizes the urgent need for ________ in order to mitigate its severe impacts.A. sustainable development practicesB. increased consumption of fossil fuelsC. ignoring environmental regulationsD. prioritizing economic growth over ecology (答案：A)2、In the context of global trade, the term "tariff" refers to ________.A. a tax imposed on imported or exported goodsB. a subsidy provided to domestic producersC. an agreement to eliminate trade barriersD. the free flow of goods and services without restrictions (答案：A)3、Which of the following statements best describes the concept of "cultural relativism"?A. All cultures are equally advanced and should be judged by universal standards.B. Cultural practices should be evaluated within their own cultural context.C. Some cultures are inherently better than others.D. Cultural differences are irrelevant in today's globalized world. (答案：B)4、The author's primary purpose in writing the passage is to ________.A. argue against the use of technology in educationB. advocate for the integration of technology into classroomsC. describe the historical evolution of educational toolsD. analyze the negative effects of technology on student learning (答案：B)5、The phrase "the tipping point" in the passage refers to ________.A. the moment when a minor change leads to a significant effectB. the highest point of achievement in a particular fieldC. a gradual and steady process of improvementD. the initial stage of a project's development (答案：A)6、According to the article, which of the following is NOT a challenge faced by remote workers?A. Maintaining a healthy work-life balanceB. Limited opportunities for social interactionC. Increased productivity due to fewer distractionsD. Difficulties in separating work and personal spaces (答案：C)7、The research highlights the importance of ________ in enhancing team collaboration and innovation.A. strict hierarchical structuresB. open communication channelsC. individual competition within teamsD. minimizing face-to-face interactions (答案：B)8、In the field of artificial intelligence, "machine learning" involves ________.A. programming computers to perform specific tasks without adaptationB. enabling computers to learn and improve from data without being explicitly programmedC. using pre-determined algorithms for all problem-solving scenariosD. relying solely on human input for decision-making processes (答案：B)9、The main argument presented in the passage is that ________.A. renewable energy sources are not yet reliable enoughB. investing in renewable energy is crucial for sustainable developmentC. fossil fuels remain the most efficient energy sourceD. technological advancements have made traditional energy sources obsolete (答案：B)10、Which of the following best explains the concept of "digital footprint"?A. The physical space occupied by digital devicesB. The trail of data left behind by online activitiesC. The speed of internet connectionD. The amount of storage space on a digital device (答案：B)。
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生物学的基本概念和方法
生物学是科学的分支，它研究生物的结构、功能、繁殖、相互作用以及它们与非生物环境的作用。
我们可以确定几个生物学里基本的概念。
1、生物是高度有序的。
比起组成大多数非生物系统的化学物质，组成一个生物体的化学物质在分子水平上更复杂和高度有序的。
这个化学组织反映在有组织的结构和有机体的功能。
所有有机体包含各种相似的化学物质，一个生物体的化学组成与非生物环境的不同。
2、生物由被叫做细胞的单位组成。
大多数的细胞很小，我们只能通过显微镜看到它们。
很多小的生物体，比如细菌和原生生物，每个都由一个细胞组成。
比较大的生物体，比如草和人类，包含了数以百万计的细胞。
每个细胞是离散的高度有序的生活物质，生化工厂。
它吸收营养物质和能量并且使用这些来维持它自己生长，对环境响应以及最终制造形成两个新的细胞。
因此，细胞是生物体结构、功能和繁殖的单位。
3、生物从环境中获得使用能量来维持和增加它们的高度的秩序井然。
大多数的生物体直接或间接地依靠来自太阳的能量。
绿色植物用太阳能来制造食物，这使得植物自己维持自己。
所有吃植物的生物也使用太阳能，而且最终吃植食动物的生物也是。
所有生物体使用来自食物的能量来维持它们的机体生长和繁殖。
4、生物体积极响应它们所处的环境。
大多数动物通过做各种活动——探究，消失或者甚至滚成一个球来对环境变化快速做出响应。
植物响应得比较慢但仍然很积极：茎和叶向光弯曲，根向下生长。
生物体对环境刺激做出响应的能力是普遍的。
5、生物的发育。
万物随时间而变化，但生物通过特定的复杂的方式改变叫做发育。
一个非生物水晶通过另外相同或相似的单位生长，但一个植物或者动物发育一个新的组织，比如叶子或牙齿，在化学物质上以及结构上与制造它们的结构不同。
6、生物的自我繁殖。
新生物体——细菌、原生生物、动物、植物和真菌的出现仅仅来自其它相似生物体的复制。
新细胞出现仅仅来自其它细胞的分裂。
7、每个生物体用来生存、发育、繁殖的信息被隔离在生物体中，并且从每个生物体中传递过来且传给它的后代。
这些信息被包含在生物体的遗传物质——染色体和基因里，这些指定了生物体发育、结构、功能和对环境的响应得可能范围内。
一个生物体传递遗传信息给它的后代，这也是为什么后代和它们的父母亲相似。
尽管如此，遗传信息也有所不同，所以父母亲和后代通常是相似而不是相同。
8、生物进化并且适应环境。
今天的生物体已经出现了进化，生物体从更古老的各种形式的生命那遗传和变异。
进化经历了这么一个方式，生物和它们的组成成分很好地适应了它们生活的方式。
鱼、蚯蚓和青蛙是如此有组织性以至于我们能够通过测试它们大概预言它们是怎么生活的。
生物体对环境的适应是进化的一个结果。
科学家们是如何如此有技术地调查生命的纪念碑且发现了如此多关于它的基础？产生这精确结果的思维方式是什么？科学的方法是关于自然界因果关系的形式化的回答问题。
原则上，科学方法主要有三步（尽管实际操作上科学家们有许多不同方法）。
第一步是收集能够通过感官（视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉）探测到的观察报告及现象。
还可以通过特定的仪器（比如说显微镜）来拓宽视野来做间接的观察。
通过实践，我们能够熟练如何系统地观察。
这就意味着把一个或者多个感官集中在环境中一个特定的事物上，屏蔽可能干扰我们的“背景噪音”的信息。
第二步，科学家们假设，关于已经观察到的发生原因的想法。
第三步是实验，实施设计来展示一个或多个假设更可能或更不可能是不正确的测试。
做出假设意思是把对一个观察做出解释的暂定解释放在一块儿。
没有一个科学家能够提出一个想法或需求肯定是被相信是正确的而没有被质疑。
在科学上，没有绝对的真理。
只有一个高度可能性，一个想法在观察和测试得很深远的背景下是正确的。
代替了绝对，有延缓的意见。
这就意味着如果一个假设与在手边的观察是一致的，它暂时是有效的。
你不会（或不应该）听到一个科学家说“没有其他解释！”更有可能你会听到“在现有知识的基础上，这解释是此刻最好的看法。
”
通常证据的重量是如此的确定以至于假设作为一个理论（为了深入研究形成的参考的一般框架的一套连贯的思想）被接受。
在科学上，单词“理论”不会轻易使用。
它仅仅能被有高度信心的假设给予。
通过实验测试假设是科学探究的核心。
实验必须要设计，目的是为了它们的结果能和人类独创性做到的一样清楚明白。
因为这个原因，实验必须包括控制处理以及实验处理。
两者的区别仅仅是你感兴趣的方面。
收集和组织测试结果是在生物实验中一个必要的过程。
数据表格或者图表用来组织和显示用来分析的信息。
图表在说明模式的趋势方面尤其有用。
比起收集和组织信息，数据分析少了呆板以及多了概念。
通常，统计的测试被用来决定实验数据和控制数据之间的不同是否是有效的或只是因为偶然。
如果它表明这不同只是因为偶然，那么它就可以表明自变量无效。
从实验结果延伸推广需要数据聚集来仔细和客观的分析。
通常，在实验基础上的假设是在得出结论的基础上被接受或被否定。
关于对于原始问题的什么新领悟（如果有）需要被写
下来。
当相同的数据超过一段时间出现在实验结果后明显的趋势要标记。
通常，更进一步的问题和假设为了引导另外研究的问题要被提出了。