Harvard Style examples
citation的格式
citation的格式对于“citation”的格式，不同领域和学术规范有不同的要求。
以下是一些常见的引用格式：1.APA (American Psychological Association):o书籍：作者，年份. 页码.o期刊文章：作者，年份. “文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，页码。
o网站：作者，年份. “文章标题”，网站名，日期。
2.MLA (Modern Language Association):o书籍：作者，年份，页码。
o期刊文章：作者，年份. “文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，页码。
o网站：作者，年份. “文章标题”，网站名，日期。
3.Chicago (Turabian):o书籍：作者，年份，页码。
o期刊文章：作者，年份. “文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，页码。
o网站：作者，年份，“文章标题”，网址，日期。
4.IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers):o书籍：作者，年份. 页码。
o期刊文章：作者，年份. “文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，起始页码-结束页码。
5.芝加哥格式（Chicago Manual of Style）:o书籍：作者，年份，页码。
o期刊文章：作者，年份，“文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，起始页码-结束页码。
6.Harvard Style:o书籍：作者, 年份, 页码。
o期刊文章：作者, 年份, “文章标题”, 期刊名, 卷号, 起始页码-结束页码。
7.Vancouver Style:o参考格式简短, 主要信息包括作者、文章标题、期刊名、卷号、年和页码。
不使用破折号或缩写。
8.OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities):o与APA类似, 但特别适用于法律文献的引用。
9.温哥华风格（Vancouver Style）:这是医学文献中最常用的引用格式之一。
哈佛类型论文引用方式说明与举例- Citing quotations (Harvard style)
Citing quotations (Harvard style)What is quoting?Quoting is where you copy an author's text word for word, place quotation marks around the words and add a citation at the end of the quote. Quotes should be using sparingly as over quoting can suggest a lack of understanding of the text you are referring to.In scientific writing, it is generally the case that you should paraphrase from sources, rather than quote directly. Quoting more extended sections of text tends to be more common in arts and humanities subjects where it may be appropriate to quote frequently from the literature that is being analysed.As you take notes, ensure you clearly mark where you have quoted directly from the source.Direct quotations1．If you use a direct quotation from an author, you should:✧enclose this in quotation marks✧give the author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets.Example:"Language is subject to change, and is not caused by unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance" (Aitchison, 1981, p.67).2. If the quotation is more than two lines:✧It is separated from the rest of the paragraph by one free line above and below✧It is indented at left and right margins✧It may be in a smaller point size✧It is preceded by a colon✧It does not use quotation marks✧The citation includes author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from.Example:One answer to this is that language has always been subject to change, just as everything else in the world is, and we should not feel that this is a bad thing. As Aitchison (1981, p.16) puts it:Language, then, like everything else, gradually transforms itself over the centuries. There is nothing surprising in this. In a world where humans grow old, tadpoles change into frogs, and milk turns into cheese, it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change, regarding alterations as due to unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance.Aitchison clearly sees every change in language as neither good nor bad, but inevitable...Editing a quoteYou may want to make minor changes to a direct quotation. This is possible (as long as you don't change the meaning), but you must follow the rules.✧If you omit parts of the quotation, use an ellipsis. An ellipsis consists of three dots (...). Donot begin or end a direct quotation with ellipsis points. The reader already assumes that the quote has been excerpted from a larger work✧If you want to insert your own words, or different words, into a quotation, put them insquare brackets [ ]✧If you want to draw attention to an error in a quotation, for example a spelling mistake orwrong date, do not correct it; write [sic] in square brackets✧If you want to emphasise something in a quotation that is particularly relevant to your essay,put the emphasised words in italics, and state that the emphasis is your own✧If the original has italics, state that the italics are in the original.Example 1:Language changes are natural and inevitable. It has been argued that language:gradually transforms itself over the centuries. In a world where [everything changes], it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change (Aitchison, 1981, p.16, my italics).Example 2:According to Smith (1992, p.45), "Aitcheson [sic] appears to believe that everything changes; but this is questionable" (italics in original).。
Harvard_citation_style_-_All_examples_table
(Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2001, Aquaculture development in Australia: a review of Economics 2001) key economic issues, ABARE, Canberra. 'A number of disturbing facts intrude' (Milkman 1998, p. 25) (Drafke 2009) Milkman, R 1998, 'The new American workplace:high road or low road?' in Workplaces of the future, eds P Thompson & C Warhurst, Macmillan Press, London, pp. 22-34. Drafke, M 2009, The human side of organizations, 10th edn, Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J. Roget's thesarus of English words and phrases, 1987 (1852).
