英国文学选读上名词解释(中英文版)
(完整版)英国文学名词解释
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.③Romance:The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.④Epic:An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》).⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里▪乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.⑦【William Langland威廉▪朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】The English Bible:The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(约翰▪威克里夫). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of English language and English literature.Renaissance:Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.William Caxton威廉▪卡克斯顿: He is the first English printer and invented in England the profession of publisher.Thomas More托马斯▪莫尔:The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia《乌托邦》. He is also one of such “giants”(巨匠) of the Renaissance. He distinguished himself as a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty talker, a lover of music, an honest statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(坚定的), to his convictions. He was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Utopia:It is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conservation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia. The name “Utopia” comes from Greek words meaning “no place” and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Philip Sidney菲利普▪锡德尼: He is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. His collection of love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》, was published in 1591.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙▪斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..”“Studies serve for delight.”“Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing anexact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits”was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies:A Midsummer Might’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It,Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.The Merchant of V enice:威尼斯富商安东尼奥Antonio为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Bassanio的婚事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克Shylock借债。
英国文学选读名词解释
英国文学选读名词解释1. Byronic hero拜伦式英雄(1)The Byronic hero is an idealized （理想化的）but flawed (有缺陷的)character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his e x-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being "mad, bad, and dangerous to know".[1] The Byr onic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe H arold's Pilgrimage (1812-18).(2)It refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superio rity in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the bu rden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly ag ainst any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral princip les with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.1812-1818 George Gordon Byron “Manfred”Manfred2. ConceitConceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. Conceit is extensively employed in John Don ne’s poetry.metaphysical poetry玄学派诗歌(1) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century write rs who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphy sical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan of the Neoclas sical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from actual life.(2)It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poet was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.17世纪，英国，John Donne “The Flea”3. Renaissance 文艺复兴The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings, which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries, persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.14-17世纪英国，起源于意大利，William Shakespeare Hamlet4. English RomanticismIn the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called Romanticism came to Europ e and then to England. It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticismgave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty. Romantic literature is c haracteristic by such qualities as a deep love of nature, an indulgence in the self and th e individual, and a overwhelming interest in the supernatural, the mysterious and the g othic. The English Romantic period is an age of poetry. Romanticism prevailed in En gland from 1798 to 1837.1798-1837 William Blake “The Lamb”5. Dramatic monologue戏剧独白Dramatic monologue is a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent “audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealed while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy, have also been called Dramatic monologue. But to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to these simply as monologues or as monodramas.The Victorian period represented the high point of the dramatic monologue in English poetr y. Robert Browning “My Last Duchess”6. Stream of Consciousness 意识流In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.It is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.1922-21st century James Joyce Finnegans Wake7. Epiphany 顿悟A moment of illumination, usually occurrs at or near the end of a work. It was taken over by James Joyce to denote secular revelation in the everyday world, in an early version of his novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) later published as Stephen Hero (1944).8. Critical RealismIt means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues. Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.It is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities。
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
(完整word版)英国文学名词解释大全(整理版),推荐文档
名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
英国文学上 名词解释
