Regulatory Effects of Siegesbeckia glabrescens on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation

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气候的影响英语作文

Climate change is one of the most pressing global issues of our time,with farreaching implications for the environment,economy,and society.The effects of climate change are multifaceted and can be observed in various aspects of life on Earth.1.Environmental Impact:The most evident impact of climate change is on the environment.Rising temperatures have led to the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers, causing sea levels to rise.This not only threatens coastal cities and lowlying islands but also disrupts the habitats of many species,leading to a loss of biodiversity.Additionally, climate change has been linked to more frequent and severe weather events,such as hurricanes,floods,and droughts,which can devastate ecosystems and human settlements.2.Agricultural Effects:Agriculture is heavily dependent on stable climate conditions. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can lead to reduced crop yields, affecting food security globally.Droughts can decimate harvests,while floods can destroy crops and soil fertility.Moreover,warmer temperatures can shift the ranges of pests and diseases,complicating agricultural practices.3.Health Implications:Climate change can have direct and indirect effects on human health.Direct effects include heatrelated illnesses and deaths during heatwaves.Indirect effects are more complex and can include the spread of vectorborne diseases as warmer climates expand the habitats of diseasecarrying insects.Additionally,air quality can be affected by higher temperatures,exacerbating respiratory issues.4.Economic Consequences:The economic impacts of climate change are significant and varied.Industries such as agriculture,fisheries,and tourism are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.Insurance costs may rise due to an increase in natural disasters,and infrastructure may require costly adaptations to withstand extreme weather events.On the other hand,some regions may experience economic benefits from a longer growing season or access to new shipping routes.5.Social and Political Ramifications:Climate change can exacerbate social inequalities and lead to political instability.Displacement of populations due to environmental disasters can create refugee crises,straining international relations and local resources. Additionally,competition for dwindling resources like water and arable land can lead to conflicts.6.Mitigation and Adaptation Efforts:In response to the impacts of climate change,there is a growing emphasis on mitigation and adaptation strategies.Mitigation involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions to slow the rate of climate change,while adaptation involves adjusting to the effects that are already occurring.This can include developingmore resilient infrastructure,investing in renewable energy,and implementing policies that promote sustainable development.cation and Awareness:Raising awareness about the impacts of climate change is crucial for driving societal and political cation plays a key role in informing the public about the science behind climate change,its consequences,and the steps that can be taken to mitigate its effects.8.International Cooperation:Addressing climate change requires a coordinated global response.International agreements,such as the Paris Agreement,aim to unite countries in efforts to reduce emissions and support those most vulnerable to climate change impacts.In conclusion,the impacts of climate change are widespread and interconnected, affecting every aspect of life on Earth.It is essential that individuals,communities,and nations work together to mitigate these effects and adapt to the changes that are already underway.。

