digestivesystem
Chapter-5-Digestive-System
第三页，编辑于星期日：十八点 五十七分。
Digestive system
第四页，编辑于星期日：十八点 五十七分。
aliment/o: food, nutrient
❖alimentation: process of giving or taking nourishment. ▪ 营养，营养吸收
❖alimentary: pertaining to food. ▪ 营养的, 饮食的 ▪ alimentary tract/canal
body, hence from the colon to the outside of the body.
▪ 结肠造口术
第十四页，编辑于星期日：十八点 五十七分。
dent/o, dent/i: tooth
❖ dentition: the teeth in the dental arch.
▪ 齿系, 齿列 ❖ lobiodental: lobi/o lip, hence pertaining to the lip and the
❖hyperalimentation: hyper- excessive, hence excessive amount of food. ▪ 营养过度，高营养
第五页，编辑于星期日：十八点 五十七分。
appendic/o: appendix 阑尾
❖appendectomy: ectomy excision, hence removal of the appendix. ▪ 阑尾切除术
▪ 盲肠固定术
❖ cecocolic: col/o colon, hence pertaining to the cecum and colon.
▪ 盲(肠)结肠的
Chapter 13 Digestive System
咽 throat, pharynx
1.
pharyngo- 源于希腊语larunx，意为throat
鼻咽、口咽、喉பைடு நூலகம்？
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
食管 esophagus
1.
esophago- 源于希腊语eso- (into) + phago (to eat)
空肠jejunum
1.
jejuno- 源于拉丁语，意为empty jejunostomy ？ ileo- 源于拉丁语 回肠切开术 ？
回肠ileum
1.
Jejunum is about seven and a half feet long and continues into the ileum.
牙 tooth
1. 2.
dento-: from Latin odonto-: from Greek dental odontorrhagia odontolith
牙龈 gum
gingivo-: from Latin
gingivitis
舌 tongue
1. 2.
linguo-: from Latin glosso-: from Greek sublingual glossodynia
Exercises
Using the adjective suffix –al write a word for each of the following definitions: 1. Pertaining to the lips labial 2. Pertaining to the gums gingival 3. Pertaining to the cheek buccal 4. Pertaining to the mouth oral 5. Pertaining to the tongue lingual, glossal
医学影像学专业英语Digestive system(4)
oesophageal varices: mainly caused by cirrhosis of the liver
x-ray appearances
Mucosa abnormality :Thickening, circuitous and disturbance.
Filling defects :longitudinal serpiginous.
Dividing line : not clear.
Contraction and relaxation is not enough good, barium is swallowed slowly.
Tension is lower.
x-ray appearances
Mucosa abnormality :Thickening, circuitous and disturbance.
Filling defects :longitudinal serpiginous.
Dividing line : not clear.
Contraction and relaxation is not enough good, barium is swallowed slowly.
– mucosa:destruction, discontinue or disappear
– filling defect – relaxation is limited, wriggling is weakening or disappeared. – lumens: stenosis, enlargement. – dividing line : clear
• Carcinoma of oesophagus and gastric fundus
digestive system 相关英语词汇
digestive system 相关英语词汇The digestive system is a complex network of organs and tissues responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that the body can absorb and use. It involves a series of physical and chemical processes that occur in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs such as the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.Here are some key English vocabulary related to the digestive system:$$1. Mouth and Teeth:$$* **Mouth:** The entry point for food intake. * **Teeth (Teeth):** Hard, calcified structures used for chewing and grinding food. * **Tongue:** A muscular organ that moves food around in the mouth and helps in swallowing. ***Saliva:** A watery secretion that moistens food, begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, and helps in swallowing.**2. Esophagus:*** **Esophagus:** A muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. * **Peristalsis:** The rhythmic muscular contractions that propel food through the esophagus.**3. Stomach:*** **Stomach:** A hollow, muscular organ that stores food, secretes gastric juices, and mixes food with these juices to form a semisolid mass called chyme. * **Gastric Juice:** A mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus secreted by the stomach. * **Hydrochloric Acid:** A strong acid that helps in the digestion of protein and creates an acidic environment that kills bacteria. * **Enzyme:** A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in the body, including the breakdown of food into nutrients. * **Mucus:** A slippery, viscous substance that coats the lining of the stomach, protecting it from the corrosive effects of gastric juice.**4. Small Intestine:*** **Small Intestine:** A long, coiled tube that continues from the stomach and is the primary site of digestion and absorption of nutrients. * **Duodenum:** Thefirst part of the small intestine, closest to the stomach. * **Jejunum:** The middle part of the small intestine. ***Ileum:** The final part of the small intestine, leading to the large intestine. * **Villi:** Tiny, finger-like projections on the inner lining of the small intestine that increase its surface area for absorption. * **Microvilli:** Minute projections on the surface of the villi that further enhance the absorption capacity of the small intestine.**5. Large Intestine:*** **Large Intestine:** A wider, shorter tube that absorbs water and forms feces. * **Colon:** The major part of the large intestine. * **Rectum:** The final, straight section of the large intestine, leading to the anus. ***Feces:** Solid waste product formed in the largeintestine and expelled from the body through the anus.**6. Accessory Organs:*** **Liver:** A large organ that produces bile, metabolizes fats, stores vitamins and minerals, and detoxifies the blood. * **Bile:** A yellowish fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps in the digestion of fats. * **Gallbladder:** A small,pear-shaped sac that stores bile until it is needed for digestion. * **Pancreas:** A gland that produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, as well as hormones that regulate blood sugar levels.**7. Digestive Processes and Functions:*** **Digestion:** The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. ***Absorption:** The process of nutrients passing through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream. ***Metabolism:** The set of chemical reactions that occur in the body to convert food into energy and building blocksfor cells and tissues.These are just a few of the many terms related to the digestive system. The digestive system is a highly complex and interconnected network of organs and processes, and its efficient functioning is crucial for maintaining overall health and well-being. Disorders of the digestive system can lead to a range of symptoms and health issues, makingit important to maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle to promote optimal digestive health.。
大学英语digestive_system
2
Digestive tract
The human digestive system includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), large intestine（cecum， appendix，colon and rectum） and anus.
