主从复合句定语从句与易混句型
四种易混句型的用法比较
四种易混句型的用法比较崔长平河南遂平中学（463100）在高中英语复习备考中，我们常常会遇到it be … since …，it be … before …, it be … that …和this is …（that）…这四种句型，由于它们很近似，故而易混易错、难于掌握。
现将此四种句型在用法上比较如下：Ⅰ. it be … since …在英语中，有一些非延续性动词，它们在完成时态中是不能与持续性状语连用的。
这类非延续性动词常见的有：go, come, leave, arrive, return, begin, borrow, die, lose, reach, fall, discover, jump, become, join, get up 等。
既要使用非延续性动词又要使用持续性状语来表达的时候，我们经常会用到it be ＋表示一段时间的名词（名词词组，形容词等）＋since短语或从句这一句型。
It is three days since Mr. Smith left Hong Kong.（Mr. Smith已经离开香港三天了。
）It is just a week since we arrived here.(我们到达这里刚好一周。
)It is a long time since I met you last.(从我上次见到你到现在已有好长一段时间了。
)■在这一句型中，since从句经常使用一般过去时，主句中使用一般现在时或现在完成时来表达“从过去到现在”这一完成时意义。
It is / has been a long time since we met last.How long is it since he left NewYork？How long has it been since they reached London?It has been / is over sixty years since the People′s Republic of China was established.■表达“现在完成时”意义时，偶尔也会见到主、从句中均使用现在完成时的用法。
初中英语语法主从复合句
初中英语语法主从复合句主从复合句是指由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。
从句在句子中充当一个名词、形容词或副词的角色。
主从复合句的主句表示一个完整的意思，而从句则依附在主句中，充当主句的一个组成部分。
以下是主从复合句的几种常见类型：1. 名词从句名词从句在句子中充当主句的宾语、主语、表语或介词宾语等角色。
例如：- I know [that she is my friend].（宾语从句）- [What you said] makes sense.（主语从句）- His hope is [that he will win the game].（表语从句）- She is interested in [what you are doing].（介词宾语从句）2. 定语从句定语从句用来修饰名词或代词，通常用来提供额外的信息。
通常由关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that）引导。
例如：- The boy [who is sitting over there] is my classmate.- This is the book [that I bought yesterday].- The woman [whose car was stolen] reported it to the police.3. 状语从句状语从句用来修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词，提供额外的信息。
常见的状语从句有时间状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句和方式状语从句等。
例如：- She went to bed [after she finished her homework].（时间状语从句）- He failed the exam [because he didn't study].（原因状语从句）- They are so tired [that they can't walk anymore].（结果状语从句）- If it rains tomorrow, [we will stay at home].（条件状语从句）- He did it [in the way that she had instructed].（方式状语从句）以上是主从复合句的几种常见类型，。
定语从句与易混淆句型
Let’s have a try at once
• She expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.
同位语从句：they would come to visit China 对hope 进行具体的解释说明。
• The hope that she expressed is that they would come to visit China again.
4. (1) Is this school __D___ you ever visited? (2) Is this the school __A___ you ever studied? (3) Is this the school in __B___ you ever studied? A. where B. which C. that D. the one
定语从句与并列句的主要区别： 并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词 或两个句子用分号连接， 这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。
Practice:
① Mr. Smith made a lot of money，
most of ____ was spent helping the poor．
②It is the factory w__h_e_re_ Mr. Wang works．
强调句的结构为: “It is／was＋被强调部分＋that＋从句” 强调句检测的标准： 先把It is／was, that去掉，再把被强调部分还原， 在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下， 如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。
定语从句易混淆句型练习:
Practice !!!