冰川知识英文介绍

GlacierFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchThis article is about the geological formation. For other uses, see Glacier (disambiguation).The Baltoro Glacier in the Karakoram, Kashmir. At 62 kilometres (39 mi) in length, it is one of the longest alpine glaciers on earth.Ice calving from the terminus of the Perito Moreno Glacier, in western Patagonia, ArgentinaThe Aletsch Glacier, the largest glacier of the Alps, in SwitzerlandIcebergs calved from outlet glaciers at Cape York, GreenlandA glacier(pronounced UK: /ˈɡlæsiər/GLASS-ee-ər or US: /ˈɡleɪʃər/GLAY-shər)is a large persistent body of ice. Originating on land, a glacier flows slowly due to stresses induced by its weight. The crevasses and other distinguishing features of a glacier are due to its flow. Another consequence of glacier flow is the transport of rock and debris abraded from its substrate and resultant landforms like cirques and moraines. A glacier forms in a location where the accumulation of snow and sleet exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often decades or centuries. A glacier is distinct from sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.The word glacier comes from French. It is derived from the Vulgar Latin *glacia and ultimately from Latin glacies meaning ice.[1] The processes and features caused by glaciers and related to them are referred to as glacial. The process of glacier establishment, growth and flow is called glaciation. The corresponding area of study is called glaciology. Glaciers are important components of the global cryosphere.On Earth, 99% glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges of every continent except Australia. In the tropics, glaciers occur only on high mountains.[2]Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers store water during one season and release it later as meltwater, a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant.Because glacial mass is affected by long-term climate changes, e.g., precipitation, mean temperature, and cloud cover, glacial mass changes are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change and are a major source of variations in sea level.Contents[hide]∙ 1 Types of glaciers∙ 2 Formation∙ 3 Anatomy∙ 4 Motiono 4.1 Fracture zone and crackso 4.2 Speedo 4.3 Ogives∙ 5 Geography∙ 6 Glacial geologyo 6.1 Moraineso 6.2 Drumlinso 6.3 Glacial valleyso 6.4 Arêtes and horns (pyramid peak)o 6.5 Roche moutonnéeo 6.6 Alluvial stratificationo 6.7 Deposits in contact with iceo 6.8 Loess deposits∙7 Transportation and erosion∙8 Deposition∙9 Isostatic rebound∙10 Glaciers on Mars∙11 See also∙12 Cited references∙13 Uncited references∙14 External links[edit] Types of glaciersMain article: Glacier morphologyMouth of th e Schlatenkees Glacier near Innergschlöß, AustriaGlaciers are categorized in many ways including by their morphology, thermal characteristics or their behavior. Alpine glaciers form on the crests and slopes of mountains and are also known as "mountain glaciers", "niche glaciers", or "cirque glaciers". An alpine glacier that fills a valley is sometimes called a valley glacier. Larger glaciers that cover an entire mountain, mountain range, or volcano are known as an ice cap or ice field, such as the Juneau Icefield.[3]Ice caps feed outlet glaciers, tongues of ice that extend into valleys below far from the margins of the larger ice masses.The largest glacial bodies, ice sheets or continental glaciers, cover more than 50,000 km² (20,000 mile²).[4] Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from the surface. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. These regions contain vast quantities of fresh water. The volume of ice is so large that if the Greenland ice sheet melted, it would cause sea levels to rise six meters (20 ft) all around the world. If the Antarctic ice sheet melted, sea levels would rise up to 65 meters (210 ft).[5]Ice shelves are areas of floating ice, commonly located at the margin of an ice sheet. As a result they are thinner and have limited slopes and reduced velocities.[6]Ice streams are fast-moving sections of an ice sheet.[7]. They can be several hundred kilometers long. Ice streams have narrow margins and on either side ice flow is usually an order of magnitude less.[8] In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. However, some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier. In Greenland and Antarctica ice streams ending at the sea are often referred to as tidewater glaciers or outlet glaciers, such as Jakobshavn Isbræ (Kalaallisut: Sermeq Kujalleq).Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea. As the ice reaches the sea pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous splash as the iceberg strikes the water. If the water is deep, glaciers can calve underwater, causing the iceberg to suddenly leap up out of the water. The Hubbard Glacier is the longest tidewater glacier in Alaska and has a calving face over 10 km (6 mi) long. Yakutat Bay and Glacier Bay are both popular with cruise ship passengers because of the huge glaciers descending hundreds of feet to the water. This glacier type undergoes centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate changes currently causing the retreat of most other glaciers. Most tidewater glaciers are outlet glaciers of ice caps and ice fields.In terms of thermal characteristics, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. Asub-polar glacier has both temperate and polar ice, depending on the depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier.[edit] FormationGlaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. As the snow and ice thicken, they reach a point where they begin to move, due to a combination of the surface slope and the pressure of the overlying snow and ice. On steeper slopes this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 feet) of snow-ice. The snow which forms temperate glaciers is subject to repeated freezing and thawing, which changes it into a form of granular ice called firn. Under the pressure of the layers of ice and snow above it, this granular ice fuses into denser and denser firn. Over a period of years, layers of firn undergo further compaction and become glacial ice. Glacier ice has a slightly reduced density from ice formed from the direct freezing of water. The air between snowflakes becomes trapped and creates air bubbles between the ice crystals.The distinctive blue tint of glacial ice is often wrongly attributed to Rayleigh scattering due to bubbles in the ice. The blue color is actually created for the same reason that water is blue, that is, its slight absorption of red light due to an overtone of the infrared OH stretching mode of the water molecule.[9][edit] AnatomyThe location where a glacier originates is referred to as the "glacier head". A glacier terminates at the "glacier foot", or terminus. Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions.[10] The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone. At this altitude, the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The accumulation zone is the region where snowpack or superimposed ice accumulation persists.A further zonation of the accumulation zone distinguishes the melt conditions that exist.∙The dry snow zone is a region where no melt occurs, even in the summer, and the snowpack remains dry.∙The percolation zone is an area with some surface melt, causing meltwater to percolate into the snowpack. This zone is often marked by refrozen ice lenses, glands, and layers. The snowpack also never reaches melting point.∙Near the equilibrium line on some glaciers, a superimposed ice zone develops. This zone is where meltwater refreezes as a cold layer in the glacier, forming a continuous mass of ice.∙The wet snow zone is the region where all of the snow deposited since the end of the previous summer has been raised to 0°C.The upper part of a glacier that receives most of the snowfall is called the accumulation zone. In general, the glacier accumulation zone accounts for 60-70% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. The depth of ice in the accumulation zone exerts a downward force sufficient to cause deep erosion of the rock in this area. After the glacier is gone, its force often leaves a bowl or amphitheater-shaped isostatic depression ranging from large lake basins, such as the Great Lakes or Finger Lakes, to smaller mountain basins, known as cirques.The "health" of a glacier is usually assessed by determining the glacier mass balance or observing terminus behavior. Healthy glaciers have large accumulation zones, more than 60% of their area snowcovered at the end of the melt season, and a terminus with vigorous flow.Following the Little Ice Age, around 1850, the glaciers of the Earth have retreated substantially through the 1940s (see Retreat of glaciers since 1850). A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers from 1950-1985. However, since 1985 glacier retreat and mass balance loss has become increasingly ubiquitous and large.[11][12][13][edit] MotionThe Nadelhorn Glacier above Saas-Fee, Valais, SwitzerlandMain article: Ice sheet dynamicsGlaciers move, or flow, downhill due to the internal deformation of ice and gravity.[14] Ice behaves like an easily breaking solid until its thickness exceeds about 50 meters (160 ft). The pressure on ice deeper than that depth causes plastic flow. At the molecular level, ice consists of stacked layers of molecules with relatively weak bonds between the layers. When the stress of the layer above exceeds the inter-layer binding strength, it moves faster than the layer below.[15]Another type of movement is through basal sliding. In this process,the glacier slides over the terrain on which it sits, lubricated by the presence of liquid water. As the pressure increases toward the base of the glacier, the melting point of water decreases, and the ice melts. Friction between ice and rock and geothermal heat from the Earth's interior also contribute to melting. This type of movement is dominant in temperate, or warm-based glaciers. The geothermal heat flux becomes more important the thicker a glacier becomes.[16]The rate of movement is dependent on the underlying slope, amongst many other factors.[edit] Fracture zone and cracksIce cracks in the Titlis GlacierSigns warning of the hazards of a glacier in New ZealandThe top 50 meters of the glacier, being under less pressure, are more rigid; this section is known as the fracture zone, and mostly moves as a single unit, over the plastic-like flow of the lower section. When the glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks up to 50 meters deep form in the fracture zone. The lower layers of glacial ice flow and deform plastically under the pressure, allowing the glacier as a whole to move slowly like a viscous fluid. Glaciers flow downslope, usually this reflects the slope of their base, but it may reflect the surface slope instead. Thus, a glacier can flow rises in terrain at their base. The upper layers of glaciers are more brittle, and often form deep cracks known as crevasses. The presence of crevasses is a sure sign of a glacier. Moving ice-snow of a glacier is often separated from a mountain side or snow-ice that is stationary and clinging to that mountain side by a bergshrund. This looks like a crevasse but is at the margin of the glacier and is a singular feature.Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. As the parts move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause the two sections to break apart, opening the crack of a crevasse all along the disconnecting faces. Hence, the distance between the two separated parts, while touching and rubbing deep down, frequently widens significantly towards the surface layers, many times creating a wide chasm. Crevasses seldom are more than 150 feet deep but in some cases can be 1,000 feet or even deeper.Beneath this point, the plastic deformation of the ice under pressure is too great for the differential motion to generate cracks. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow, as a glacier accelerates where the slope steepens. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow.Crossing a crevasse on the Easton Glacier, Mount Baker, in the North Cascades, USACrevasses make travel over glaciers hazardous. Subsequent heavy snow may form fragile snow bridges, increasing the danger by hiding the presence of crevasses at the surface. Below the equilibrium line, glacier meltwater is concentrated in stream channels. The meltwater can pool in a proglacial lake, a lake on top of the glacier, or can descend into the depths of the glacier via moulins. Within or beneath the glacier, the stream will flow in an englacial or sub-glacial tunnel. Sometimes these tunnels reemerge at the surface of the glacier.