Solow1957
旋转式手提风动工具(包括旋转冲击式的)(HS 846711)2017 俄罗斯(4
ООО "ВОСТОК ИМ ПОРТ" ООО "ВЕСТТОРГ" АО ВЮРТ-РУСЬ ООО "НОРГАУ РУССЛАНД " ЗАО "ИНСТРУМ -РЭНД " ООО "АРСЕНАЛ " ЗАО ВЮРТ-РУСЬ ООО "ПЕРСПЕКТИВА " ООО "М АСТЕР ПЛЮС" ООО "М ЕТАБО ЕВРАЗИЯ" ЗАО "3М РОССИЯ" ООО "АТАКОМ " ООО "М ИРКА РУС" ООО "ТОРГОВЫЙ ДОМ СЕВЕРО -ЗАПАДНЫЙ " ООО "ПРОФИ -ТУЛ " ООО "АВИАЦИОННЫЕ ПОСТАВКИ И СЕРВИС" ООО "БК СИНТУР" ЗАО "ВЮРТ СЕВЕРО -ЗАПАД " ООО "УНИОР ПРОФЕШ НЛ ТУЛЗ" ООО "АВТОСЕРВИСНЫЕ СИСТЕМ Ы" ООО "СЕРВИС-ВТО " СМ . ГРАФУ 14 ДТ ООО "СВАРИМ ПОРТ" АО "ЭНЕРПРЕД " ООО "ФОЛЬКСВАГЕН ГРУП РУС" ООО ТОРГОВЫЙ ДОМ "АВТОГРАФ " ООО "М АСТЕР ВЕКТОР" ООО "РИ -ГРУПП " ООО "ЭЛИТЕК ЛОДЖИСТИК " АО "АВИ АКОМ ПАНИЯ "РОССИЯ" ЗАО "ТАСКОМ "
A Preliminary Aircraft Design Process
> Aircraft Design Process > Martin Hepperle > 27 June 2012
A Preliminary Aircraft Design Process Developments at DLR
Martin Hepperle
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> Aircraft Design Process > Martin Hepperle > 27 June 2012
Conceptual & Preliminary Aircraft Design in DLR
We deal with a very wide range of scenarios, configurations, technologies and methods.
www.DLR.de • Chart 10 > Aircraft Design Process > Martin Hepperle > 27 June 2012
Data Exchange Format „CPACS“
Common Parametric Aircraft Configuration Scheme
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
tree-like structure central catalogues cross references via “UID”-attributes Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL),
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> Aircraft Design Process > Martin Hepperle > 27 June 2012
美国冷钢 塔尔瓦 超大号印度波斯剑风格全平刃折刀
美国冷钢塔尔瓦超大号印度波斯剑风格全平刃折刀本文摘自：冷钢美国冷钢冷钢颈刀十八世纪，大英帝国贪婪的占据了尽可能多的印度土地，大量的火力和刺刀让他们牢牢的统治这些区域。
不过，当英国人试图征服锡克人(Sikhs)和其他尚武氏族时，他们收到了非常狂暴的教训。
一种被称为“Talwar”的印度—波斯剑可以轻松的带走英国士兵的头颅，更不用说他们的胳膊和腿！这种刀具拥有如剃刀般锋利的弧形刀片，在很多场战斗中给英国人带来了闻所未闻的损失和难以想象的可怕创伤。
在200年后，冷钢公司网罗了世界上很多知名的刀剑，并吸收他们的特点来制造真正的战术折刀，这种Talwar是拥有可怕切削能力的超级凶器！由著名定制刀具制造商Andrew Demko和冷钢公司总裁Lynn C Thompson设计，Talwar大号刀具系列拥有超长刀片，平磨刀身、连续的弯曲刃部和上翘式刀尖让刀具拥有迄今为止其他折刀所没有的切割和刺入能力。
AUS-8A不锈钢锻造的刀身拥有出色的性能和保持性，刀身采用缎面研磨后两侧分别印刻冷钢和产品型号信息。
为了充分发挥刀身的性能，刀具柄部使用织纹状G-10材质构造，它的质感和类枪式手柄上科学的留有放置手指的凹槽，让手柄更加舒适和安全，并进一步保障握持时的安全性。
刀具使用冷钢著名的Tri-Ad锁定，这种超安全的锁定结构更进一步的打消了使用者的顾虑。
锁定杆上拥有拇指指槽，帮助用户更精确的把握。
刀身背侧拥有Andrew Demko革命性的灵巧拇指推板让刀具拥有极快的开刀性能，这种令人敬畏的作品可以在你手上进行闪电般的开启！品牌Cold Steel 美国冷钢型号21TTXL刀刃材质AUS-8A刀具全长32.3 CM刃长13.3 CM刃厚0.3 CM刃宽3.88 CM硬度58-60 HRC柄材G-10产地台湾附件替换式刀夹刀型折刀锁定类型Tri-Ad锁重量228.6 克。
The Solow Residual 索洛剩余
The Solow ResidualA growth accounting exercise is intended to break down the growth of output into the growth of the factors of production--capital and labor-- and the growth of the efficiency in the utilization of these factors. The measure of this efficiency is usually referred to as Total Factor Productivity (TFP henceforth). For policy purposes it may matter whether output growth stems from factor accumulation or from increases in TFP.Robert M. Solow (1957) set up the grounds for growth accounting. He considered a neoclassical production function),(t t t t L K F A Y = (1)where t Y is aggregate output,t K is the stock of physical capital, t L is the labor forceand t A represents TFP, which appears in a Hicks neutral way. After some simpletransformations this equation can be written in terms of the growth rates of these variables. For simplicity, consider a Cobb-Douglas production functionαα-=1),(t t t t L K L K F with 10<<α. Then, taking natural logarithms and differentiatingboth sides of (1) with respect to time t the growth rate of aggregate output can be expressed as)/)(1()/(//L L K K A A Y Y αα-++= (2)(For a variable L K A Y E ,,,= the term Estands for the derivative of E with respect to time t , and so E E/ stands for the growth rate.) Note that the growth rates of