复合句的五种基本句型
复合句的五种基本句型从古代至今，文学作品中所使用的语言都具有句型结构。
句有主干、表示关系的派生元素以及表示情绪的修辞内容组成，其中最主要也是最重要的是复合句的五种基本句型，这五种基本句型包括：并列句、转折句、主从句、定语句和名词性从句。
首先，关于并列句，它是由两个或两个以上的并列成分组成的句子，每个并列成分都可以单独作为一句，而它们之间又有逻辑关系，往往会用关联词连接。
如：“他去图书馆借书，然后去公园散步”。
并列句可以用来让文章条理更清晰，让文章内容更容易理解。
其次是转折句，转折句是由两个分句组成的句子，它们之间通过转折词连接，前一分句所表达的意思被后一分句所反驳和否定。
例如：“他说他不喜欢音乐，实际上却每晚都在听歌。
”转折句可以强调语句的对比性，增加句子的表达力度，使文章变得更有趣。
主从句是定语从句与主句之间的关系，它是由一个主句与一个定语从句组成的句子，定语从句一般可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。
例如：“他正在读一本书，那本书是他最喜欢的书。
”定语从句有助于强调主句的中心意思，以相对确定的方式描述某一事物，增强叙述的紧凑性以及便于表达语句的深度。
紧接着的是名词性从句，它是以名词为中心，表达事实或情况的句子，它也可以用作主句或从句，而其中也可以出现许多表示关系的关联词。
例如：“他打算做什么，还不太清楚。
”名词性从句营造出一种悬而未解的感觉，增强文章的表达力，以及增强文章的紧张感。
最后，要提及的是定语句，它是指用来限定某一特定的成分的句子，它也可以是一个简单句，也可以是复合句，定语句中可以使用名词、形容词、状语等来限定句意的范围。
例如：“他穿着一件黑色的外衣，站在那里看着天空。
”定语句可以把物体描述得更加生动形象，使文章内容更有感染力。
总之，复合句的五种基本句型有着各自独特的表达方式，可以使文章更加丰富，更加有力，使文章充满表现力。
因此，正确使用复合句五种基本句型是构建文学作品的有效方法，也是提高文学表达能力的必修课程。
主从复合句及定语从句
主从复合句及“定语从句”1. 主从复合句的概念：即上一章所提的由两个或两个以上的分句构成一个复杂句，其中一个为主句，其余的分句为主句的成分。
2. 主句和从句的逻辑关系分类：1) 从句作主句的定语（修饰主句中的一个名词短语或代词），这种从句叫定语从句。
具体见下节。
2) 从句做主句的状语。
这种从句叫状语从句。
3) 从句象一个名词结构一样，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语，这种从句叫名词性从句。
3. 从句的结构：所有从句)的结构都是这个模式：连词(或称从句引导词，单纯只起连接作用或兼作从句成分)+主语部分+谓语部分。
4. 定语从句1) 定语从句的概念：跟在一个名词短语或代词后面，修饰该名词短语或代词的一个分句。
被修饰的名词短语或代词叫先行词。
如下列例句中的____部分为主句，黑斜体部分为先行词，部分为定语从句部分：Justin’s mother, who was working that night, was surprised that his son did not tell anyone that he was stayingStanding inside were lots of white-skinned strange-looking creatures which had large black eyes.在定语从句中，从句引导词既连接从句和主句又作从句的成分。
共分为三类(1) 关系代词，在定语从句中指代先行词，作定语从句的主语、宾语或表语。
包括：①指代人(也就是引导修饰人的定语从句) 的关系代词who, whom, that，其中who和that既可以作主语也可以做宾语，whom只可以作宾语。
作表语只用that。
如：The police officer who / that had ruled out the possibility of murder was very experienced.(who / that作定语从句The boy who(m) / that they found missing was called Justin Foster.(who / whom / that作定语从句的谓语动词)Tom is not the small boy that he used to be. (that在从句中作表语)) 的关系代词which和that，两者都既可以作主语也可以做宾语。
初中英语语法全解——主从复合句
初中英语语法全解——主从复合句一、宾语从句在句子中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。
宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。
I wonder what she’ll say when she finds out.Think about how often it’s used in our daily lives.1.由that引导的宾语从句①当从句部分表示陈述语气时，有连接词that引导宾语从句，that只充当引导词，没有词义，在从句中不作任何成分，在口语或非正式文体中that可以省略。
that引导的宾语从句可以作动词或形容词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。
You might think those products were made in those countries.I am glad that you have come.②下列情况that不能省略：（1）当出现两歌或两个以上的that引导宾语从句时，第一个that可以省略，其他的不能省略。
She told me（that）the film was very good and that she wanted to see it again.（2）当宾语从句的主语是this/that时，引导词that不能省略。
She said that that was a secret.（3）当that引导的宾语从句中又有从句时，that不能省略。
Studies show that if you are interested in something.2.由whether/if引导的宾语从句①当从句表示一种疑问语气时，由whether/if引导的宾语从句、whether/if在宾语从句中不作任何成分，但含有“是否”的含义，在句中不能省略。
I’ll see whether she’s at home.②whether和if通常可以通用，但下列情况只能用whether，不能用if。
主从复合句定语从句与易混句型
7. (1)It was such an easy question _____ they could answer. (2)It was such an easy question _____ they could answer it. as that 8. (1)That is the house, ______ windows hasn’t been cleaned for months. (2)That is the house, of ______ the windows hasn’t been cleaned for months. (3)That is the house, but ______ windows hasn’t been cleaned for months. whose which its
2. 先行词与定语从句谓语动词的主谓关系
1)误: Those who breaks the rule should be punished.
正: Those who break the rule should be punished.
2)误: She is the only one of the students who are able to play the guitar. 正: She is the only one of the students who is able to play the guitar.
11) 误: The house which roof was damaged has now been repaired. 正: The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired. 12) 误: Hangzhou is a city which there is a beautiful lake . 正: Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake.