[17][edit] SpeedThe speed of glacial displacement is partly determined by friction. Friction makes the ice at the bottom of the glacier move more slowly than the upper portion. In alpine glaciers, friction is also generated at the valley's side walls, which slows the edges relative to the center. This was confirmed by experiments in the 19th century, in which stakes wereplanted in a line across an alpine glacier, and as time passed, those in the center moved farther.Mean speeds vary greatly. There may be no motion in stagnant areas, where trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits such as in Alaska. In other cases they can move as fast as 20–30 meters per day, as in the case of Greenlands's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Kalaallisut: Sermeq Kujalleq), or 2–3 m per day on Byrd Glacier, the largest glacier in the world in Antarctica. Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness.A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed.[18] These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the ponding of meltwater at the base of the glacier[19]—perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake—or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical "tipping point".[20]In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one kilometer per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale tremblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1.[21][22]The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland show a peak every year in July, August and September, and the number is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming.[21][22]Seismic waves are also generated by the Whillans Ice Stream, a large, fast-moving river of ice pouring from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet into the Ross Ice Shelf. Two bursts of seismic waves are released every day, each one equivalent to a magnitude 7 earthquake, and are seemingly related to the tidal action of the Ross Sea. During each event a 96 by 193 kilometer (60 by 120 mile) region of the glacier moves as much as .67 meters (2.2 feet) over about 25 minutes, remains still for 12 hours, then moves another half-meter. The seismic waves are recorded at seismographs around Antarctica, and even as far away as Australia, a distance of more than 6,400 kilometers. Because the motion takes place of such along period of time 10 to 25 minutes, it cannot be felt by scientists standing on the moving glacier. It is not known if these events are related to global warming[23][edit] OgivesIt has been suggested that Ogive (glacier)be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)Ogives are alternating dark and light bands of ice occurring as narrow wave crests and wave valleys on glacier surfaces. They only occur below icefalls, but not all icefalls have ogives below them. Once formed, they bend progressively downglacier due to the increased velocity toward the glacier's centerline. Ogives are linked to seasonal motion of the glacier as the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. The ridges and valleys are formed because ice from an icefall is severely broken up, thereby increasing ablation surface area during the summertime. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge.[24] Sometimes ogives are described as either wave ogives or band ogives, in which they are solely undulations or varying color bands, respectively.[25][edit] GeographyFor more details on this topic, see List of glaciers.For more details on this topic, see Retreat of glaciers since 1850.Black ice glacier near Aconcagua, ArgentinaGlaciers occur on every continent and approximately 47 countries. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chilean Patagonia, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, e.g., in the Andes, the Himalaya, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. On mainland Australia no glaciers exist today, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period, and Tasmania was extensively glaciated.[26]The South Island of New Zealand has many glaciers including Tasman, Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highestsummit massif of Puncak Jaya.[27]Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaroin Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Ruwenzori Range.Permanent snow cover is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. As temperature decreases with altitude, high mountains— even those near the Equator— have permanent snow cover on their upper portions, above the snow line. Examples include Mount Kilimanjaro and the Tropical Andes in South America; however, the only snow to occur exactly on the Equator is at 4,690 m (15,387 ft) on the southern slope of Volcán Cayambe in Ecuador.Conversely, areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts, as they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia[28], and central and northern Alaska[29], though extraordinarily cold with winter temperatures believed to reach −100 °C (−148 °F) in parts[30], had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form[31][32].In addition to the dry, unglaciated polar regions, some mountains and volcanoes in Bolivia, Chile and Argentina are high (4,500 metres (14,800 ft) - 6,900 m (22,600 ft)) and cold, but the relative lack of precipitation prevents snow from accumulating into glaciers. This is because these peaks are located near or in the hyperarid Atacama desert.[edit] Glacial geologyDiagram of glacial plucking and abrasionGlacially plucked granitic bedrock near Mariehamn, Åland IslandsRocks and sediments are added to glaciers through various processes. Glaciers erode the terrain principally through two methods: abrasion and plucking.As the glacier flows over the bedrock's fractured surface, it softens and lifts blocks of rock that are brought into the ice. This process is known as plucking, and it is produced when subglacial water penetrates the fractures and the subsequent freezing expansion separates them from the bedrock. When the ice expands, it acts as a lever that loosens the rock by lifting it. This way, sediments of all sizes become part of the glacier's load. The rocks frozen into the bottom of the ice then act like grit in sandpaper.Abrasion occurs when the ice and the load of rock fragments slide over the bedrock and function as sandpaper that smooths and polishes the surface situated below. This pulverized rock is called rock flour. The flour is formed by rock grains of a size between 0.002 and 0.00625 mm. Sometimes the amount of rock flour produced is so high that currents of meltwaters acquire a grayish color. These processes of erosion lead to steeper valley walls and mountain slopes in alpine settings, which can cause avalanches and rock slides. These further add material to the glacier.Visible characteristics of glacial abrasion are glacial striations. These are produced when the bottom's ice contains large chunks of rock that mark scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the flutes, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Chatter marks are seen as lines of roughly crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier, caused by the abrasion where a boulder in the ice catches and is then released repetitively as the glacier drags it over the underlying basal rock.The rate of glacier erosion is variable. The differential erosion undertaken by the ice is controlled by six important factors:∙Velocity of glacial movement;∙Thickness of the ice;∙Shape, abundance and hardness of rock fragments contained in the ice at the bottom of the glacier;∙Relative ease of erosion of the surface under the glacier;∙Thermal conditions at the glacier base; and∙Permeability and water pressure at the glacier base.Material that becomes incorporated in a glacier are typically carried as far as the zone of ablation before being deposited. Glacial deposits are of two distinct types:∙Glacial till: material directly deposited from glacial ice. Till includes a mixture of undifferentiated material ranging from clay size to boulders, the usual composition of a moraine.∙Fluvial and outwash: sediments deposited by water. These deposits are stratified through various processes, such as boulders' being separated from finer particles.The larger pieces of rock which are encrusted in till or deposited on the surface are called "glacial erratics". They may range in size from pebbles to boulders, but as they may be moved great distances, they may be of drastically different type than the material upon which they are found. Patterns of glacial erratics provide clues of past glacial motions.[edit] MorainesGlacial moraines above Lake Louise, Alberta, CanadaGlacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. These features usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers, flowing in the same direction, coalesce and the lateral moraines of each combine to form a moraine in the middle of the merged glacier. Less apparent is the ground moraine, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath much of the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line. Glacial meltwaters contain rock flour, an extremely fine powder ground from the underlying rock by the glacier's movement. Other features formed by glacial depositioninclude long snake-like ridges formed by streambeds under glaciers, known as eskers, and distinctive streamlined hills, known as drumlins.Stoss-and-lee erosional features are formed by glaciers and show the direction of their movement. Long linear rock scratches (that follow the glacier's direction of movement) are called glacial striations, and divots in the rock are called chatter marks. Both of these features are left on the surfaces of stationary rock that were once under a glacier and were formed when loose rocks and boulders in the ice were transported over the rock surface. Transport of fine-grained material within a glacier can smooth or polish the surface of rocks, leading to glacial polish. Glacial erratics are rounded boulders that were left by a melting glacier and are often seen perched precariously on exposed rock faces after glacial retreat.The term moraine is of French origin. It was coined by peasants to describe alluvial embankments and rims found near the margins of glaciers in the French Alps. In modern geology, the term is used more broadly, and is applied to a series of formations, all of which are composed of till.[edit] DrumlinsA drumlin field forms after a glacier has modified the landscape. The teardrop-shaped formations denote the direction of the ice flow.Drumlins are asymmetrical, canoe shaped hills with aerodynamic profiles made mainly of till. Their heights vary from 15 to 50 meters and they can reach a kilometer in length. The tilted side of the hill looks toward the direction from which the ice advanced (stoss), while the longer slope follows the ice's direction of movement (lee).Drumlins are found in groups called drumlin fields or drumlin camps. An example of these fields is found east of Rochester, New York, and it is estimated that it contains about 10,000 drumlins.Although the process that forms drumlins is not fully understood, it can be inferred from their shape that they are products of the plastic deformation zone of ancient glaciers. It is believed that many drumlins were formed when glaciers advanced over and altered the deposits of earlier glaciers.[edit] Glacial valleysA glacial valley in the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, showing the characteristic U-shape and flat bottomYosemite Valley from an airplane, showing the U-shapeThis image shows the termini of the glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya. Glacial lakes have been rapidly forming on the surface of thedebris-covered glaciers in this region during the last few decades.Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by downward erosion by water. However, during glaciation, these valleys widen and deepen, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. Besides the deepening and widening of the valley, the glacier also smooths the valley due to erosion. In this way, it eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across the valley. Because of this interaction, triangular cliffs called truncated spurs are formed.Many glaciers deepen their valleys more than their smaller tributaries. Therefore, when the glaciers recede from the region, the valleys of the tributary glaciers remain above the main glacier's depression, and these are called hanging valleys.。