Reference List Example
Holt, DH 1997, Management principles and practices, Prentice-Hall, Sydney. McCarthey, EJ, William, DP & Pascale, GQ 1997, Basic marketing, Irwin, Sydney. Bond, WR, Smith, JT, Brown, KL & George, M 1996, Management of small firms, McGraw-Hill, Sydney. A history of Greece 1994, Irwin, Sydney. Jones, MD (ed.) 1998, Management in Australia, Academic Press, London.
哈佛风格引用格式
哈佛风格引用格式
哈佛风格（Harvard referencing style）是一种常用的学术引用格式，主要用于文献引用和参考文献列表的编写。
以下是哈佛风格引用格式的示例：
1. 引用书籍：
单一作者的书籍引用格式：
姓，名。
(出版年). 书名. 城市：出版社。
例如：Smith, J. (2010). The Handbook of Research Methods. London: Academic Press.
多位作者的书籍引用格式：
姓，名., 姓，名., & 姓，名. (出版年). 书名. 城市：出版社。
例如：Smith, J., Johnson, A., & Anderson, L. (2018). Statistics for Social Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press.
2. 引用期刊文章：
单一作者的期刊文章引用格式：
作者姓，名. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名，卷号（期号），页面范围。
例如：Jones, M. (2015). The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity. Nature, 523(7560), 418-421.
多位作者的期刊文章引用格式：
作者姓，名., 作者姓，名., &。
Harvard Reference Style
Assignment Requirement—Harvard Reference StyleHow to d o referencesCiting references intextAuthor’s name cited in the textIn general, when writing for a professional publication, it is good practice to make reference to other relevant published work. This view has been supportedin the work of Cormack (1994).Cormack (1994, pp.32-33) states that 'when writing for a professional readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works'.Author’s name not cited directly in the textMaking reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing for a professional audience (Cormack, 1994).More than one author cited in the textJones (1946) and Smith (1948) have both shown …More than one author not cited directly in the textFurther research in the late forties (Jones, 1946; Smith, 1948) lead to major developments……(Collins, 1998; Brown, 2001; Davies, 2008)Two, three or four authors for the same workWhite and Brown (2004) in their recent research paper found...Earlier research (White and Brown, 1966) demonstrated that the presence of certain chemicals would lead to...More than four authors for a workFirst time appearing, need to list all the authors’ surnameGreen, et al. (1995) found that the majority …Recent research (Green, et al., 1995) has found that the majority of …Several works by one author in different yearsas suggested by Bloggs (1992, 1994) who found that …research in the nineties (Bloggs 1992, 1994) found that …Several works by one author in the same yearEarlier research by Dunn (1993a) found that…but later research suggested again by Dunn (1993b) that …Bloggs (1993a, b) has stated on more than one occasion that …No authorMarketing strategy (Anon., 1999)No dateSmith (n.d.) has written and demonstra ted……Earlier research (Smith, n.d.) demonstrated that……COMPILING THE REFERENCE LIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHYBooks with one authorAuthor, Initials., Year. Title of book.Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place of publication (this must be a town or city, not a country):Publisher.E.g:Baron, D. P., 2008. Business and the organisation. Chester: Pearson.Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed.London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.An intext reference for the above examplesOrganisations have been found to differ (Baron, 2008) when there is … Books with two, three or four authorsAuthor, Initials., Year. Title of book.Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place of publication (this must be a town or city, not a country):Publisher.E.g:Barker, R. Kirk, J. and Munday, R.J., 1988. Narrative analysis.3rd ed.Bloomington: Indiana University Press.An intext reference for the above examplesA new theory (Barker, Kirk and Munday, 1988) has challengedtraditional thinking …Books which are editedAuthor, Initials., ed., Year. Title of book. Edition. Place: Publisher.E.g:Keene, E. ed., 1988. Natural language.Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Silverman, D.F. and Propp, K.K. eds., 1990. The active interview. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Allouche, Jose. ed., 2006. Corporate social resposibility, Volume 1: concepts, accountability and reporting.Basingstoke: PalgraveMacmillan.E-BooksAuthor, Year, Title of book.[type of medium] Place of publication: Publisher.Followed by “Available through:” include e-book source/database, web addressor URL [Accessed date].E.g:Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle Press. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library<> [Accessed 5 June 2005].Bank of England, 2008. Inflation Report[pdf] Available at: </publications/inflationreport/ir08nov.pdf> [Accessed 20 April 2009].An intext reference for the above exampleRecent evidence (Bank of England, 2008, pp.32-33) show the trends ... Journal articlesAuthor, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers.E.g:Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an indepth look.Political Science Quarterly, 42(6), pp.564-78.Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands.Nursing Times, 97(22), pp.63-64.Cox, C., 2002. What health care assistants know about clean hands.Nursing today, Spring Issue, pp.647-85.Journal articles available from a databaseAuthor, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if availalble. Availablethrough: name of database [Accessed date]E.g:Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look.Political Science Quarterly [e-journal] 42 (6) Available through: BlackwellScience Synergy database [Accessed 12 June 2005].Magazine or journal articles available on the internetAuthors, Initials., Year . Title of article, Full Title of Magazine, [online]. Available at: web address (quote the exact URL for the article) [Accessed date].E.g:Kipper, D. , 2008. Japan’s new dawn, Popular Science and Technology, [online] Availableat:</popsci37b144110vgn/html> [Accessed 22June 2009].An intext reference for the above example would read:(Kipper, 2008) ...Newspaper articlesAuthor, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Newspaper, Day and month before page numbers and column line.E.g:Slapper, G., 2005. Corporate manslaughter: new issues for lawyers.The Times, 3 Sep. p.4b.4b, this indicates that the article is on the fourth page of thenewspaper, and “b” indicates this is the second col umn ofnewsprint across the page.Online newspaper articlesAuthor or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page. Name of newspaper,[type of medium] Additional date information. Available at:.[nameof database]. [Accessed date].E.g:Coney, J., 2009. Is this the start of a new home loan war? HSBC vows to lend £1billion to homebuyers with 10% deposits. Daily Mail,[online](Last updated 9.47 AM on 09th April 2009) Available at:</news/article-1168461/Is-start-new-home-loan-war-HSBC-vows-lend-1billion-homebuyers-10-deposits.html>[Accessed on 20 April 2009].An intext reference for the above example would read:(Coney, 2009)FURTHER COMMENTSIt is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the front page of any website you use as well as the articles you referentThe assignment will be failed without intext and end list references。
harvard style guidelines
Harvard style guidelinesGeneral1.Initials should be used without spaces or full points.2.Up to six authors may be listed. If more then list the first three authors andrepresent the rest by …et al.‟ rather than write them out in full.Text citationsAll r eferences in the text and notes must be specified by the authors‟ last names and date of publication together with page numbers if given.Do not use ibid., op. cit., infra., supra. Instead, show the subsequent citation of the same source in the same way as the first.Note the following for the style of text citations:1. If the author‟s name is in the text, follow with year in parentheses:2. If author‟s name is not in the text, insert last name, comma and year:3. Where appropriate, the page number(s) follow the year, separated by a colon:4. Where there are two authors, give both names, joined by …and‟; if three or more authors, use et al.:5. If there is more than one reference to the same author and year, insert a, b, etc. in both the text and the list:6. Enclose within a single pair of parentheses a series of references, separated by semicolons:Please order alphabetically by author surnames.7. If two or more references by the same author are cited together, separate the dates with a comma:Please start with the oldest publication.8. Enclose within the parentheses any brief phrase associated with the reference:9. For an institutional authorship:10. For authorless articles or studies, use the name of the magazine, journal, newspaper or sponsoring organization, and not the title of the article:11. Citations from personal communications are not included in the reference list:Reference listGeneral1.Check that the list is in alphabetical order (treat Mc as Mac).s should be in upper and lower case.3.Where several references have the same author(s), do not use ditto marks ordashes; the name must be repeated each time.st names containing de, van, von, De, Van, Von, de la, etc. should be listedunder D and V respectively. List them as: De Roux DP, and not Roux DP, de.When cited in the main text without the first name, use capitals for De, Van,Von, De la, etc. (Van Dijk, 1998)s containing Jr or II should be treated as follows:Jones P, Jr (2008)Brown S, II (1995)6.References where the first-named author is the same should be listed asfollows:Single-author references in date order;Two-author references in alphabetical order according to the second author‟sname;Et al. references in alphabetical order; in the event of more than one entryhaving the same date, they should be placed in alphabetical order of second(or third) author, and a, b, etc. must be inserted.Brown J (2003)Brown TR, Yates P (2003)Brown W (2002)Brown W (2003a)Brown W (2003b)Brown W, Jones M (2003)Brown W, Peters P (2003)Brown W, Hughes J, and Kent T (2003a)Brown W, Kent T, and Lewis S (2003b)7.Check that all periodical/publication data are included – volume, issue