定语从句与六种易混句型巧区分
定语从句与六种易混句型巧区分定语从句是高中阶段的重点语法项目之一。
因此，同学们有必要全面弄清其用法。
定语从句从句型上讲，它与六种句式相似，十分容易混淆。
为了帮助同学们分清定语从句与这六种句型的差异，现将其分类例析如下。
一、定语从句与并列句1．用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①Mr Li has three daughters，none of _____ is an engineer．②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer．③Mr Li has three daughters； _____ are doctors．2．定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。
从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom；②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them；③小题是两个并列分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填none或they。
二、定语从句与地点状语从句1．用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①Rice doesn't grow well _____ there is not enough water．②I still remember the farm _____ my parents worked ten years ago．2．定语从句与地点状语从句的主要区别在于：定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句的关系词根据需要可用“介词＋which”来代替where，而地点状语从句则通常只能由where引导。
因此，从结构上看，①小题无表示地点的先行词，故为表示地点的状语从句，填where；②小题中the farm是先行词，是定语从句，故填where，此处的 where可用on which替换。
三、定语从句与强调句1．用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
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11) 误: The house which roof was damaged has now been repaired. 正: The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired. 12) 误: Hangzhou is a city which there is a beautiful lake . 正: Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake.
11. (1) It was 1945 ______ the World War II ended. (2) It was in 1945 ______ the World War II ended. when that 12. (1) Do you know the girl calling herself Miss Forgetful? (2) Do you know the girl ______ calls herself Miss Forgetful? who
9. (1) John said he’d been working in the office for hours, ______ was true. (2) John said he’d been working in the office for hours, but ______ not true. which it 10. (1) A few people were caught in the big fire, two of ____ died. (2) A few people were caught in the big fire, and two of ____ were dead. whom them
3. 介词误用
1)误: This is the very ruler for which I'm looking. 正: This is the very ruler that I'm looking for. 2) 误: hich this is an example, are well written. 正: The stories about the Long March, of which this is an example, are well written.
5)误: This is the very present which my mother gave me. 正: This is the very present that my mother gave me. 6)误: Which is the bike which is made in Shanghai? 正: Which is the bike that is made in Shanghai?
5. (1)This is ______ he said at he meeting yesterday. (2)This is all ____ he said at the meeting yesterday. what that 6. (1) ____ is reported in the newspapers, they have beaten all the other teams. (2) ____ is reported in the newspaper that they have beaten all the other teams. (3) ____ is reported in the newspaper is that they have beaten all the other teams. As It What
4. 关系词省略错误
1) 误: Anyone breaks the law must be punished. 正: Anyone who breaks the law must be punished. 2) 误: Is this the factory you worked five years ago? 正: Is this the factory where/at which you worked five years ago?
13. (1) Don’t talk about such things ______ you are not sure of. (2) Don’t talk about such things of _____ you are not sure. as which 14. (1) He wrote the best composition, ____ surprised all of us. (2) He wrote the best composition ____ we all read just now. which that
7. (1)It was such an easy question _____ they could answer. (2)It was such an easy question _____ they could answer it. as that 8. (1)That is the house, ______ windows hasn’t been cleaned for months. (2)That is the house, of ______ the windows hasn’t been cleaned for months. (3)That is the house, but ______ windows hasn’t been cleaned for months. whose which its
二、定语从句常见错误分析
1.定语从句中代词或状语与关系词重复
1)误: The watch which my sister gave it to me as a present was made in Swiss. 正: The watch which my sister gave to me as a present was made in Swiss. 2)误: That's the hotel where we spent three days there. 正: That's the hotel where we spent three days.
5. 其他错误
1) 误: All which you have done is not necessary. 正: All that you have done is not necessary. 2) 误: Great changes have taken place in the city where we visited last year. 正: Great changes have taken place in the city that we visited last year.
3. (1)The teacher didn’t know the reason _____
she was absent yesterday.
(2)The teacher couldn’t accept the reason
______ she explained yesterday.
why that 4. (1)Is this school the _____ you ever visited? (2)Is this the school _____ you ever studied? (3)Is this the school in _____ you studied? one where which
正: My sister, whom you met in Guangzhou, has bought a new car.
15) 误: That's the way which they work.
正: That's the way (that/in which) they work.
• 1. The book was written in 1946, ______ when the education system has witnessed great charges. • since • 2. He was educated at the local high school, ______ which he went on to Beijing University. • after
2. 先行词与定语从句谓语动词的主谓关系
1)误: Those who breaks the rule should be punished.
正: Those who break the rule should be punished.
2)误: She is the only one of the students who are able to play the guitar. 正: She is the only one of the students who is able to play the guitar.
正: Mrs Brown has made the same mistakes as Mr Brown.
9)误: The old man whom I think is dying is really very strong in face. 正: The old man who I think is dying is really very strong in face. 10)误: He is not the man who he was before. 正: He is not the man that he was before.
13) 误: Those that want to buy the house may sign their names first.