培养基、保护剂和饥饿处理对冻干乳酸菌存活性的影响

培养基、保护剂和饥饿处理对冻干乳酸菌存活性的影响2962007,V o1.2&No.07食品科学※生物工程培养基,保护剂和饥饿处理对冻干乳酸菌存活性的影响靳志强2,李平兰2,(1.长治学院生化系,山西长治046011;2.中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京100083)摘要:研究了培养基,冻干保护剂,饥饿处理对冻干乳酸菌存活性的交互影响.结果表明,培养液中加入NaC1,干燥介质中添加冻干保护剂蔗糖,冻干前对L.bulgaricusS-1细胞饥饿,这三种处理都可以提高冻干菌体在贮藏期的存活性;然而当培养液中含有NaC1时,保护剂蔗糖以及对细胞饥饿处理并不能进一步提高该培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏期的存活性.关键词:乳酸菌;存活性;培养基;保护剂;饥饿处理EffectsofGrowthMedium,CryoprotectorandStarvationOilSurvivalduringStorageof Freeze.driedLacticAcidBacteriaJINZhi—qiang?LIPing—lan?(1.DepartmentofBiochemistry,ChaagzhiCollege,Changzhi046011,China;2.CollegeofFoodScienceandNutritionalEngineering,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beiji ng100083,China)Abstract:Interactiveeffectsofgrowthmedium,cryoprotectorandstarvationtreatmentonba cterialsurvivalduringthestorageoffreeze—dIiedlacticacidbacteriahavebeenstudi~.factors,includingadditionofNaC1tothegrowthm edium,additionofsucrosetothedryingmediumandstarvationofS一1inthestationaryphase,couldhelpsurviveduringstorageinthedriedstate.However,inthecaseofNaC1inthegrowthmedium,notonlySULTOseinthedryingmediums eemedtobelargelyineffectivein furtherincreasingthesurvivalrateofdriedcellsthroughoutstorage,butalsostarvationwasrat herinadequateinprotectingdriedcellssurvivalduringstorage.Keywords:lacticacidbacteria;survival;growthmedium;cryoprotector;starvation中图分类号:TS201.3文献标识码:A文章编号:1002.6630(2007)07.0296.04乳酸菌培养物在冷冻干燥和随后长期的贮藏过程中,最大限度的保持乳酸菌的活性无论从经济角度还是从技术角度来讲都是至关重要的.微生物细胞的存活取决于许多因素,包括微生物起始浓度,培养基,非致死性处理,冻干保护剂和复水环境等【_3】.保护剂可以减轻冷冻干燥或复水对细胞的损害,尽可能保持原有的各种生理生化特性和生物活性.筛选适宜的冻干保护剂对细胞在冻干和贮藏过程中的存活性至关重要.目前研究的重点主要放在保护剂对乳酸菌存活率的影响上,但培养基也是一个关键因素.可混溶溶质的积累,胞外多糖的产生和膜的脂肪酸的改变等因素可以解释各种培养基对冻干菌体的保护作用0-61.可混溶溶质是一些有机小分子,溶解性较好,高渗环境下在细胞质内可以积累到一个高的水平.可混溶溶质具有渗透保护作用,诸如甜菜碱,肉碱,甘露糖等可混溶溶质在干燥过程中对乳酸菌的保护作用已被报道【4】.Glaasker等提出,加入NaC1和蔗糖的培养液都可以使可混溶溶质在细胞内产生和富集【.另外,外界环境的改变使菌体通过代谢调控做出反应,从而使细胞的抗性增强,例如细胞生长的低pH值环境,细胞生长期的饥饿处理等可以提高细胞对冷冻干燥的抗性【s-.Giard等研究表明,在生长过程中由于葡萄糖耗尽引起的营养匮乏使粪肠球菌对其它逆境产生了巨大的耐受力【引.本研究就添加蔗糖或氯化钠的培养液,保护剂蔗收稿日期:2007—02.28通讯作者基金项目:国家"863"计划目标导向性项目(2006AA10Z343)作者简介:靳志强(1976一),男,助教,硕士,研究方向为食品微生物与发酵.※生物工程食品科学2007,V oL28,No.07297糖,细胞的饥饿处理对乳酸菌在贮藏过程中存活性的交互影响进行了探讨,为进一步研究冻干乳酸菌的细胞损伤和保护机理提供一定的理论依据.1材料与方法l|1菌株Lactobacillusdelbeueckiisubsp.bulgaricusS.l(简称S-1)CGMCC1358(专利保藏菌种)以冻干菌粉的形式贮存于一20℃的冰箱中,用于所有的实验中.1.2培养基MRSa:标准MRS;MRSb:将MRSa中的20g葡萄糖替换为10g葡萄糖+10g蔗糖;MRSc:MRSa+5g氯化钠,NaC1对MRS培养液中生长的S-i的最小抑制剂量(MIC)为6.25g/L,因此选择5g/LNaC1的添加浓度,该添加量仍然可以使细胞在40℃下生长良好.l-3仪器YX.280D自动蒸汽消毒器江阴市滨江医疗设备厂:DNP.9162电热恒温培养箱上海精宏实验设备有限公司;SCL.1300型垂直流洁净工作台北京赛伯乐实验仪器有限公司;E系列生物显微镜麦克奥迪实业集团有限公司:GL.20G.II高速冷冻离心机上海安亭科学仪器厂;FD.1冷冻干燥机北京博医康实验仪器有限公司.l4方法1.4.1细胞制备菌株S.1在培养液MRSa,MRSb和MRSc中40℃培养12h进入稳定期后,8000r/min10min离心收集,磷酸缓冲液清洗两次.每种培养液中所得菌体沉淀都分为三组:a组样品悬浮于无菌的脱脂奶中作为对照;b组样品在无菌水中室温下饥饿处理20min,然后悬浮于无菌的脱脂奶中;C组样品悬浮于添加冻干保护剂蔗糖(10g/L)的脱脂奶中.细胞悬浮液在室温下平衡20min, 不停振荡以使细胞适应.1.4.2冻干与贮藏装有lml细胞悬浮液的小瓶放置于一20℃冰箱中冻结24h.然后在冻干机中一45℃,1Pa压力下干燥24h. 冻干菌粉密封避光保存于室温下.1.4-3菌株S1在冻干和贮藏过程中存活性的测定冻干前后及在贮藏期每隔半个月,随机取出样品用11%的脱脂奶复水到原体积,然后梯度稀释倾倒平板进行计数.2结果与分析许多因素影响到乳酸菌在冻干和贮藏过程中的存活性.在本研究中,就添加蔗糖或氯化钠的培养液,保护剂蔗糖,细胞的饥饿处理对S.1在贮藏过程中存活性的交互影响进行了探讨,实验结果如图1～3所示.蚕篓OO.511,522.533.5贮藏时间(月)图lMRSa培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中的存活性Fig,1CellularsurvivalinMRSaculturemediumdudngstorage雷言呈螟0O,511.522,533,5贮藏时间(月)图2MRSb培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中的存活性CellularsurvivalinMRSbculturemediumduringstorage善蓉蜒OO.511.522.533.5贮藏时间(YJ)图3MRSC培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中的存活性Fig.3CellularsurvivalinMRScculturemediumduringstorage 2.1生长培养基的影响比较图1～3中的对照处理,可以看出S一1在贮藏期的存活性与培养液的成分密切相关.在贮藏期间,MRSa和MRSb中生长的S一1的存活率不断下降,在贮藏后期下降更为迅速,二者之间没有显着差异.添加氯化钠的培养液(MRSc)中生长的S一1在贮藏期的存活率虽然也呈下降趋势,但下降平缓.与MRSa和MRSb中生长的S1的存活率相比,MRSc中生长的S-1在贮藏∞鲫∞∞加O∞鲫∞∞加O∞∞∞∞加O2982DD7.V o1.28,No.07目晶科学※生物工程末期的存活率显着高于前两者.在培养液中加入氯化钠或蔗糖等化合物,提高了渗透压,降低了水分活度.在此高渗环境下,诸如甜菜碱,肉碱等可混溶溶质在胞内积累,从而使细胞可以重建渗透平衡Do].由于可混溶溶质在细胞处于不利条件下可以稳定蛋白,因此对高渗环境和干燥过程的乳酸菌都有益处[1l1.本研究中,向培养液中加入氯化钠或蔗糖提高培养液的同渗容摩,对S.1在贮藏过程中的稳定性有不同的影响,只有含NaC1的MRS培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中才具有更高的存活率.有研究证实,植物乳杆菌和保加利亚乳杆菌在上述两种高渗培养液中积累的可混溶溶质并不相同[71.可混溶溶质的不同可以一定程度上解释本研究中两种培养液内生长的S.1在贮藏阶段表现出不同的存活性.2.2将蔗糖加入干燥介质(脱脂奶)中的影响由图1,2看出,冻干保护剂蔗糖可以显着增加MRSa和MRSb中生长的S1在冻干过程中和贮藏期的存活性.然而从图3看出,MRSc培养液中生长的S.1在三种干燥条件下均表现出很好的存活性.保护剂蔗糖似乎并不能进一步提高冻干细胞在贮藏期间的存活性. Leslie等研究表明,蔗糖可以保护脂质体,生物膜以及一些完整的细胞免于冷冻干燥的有害作用[12】.由于在冻干过程中形成了高粘性,低流动性的玻璃态基质,而且束缚在蛋白上的溶质在蛋白质周围的水化层被去除后可以充当水分子的替代物,因此保护了蛋白质的功能,从而提高了细胞的存活率l.除了保护干燥过程中蛋白质的结构和功能以外,蔗糖和其他碳水化合物降低了细胞膜的相变温度,阻止了相变,因此防止了复水时细胞内容物的泄漏】.本研究中,保护剂蔗糖对MRSc培养液中生长的s.1在贮藏期并没有显示出有效的保护作用,可能是因为蔗糖的保护效果被培养液的保护效果所平衡的缘故.延长贮藏期,蔗糖加入干燥介质中的积极的保护作用可能体现出来.2-3饥饿处理的影响细胞的饥饿处理对S.1在贮藏过程中的存活性的影响因培养液不同而不同.如图3所示,与对照相比,当S.1生长在添加了氯化钠的培养液(MRSc)中时,饥饿处理对贮藏期冻干细胞的保护作用并不明显;从图1,2看出,与对照相比,饥饿处理对MRSa和MRSb中生长的S.1则表现出积极的保护作用.Beney等报道,热激产生的热激蛋白对膜蛋白和脂质体具有稳定效果[141.正如热激和冷激对乳酸链球菌的作用一样,饥饿处理对贮藏期冻干细胞的保护作用可能归因于:(1)应激反应引起细胞膜的变化,膜的变化增强了细胞对冷冻和干燥的忍耐力.(2)合成应激蛋白,应激蛋白作为高分子稳定物,可以增强水分子的氢键结构,从而提高高分子周围非冻结水的水平】.培养液MRSb和MRSc中生长的细胞所积累的可混溶溶质的不同可能使细胞处于不同的生理状态,从而对饥饿处理引起的应激表现出不同的忍耐力.在MRSc中生长的S.1胞内富集了可混溶溶质,由于可混溶溶质的保护作用,对细胞饥饿处理20min可能不足以在细胞内产生任何应激反应.3结论向培养液中加入电解液(NaC1)或非电解液(蔗糖)来提高培养液的同渗容摩,二者对S.1菌体贮藏期间的存活率有不同的影响,只有含NaC1的MRS培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏过程中才具有更高的存活率;保护剂蔗糖,冻干前对S1细胞饥饿处理都可以提高冻干菌体在贮藏期间的存活性;然而当培养液中含有NaC1时,保护剂蔗糖以及对细胞饥饿处理并不能进一步提高该培养液中生长的细胞在贮藏期间的存活性.乳酸菌在冷冻,干燥和贮藏过程中,细胞的损伤和保护机理是相当复杂的,至今尚未完全搞清楚.由于众多原因,不同研究的实验数据加以比较是困难的,大多数报道的研究重点是干燥过程中的存活而不是贮藏期间的存活.此外,由于不同研究中应用的微生物菌种不同,干燥方法不同和保护剂的浓度不同,造成文献中研究结果间的差异.然而,多数研究均表明,为给贮藏期间的冻干细胞提供保护,培养基和保护剂的适当选择是必需的.需要强调指出的是,每一保护剂对每一乳酸菌菌株的存活率的影响都应当逐一确定.而且,搞清楚不利环境因素(例如冷冻干燥,贮藏,复水)给细胞带来的损伤以及应激蛋白(尤其是那些在干燥和贮藏期间提供抗性的应激蛋白)的诱导产生,这对乳酸菌菌种的保存及商品化直投式发酵剂的生产均具有十分重要的理论与实践意义.参考文献COSTAE,RSALLJ.衄ON.eta1.Effectofprotectiveagents, rehydrationmediaandinitialcellconcentrationonviabilityofPantoea agglomeransCPA-2subjectedtofreeze-drying田.AppliedMicrobiology, 2oo0.89:793—8oo.CARVALHOAS,SILVAJ,HOP,cta1.Effectofvariousgrowthmedia uponsurvivalduringstorageoffl'l~zc—driedEnterococcusfaecalisand Enterococcusdurans[J].AppliedMicrobiology,2003,94:947-952. DESMONDC,STANTONC.FrIZGERAIDGF.eta1.Environmen- taladaptationsofprobioticlaetobacillitowardsimprovementofperfor-nlallceduringspraydrying[Y].InternationalDairyJournal,2001,11:8O1—808.O'CALLAGHANJ.CONDONS.GrowthofLO~tococcl~loCfiSsgra~sa￡lowwateractivity:Correlationwith也eabilitytoaccumulateglycine※生物工程食品科学2007,V o1.28,No.07299鸡胸大肌中焦磷酸酶的分离纯化及特性研究姚蕊,彭增起,周光宏,何燕,靳红果(南京农业大学教育部肉品加工与质量控制重点实验室,江苏南京210095)摘要:经匀浆,0.6mol/LNaC1提取,硫酸铵分级分离,DEAE-纤维素离子交换柱层析,从鸡胸肉中纯化了焦磷酸酶.该酶有较强的底物专一l生,只对添加到肉中的焦磷酸四钠发生作用.Mg 不仅是其激活剂,还对酶的稳定性发挥作用,ca",EDTA.Na2抑制酶活性.以焦磷酸四钠为底物,测得该酶的最适pH为7.4,最适温度为40℃.关键词:鸡胸肉;焦磷酸酶;分离纯化;性质StudyonIsolationandPurificationofPyrophosphatasefromChickenBreastandItsPropertie sY AORui,PENGZeng-qi,ZHOUGuang-hong,HEY an,JINHong-guo (KeyLaboratoryofAniamlProductsProcessingandQualityControl,MinistryofEducation, NanjingAgriculturalUniversity,Nanjing210095,China)Abstract:Thepyrophosphatasewasisolatedandpartiallypurifiedfromchickenbreast,byme ansofhomogenation,0.6mol/LNaC1extractions,armnoniumsulfateprecipitation,andion-exchangechromatog raphyonDEAEcellulosecolumn.This enzymecatalyzesthehydrolysisofsodiumpyrophosphatebutnotthatofotherphosphateeste rs.Mgnotonlyisitsactivator,butalsostabilizer,Ca2andEDTA-Na2haveinhibitingeffects.WithPPiasthesubstrateofpyr ophosphatase.ItsoptimumpHandtemperatureare7.4and40℃respectively.Keywords:chickenbreast;pyrophosphatase;isolationandpurification;properties中图分类号:TS201.25文献标识码:A文章编号:1002-6630(2007)07.0299—06 收稿日期:2007.01.26通讯作者基金项目:江苏省自然科学基金项目(Q200633)作者简介:姚蕊(1981-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为畜产品加工与质量控制. 【6】【8】【9】[10]andbetaine[J].InternationalJournalofFoodMicrobiology.2Oo0,55(3):127一l31.RUAS—MADⅡDOP.HUGENHO【ZJ.Z0oNP.Anoverviewofthefuncfion~ityofexopolysaccharidesproducedbylacticacidbacteria们. 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西餐厅菜谱英文翻译