Digestive system
1
The function of the digestive system is to prepare food for intake by body cells. Nutrients must be broken down by mechanical and chemical means into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the circulation. Within cells, the nutrients are used for energy and for rebuilding vital cell components. Digestion takes place in the digestive tract.
消化系统总论
X线特点(X-ray characteristic)： 线特点( ) 软组织：缺乏自然对比( 1 软组织：缺乏自然对比(natural contrast)； ) 两端开口，能运动：可引入造影剂 造影剂； 2 两端开口，能运动：可引入造影剂； 粘膜面：双对比( 发现早期 早期病变 3 粘膜面：双对比(double contrast)发现早期病变 消化腺：实质脏器，适于CT MRI、超声、 CT、 4 消化腺：实质脏器，适于CT、MRI、超声、血 管造影等项检查。 管造影等项检查。
b、全消（中上消化道）：食管 、全消（中上消化道）：食管 ）： 回盲部
小肠系钡剂造影： 小肠系钡剂造影：
a:钡餐后； a:钡餐后； 钡餐后 b:小肠钡灌 小肠钡灌（ b:小肠钡灌（Small intestine barium enema,SBE）
结肠造影：钡剂灌肠： 结肠造影：钡剂灌肠：Barium enema
1 粘膜破坏：粘膜皱襞消失 、中断，见于恶性肿 粘膜破坏： 中断， 瘤 2 粘膜平坦：粘膜及粘膜下水肿：逐渐移行与正 粘膜平坦：粘膜及粘膜下水肿： 常无明显分界 肿瘤浸润：固定，分界截然。 肿瘤浸润：固定，分界截然。 3 粘膜纠集：放射状向病灶集中，见于慢性溃疡 粘膜纠集：放射状向病灶集中，
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4 增宽和迂曲（肥厚）：炎症、肿胀、结缔组 增宽和迂曲（肥厚）：炎症、肿胀、 ）：炎症 织增生所致。 织增生所致。见于慢性胃炎和静脉曲张 5 微皱襞改变： 微皱襞改变： 炎症时：小区增大， 炎症时：小区增大，小沟增宽 伴糜烂时：小区小沟破坏、消失，呈散在点 伴糜烂时：小区小沟破坏、消失， 状钡影 癌瘤时：局部小区、小沟完全破坏、消失 癌瘤时：局部小区、小沟完全破坏、
2.The Digestive System
• • • •
pancreato(pancreas) stomato(mouth) linguo(tongue) duodeno(duodenum)
• pancreato(pancreas): pancreatopathy,pancreatitis
• stomato(mouth):stomatitis,stomatoplasty(口腔成形 术),stomatalgia • linguo(tongue):sublingual,linguodental,lingualoplasty • duodeno(duodenum):duodenectomy,gastroduodena l,duodenoscopy
• He started to have the pain on July 10,2004,soon after his supper. The pain was persistent in nature, gradually increased in severity and radiated to the right scapular region. He vomited once. No fever was noticed. He had similar attacks in the past.
• The mouth: • 1. decomposes very large aggregates of food molecules into smaller particles • 2.allows saliva and enzymes to enter inside the larger food complexes • 3. set off a signaling message to the body to start the entire digestive process
Unit14 digestive System Class1
胃和十二指肠溃疡是由早期浅表的粘膜病变演变而来的。 对于食管、胃、十二指肠的炎症、溃疡和肿瘤，胃镜检查要
比x线检查更准确。 Gastroscopy is more accurate than X-rays for detecting
急性肝衰竭能导致许多并发症，包括大出血和颅 内压增高。急性肝衰竭的另一种类型是暴发性肝 衰竭。
choleric: a.胆的
chole-, chol(o)- bile
cholecyst
胆囊
cholecystitis
胆囊切除术
cholecystectomy
cholesterol
Cultural Knowledge
The most common sites for cancer of the GI tract are the colon and rectum. Together these colorectal cancers rank among the most frequent causes of cancers deaths in the United States in both men and women. A diet low in fiber and calcium and high in fat is a major risk factor in colorectal cancer.
In addition to the alimentary canal, there are several important accessory organs that help your body to digest food, but do not have food pass through them. Accessory organs of the digestive system include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
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• Detergent – emulsifies fats • Release promoted by:
– Vagus n. – CCK – Secretin
• Contains
– – – – – – Water Bile salts Bile pigments Electrolytes Cholesterol Lecithin
• Control • Requires pancreatic enzymes & bile to complete digestion
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Large Intestine
• Extends from ileocecal valve to anus • Regions
– Cecum – Appendix – Colon
• Vascular • Inner surface thrown into folds – Rugae
• Contains enzymes that work best at pH 1-2
17
Stomach
• Functions
– Mix food – Reservoir – Start digestion of
• Deglutition center
– Medulla oblongata – Pons
– Disorders
• Dysphagia • Aphagia
11
Esophagus
• Usually collapsed (closed) • 3 constrictions
– Aortic arch – Left primary bronchus – Diaphragm
• Protein • Nucleic acids • Fats
– Absorbs
• • • • Alcohol Water Lipophilic acid B 12
– Activates some enzymes – Destroy some bacteria – Makes intrinsic factor – B 12 absorption – Destroys some bacteria
The Digestive System
1
Digestion
• Processing of food • Types
– Mechanical (physical)
• • • • • Chew Tear Grind Mash Mix
– Chemical
• Catabolic reactions • Enzymatic hydrolysis
– Carbohydrate – Protein – Lipid
2
Digestion
• Phases
– – – – – Ingestion Movement Digestion Absorption Further digestion
3
Digestive System Organization
• Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract (Alimentary canal)
18
Small Intestine
• Extends from pyloric sphincter ileocecal valve • Regions
– Duodenum – Jejenum – Ileum
• Movements
– Segmentation – Peristalsis
19
Small Intestine
4
Digestive System Organization
• • • • Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anus
• Accessory structures
– Not in tube path – Organs
• • • • • • Teeth Tongue Salivary glands Liver Gall bladder Pancreas
• Secretes digestive enzymes
– Peptidases
• Amino• Di• Tri-
– – – –
Sucrases Maltase Lactase Saccharidases
• Di• Tri-
– Lipase – Nucleases
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Small Intestine
– Concentrate/eliminate wastes
28
Feces Formation and Defecation
• Chyme dehydrated to form feces • Feces composition
– – – – – Water Inorganic salts Epithelial cells Bacteria Byproducts of digestion
• Histology
– – – – – – – – – Intestinal glands – Intestinal enzymes Duodenal glands – Alkaline mucous Paneth cells – Lysozyme Microvilli Lacteals Plica circularis Smooth muscle Lymphatic tissue – GALT Vascular
• Taeniae coli • Haustra
– Epiploic appendages – Otherwise like rest of Gl tract
27
Large Intestine
• Functions
– Mechanical digestion
• Haustral churning • Peristalsis • Reflexes
• Contract pharyngeal muscles • Open esophagus • Start peristalsis
10
Deglutition (swallowing)
• Control
– Nerves
• Glossopharyngeal • Vagus • Accessory
– Brain stem
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Liver
– Detoxifies/removes
• Drugs • Alcohol
– Stores
• • • • Gycolgen Vitamins (A, D, E, K) Fe and other minerals Cholesterol
– – – –
Activates vitamin D Fetal RBC production Phagocytosis Metabolizes absorbed food molecules
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Small Intestine
• Absorbs
– – – – – 80% ingested water Electrolytes Vitamins Minerals Carbonates
• Active/facilitated transport • Monosaccharides
– Lipids
• Control
– Parasympathetic – Voluntary
• Defecation
– Peristalsis pushes feces into rectum – Rectal walls stretch
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Liver
• Location
– R. Hypochondrium – Epigastric region
• 4 Lobes
– – – – Left Quadrate Caudate Right
• Each lobe has lobules – Contains hepatocytes – Surround sinusoids – Feed into central vein
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Liver
• Functions
• Abnormalities
– – – – – Achalasia Atresia Hernia Barret’s esophagus Esophageal varices
14
Stomach
• Usually “J” shaped • Left side, anterior to the spleen • Mucous membrane
• Ascending • Transverse • Descending
– Rectum – Anal canal
25
Anatomy of the Large Intestine
26
Large Intestine
• Histology
– No villi – No permanent circular folds – Smooth muscle
15
Anatomy of the Stomach
16
Stomach
• 3 muscle layers
– Oblique – Circular – Longitudinal
• Regions
– – – – Cardiac sphincter Fundus Antrum (pylorus) Pyloric sphincter
• Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids
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Liver
• Dual blood supply
– Hepatic portal vein
• Direct input from small intestine
– Hepatic artery/vein