physical capital and labor are weighted by α and )1(α-. As is well known, these weights correspond to the respective shares of rental payments for capital and labor in total income. With available data on α and the growth rates for output, physical capital andlabor, TFP growth can be computed from (2) as the residual. Accordingly, TFP growth is the so called Solow residual.Solow carried out this exercise for the US economy for the period 1909-49 where output per man hour approximately doubled. According to his estimates about one-eighth of the increment in labor productivity could be attributed to increased capital per man hour, and the remaining seven-eighths to the residual. The residual seemed too big!To be sure, TFP is conformed by a broad range of influences—a variety of technological, economic and cultural factors. Think of technological innovations, underemployed labor shifting from agriculture to more productive sectors, economic policies aimed at liberalization and competition, and changes in shopping habits --from tiny shops to department stores. Usually, these changes will increase TFP. Notwithstanding, TFP may go down for some other reasons such as trade unions restrictions, environmental regulations and safety measures that limit the use of production factors. (By way of example, suppose that for some weight-lifting exercises your gym requires a spotter; then, two people are needed for a single task and so this rule would decrease TFP.) Other factors that may influence TFP are frictions in financial markets, physical and human capital externalities, public expenditures or any other element that affect the aggregate productivity of the economy.Measurement is also crucial for comprehending the Solow residual. First, observe that aggregate output is roughly the value of market goods and services produced in a society, but for most purposes this measure is too narrow as it leaves out many basicactivities that enhance welfare. For instance, from the preceding example we can see that a safety measure will usually decrease output in the benefit of protecting human lives, and it should be clear that the beneficial effects of this rule will not affect output directly. Also, output and other aggregate variables may be measured with error; indeed, many internet activities are not satisfactorily treated in the National Accounts. Second, there is the problem of quality adjustment. Various goods and services (e.g., cars, cellular phones) did not exist in the past or are now of much better quality, but these quality improvements are not well recorded in the statistics. Third, there are lags in the processes of innovation, learning and implementation of technologies. Some current investments will have most of their payoffs in a far future, and cannot be evaluated according to today’s productivity. For a period ranging from 1973 to 1989 the US and some other Western economies experienced a slowdown in TFP growth. Presumably, this productivity slowdown happened because these advanced economies were getting transformed to the era of information and communication technologies, and in the meantime productivity --as shown in the statistics -- was quite low.In spite of these measurement problems, various works have analyzed the determinants of the Solow residual [e.g., Edward F. Denison (1962) and Dale W. Jorgenson and Zvi Griliches (1967)] with emphasis on embodied and disembodied technological progress. Advances in technology may be embodied in the latest vintages of capital. Thus, new capital is better than old capital, not just because old capital has suffered wear and tear, but also because of the quality improvement that comes with new