诃子 # medicine terminalia fruit
补骨脂 # malaytea scurfpea fruit
灵芝 # glossy ganoderma
阿胶 #
阿魏 # Chinese asafetida
陈皮 # dried tangerine peel
附子 # prepared common monkshood branched root
枳壳 # orange fruit
枳实 # immature orange fruit
柏子仁 # Chinese arborvitae kernel
栀子 # cape jasmine fruit
枸杞子 # barbary wolfberry fruit
柿蒂 # persimmon calyx
猪苓 # zhuling
猫爪草 # catclaw buttercup root
旋覆花 # inula flower
麻油 # sesame oil
麻黄 # ephedra
黄药子 # air potato
菟丝子 # dodder seed
菊花 # chrysanthemum flower
梅花 # plum flower
常山 # antifeverile dichroa root
野菊花 # wild chrysanthemum flower
蛇床子 # common cnidium fruit
鱼腥草 # heartleaf houttuynia herb
炉甘石 # calamine
卷柏 # spikemoss
泽兰 # hirsute shiny bugleweed herb

豨莶草近五年的研究进展

豨莶草近五年的研究进展摘要】本文通过对文献的研究、整理，总结了豨莶草的近五年来研究进展，为豨莶草的进一步深入研究提供了线索和依据。

【关键词】豨莶草；研究【中图分类号】R282 【文献标识码】A豨莶草是菊科(Compositae)植物豨莶（Siegesbeckia orientalis L.）腺梗豨莶（Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino）或毛梗豨莶（Siegesbeckia glabrescensMakino）的干燥地上部分。

其性辛、苦、寒，入肝、肾二经，具有祛风湿、利关节、解毒的功效。

用于治疗风湿痹痛、筋骨无力、腰膝酸软、四肢麻痹、半身不遂、风疹湿疮等证[1]。

现对豨莶草近五年来研究的新进展进行综述。

1 化学成分研究豨莶草的化学成分复杂，2006年之前，已有多位学者对豨莶草的三种基源品种进行了化学成分的分离研究，张哲锋等[2]对2006年之前的化学成分进行了综述，豨莶( S. orientalis. L) 主要含萜类、苷类、内醋类化合物；腺梗豨莶（S. pubescens M.）主要含有机酸和长链烷醇等；毛梗豨莶（S. glabrescens M.）除含有豨莶苷和苷元外，还鉴定了大花酸等有机酸类成分。

近五年来，又有多位学者对腺梗豨莶、毛梗豨莶的化学成分进行了研究。

2006年，侴桂新[3]报道从腺梗豨莶中分离得到一个新化合物3′,5′,β-三羟基-3,4,4′，α-四甲氧基查儿酮，5个二萜类成分分别为奇任醇(kirenol)，豨莶精醇(darutigenol)，豨莶酸(siegesbeckic acid)，对映-16β,17-二羟基贝壳杉烷-19-羧酸(ent-16β,17-dihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid)，对映-16α,17-羟基贝壳杉烷-19-羧酸(ent-16α,17-hydroxy-19-kauranoic acid )，以及植物甾醇。

2009年，欧志强等[4]从腺梗豨莶中分离得到一种新化合物15, 16-异亚丙基-豨莶苷，以及豨莶精醇(darutigenol)，豨莶苷(darutoside)，豆甾-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。

壮药治疗风湿类疾病的研究概况

壮药治疗风湿类疾病的研究概况作者：张青青甄丹丹来源：《中国民族民间医药·下半月》2020年第03期【摘要】壮药在抗炎、镇痛、免疫抑制等方面具有良好效果，在治疗风湿类疾病上有着独特的优势。

文章从壮药的有效成分、提取物及复方制剂治疗风湿类疾病的作用及机制等方面的实验研究进展进行综述，为今后壮药的基础理论研究、壮药的新药研发和临床应用提供理论依据。

【关键词】壮药;风湿类疾病;研究进展【中图分类号】R285.5【文献标志码】 A【文章编号】1007-8517（2020）6-0040-06Abstract：Modern research shows that Zhuang medicine has good effects in anti-inflammatory， analgesic， immunosuppressive and other aspects， In the treatment of rheumatism has a unique advantage. In this paper， Zhuang medicine and rheumatism，Zhuang medicine for rheumatism and its effective components and extracts were reviewed. It will provide theoretical basis for the basic theoretical research of Zhuang medicine and the new drug development and clinical application of Zhuang medicine in the future.Keywords：Zhuang Medicine;Rheumatism;Research Progress风湿类疾病是以侵犯关节、骨骼、肌肉、血管等结缔组织为主的自身免疫性疾病，包含类风湿关节炎（RA）、痛风性关节炎、骨关节炎、强直性脊柱炎、系统性红斑狼疮等，是致残类疾病。

四川省2024年专升本英语考试真题和答案

四川省2024年专升本英语考试真题和答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Sichuan Province 2024 Specialized Undergraduate English Exam Questions and AnswersSection I: Multiple Choice Questions1. Choose the correct word to fill in the blank:She is _____ intelligent girl.A. anB. aC. theD. no article neededAnswer: A. an2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. He seldom goes home.B. He seldom goes to home.C. He seldom goes at home.D. He seldom goes at the home.Answer: A. He seldom goes home.3. Choose the synonym for the word "vivid":A. dullB. plainC. brightD. darkAnswer: C. bright4. What is the opposite of "happy"?A. joyfulB. sadC. delightedD. pleasedAnswer: B. sad5. Which sentence is correct in terms of grammar?A. She had went to the market.B. She has gone to the market.C. She is went to the market.D. She is going to the market.Answer: B. She has gone to the market.Section II: Reading ComprehensionRead the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:Climate change is a global issue that affects everyone. The rise in temperatures, melting ice caps, and extreme weather conditions are all signs of this phenomenon. It is important for us to take action now to reduce our carbon footprint and protect the environment for future generations.6. What is climate change?A. A local issueB. A global issueC. A national issueD. An individual issueAnswer: B. A global issue7. What are some signs of climate change?A. Rising temperaturesB. Melting ice capsC. Extreme weather conditionsD. All of the aboveAnswer: D. All of the above8. Why is it important to take action on climate change?A. To reduce our carbon footprintB. To protect the environment for future generationsC. Both A and BD. None of the aboveAnswer: C. Both A and BSection III: WritingWrite an essay of at least 300 words on the following topic:Discuss the importance of education in addressing global issues such as climate change.In today's world, education plays a crucial role in addressing global issues like climate change. It is through education that individuals become aware of the impact of their actions on theenvironment and learn how to make sustainable choices. By educating the younger generation on the importance of protecting our planet, we can ensure a greener future for all.Global warming is a pressing issue that requires immediate action. Education empowers individuals to understand the causes of climate change and the steps that can be taken to mitigate its effects. Through education, people can learn about renewable energy sources, waste reduction, and conservation efforts that can help combat climate change.Furthermore, education fosters a sense of responsibility towards the environment. By teaching students about the interconnectedness of all living beings and ecosystems, schools can instill a sense of environmental stewardship in future generations. This awareness is essential for creating a society that values sustainability and works towards a cleaner, healthier planet.In conclusion, education is a powerful tool in the fight against climate change. By teaching individuals about the importance of environmental conservation and sustainable living, we can inspire positive change on a global scale. Through education, we can create a more environmentally conscious society that works towards a greener, more sustainable future.Section IV: TranslationTranslate the following sentence into English:四川省拥有壮观的自然风景和丰富的历史文化。