andpage numbers, publisher, place of publication, etc.Reference stylesBook:Author A and Author B (year) Book Title. Place: Publisher name.Chapter in a book:Author A (year) Chapter title: Subtitle. In: Editor A (ed.) Book Title. Place: Publisher, 00–00.Author A, Author B and Author C (year) Chapter title: Subtitle. In: Editor A and Editor B (eds) Book Title. Place: Publisher, 00–00.Author A and Author B (year) Chapter title: Subtitle. In: Editor A, Editor B and Editor C (eds) Book Title. Place: Publisher, 00–00.Article in a journal:Author A and Author B (year) Article title: Subtitle. Journal vol(issue): 00–00. Author A, Author B and Author C (year) Article title: Subtitle. Journal vol(issue): 00–00.Author A, Author B, Author C et al. (year) Article title: Subtitle. Journal vol(issue): 00–00.Article in a journal published ahead of print:Author A and Author B (year) Article title. Journal00: 1–00 (accessed 00 month year).Author A, Author B and Author C (year) Article title. Journal 00: 1–00 (accessed 00 month year).Author A, Author B, Author C et al. (year) Article title. Journal 00: 1–00 (accessed 00 month year).Note: volume is given as “00”.WebsiteNational Center for Professional Certification. (2002) Factors Affecting Organizational Climate and Retention. Available at:./programmes/triechmann/2002fbwfiles.Unpublished thesisKramer B (2008) Employee ownership and participation effects on firm outcomes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, City University of New York.NewspaperClark JM (2006) Too close to call. The Independent,21 May, p. 10.Working paperFreeman RB, Kleiner MM and Ostroff C (2000) The anatomy of employee involvement and its effects on firms and workers. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 8050, Cambridge.。
overleaf中bibliographystyle类型
在Overleaf中，\bibliographystyle命令用于选择文献风格。
不同的文献风格会决定如何在文中和文末引用和显示参考文献。
在Overleaf中，常用的文献风格包括：
plain：这是最简单的文献风格，它只显示作者和年份，没有其他任何信息。
unsrt：这是默认的文献风格，它会按照引用的顺序显示参考文献，而不是按照字母顺序。
alpha：这是按照字母顺序排序的文献风格，同时按照引用顺序显示。
harvard1和harvard2：这是Harvard风格的文献引用方式，它会显示作者、标题、期刊名、年份等信息。
apalike：这是APA风格的文献引用方式，它会显示作者、标题、期刊名、年份等信息。
chicago：这是芝加哥风格的文献引用方式，它会显示作者、标题、期刊名、年份等信息。
使用这些风格，你需要使用\bibliographystyle命令来指定你想要使用的风格，例如：
latex
\bibliographystyle{plain}
或者
latex
\bibliographystyle{unsrt}
然后，你可以使用\bibliography命令来引用参考文献，例如：
latex
\bibliography{mybib}
其中，mybib是你的参考文献文件名。
Harvard Style哈佛体-引用格式
If you present information exactly as it appears in a source, indicate this by using quotation marks:
‘Market segmentation is where the larger market is heterogeneous and can be broken down into smaller units that are similar in character’ (Easy and Sorensen, 2009, p.133).
Cite? Yes. Sentence 1 has been shortened and rewritten but the key point is maintained
Your own ideas, theories, arguments, conclusions Surveys and experiments designed and carried out by you Your own research method Very basic common knowledge: i.e. Glasgow is in the west of Scotland
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Citing using the Harvard style
The Harvard style is a type of author-date style. Generally, when using the Harvard style a citation in your paper requires only the name of the author (or authors) and the year of publication (with no punctuation between the two items). Citations should be, whenever possible, placed at the end of a sentence (before the concluding punctuation) For example
...as one writer put it "the darkest days were still ahead" (Weston 1988, p.45).
Alternatively, the author's surname may be integrated into the text, followed immediately by the year of publication in parentheses.
Scholtz (1990, p.564) has argued that...
If there is more than one reference by an author in the same year they are generally labelled in order of publication with a lower case letter.
other researchers faced this problem (Stairs 1992a, p.98 , James 1994, p.107) while Stairs (1992b, p.3) recognised...
If the author's name is unknown you should give the title of the article, book or webpage.
the worst election loss in the party's history (The Age 4 May, 1968, p.2)... The references made in the text are listed in alphabetical order by author(s) at the end of the paper. If the author is unknown use the title.
A Harvard style reference list
ed, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, pp. 636-653
Rau, J.G. and Wooten, D.C. (1980), Environmental impact
analysis handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York
Richardson, A. J. (1990), "Traffic planning and modelling: a
twenty year perspective", Australian Road Research, vol. 20,
no. 1, pp. 9-21
Young, W. (1990a), "The interaction between data and a
parking model hierachy", Proc. 15th Aust. Road Research
Board Conference, pp. 83-100.
Young, W., and Taylor, M. A. P. (1990b), "Continuing
education in transport", Proc. 2nd. AAEE Conference on
Engineering Education, Melbourne, Aust., pp. 569-579.
Note that because there are two articles by Young from the same year that a letter is added to the date. They are ordered based on the name of the second author, and by date published if this is not applicable。