capital. Therefore, a part of technological progress is embodied inK and failure to allow for this rise intquality may overstate the growth assigned to TFP. Similar considerations apply to labor: New generations entering the labor force are better educated and by all counts are moreproductive. Sizeable estimates have been reported for the contribution of embodied technological progress in physical capital to growth, but it seems puzzling that many cross-country studies [e.g., Lant Pritchett (2001)] have found that the estimates for human capital to growth are insignificant or do not have the desired sign. In contrast, disembodied technological progress, included in TFP, will be associated with new modes of organization and operation of inputs as well as other improvements not incorporated into the quality of factors of production. In practice, it has proved quite difficult to offer reliable estimates for the importance of embodied and disembodied technological progress.With the availability of broad sets of data in recent years, it has been possible to make cross-country comparisons of Solow residuals. These exercises offer new possibilities to test theories of economic growth. For a broad collection of countries that includes the fast growing countries of East Asia, some studies contend that the growth process canbe explained by factor accumulation. This suggests that the observed high growth rates for output may not be long lasting, since there may be decreasing returns in the accumulation of these factors and further investments may become less productive. These works have been criticized on the grounds of poor measurement of human capital, high physical capital shares and biased estimates from endogeneity in the variables [see Peter J. Klenow and Andrés Rodríguez-Clare (1997) and William Easterly and Ross Levine (2001)]. Therefore, the prevailing view is that to a great extent cross-country differences in output should be attributed to the Solow residual.In summary, the Solow residual is that part of output growth that cannot be attributed to the accumulation of capital and labor. There is a variety of factors that may contribute to output growth and hence the residual may be quite sizable. Quantifying the maindeterminants of the Solow residual may be instrumental in comparisons of growth experiences across countries and to test theories of economic growth.ReferencesDenison, Edward. F. 1962. “The Sources of Economic Growth in the United States and the Alternatives Before Us.” Supplementary Paper N o. 13, New York, Committee for Economic Development.Easterly, William and Ross Levine 2001. "It's Not Factor Accumulation" The World Bank Economic Review 15(2): 177-219.Klenow Peter J. and Andrés Rodríguez-Clare 1997. “The Neoclassical Revival in Growth Economics: Has It Gone Too Far?” NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1997, 12: 13-103.Jorgenson, Dale W. and Zvi Griliches. 1967. “The Explanation of Productivity Change.” The Review of Economic Studies 34 (2): 249-280.Pritchett, Lant 2001. "Where Has All the Education Gone?" The World Bank Economic Review 15(3): 367-391.Solow, Robert M.. 1957. “Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function.” Review of Economics and Statisticsl 39: 312-320.。
BOSCH Forum 6 系列 60 x 60 cm 烤箱说明书
Serie 6, Forno con vapore daincasso, 60 x 60 cm, AcciaioHRG5785S6Accessori integrati1 x Teglia da forno smaltata, 1 x Griglia combinata, 1 x Leccarda universale smaltataAccessori opzionaliHEZ317000 Teglia per pizza, HEZ327000 Pietra per pane e pizza, HEZ531000 Leccarda bassa 455x375x30 mm (LxPxA), HEZ531010 Leccarda antiaderen 455x375x30mm (LxPxA), HEZ532000 Leccarda profonda 455x375x38 mm (LxPxA), HEZ532010 Leccarda antiaderen 455x400x38mm (LxPxA), HEZ538000 Guide telescopiche clip a 1 livello, HEZ629070 Teglia per grigliare adatta a pirolisi, HEZ634000 Griglia combinata 455x375x31 mm (LxPxA), HEZ638000 Guide telescopiche clip a 1 livello, HEZ660050 Accessory, HEZ664000 Griglia combinata 455x375x59 mm (LxPxA), HEZ915003 Pirofila in vetro con coperchio 5,4 l., HEZG0AS00 Cavo di collegamento 3m • 30 programmi automatici di cottura: cucinare sarà semplicissimo grazie ai programmi con impostazioni già preselezionate.• Controllo digitale LCD bianco: semplice da utilizzare grazieall'accesso diretto alle funzioni addizionali, suggerimenti di temperatura ed indicazioni di temperatura.• Autopulizia pirolitica: pulizia del forno senza sforzo• Porta piatta con sistema SoftMove: SoftOpen e SoftClose, apertura e chiusura ammortizzate• Termosonda PerfectRoast: rileva la temperatura interna della pietanza con una precisione al grado e al secondo.Dati tecniciTipologia costruttiva del prodotto: .....................................Da incasso Sistema di pulizia: ....................................................................Pirolisi Dimensioni del vano per l'installazione (AxLxP): 585-595 x 560-568 x 550 mmDimensioni (AxLxP): ............................................595 x 594 x 548 mm Dimensioni del prodotto imballato (AxLxP): .......670 x 690 x 660 mm Materiale del cruscotto: ...................................................acciaio inox Materiale porta: ..........................................................................vetro Peso netto: ..............................................................................40.0 kg Volume utile: .................................................................................71 l Metodo di cottura: ...........rigenerazione cibi, Scongelamento, Grill a superficie grande, Aria calda delicata, aria calda, Riscaldamento statico, Funzione pizza, Cottura a bassa temperatura, grill ventilato Materiale della cavità: .................................................................Altro Regolazione della temperatura: .........................................elettronica Numero di luci interne: (1)Lunghezza del cavo di alimentazione elettrica: .....................120.0 cm Codice EAN: (4242005165926)Numero di vani - (2010/30/CE): (1)Classe di efficienza energetica: .........................................................A Energy consumption per cycle conventional (2010/30/EC): ........0.99 kWh/cycleEnergy consumption per cycle forced air convection (2010/30/EC):0.81 kWh/cycleIndice di efficienza energetica (2010/30/CE): ..........................95.3 % Potenza: ..................................................................................3600 W Corrente: .....................................................................................16 A Tensione: .............................................................................220-240 V Frequenza: ...........................................................................50; 60 Hz Tipo di spina: ..........................................................................Schuko Accessori inclusi: 1 x Teglia da forno smaltata, 1 x Griglia combinata, 1 x Leccarda universale smaltataSerie 6, Forno con vapore daincasso, 60 x 60 cm, AcciaioHRG5785S6Caratteristiche principali- Forno con 9 funzioni di cottura: MultiCottura HotAir 3D, Riscaldamento superiore e inferiore, Grill ventilato, Grill a superficie grande, Funzione pizza, Cottura a bassa temperatura, Scongelamento, Aria calda delicata, rigenerazione cibi- Funzioni combinabili con gli impulsi di vapore: aria calda 3D, grill ventilato, riscaldamento statico (resistenza inferiore e superiore)- Display digitale LCD bianco- Volume cavità: 71 l- Regolazione della temperatura da 30 °C a 275 °C- Autopulizia pirolitica- Programmi automatici: 30Altre caratteristiche- Temperatura porta max. 30 °C- Riscaldamento rapido- Illuminazione interna alogena, Illuminazione disinseribile- Orologio elettronico con impostazione inizio e fine cottura- Porta a ribalta, Porta con chiusura ammortizzata SoftClose, SoftMove: grazie ad un meccanismo di ammortizzazione intelligente, la porta si apre e si chiude delicatamente e silenziosamente- Termosonda PerfectRoast- HomeConnect readyAccessori- Accessori: 1 leccarda smaltata bassa, 1 griglia combinata, 1 leccarda universale profonda smaltataEtichetta energetica- Assorbimento massimo elettrico: 3.6 kW- Classe di efficienza energetica (acc. EU Nr. 65/2014): A(in una scala di classi di efficienza energetica da A+++ a D)- Consumo energetico per ciclo durante funzionamento convenzionale:0.99 kWh- Consumo energetico per ciclo durante funzionamento ventilato:0.81 kWh- Numero di cavità: 1 Tipo di alimentazione: elettrica Volume della cavità:71 lSerie 6, Forno con vapore da incasso, 60 x 60 cm, Acciaio HRG5785S6。
地球椭球体参数列表
序号 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 GRS80 WGS72 Australian Krassovsky 1948（1954年北京坐系） International1924 Hayford 1909 Clarke1880 Clarke1866 Clarke1866(modifiedforMichigan) Airy1930 Bessel1841 Everest1830 Sphere Airy1930(modifiedforIreland1965) Bessel1841(modifiedforSchwarzeck) Clarke1880(modifiedforArc1950) Clarke1880(modifiedforMerchich) Everest1830(modifiedforKertau) Fischer1960 Fischer1960(modifiedforSouthAsia) Fischer1968 GRS67 Helmert1906 椭球体名称 长轴半径 6378137 6378135 6378160 6378245 6378388 6378388 6378249.145 6378206.4 6378450.047 6377563.396 6377397.155 6377276.345 6370997 6377340.189 6377483.865 6378249.145 6378249.2 6377304.063 6378166 6378155 6378150 6378160 6378200 扁率的倒数 298.2572221 298.26 298.25 298.3 297 297 293.465 294.9786982 294.9786982 299.3249646 299.1528128 300.8017 0 299.3249646 299.1528128 293.4663076 293.46598 300.8017 298.3 298.3 298.3 298.2471674 298.3
别样风情齐亚帕公司犀牛转轮手枪
别样风情齐亚帕公司犀牛转轮手枪作者：郭亚楠来源：《轻兵器》 2011年第3期转轮手枪的结构已近乎完美，似无可创新之处。
而意大利齐亚帕公司却凭借自己的探索，推出了名为“犀牛”的转轮手枪，其枪管轴线位于转轮弹膛轴线之下的布局、独特的三重保险机构、棱角分明的外观，处处彰显着如其名一样的市场气势……艰难创业1950年代，一位名叫埃西家斯·奥斯卡·齐亚帕的年轻人在意大利著名的皮埃特罗·伯莱塔有限公司打工，在伯莱塔工作几年后，他决定自己开办一家公司。
1958年，齐亚帕建立了一家以自己名字命名的武器公司。
公司起初非常艰难，齐亚帕每天工作16个小时，而生产的手枪并不赚钱。
不过，在齐亚帕的努力下，4年后公司终于有了新产品和新合同，即为美国客户订制生产肯塔基手枪与肯塔基步枪。
1987年，齐亚帕的大儿子里诺·齐亚帕从父亲手中接管公司。
里诺为公司带来了新的思路与构想，公司开始致力于生产高质量的仿古轻武器。
这一转变让公司获得了很多订单，齐亚帕武器公司的名声也因此越来越响亮。
在并购了一家以生产信号枪和气枪为主的凯马（Kimar）公司后，齐亚帕集团逐渐形成。
如今齐亚帕旗下共有5家分公司，除意大利外，在美国亦设有分公司，犀牛转轮手枪就出自齐亚帕美国分公司。
齐亚帕美国分公司最初在美国也是销售仿古轻武器，包括老式的前装步枪、“活门”单发步枪、温彻斯特连珠步枪等。
不过公司的生产经营策略近几年有所改变，开始涉足M1911手枪市场及AR15系步枪市场。
之后，又瞄准转轮手枪市场，决定在转轮手枪市场上开辟新天地。
经过长时间的研发与试验，犀牛转轮手枪终于以别样风情出炉。
该转轮手枪的市场定位为警用和民用武器市场。
外观别样的“犀牛”轻小型犀牛转轮手枪全枪长1 6 5 m m ，枪管长5 1 m m 。
空枪质量2.95kg。
能够使用0.357英寸马格努姆弹，同时也能使用0.38英寸特别弹。
在枪身右侧有一个小犀牛头的图案，犀牛头下面的铭文标示着武器口径、公司名称、地址和产地。
印度型钢规格 BIS IS.808.1989
column
1 GENERAL
sectional area,
3.1 Y-Y Axis A line parallel to the Fection ( in the case of parallel to the axis of case of unequal angles case of equal angles ) centre of gravity of the 3.2 X-X Axis A line passing through the centre of gravity of the profile of the section, and at right angles to the Y-Y axis. 3.3 U-U and V-V Axes Lines passing through the centre of gravity of the profile of the section, representing the principal axes of angle sections. 4 SYMBOLS 4.1 Letter symbols used in this standard have been indicated appropriately in Sections 2 to 6. More explicit definitions for certain symbols, used in the figures and tables of Sections 2 to 6 are given in 4.1.1 and 4.1.2. 4.1.1 S_Jwbols *for Dimensions
4.2.2 a SJ3mbols for Sectional Properties =