名词解释贺拉斯曼的贡献

名词解释贺拉斯曼的贡献贺拉斯曼（Herbert A. Simon）是20世纪最重要的社会科学家之一，他为现代管理学、行为经济学和决策科学的发展做出了巨大贡献。

他的思想和理论深刻地影响了人们对组织、经济和决策的理解。

贺拉斯曼在管理学领域的贡献主要集中在两个方面：组织理论和决策理论。

在组织理论方面，他提出了"组织学习"的概念，认为组织是一个学习的系统，通过不断适应和调整来实现目标。

他指出，组织的决策过程是一个主体和环境相互作用的过程，组织的外部环境和内部机制相互影响，影响着决策的质量和效果。

这一理论对于解释组织内部和外部因素对决策的影响具有重要意义，也为组织改进和创新提供了理论基础。

在决策理论方面，贺拉斯曼提出了“有限理性”概念，即人们在进行决策时，受到认知能力的限制，不能完全理性地进行决策。

他认为，决策者面临的信息量庞大，时间有限，因此只能采用一种受限的理性方式进行决策。

他开创了行为经济学领域，通过对人类行为的实证研究，发现人们在决策中常常显现出非理性的行为，涉及到感性因素和周围环境的影响。

他的决策理论为经济学家们对人类行为的研究提供了全新的视角和方法。

贺拉斯曼的贡献还体现在他对计算机科学的研究上。

他是计算机科学和人工智能领域的先驱之一，提出了“人工智能是开始时的简单问题，到最后都变成了本质问题”这一观点，并通过提出复杂性思考和计算系统的设计来解决这一问题。

