Rhetorical Device
Rhetorical-devices-and-translation解读
最好的作品是像蚂蚁干活那样完成的—通过点滴、不懈、常常不断的 增补而成。
( 3 ) 动词seem，resemble (名词resemblance)，treat／honour ／regard／consider／respect as，compare to，liken to， pass(赛过)，remind of，be similar to，等。
Truth and oil are ever above. 真理跟油一样，总要升到上面来。〔犹如石油总是浮在水面，真理
〔真相〕总会大白于天下。〕
A woman’s mind and a glass are ever in danger. 女人易毁’，玻璃易碎。
I should smell it the way a cat smells a mouse. 我可以像猫嗅老鼠那样闻出它的气味来。
Her face bore the resemblance of a moon. 她的脸长得像一轮银月。
He treats his child as the apple in the eye. 他把他的孩子当成掌上明珠。
Samuel Johnson regarded a dictionary as a watch. 塞缪尔·约翰逊把词典看成钟表。
有时候他似乎脾气不好，但他的心眼可好了。
( 2 ) 连词as (犹如)，what (犹如)，as if, as though, than, and, the way 等。
His heart shivered as a ship shivers at the mountainous crash of the waters.
RhetoricalDevices
Rhetorical DevicesSimileA simile is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another, in such a way asto clarify and enhance an image.It is an explicit comparison recognizable by the use of the words “like” or “as”; some other words indicating comparison or likeness such as more than, as if, resemble, resemblance may also indicate similes. (para.25—justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream)1. Used with adjectives: as+adj.+as+n.(1) as white as a sheet/ snow(2) as cool as a cucumber(3) as light as a feather2. Used with verbs and verbal phrases: v.+like+n.(1) drink like a fish(2) speak like a book(3) sigh like a furnace (火炉)3. Similes with various predicative words（喻词）:(1) They spent money like water.(2) He is pitiless as steel, keen and cold as frost.(3) When in fury, she is more savage than a tigress.(4) Her face resembled a silver moon.——Her face bore the resemblance of a moon.(5) These childhood companions seemed phantoms in a dream now.(6) The first time I read an excellent book, it is as if I had gained a new friend.(7) A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.(8) Y ou might as well expect a leopard to change its spots as expect him to give upsmoking.MetaphorA metaphor is an implied simile.It differs from a simile in that the comparison is only implied, instead of being formally expressed.Metaphor is considered by many the most important and basic poetic figure.It is also the commonest and the most beautiful.(para.25—tragic walls (racial discrimination, segregation) / battering rams (forces of justice))I. Noun metaphors:1. Tenor (T) + to be + V ehic le (V)If the father land is sound, my personal troubles are only a flea bite.…2. a (the, etc.) +V + of + TThe men were held in the valley by a wall of fire.…3. a (the, etc.) + V + of a + T(1) Y ou have a devil of a temper.(2) Those pigs of lazy people eat so much. (plural form)…4. T + and + VLove and a cough cannot be hid.II. V erb metaphors: The tenor doesn’t appear, the verb acts as the vehicle.1. V erbs denoting natural phenomenaHer eyes were blazing as she stormed at me.…2. V erbs converted from nouns denoting human beings(1) His misery beggared description.…3. V erbs converted from nouns denoting animalsHe wormed (himself) into our confidence.…4. V erbs denoting actions performed by the hand or foot:It jumps with my humor.5. The vehicle is a set phrase:(1) They will stew in their own juice.(2) Curses come home to roost.III. Adjectival metaphors:(1) There are rosy prospects for him.(2) His speech touched off a stormy protest.…IV. Adverbial metaphors:(1) He was freezingly polite to us.(2) They escaped by a hair’s breadth.…V. Proverb serving as vehicle:(1) Still waters run deep.(2) No smoke without fire.…Some points to be paid attention to in the use of similes and metaphors.1. Two things of the same species that are very similar shouldn’t be used in simile. As swift as an eagle, the lark soared to the sky.2. Strained (牵强附会的) and inappropriate figures of speech should be avoided. Her smile was as warm as an electric heater.3. Trite (陈腐的) figures of speech should be used with caution.as pretty as a picture; as cunning as a fox4. Mixed, or awkwardly combined figures of speech should be avoided.The odor of flowers shouted a welcome.AntithesisAntithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis. (para.25—outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair)For example:(1) To err is human; to forgive, divine.(2) A fall in the pit, a gain in the wit.(3) Deep rivers move in silence, shallow brooks are noisy.ParadoxIn rhetoric, paradox (悖论/隽语) is a statement that appears to be logically contradictory, apparently absurd or self-contradictory and yet may be true. (para.18—solutions that don’t solve…don’t explain)For example(1) More haste, less speed.(2) A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.(3) The child is father of the man. (Wordsworth)(4) A man who is full of himself is empty. (Donne)AlliterationAlliteration is a figure of speech in which consonants especially at the beginning of words or stressed syllables are repeated. (para.25—the lion and lamb shall lie down together) For example(1) He never forgives nor forgets.(2)Let’s learn the lesson by heart.(3) Cut Costs Without Cutting Corners.——advertisement for carsAllusionAn allusion （引喻）is a figure of speech that makes a reference to, or representation of, a place, event, literary work, myth, or work of art, either directly or by implication. It is left to the reader or hearer to make the connection. (para.25—justice will roll down…a mighty stream.)Greek mythology, the Bible, Shakespeare, etc. are rich treasure houses of allusions.For example:(1) He met his Waterloo in 2008, when the project he heavily invested was collapsed.(2) She sat there all night as silent as the sphinx.AnaphoraIn rhetoric, an anaphora (首语重复法) is emphasizing words by repeating them at the beginnings of neighboring clauses. In contrast, an epiphora (or epistrophe，尾词重复) is repeating words at the clauses’ ends. (para.25—Let us be dissatisfied…) For example:We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender. (Winston Churchill) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way …—— Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two CitiesTransferred epithetTransferred epithet (移位修饰语) is a qualifying adjective transferred from a person to a thing, often from a person that is denoted by the subject to a thing that is related to it.(para.25—“tragic walls”)1. Paralleled relationshipShe sat there with embarrassed delight.He had a dry humor.2. Cause-effect relationshipHe answered with delighted smile.3. Modifying relationshipHe answered with a helpless smile.SynecdocheSynecdoche (提喻) is a figure of speech which consists in taking a part for the whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or the reverse of any of these. (para.25—“city hall”)1. A part for the whole:(1) There is a sea of faces on the square. (people)(2) Moscow and Washington will hold talks on this question.2. The whole for a part:(1) The world (people) will dance at your wedding.(2) China (team) won the championship at the tournament.ChiasmusChiasmus (交错法/交错配列法) is a device that consists of two balanced statements, the second of which reverses the order of the words in the first, with or without a repetition of words. (para.9)The elements of a simple chiasmus are often labelled in the form A B B A, where the letters correspond to grammar, words, or meaning.1. In inverted meaning(1) Who dotes, yet doubts; suspects, yet strongly loves.——Shakespeare, Othello 3.3"Dotes" and "strongly loves" share the same meaning and bracket "doubts" and "suspects.“ (A B B A)2. In inverted grammar(2) He knowingly lied and we blindly followed. (A B A B)Subject→ adverb → verb → conjunction (cross) → subject → adverb → verb.(3) He knowingly lied and we followed blindly. (A B B A)Subject→ adverb → verb → conjunction (cross) → subject → verb → adverb.IronyIrony is the expression of actual intent in words that carry the opposite meaning.Most forms of irony involve the perception or awareness of discrepancy between words and their meaning, or between actions and their results, or between appearance and reality.In all cases there may be an element of the absurd and the paradoxical.More examples of irony:This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week.Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a noble act.What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favored country!—they let the paupers (beggars) sleep! (Dickens)Fair sir, you spit upon me on Wednesday last, another time you called me dog, and for these courtesies I am to lend you money. (Shakespeare)AntonomasiaAntonomasia is a rhetorical term for the substitution of a title, epithet (绰号), or descriptive phrase for a proper name (or of a personal name for a common name) to designate a member of a group or class.换称：指用形容语(绰号)、头衔等代替专名，如:the Almighty→God;his Honour→Judge;the Iron Duke→the Duke of Wellington；亦指用专名表达普通概念，如把一位聪明人称作a Solomon，用商标名Hoover来泛指“真空吸尘器”等。
The Trial that Rocked the Worldrhetorical device 高英讲课讲稿
Darrow walked slowly round the baking court (Para. 14)
达罗绕着那气氛紧张、异常闷热的法庭踱着步。 baking本来是指烤面包，所以作者在此移来说明 另一具体事物court，描述法庭在审理这场震惊 世界的审判时紧张而闷热的气氛。
贫穷的富人
千言万语的沉默
• cold pleasant manner
past participle → adj.
Байду номын сангаас
冷淡热情的态度
long-lived death永生的 • bad good news 坏的好消
死亡
息
adv. + adj.
a wisely stupid idea 自 作聪明的傻主意
a mercifully fatal blow 仁慈的致命打击
Transferred epithet is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really belong.
throwing a reassuring arm round
my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open. (Para. 2)
就在我们静候着法庭开审的时候，达罗关切地搂住我 的肩膀低声安慰道：“别担心，孩子，我们会给他们点厉害 瞧瞧。”
rhetorical devices
Personification
The match will soon be over and defeat is staring us in the face. This time fate was smiling to him. Thunder roared and a pouring rain started. The storm was raging and angry sea was continuously tossing their boat.
Metaphor
O my love’s a red, red rose. He is the soul of the team. Irrigation is he lifeblood of agriculture. The picture of those poor people’s lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it. All his former joy was drowned in the embarrassment and confusion he was feeling at the moment.
Exercises
Her rich relatives rained birthday presents on her only son. Wrong ideas may harm a man just like diseases. Some words may defaced by careless usage. The leaves are trebling in the cold wind.
Rhetoric devices
• 2． 结构修辞格(Syntactical Stylistic Devices) 结构修辞格( )
repetition（反复）, catchword repetition（联珠）, chiasmus （回文）, parallelism（平行结构）, antithesis（反对）, rhetoric question（设问）, anticlimax（突降）
9.Epigram 隽语，警句 is an 隽语，警句--experimental dependently typed functional programming. e.g. You can’t eliminate violence by violence, you should use love. Necessity is the mother of invetion.
achieved through a figurative use of words; the word is used not in its literal sense, but in one analogous to it. e.g. …the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets… We are called upon to help the discouraged baggers in life’s marketplace. He who has love has the key that unlocked the door to the meanings of ultimate reality. e.g. Life‘s but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage. " （Macbeth , Shakespeare）
Rhetorical Devices
Rhetorical Devices•Simile•It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.•I wandered lonely as a cloud.•The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter.•The diamond is as blue as the great sea.•The ruby shall be redder than a red rose.•Metaphor•It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied ratherthan stated.•The world is a stage.•Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.•Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.•Snow clothes the ground.•The lecturer looked down at the sea of faces beneath him.•Metonymy•The substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.•Gray hairs should be respected.•I have never read Li Bai.•He is too fond of bottle.•I was not one to let my heart rule my head.•借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。
Figures of speech and rhetorical devices
Figures of Speech And Rhetorical Devices1.Simile(明喻)：用某一事物或情境来比拟另一事物或情境。
例：Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit2.Metapho r(暗喻)：它不用比喻词，直接把甲事物（喻体）当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其比喻关系隐含在句意中。
例：There were a few lordly poplars before the house.3.Personification(拟人)：把物（包括物体，动物，思想或抽象概念）比做人，使其具有人的外表，个性或情感的修辞手段。
例：The flowers nodded in the breeze.4.Alliteration(押头韵)：指以辅音字母开头，且有音符，有节拍节奏的诗歌。
例：A w ar of w it and w ords才智和语言的交锋5.Rhyme(押尾韵)：押词尾元音之韵例：True wit is nature to advantage d ressed,What oft was thought, but ne’er so well exp ressed,Something whose truth convinced at sight we f ind,That gives us back the image of our m ind.6.Satire(讽刺文)：通过幽默对社会现象或一群人所作所为的讽刺和取笑。
例：People who never gave the flag much thought except on the fourth of July have become suddenly, passionately, patriotic.7.Irony(反语)：正话反说，反说正话，含有讽刺意味。
例：“A fine thing!” the father replied.8.Euphemism(婉言)：把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和含蓄的表达出来。
Rhetoric_Devices修辞格的使用
Rhetoric Devices:(修辞) (Stylistic Devices, Figures of Speech)1.Alliteration:（头韵）( repetition of initial consonant sound :The initial consonant sound isusually repeated in two neighbouring words (sometimes also in words that are not next to each other). Alliteration draws attention to the phrase and is often used for emphasis. Examples:If neighbouring words start with the same consonant but have a different initial sound, the words are not alliterated. Examples:1）. a C anadian c hild….2）. h onoured and h umbled (the ‘h’ in honoured is silent)2. Allusion:(引喻) indirect reference to a person, event or piece of literatureAllusion is used to explain or clarify a complex problem. Note that allusion works best if you keep it short and refer to something the reader / audience is familiar with, e.g.: famous people ; history ; (Greek) mythology ; literature ; the bible .If the audience is familiar with the event or person, they will also know background and context. Thus, just a few words are enough to create a certain picture (or scene) in the readers’ minds. The advantages are as follows:1）. We don’t need lengthy explanations to clarify the problem.2）. The reader becomes active by reflecting on the analogy.3）. The message will stick in the reader's mind.Examples:1）. The software included a Trojan Horse. (allusion on the Trojan horse from Greek mythology) 2）. Plan ahead. It was not raining when Noah built the Ark. (Richard Cushing) (allusion on the biblical Ark of Noah)Many allusions on historic events, mythology or the bible have become famous idioms. Examples:1）. to meet one’s Waterloo (allusion on Napoleons defeat in the Battle of Waterloo)2）. to wash one’s hands of it. (allusion on Pontius Pilatus, who sentenced Jesus to death, but washed his hands afterwards to demonstrate that he was not to blame for it.)3）. to be as old as Methusalem (allusion on Joseph’s grandfather, who was 969 years old according to the Old Testament)4）. to guard sth with Argus’s eyes (allusion on the giant Argus from Greek mythology, who watched over Zeus’ lover Io.)3. Anaphora:（首语重复法）successive clauses or sentences start with the sameword(s)4.Antithesis : （对照法）contrasting relationship between two ideasAntithesis emphasises the contrast between two ideas. The structure of the phrases / clauses is usually similar in order to draw the reader's / listener's attention directly to the contrast. Examples:5. Transferred epithet:(转类形容词) an adjective or adjective phrase appropriately qualifying a subject (noun) by naming a key or important characteristic of the subject, as in "laughing happiness," "sneering contempt," "untroubled sleep," "peaceful dawn," and "lifegiving water." Sometimes a metaphorical epithet will be good to use, as in "lazy road," "tired landscape," "smirking billboards," "anxious apple." Aptness and brilliant effectiveness are the key considerations in choosing epithets. Be fresh, seek striking images, pay attention to connotative value. A transferred epithet is an adjective modifying a noun which it does not normally modify, but which makes figurative sense:1. At length I heard a ragged noise and mirth of thieves and murderers . . . . --George Herbert2. In an age of pressurized happiness, we sometimes grow insensitive to subtle joys.6. Hyperbole: （夸张法）deliberate exaggerationUsed sparingly, hyperbole effectively draws the attention to a message that you want to emphasize. Example:7. Hypophora （自问自答）question raised and answered by the author / speakerThe author / speaker raises a question and also gives an answer to the question. Hypophora is used to get the audience's attention and make them curious. Often the question is raised at thebeginning of a paragraph and answered in the course of that paragraph. Hypophora can also be used, however, to introduce a new area of discussion. Example:1）Why is it better to love than be loved? It is surer. (Sarah Guitry)2）How many countries have actually hit […] the targets set at Rio, or in Kyoto in 1998, for cutting greenhouse-gas emissions? Precious few8. Litotes：（反语法）form of understatementLitotes is a form of understatement which uses the denied opposite of a word to weaken or soften a message. Examples:1）That's not bad. (instead of: That's good/great.)2）Boats aren't easy to find in the dark. （instead of: Boats are hard/difficult to find in the dark.)9. Metaphor:(隐喻，暗喻) figurative expressionMetaphor compares two different things in a figurative sense. Unlike in a simile (A is like B.), “like” is not used in metaphor (A is B.). Example:10. Metonymy: (转喻) figurative expression, closely associated with the subjectMetonymy (unlike metaphor) uses figurative expressions that are closely associated with the subject in terms of place, time or background. The figurative expression is not a physical part of the subject, however (see synecdoche). Examples:11. Onomatopoeia: (拟声法)word imitating a soundThe pronounciation of the word imitates a sound. Onomatopoeia is used because it's often difficult to describe sounds. Furthermore, a story becomes more lively and interesting by the use of onomatopoeia. Examples:12. Parallelism: (并行体，对句法，平行句) parallel sentence structureSuccessive clauses or sentences are similarly structured. This similarity makes it easier for the reader / listener to concentrate on the message. Example:1. We are bound by ideals that move us beyond our backgrounds, lift us above our interest, and teach us what it means to be citizens.2. The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates.The great teacher inspires. (William A. Ward)3. The mistakes of the fool are known to the world, but not to himself. The mistakes of the wise man are known to himself, but not to the world. (Charles Caleb Colton)4. Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I may remember. Involve me and I will learn. (Benjamin Franklin)Note: When writing, parallelism is a useful device for instructions. Due to the parallel structure, the reader can concentrate on the message and will immediately know what to do (see examples below).Example 1 (no parallelism):Open the book first.You must read the text now.There are pictures in the book–Look at them.The questions must be answered.Example 2 (parallelism):Open the book.Read the text.Look at the pictures.Answer the questions.You surely agree that the second instruction is easier to follow (and to remember) than the first one. The change of structure in the first example is confusing and distracts the reader from the actual message. It might be okay with simple messages like the ones we used here. But following more complex instructions is really hard if they are not in parallel structure.13. Parenthesis: (插入语) additional informationThe normal progression of a sentence is interrupted by extra information or explanations enclosed in commas, brackets or dashes. The extra information can be a single word, a phrase or even a sentence. Examples:1. We ( myself, wife Lorraine and daughters Caroline and Joanna) boarded our boat 'Lynn', a Duchess class vessel barely a year old, at Black Prince Holidays' Chirk boatyard.2. The boats have remarkably few controls and we were given a thorough briefing about 'driving' ours–along with advice on mooring, lock operation and safety considerations–by Pauline, who even set off with us for a few minutes to ensure we were confident.Depending on the importance attached to it, additional information can be enclosed in bracket, commas or dashed.Brackets –not importantConnor (A my’s boyfriend) bought the tickets.Commas –neutralConnor, A my’s boyfriend, bought the tickets.Dashes- emphasizedConnor—Amy’s boyfriend –bought the tickets14. Personification: （拟人）attribution of human characteristics to animals, inanimate objects or abstractionsAnimals, inanimate objects or abstractions are represented as having human characteristics ( behavior, feelings, character etc.). Personification can make a narration more interesting and lively. Examples:15. Repetition: (重复法) repeating words or phrasesWords or phrases are repeated throughout the text to emphasize certain facts or ideas. Examples:16. Rhetorical Question: (修辞问句) question without a direct answerThe author / speaker raises a question, but doesn't answer it directly as he/she sees the answer (usually Yes or No) as obvious. Rhetorical questions are used to provoke, emphasize or argue. Examples:1. When public money brings windfalls to a few, why should the state not take a share?2. But was the best way to win them over to threaten to ignore them altogether? Like so many things this week, the administration's diplomacy needs a smoother touch.(Note that the sentence following the question is not an answer to it.)17. Simile: (明喻) direct comparisonTwo things are compared directly by using 'like' (A is like B.).Other possibilities are for example:A is (not) like BA is more/less than BA is as … as BA is similar to BA is …, so is BA does …, so does BExamples:1. concrete box-style buildings are spreading like inkblots2. The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel3. Personality is to a man what perfume is to a flower. (Charles Schwab)4. My friend is as good as gold.18. Synecdoche: (提喻法) using a part instead of the whole or vice versaSynechdoche is some kind of generalization or specification that uses a part,a member or a characteristic of what is meant. The following possibilities are common: Part used instead of the whole: Example:1. Turning our long bo at round […] on the last morning required all hands on deck … (hands = people)Whole used instead of a part: Example:1. Troops halt the drivers (troops = soldiers)Specific term used instead of a general one: Example:1. A major lesson Americans need to learn is that life consists of more than cars and television sets. [Two specific items substituted for the concept of material wealth]2. Give us this day our daily bread. --Matt. 6:113. If you still do not feel well, you'd better call up a sawbones and have him examine you.19. Understatement: (低调陈述) weaken or soften a statementA statement is deliberately weakened to sound ironical or softened to sound more polite.Note that understatement is a common feature of the English language (especially British English) used in everyday-life situations. Examples:1. I know a little about running a company. (a successful businessman might modestly say.)2. I think we have slightly different opinions on this topic. (instead of: I don't agree with you at all.)20) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.21) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".22) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.23) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has twomeanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)24) Syllepsis: (一语双叙）It has two connotations.In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)25) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)26) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.27) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.28) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.29) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).30) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.31) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.32) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.33) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!34). Oxymoron：（矛盾修饰法）is a paradox reduced to two words, usually in an adjective-noun ("eloquent silence") or adverb-adjective ("inertly（惰性的）strong") relationship, and is used for effect, complexity, emphasis, or wit:1. I do here make humbly bold to present them with a short account of themselves and their art.....--Jonathan Swift2. The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read,/ With loads of learned lumber in his head . . . .--Alexander PopeOxymoron can be useful when things have gone contrary to expectation, belief, desire, or assertion, or when your position is opposite to another's which you are discussing. The figure then produces an ironic contrast which shows, in your view, how something has been misunderstood or mislabeled:1. Senator Rosebud calls this a useless plan; if so, it is the most helpful useless plan we have ever enacted.2. The cost-saving program became an expensive economy.35.Epistrophe: （结句反覆）(also called antistrophe) forms the counterpart to anaphora, because the repetition of the same word or words comes at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences:1. Where affections bear rule, there reason is subdued, honesty is subdued, good will is subdued, and all things else that withstand evil, for ever are subdued. --Wilson2. And all the night he did nothing but weep Philoclea, sigh Philoclea, and cry out Philoclea. --Philip Sidney36. Chiasmus:(交错法) might be called "reverse parallelism," since the second part of a grammatical construction is balanced or paralleled by the first part, only in reverse order. Instead of an A, B structure (e.g., "learned unwillingly") paralleled by another A,B structure ("forgotten gladly"), the A,B will be followed by B,A ("gladly forgotten"). So instead of writing, "What is learned unwillingly is forgotten gladly," you could write, "What is learned unwillingly is gladly forgotten." Similarly, the parallel sentence, "What is now great was at first little," could be written chiastically as, "What is now great was little at first." Chiasmus is easiest to write and yet can be made very beautiful and effective simply by moving subordinate clauses around:1. Tell me not of your many perfections; of your great modesty tell me not either.2. Just as the term "menial" does not apply to any honest labor, so no dishonest work can be called "prestigious."。
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Xenia.X
Rhetorical Device
Rhetorical device, sometimes referred to as figure of
speech, is an intentional departure from straightforward, literal use of language by the speaker or writer for the sake of emphasis, or freshness and strikingness of expression (clarity, however, is delusive). In the mode of expression words are used out of their literal meaning or ordinary use in order to add beauty or emotional intensity or to transfer the writer’s feelings by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning familiar to the reader.
PersonifБайду номын сангаасcation
• A figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form
Sometimes the comparison is clear enough that the a-is-b form is not necessary: He has a heart of stone. a sea of troubles The fountain of knowledge will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learning. The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soul.
Simile
• A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as • Similes can be very effective, especially when they juxtapose two dissimilar things the reader has never previously associated.
Metaphor
• A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison
Metaphor
• A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison For ever since that time you went away I’ve been a rabbit burrowed in the wood (Maurice Sceve, French poet) The mind is but a barren soil; a soil which is soon exhausted and will produce no crop, or only one, unless it be continually fertilized and enriched with foreign matter. He jumped as if he had been stung.
Synecdoche
• A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole, the whole for a part, the specific for the general, the general for the specific, or the material for the thing from which it is made
It was a fleet of 20 sails. The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. All hands [sailors] were lost at sea. Many hands provide great strength. He bought 500 head of cattle. He saw some new faces in the classroom. The poor man had twelve mouths to feed. Lend me your ears. Australia beat Canada at cricket板球
Metaphor
• A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison
Metonymy
• A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated
Herman Melville read a lot of Shakespeare. The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. He succeeded to the crown in 1848. No demand was made upon the family purse. He is fond of the bottle./He took to the bottle. When she entered high school, she would wear a wardrobe that no one else would be able to match.
My heart was singing. This time fate was smiling to him. The flowers nodded to her while she passed. The wind whistled through the trees. Love and faithfulness meet together; Righteousness and peace kiss each other. The ship began to creak and protest as it struggled against the rising sea. We bought this house instead of the one on Maple because this one is more friendly. This coffee is strong enough to get up and walk away.
How like the winter hath my absence been (Sonnet 97) So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Sonnet 75).
Death lies upon her like an untimely frost. (Romeo and Juliet)
Purpose
Clarity! Pleasure is a wanton trout,/An ye drink it a’, ye’ll find him out. Clarity? However, it sometimes allows of multiple interpretations due to personal readings. May bliss domestic smooth/his private path. Why do we learn rhetorical device anyway?
Metonymy
• A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated
After finishing her legal studies she was admitted to the bar. Young people should have more respect for gray hairs. The kettle is boiling. She is the first violin in the band.
He eats like a bird. O my luve’s like a red, red rose. (Robert Burns) Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. You are like a hurricane: there’s calm in your eye, but I’m getting blown away. The day we passed together for a while Seemed a bright fire on a winter’s night.