1.sonnet cycle: A sonnet cycle is a group of sonnets, arranged to address a particular person or theme, and designed to be read both as a collection of fully-realized individual poems and as a single poetic work comprising all the individual sonnets. 【The Amoretti by Edmund Spensor2. Characteristics of Petrarchan sonnet: The Italian sonnet is divided into two sections by two different groups of rhyming sounds. The first 8 lines is called the octave with rhymes:a b b a a b b aThe remaining 6 lines is calledthe sestet and can have either two or three rhyming sounds, arranged in a variety of ways. The change from one rhyme group to another signifies the change in subject matter.The octave often introduces the theme or problem while the sestet gives solutions.【The SONNET 75 by Edmund Spensor is a typical Petrarchan sonnet.3. Characteristics of Elizabethan (Shakespearean) sonnet: The Shakespearean sonnet is made up of 14 lines with three quatrains and a couplet, and the typical rhyming scheme is a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g. 【Sonnet 29 and 734. Pastoral: In literature, the adjective 'pastoral' refers to rural subjects and aspects of life in the countryside among shepherds and other farm workers that are often romanticized and depicted in a highly unrealistic manner. Indeed, the pastoral life is sometimes depicted as being far closer to the Golden age than the rest of human life 【The Passionate Shepherd to His Love5. Scansion is the act of determining and (usually) graphically representing the metrical character of a line of verse. There are many methods and symbols in scansion of poems.6. The Great Chain of Being : The Great Chain of Being is a classical Christian and Western Medieval concept detailing a strict, hierarchical structure of all matter and life It composed of a great number of hierarchical links, from the most basic and foundational elements up through the very highest perfection. The level descends from God to Angelic Beings to Humanity Animals to Plants and finally to Minerals7. Allegory is a figurative mode of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of symbolic figures, actions or symbolic representation. 【The Faerie Queen8 Ptolemic cosmology: In the Ptolemaic system, each planet is moved by a system of two or more spheres: one called its deferent, the others, its epicycles. And the Ptolemaic order of spheres from Earth outward is: Moon Mercury Venus Sun Mars Jupiter Saturn Fixed Stars and Sphere of Prime Mover9. Humanism10. The Reformation: It was led by Martin Luther,John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to ("protested") the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Catholic Church, led to the creation of new national Protestant churches.The Reformation opposed the false doctrines and ecclesiastic malpractice of Catholics—especially the teaching and the sale of indulgences or the abuses thereof, and simony, the selling and buying of clerical offices. 【Faerie Queen 11. Courtly love was a medieval European conception of nobly and chivalrouslyexpressing love and ad miration. Generally, courtly love was secret and between members of the nobility. The lover was prompted by an ecstactic impulse to submit himself to the sovereignity of a lady , who, as a consequence of her beauty, virtue, rank and, very often married status, was unapproachable and sexually unattainable.12. Carpe diem: It is popularly translated as "seize the day". In carpe diem poetry, the speaker puts emphasis on the fact that life is short and the time is fleeting., 【”To the virgins, to make much of time”13. Cavalier poets : English poets of the early seventeenth century are crudely classified by the division into Cavaliers and metaphysical poets, Cavalier poets came from the classes that supported King Charles I during the English Civil War. 【 Robert Herrick14. persona (per-SO-na): In literature, the persona is the narrator, or the storyteller, of a literary work created by the author. It could be a character in the work, or a fabricated onlooker, relaying the sequence of events in a narrative. 【Shakespeare’s sonnet 7315 The biographical fallacy is a term used in literature criticism to critique the view that works of literature can be interpreted as reflections of the life of their authors.T he term was introduced by exponents of the New Criticism who wished to emphasise that artworks should be interpreted and assessed as constructed artefacts rather than expressions of the emotions of specific individuals.16.Anaphora: the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of several consecutive sentences or verses to emphasize an image ora concept.17. Anadiplosis is a rhetorical figure of speech that means to "double back" and repeat a word or phrase that appears at the end of sentence or clause at the beginning of the next sentence or clause.18. Chiasmus is a figure of speech based on inverted parallelism. It is a rhetorical figure in which two clauses are related to each another through a reversal of terms in order to make a larger point.19 Antithesis :it is figure of speech involving the bringing out of a contrast in the ideas by an obvious contrast in the words, clauses, or sentences, within a parallel grammatical structure,20. Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another with which it isassociated. This allows a reader to recognize similarities or common features among terms. It may provide a more common meaning to a word.21. Metaphor: a type of figurative language in which a statement is made that says that one thing is something else but, literally, it is not. Metaphor is a great contributor to poetry when the reader understands a likeness between two essentially different things.22. Oxymoron: Oxymorons (or oxymora) are literary figures of speech usually composed of a pair of neighbouring contradictory words (often within a sentence). Oxymorons can be used for dramatic effect,23. Simile: The use of language that does not mean exactly what it says, which makes a comparison between two otherwise unalike objects or ideas by connecting them with the words "like" or "as."。
英国文学选读上名词解释(中英文版)
Byronic heroA proud, mysterious, rebellious, gloomy figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedo m.SonnetA sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.OdeA complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion,to honor a person o a season or to commemorate an event.Lake PoetsThe Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the Romantic MovementMetaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. John Donne is the most important representative.拜伦式英雄是指拜伦诗中的贵族出身的骄傲，神秘，反叛的角色。
英国文学选读名词解释2
一名词解释1. Byronic heroA proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedom.2. Gothic novelsGothic literature invariably exploits ghosts and monsters and settings such as castles, dungeons, and graveyards, which imparts a suitably sinister and terrifying atmosphere. It is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious, and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the reader.3. narrative poemA narrative poem tells a story in verse. Three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads, such as Robin Hood; epics, such as Beowulf; and metrical romances, such as sir Gawain and the Green Knight.4. lyric poemA lyric poem expresses the observation and feelings of a single speaker. Unlike a narrative poem, it presents an experience or a single effect, but it does not tell a full story. Types of lyrics include the elegy, the ode, and the sonnet.5. critical realismIn Victorian period appeared a new literary trend called critical realism. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. Charles Dickens, the Bronte Sisters, Thomas Hardy.6. romanticismIt is a literary moment and current. It put more attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man and focuses more on individual rather than society. It advocates freedom for expressing personal feelings and reject convention and tyranny, emphasizing the rights and dignity of common humans.7. Shakespearean sonnetA sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. Octave + sestet3 quatrains + a couplet8. OdeThe Ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, or a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. The form dates back to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays.9. NaturalismA post-Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the “laws”of scientific determinism to fictionThe naturalist went beyond t he realist’s insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by environment and heredity.Major writers include Crane, Dreiser, Norris, and O’Neill in America; Zola in France; Hardy and Gissing in England.二给出一部分节选（小说或诗），指出出处和作者，理解。
(完整word版)英国文学 名词解释
1.(1) Modernism （现代主义)A movement of experiment in new techniques in writing. Modernist fic tion represented a trend drifting away from the tradition of the 19th century realism。
It put emphasis on the description ogoometimes it is called modern psychological fiction. Lawrence is a typical representative of itRealism（现实主义)Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life （especially when they are gloomy）。
Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity。
Realism现实主义： An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings。
（1） First, it refers generally to any artistic or literary portrayal of life in a faithful， accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world。
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Byronic heroA proud, mysterious, rebellious, gloomy figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedom.SonnetA sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Sonnet是一种欧洲传统的非常有影响力的诗歌形式。
从形式上来说它有14行诗构成，通常是五步抑扬格，有着严格的特定的押韵方式。
莎士比亚的十四行诗非常出名。
Lake PoetsThe Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement早期浪漫主义诗人Wordsworth，Coleridge和Southey，也被称为湖畔派诗人。
他们都住在英国西北部的湖区，并且在文学和社会见解上有着一致性。
湖畔派诗人主要回忆快乐的旧英格兰时代，把自然看作是精神上的避难所，因为他们惧怕即将到来的工业化和城市化。
Metaphysical poetry（玄学派诗歌）Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the17th centurywriters who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit，the Metaphysical poets tried to break aw ay from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or t heNeoclassical periods，and echoes the words and cadences of com mon speech.4> the imagery is drawn from actual life.Metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. John Donne is the most important representative.玄学派诗歌一般用来称呼那些在John Donne影响下写作的作家的作品。
玄学派诗人一种背叛精神去试着打破传统的伊丽莎白爱情诗的束缚。
玄学诗歌多使用巧智（wit and conceit），结构精巧（ingenious structure），韵律多变（irregular meter），语言口语化（colloquial language），意象奇特（elaborate imagery），并把不同的事物并置（a drawing together of dissimilar idea）。
它们的意象多来源于现实生活。
Neoclassicism（新古典主义）In the field of literature,the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism.The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the an cient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of thecontemporary French ones.3>they believed that the artistic ideals should be order，logic，restrai ned emotion and accuracy，and that literature should be judged in term s of its service to humanityRomanticism（浪漫主义）1>In the mid-18th century，a new literary movement called romanticis m came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism，which emphasized reason，order and elegant wit.Inste ad，romanticism gave primary concern to passion，emotion，and nat ural beauty.3>In the history of literature.Romanticism is generally rega rded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory w hich tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experienc e.4>The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in E ngland from1798to1837.The major romantic poets include Wordswort h，Byron and Shelley.13.Modernism（现代主义）Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement，which begin in the late19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the20th century.2>modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho -analysis as its theoretical case.3>the term pertains to all the creative arts.Especially poetry，fiction，drama，painting，music and architecture.4>in England from early in the20th century and during the1920s and 1930s，in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period，modernist tendencies were at their most active an d fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned，Modernism reveals a brea king away from established rules，traditions and conventions.fresh way s of looking at man…s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form an d style.It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and w ith writing itself.14.Stream of consciousness（or interior monologue）In literary criticism，Stream of consciousnes s denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual…s poi nt of view by giving the written equivalent of the character‟s thought pro cesses.Stream of consciousnesswriting is strongly associated with the modernist movement.Its introduct ion in the literary context，transferred from psychology，is attributed t o May Sinclair.Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a s pecial form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative lea ps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow ，tracing as they do a character…sfragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.Famous writers to employ th is technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Fau lkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。