他的思想为计算机科学和人工智能领域的发展指明了方向，并且对人工智能的理论和应用产生了深远的影响。

除了他在学术界的贡献，贺拉斯曼还积极参与公共决策和管理实践。

他曾担任美国国家科学院的成员，提出了有关科学政策和技术创新的建议。

他还是国际经济学和管理学界的权威人物，并以他的独特见解和深度思考受到广泛赞誉。

总的来说，贺拉斯曼是一位杰出的学者和思想家，他通过组织理论、决策理论和计算机科学的研究，为我们理解和应对现实世界中的复杂问题提供了宝贵的思考框架和方法。

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Regulatory Effects of Siegesbeckia glabrescens on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation and InvasionHa Neul Lee,*,a Ji-Hye Joo,*,a Joa Sub Oh,*Shin Wook Choi †and Dong-Wan Seo **College of Pharmacy ,Dankook University Cheonan 330-714,Republic of Korea †Radiant Research Institute ,Radiant Inc.Chuncheon 200-883,Republic of Korea Abstract:Siegesbeckia glabrescens (SG)Makino (Compositae)has been used as a tra-ditional medicine for the treatment of allergic and in ﬂammatory diseases.In the present study,we examined the effects and molecular mechanism of the ethanol extract of SG on cell proliferation and invasion in p53wild-type A549and p53-de ﬁcient H1299non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)cells.SG treatment markedly inhibited the proliferation and invasion in both cell lines,independently of p53expression.The anti-proliferative effect of SG on A549cells was mediated by the inactivation of Akt and p70S6K as evidenced by treatment with LY294002and rapamycin,respectively.In addition,anti-invasive activity of SG in A549cells was found to be associated with the inhibition of p70S6K .In contrast,in H1299cells the inactivation of p38MAPK appeared to be involved in SG-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion.Collectively,these ﬁndings suggest that SG modulates cellular fates such as proliferation and invasion by differential regulation of signaling pathways,depending on the status of p53expression in NSCLC,and support the development of SG as a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of NSCLC.Keywords :Siegesbeckia glabrescens ;p53;Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer;Cell Proliferation;Cell Invasion.Correspondence to:Dr.Dong-Wan Seo,Department of Pharmacy,College of Pharmacy,Dankook University,119Dandae-ro,Cheonan 330-714,Republic of Korea.Tel:(þ82)41-550-1442,Fax:(þ82)41-559-7899,E-mail:dwseomb@dankook.ac.kr or Dr.Shin Wook Choi,Radiant Research Institute,Radiant Inc.,1143G-tech village,Chuncheon,200-883,Republic of Korea.Tel:(þ82)33-244-1243,Fax:(þ82)33-244-1367,E-mail:bio-tour@a These authors contributed equally to this study.The American Journal of Chinese Medicine,Vol.42,No.2,453–463©2014World Scienti ﬁc Publishing CompanyInstitute for Advanced Research in Asian Science and MedicineDOI:10.1142/S0192415X1450030X453A m . J . C h i n . M e d . 2014.42:453-463. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m w w w .w o r l d s c i e n t i f i c .c o m b y N A T I O N A L C H E N G K U N G U N I V E R S I T Y o n 03/21/14. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .调节；控制非小细胞肺癌增殖IntroductionLung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and its inci-dence rate is highest in Europe and North America,together with the fact that the overall 5-year survival of patients with this disease is less than 15%(Jemal et al.,2011).Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)accounts for about 85%of all diagnosed cases of lung cancer.Dysfunction of cancer-related genes including proto-oncogenes,tumor suppressor genes,and DNA repair genes is involved in cancer progression.Understanding the gene expression and its molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of NSCLC may provide insights into therapeutic targets and strategies for the treatment of NSCLC.Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)and their intracellular signaling pathways have been known to play pivotal roles in cellular fates including proliferation,migration and survival (Lemmon and Schlessinger ,2010).Dysregulated activation of RTKs and down-stream signaling pathways are closely involved in cancer growth and progression.Among RTKs,epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)is highly expressed or constitutively activated in human NSCLC which correlates with malignancy and poor prognosis (Sharma et al.,2007).Thus,EGFR and its down-stream signaling pathways have been appreciated as a rational therapeutic strategy for diagnosis and classi ﬁcation as well as treatment of NSCLC.Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that combination therapy with EGFR target-related drugs may be more effective than monotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer.However,the blockade of EGFR and its signaling pathways in the clinic eventually develops resistance,which is a critical obstacle to the treatment of lung cancer.Therefore,unraveling the molecular mechanisms and targets of lung cancer progression may help to improve current concepts and therapies for the treatment of NSCLC.Siegesbeckia glabrescens (SG)Makino (Compositae)has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis,allergic diseases,asthma,paralysis,and acute hepatitis.The extracts and biologically active components of SG have been reported to exert anti-allergic and anti-in ﬂammatory activities (Kang et al.,1997;Kim et al.,2001,2008;Li et al.,2011).In addition,it has been reported that SG has anti-tumor activity in breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis (Jun et al.,2006).We have recently demonstrated that the anti-tumor activity of SG against ovarian cancer is mediated through the sup-pression of RTK expression and their signaling pathways (Cho et al.,2013).However,the effects and molecular mechanisms of SG on other cancer cells remain unexplored.In the present study,we investigated the regulatory effects and signaling pathways of SG on proliferation and invasion in NSCLC cells.Materials and MethodsCell Culture ConditionsHuman lung carcinoma cells (A549,H1299)from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas,VA,USA)were grown in 10%fetal bovine serum –Dulbecco ’s modi ﬁed Eagle ’s medium (FBS –DMEM)(HyClone Laboratories,Logan,UT,USA).454H.N.LEE et al.A m . J . C h i n . M e d . 2014.42:453-463. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m w w w .w o r l d s c i e n t i f i c .c o m b y N A T I O N A L C H E N G K U N G U N I V E R S I T Y o n 03/21/14. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .ReagentsThe following pharmacological agents and antibodies were purchased from commercial sources:phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt inhibitor,LY294002(Merck Millipore,Billerica,MA,USA);mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/p70S6K inhibitor,rapa-mycin (Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO,USA);p38MAPK inhibitor,SB203580(Cayman Chemical,Ann Arbor,MI,USA);anti-phospho-FAK (Y397),anti-FAK,(BD Biosciences,Bedford,MA,USA);anti-phospho-ERK (T202/Y204),anti-phospho-Akt (S473),anti-phospho-p70S 6K (T421/S424),anti-phospho-p38MAPK (Cell Signaling,Beverly,MA,USA);anti-EGFR,anti-ERK,anti-Akt,anti-p70S6K ,anti-p38MAPK ,anti-Cdk4,anti-Cdk2,anti-cyclin D,anti-cyclin E,anti-actin antibodies,and mouse and rabbit IgG –horseradish peroxidase conjugates (Santa Cruz Biotechnology,Santa Cruz,CA,USA).Preparation of SG ExtractSG was purchased from Dae Kwang Herb Medicine Co.(Chuncheon,Gangwon-do,Republic of Korea)and deposited at the herbarium of the Radiant Research Institute (Radiant Inc.,Chuncheon,Gangwon-do,Republic of Korea).One hundred grams of SG were extracted with 1L of ethanol.The ethanolic extract of SG was concentrated by rotary evaporation (Heidolph Instruments GmbH &Co.,Schwabach,Germany)and 6.5g/L of powder extract was obtained as previously reported (Cho et al.,2013).RNA Puri ﬁcation and Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain ReactionTotal RNA was puri ﬁed with PureHelix TM RNA extraction solution (Nanohelix Co.,Daejeon,Republic of Korea).The integrity of the RNA was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining.One microgram of RNA was used as a template for each reverse transcriptase (RT)-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR)by using HelixCript TM 1st Strand cDNA synthesis kit (Nanohelix Co.).Primers for PCR were synthesized by Bioneer Corporation (Daejeon,Republic of Korea).Primer sequences were as follows:EGFR,forward 5’-CCTAAGATCCCGTCCATCGC-3’and reverse 5’-GGAGCCCAGCACTTTGATCT-3’;glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH),forward 5’-GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC-3’and reverse 5’-GAAGATGGTGATGG GATTTC-3’.Cell Proliferation AssaySubcon ﬂuent A549and H1299cells,plated on 6-well plates (BD Biosciences,1Â105cells/well),were grown in basal DMEM without serum for 24h (A549)and 48h (H1299)to synchronize cells in G 1/G 0phase of cell cycle,pre-treated with SG at different con-centrations (0.1–10 g/ml)for 30min in the presence or absence of pharmacological inhibitors as indicated,and further incubated with 10%FBS-DMEM for 24h.Following culture for 24h,the cell numbers were quanti ﬁed using trypan blue exclusion method as SG AGAINST NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER 455A m . J . C h i n . M e d . 2014.42:453-463. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m w w w .w o r l d s c i e n t i f i c .c o m b y N A T I O N A L C H E N G K U N G U N I V E R S I T Y o n 03/21/14. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .previously described (Cho et al.,2011).The results from triplicate determinations (mean ÆSD)are presented as the number of cells per culture or the percentage of maximal proliferation obtained by stimulation of cells with 10%FBS (100%),after correction for basal rate of proliferation in untreated controls.Western Blot AnalysisSubcon ﬂuent cells in 100mm dishes (BD biosciences)were serum-starved for 24h and treated for different time points,as indicated,at 37 C.Cells were rinsed twice with ice-cold phosphate buffered saline and lysed by incubation in 50mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4),150mM NaCl,10%glycerol,1%Triton X-100,1mM EDTA,100 g/ml 4-(2-aminoethyl)benze-nesulfonyl ﬂuoride,10 g/ml aprotinin,1 g/ml pepstatin A,0.5 g/ml leupeptin,80mM β-glycerophosphate,25mM sodium ﬂuoride and 1mM sodium orthovanadate for 30min at 4 C.Cell lysates were clari ﬁed at 13,000Âg for 20min at 4 C,and the supernatants were subjected to Western blot analysis as described previously (Kim et al.,2011,2012).Bands of interest were integrated and quanti ﬁed using National Institute of Health (NIH)ImageJ Version 1.34s software.Cell Invasion AssayThe upper side of the transwell insert (Costar,6.5mm diameter insert,8 m pore size)(Corning Inc.,Corning,NY,USA)was coated with 50 l of 1mg/ml Matrigel (BD Biosciences)diluted in serum-free DMEM at 37 C.Aliquots (100 l)of cells (8Â105cells/ml)resuspended in serum-free DMEM were added to the upper compartment of the Matrigel-coated transwell and 600 l of serum-free DMEM was added to the lower compartment.After serum starvation for 2h,cells were pretreated with or without SG for 30min in the presence or absence of pharmacological inhibitors as indicated,followed by serum stimulation for 15h.The inserts were ﬁxed with methanol and using a cotton-tipped swab the non-invasive cells were removed from the top of the membrane.After staining with 0.04%Giemsa solution,the numbers of invasive cells were determined from six different ﬁelds using Â200objective magni ﬁcation (Cho et al.,2013).Zymogram AnalysisActivities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)were measured by zymography (Kim et al.,2012;Cho et al.,2013).Aliquots of conditioned medium were diluted in sample buffer and applied to 10%polyacrylamide gels containing 1mg/ml gelatin (Sigma-Aldrich Co.)as a substrate.After electrophoresis,the gels were incubated in 2.5%Triton X-100for 1h to remove SDS and allow re-naturalization of MMPs,and further incubated in developing buffer containing 50mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5),10mM CaCl 2,and 150mM NaCl for 14h at 37 C.The gels were stained with 0.5%Coomassie brilliant blue R-250in 30%methanol –10%acetic acid for 3h and followed by destaining with 30%methanol –10%456H.N.LEE et al.A m . J . C h i n . M e d . 2014.42:453-463. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m w w w .w o r l d s c i e n t i f i c .c o m b y N A T I O N A L C H E N G K U N G U N I V E R S I T Y o n 03/21/14. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .acetic acid.Gelatinolytic activities were detected as unstained bands against the back-ground of the Coomassie blue-stained gelatin.Statistical AnalysisStatistical analysis was performed using Student ’s t -test,and was based on at least three different experiments.The results were considered to be statistically signi ﬁcant when p <0:05.ResultsRegulatory Effects of SG on Proliferation and Invasion in NSCLC CellsWe ﬁrst examined the effect of SG on cell proliferation in p53wild-type A549and p53-de ﬁcient H1299cells.The expression of p53protein was detected in A549cells,but not in H1299cells (Cho et al.,2011).SG treatment signi ﬁcantly suppressed proliferative responses of both A549and H1299cells in a dose-dependent manner (Fig.1)and did not alter cell viability at the concentrations used in this study (data not shown),indicating that SG inhibition of cell proliferation is not mediated by the induction of apoptosis or cyto-toxicity.These ﬁndings demonstrate that SG exerts anti-proliferative activity against NSCLC cells with mutant p53as well as wild-type p53.Based on these ﬁndings,we next analyzed the changes of cell cycle-related proteins in both cell lines.It has been reported that cell cycle progression requires activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)through formation with cyclins (Seo et al.,2006;Malumbres and Barbacid ,2009).SG treatment markedly down-regulated the expression of Cdk4in both cell lines (Fig.2A ).In contrast,SG treatment resulted in an increase of Cdk2levels in A549cells and a decrease of Cdk2inFigure 1.SG treatment suppresses proliferation in NSCLC cells.Quiescent A549(A)and H1299(B)cells were incubated with or without SG at different concentrations (0.1–10 g/ml)for 30min,followed by serum stimulation for 24h.The results from triplicate determinations (mean ÆSD)are presented as the percentage of maximal proliferation obtained by stimulation of cells with 10%serum (100%),after correction for basal rate of pro-liferation in untreated controls.Statistical signi ﬁcance is indicated (*p <0:05,compared with 10%serum-treated cells).SG AGAINST NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER 457A m . J . C h i n . M e d . 2014.42:453-463. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m w w w .w o r l d s c i e n t i f i c .c o m b y N A T I O N A L C H E N G K U N G U N I V E R S I T Y o n 03/21/14. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .H1299cells.Unlike Cdks,SG treatment did not affect the levels of Cdk regulatory subunits such as cyclin D and cyclin E.We have previously demonstrated that SG treatment signi ﬁcantly inhibits the expression of RTKs such as EGFR and ﬁbroblast growth factor receptor-1(FGFR-1)in p53-de ﬁcient SKOV-3ovarian cancer cells (Cho et al.,2013).In the present study,RT-PCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated that SG treatment suppressed mitogen-induced expression of EGFR in A549cells.However,the expression of EGFR in H1299cells was not altered by SG treatment (Figs.2A and 2B ).Moreover,SG treatment did not alter the expression of FGFR-1in both NSCLC cell lines (data not shown).These ﬁndings suggest the involvement of p53in SG-mediated transcriptional regulation of EGFR.As shown in Figs.3A and 3B ,SG treatment dose-dependently inhibited the invasion in both A549and H1299cells,similar to that observed in p53-de ﬁcient SKOV-3cells (Cho et al.,2013).Based on SG-mediated inhibition of NSCLC cell invasion,we nextanalyzed(A)(B)Figure 2.Effect of SG on the expression of cell cycle-related proteins and EGFR in NSCLC cells.Quiescent A549and H1299cells were incubated with or without SG at different concentrations (0.1–10 g/ml)for 30min,followed by serum stimulation for 24h.The levels of cell cycle-related proteins and EGFR were determined by Western blot (A)and RT-PCR analysis (B)as described in the “Materials and Methods ”section.Integrated density values were normalized to untreated controls.Results shown are representative of at least three independent experiments.458H.N.LEE et al.A m . J . C h i n . M e d . 2014.42:453-463. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m w w w .w o r l d s c i e n t i f i c .c o m b y N A T I O N A L C H E N G K U N G U N I V E R S I T Y o n 03/21/14. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .the activities of MMP-2and MMP-9,which play important roles in cell migration and invasion (Bourboulia and Stetler-Stevenson ,2010).The conditioned media from cell cultures had high levels of MMP-2activity relative to those of MMP-9(Fig.3C ).SGtreatment showed little or no change of MMP activity,suggesting that SG-mediated inhibition of cell invasion may not require the regulation of MMP activity.Collectively,the regulatory effects of SG on cell proliferation and invasion in NSCLC cells appear to be independent of p53expression status.SG Modulates Cell Proliferation and Invasion by DifferentialRegulation of Signaling PathwaysTo further investigate the molecular mechanism by which SG modulates cell proliferation and invasion,we next examined the changes in activities of focal adhesion kinases (FAK),PI3K/Akt,and mTOR/p70S6K ,extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK),and p38MAPK which play pivotal roles in cell mitogenesis (Lemmon and Schlessinger ,2010).Asshown(A)(B)(C)Figure 3.SG treatment inhibits invasion in NSCLC cells.(A and B)Quiescent cells were pretreated with SG at different concentrations (0.1–10 g/ml)for 30min,followed by serum stimulation for 15h.Numbers of invasive cells were determined by counting six different ﬁelds of cells (×200magni ﬁcation).Results from six independent experiments (mean ÆSD)are presented as the number of invasive cells.Statistical signi ﬁcance is indicated (*p <0:05,compared with 10%serum-treated cells).(C)Gelatin zymogram analysis was carried out by using conditioned media from cell culture treated as in panel B.Zymogram gel loading was normalized to total protein concentration.Results are representative of at least three independent experiments.SG AGAINST NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER 459A m . J . C h i n . M e d . 2014.42:453-463. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m w w w .w o r l d s c i e n t i f i c .c o m b y N A T I O N A L C H E N G K U N G U N I V E R S I T Y o n 03/21/14. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .in Fig.4,SG treatment reduced the activation/phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K ,but not FAK,ERK and p38MAPK ,in A549cells.Finally,the pretreatment of A549cells with LY294002(an inhibitor of PI3K/Akt pathway)or rapamycin (an inhibitor of mTOR/p70S6K pathway)mimicked the suppressive effects of SG on cell proliferation (Fig.5).Figure 4.Changes of signaling pathways in SG-treated A549and H1299cells.Quiescent cells were pretreated with SG at different concentrations (0.1–10 g/ml)for 30min,followed by serum stimulation for 15min.Cell lysates were Western-blotted with anti-phospho-FAK,anti-FAK,anti-phospho-ERK,anti-ERK,anti-phospho-Akt,anti-Akt,anti-phospho-p70S6K ,anti-p70S6K ,anti-phospho-p38MAPK ,or anti-p38MAPK antibodies.Results shown are representative of three independentexperiments.Figure 5.SG treatment inhibits proliferation in NSCLC cells by differential down-regulation of signaling path-ways.Cell proliferation assay was performed as described in the “Materials and Methods ”section.Quiescent cells were treated with SG (10 g/ml)for 30min in the presence or absence of LY294002(10 M),rapamycin (50nM)or SB203580(5 M),followed by serum stimulation for 24h.Statistical signi ﬁcance is indicated (*p <0:05,compared with 10%serum-treated cells).460H.N.LEE et al.A m . J . C h i n . M e d . 2014.42:453-463. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m w w w .w o r l d s c i e n t i f i c .c o m b y N A T I O N A L C H E N G K U N G U N I V E R S I T Y o n 03/21/14. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .In addition,rapamycin,but not LY294002,markedly inhibited cell invasion to levels observed in SG-treated A549cells (Fig.6),indicating that SG-mediated inhibition of Akt activation is not associated with suppression of A549cell invasion (Figs.4and 6).In contrast,SG treatment only inhibited the phosphorylation of p38MAPK in H1299cells (Fig.4).Pretreatment of H1299cells with SB203580(an inhibitor of p38MAPK pathway)suppressed cell proliferation and invasion (Figs.5and 6).Co-treatment with SG did not signi ﬁcantly enhance the anti-proliferative and anti-invasive activities of these pharma-cological inhibitors,indicating that the SG extract contains the pharmacologically effective components,similar to these inhibitors,and may share the roles and mechanisms of action in regulating cell fates.Although the signaling pathways and their target proteins involved in SG regulation of cellular responses are different,SG effectively modulates cell fates such as proliferation and invasion in both p53wild-type and p53-de ﬁcient NSCLC cells.DiscussionSG Makino (Compositae)has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis,allergic diseases,asthma,paralysis,and acute hepatitis.It has recently been reported that SG exerts anti-tumor activity against breast and ovarian cancers (Jun et al.,2006;Cho et al.,2013).However,the regulatory effect and molecular mechanism of SG responsible for the regulation of lung cancer growth and progression have never been reported.In the present study,we show for the ﬁrst time the in vitro anti-tumor activity and regulation mechanism of SG in NSCLC cells.These anti-proliferative and anti-invasive activities of SG are mediated by differential regulation of mitogen-induced signaling pathways and suppression of EGFR expression.Increasing evidences indicate that the cross-talk between integrin family and RTKs plays pivotal roles in cancer progression (Eliceiri ,2001;Desgrosellier and Cheresh ,2010;Figure 6.SG treatment inhibits invasion in A549and H1299cells by the inactivation of p70S6K and p38MAPK ,respectively.Cell invasion assay was performed as described in the “Materials and Methods ”.Quiescent cells were treated with SG (10 g/ml)for 30min in the presence or absence of LY294002(10 M),rapamycin (50nM)or SB203580(5 M),followed by serum stimulation for 15h.Statistical signi ﬁcance is indicated (*p <0:05,compared with 10%serum-treated cells).SG AGAINST NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER 461A m . J . C h i n . M e d . 2014.42:453-463. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m w w w .w o r l d s c i e n t i f i c .c o m b y N A T I O N A L C H E N G K U N G U N I V E R S I T Y o n 03/21/14. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .Yoon et al.,2013).A recent study demonstrates that integrin β1positively controls EGFR signaling and tumorigenic properties of lung cancer cells (Morello et al.,2011).Based on these ﬁndings,we examined the change of integrin β1expression in the presence or absence of SG.SG treatment did not alter the basal or mitogen-induced expression of integrin β1in both NSCLC cells (data not shown),similar to previous ﬁndings on ovarian cancer cells (Cho et al.,2013).However,it does not rule out the possibility that SG might regulate integrin β1-mediated down-stream signaling pathways and warrants further investigation.Our study shows that SG treatment inhibits mitogenic responses in p53wild-type A549and p53-de ﬁcient H1299NSCLC cells,similar to previous ﬁndings from p53-de ﬁcient SKOV-3ovarian cancer cells (Cho et al.,2013).In conclusion,this ﬁnding supports further evaluation and development of SG for the treatment of NSCLC with mutated p53as well as wild-type p53.Acknowledgment This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program (2010-021913)through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE).References Bourboulia,D.and W.G.Stetler-Stevenson.Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs):positive and negative regulators in tumor cell adhesion.Semin.Cancer Biol.20:161–168,2010.Cho,Y.R.,S.Choi and D.W.Seo.Sepiapterin regulates cell proliferation and migration:its association with integrin 3β1and p53in human lung cancer cells.Genes Genom.33:577–582,2011.Cho,Y.R.,S.Choi and D.W.Seo.The in vitro antitumor activity of Siegesbeckia glabrescens against ovarian cancer through suppression of receptor tyrosine kinase expression and the signaling pathways.Oncol.Rep.30:221–226,2013.Desgrosellier,J.S.and D.A.Cheresh.Integrins in cancer:biological implications and therapeutic opportunities.Nat.Rev.Cancer 10:9–22,2010.Eliceiri,B.P.Integrin and growth factor receptor crosstalk.Circ.Res.89:1104–1110,2001.Jemal,A.,F.Bray,M.M.Center,J.Ferlay,E.Ward and D.Forman.Global cancer statistics.CACancer J.Clin.61:69–90,2011.Jun,S.Y.,Y.H.Choi and H.M.Shin.Siegesbeckia glabrescens induces apoptosis with differentpathways in human MCF-7and MDA-MB-231breast carcinoma cells.Oncol.Rep.15:1461–1467,2006.Kang,B.K.,E.H.Lee and H.M.Kim.Inhibitory effects of Korean folk medicine ‘Hi-Chum ’on histamine release from mast cells in vivo and in vitro .J.Ethnopharmacol.57:73–79,1997.Kim,H.M.,J.H.Lee,J.H.Won,E.J.Park,H.J.Chae,H.R.Kim,C.-H.Kim and S.H.Baek.Inhibitoryeffect on immunoglobulin E production in vivo and in vitro by Siegesbeckia glabrescens .Phytother.Res.15:572–576,2001.Kim,J.Y.,H.J.Lim and J.H.Ryu.In vitro anti-in ﬂammatory activity of 3-O-methyl-ﬂavones isolatedfrom Siegesbeckia glabrescens .Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.18:1511–1514,2008.462H.N.LEE et al.A m . 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J . C h i n . M e d . 2014.42:453-463. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m w w w .w o r l d s c i e n t i f i c .c o m b y N A T I O N A L C H E N G K U N G U N I V E R S I T Y o n 03/21/14. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .。