001财务基础

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酒店财务管理[001]

酒店财务管理[001]

餐饮毛利率的作用是什么?餐饮毛利率的作用归纳起来,有以下三个方面1、控制食品价格的手段。

酒店为了经营上的需要,保持酒店的档次并保证合理的利润,通常是通过制定毛利率来控制食品的价格。

2、制定食品菜肴价格的依据。

各个经营食品菜肴的餐厅,在经营中不仅品种多,而且新的品种还不断增加,再加上市场上食品原料的价格也是经常变化的。

尤其是有些季节性原料,价格波动很大。

因此餐厅必须经常调整或制定新的销售价格。

制定价格的依据,一个是经营食品菜肴的原料消耗,另一个是毛利率,两者缺一不可。

3、反映服务质量的主要指标。

毛利与成本之和是收入,毛利率的大小,间接地表示了食品菜肴中原料数量的多少,质量的高低。

毛利率高,说明成本低,原料数量少,质量低,过高的毛利率,不形成了对顾客的克扣,克扣客人定是不允许的,而且克扣客人在酒店管理上也是不应该的,这说明酒店的服务质量不高,会给酒店的声誉带来不利的影响,在酒店管理中,提高服务质量的内容之一,就是要使客人在餐厅吃到的食品与其所付费用相适应。

所以控制餐厅的毛利率,是保证服务质量的主要措施。

酒店财务管理如何定位管理的一半是检查,而检查的主要责任部门之一是财务部。

这种机构设置使财务管理渗透了酒店的各个部门、各个环节。

以财务管理为中心,带动和推动酒店其他各项管理以前说到酒店财务,大家就会想到记账、算账;说到酒店财务管理,大家同样会想到那是计财部的事,与其他部门没关系。

而现代酒店财务管理则是酒店经营管理的核心,任何一个部门、任何一个人都和财务管理发生着关系,凡涉及酒店资金流向的每一个环节,从采购到加工、到销售、到资金回笼、再到采购,都渗透着财务管理。

酒店资金的循环过程称作酒店供应链体系,供应链体系是否高效有序运转,决定酒店财务管理目标的实现。

目前,酒店行业的财务机构设置一般根据不同的规模、等级和内部管理的需要而制定,没有固定一成不变的模式。

大部分酒店财务部共由五部分组成:会计核算、审计、收银、采购和供应(库房),财务总监直接分管财务部及其采购、供应;财务部是直接由总经理领导的一个重要部门,财务部的机构设置决定了财务部的特殊地位。

财务基础必背知识点

财务基础必背知识点

财务基础必背知识点1. 会计基础
1.1 会计准则
1.2 会计分录
1.3 账户结构
1.4 财务报表
•资产负债表
•损益表
•现金流量表
2. 财务分析
2.1 财务比率分析
•资产负债比率
•流动比率
•速动比率
•营业利润率
•总资产收益率
2.2 资本成本分析
•权益成本
•负债成本
•加权平均成本
2.3 资本预算
•投资评估指标
•现金流量折现
3. 预算与控制
3.1 预算编制
•预算类型
•预算控制
3.2 现金管理
•现金预算
•现金流量管理
3.3 资本预算
•投资评估指标
•投资风险分析
4. 资本结构与分配
4.1 股权与债务
•股本结构
•债务比率
4.2 股利政策
•股利支付政策
•股息率
5. 税务管理
5.1 税务规划
•税收筹划
•税务合规
5.2 税务申报
•税务报表编制
•税收申报流程
6. 风险管理
6.1 财务风险
•市场风险
•信用风险
•利率风险
6.2 风险控制
•风险评估
•风险监控
以上是财务基础的一些必背知识点,希望可以帮助你在财务管理中更加熟练地应用这些理论知识。

001 经济专业技术资格考试(初中级)

001 经济专业技术资格考试(初中级)

001 经济专业技术资格考试(初中级)经济专业技术资格考试(初中级)是国家职业资格认证之一,主要考察考生对经济学知识、管理学知识、统计学知识以及财务管理、市场营销等方面的实际应用能力。

以下是该考试的相关参考内容:1.经济学基础知识经济学基础知识是本考试的重点之一。

包括微观经济学和宏观经济学两部分。

微观经济学主要涉及个体的经济行为以及市场的运行机制。

其中包括需求与供给、成本与效益、市场结构与价格策略等方面的内容。

宏观经济学主要涉及整体经济运行以及政府宏观经济调控。

其中包括国民生产总值、通货膨胀、就业与失业等方面的内容。

2.管理学知识管理学涉及组织、规划、领导、控制等方面的内容,是企业管理的基础。

该部分主要考察管理学的核心理论、实践经验以及管理人员应具备的素质等方面的知识。

3.统计学知识统计学是现代化管理的基础,也是经济专业技术人才应具备的重要能力。

该部分主要考察统计学的基本概念、统计数据的处理方法以及统计分析等方面的知识。

4.财务管理知识财务管理是企业管理的重要部门,其涉及企业的融资、投资、财务分析、成本管理等方面。

该部分主要考察会计基本知识、财务报表等方面的内容。

5.市场营销知识市场营销是企业经营的重要方面,其涉及市场调研、营销策略、品牌管理等方面。

该部分主要考察市场营销的基本概念、市场营销战略以及消费者行为等方面的知识。

总体来说,经济专业技术资格考试(初中级)主要考察考生对经济学、管理学、统计学以及财务管理、市场营销等方面的实际应用能力。

考生需要从理论学习到实践运用,同时要注意掌握一些实际操作技能,在考前多进行模拟练习,从而达到更好的复习效果和高分通过考试。

会计财务必备面试题及答案001

会计财务必备面试题及答案001

会计财务必备面试题及答案1、你认为财务管理在现代企业管理中应当处于何种位置?发挥何种作用?2、你认为财务工作对财务工作者而言最首要的要求是什么?为什么?3、你将参与不断前进的中国某某网的战争步伐,作为财务工作者,工作伊始你对你的工作有什么计划?为什么?4、中国某某网的会计报表,你建议,由哪些报表组成?中国某某网需要更高速地发展,需要什么样的财务工作?5、案例:请提出中国某某网会员服务的成本分析方案,请提出中国某某网网络广告服务的成本分析方案6、案例:请对中国某某网模拟一份成本控制方案,请参考网站产品,发挥你的想象7、案例:本公司现与某世界五百强企业谈合作项目,作为财务人员,你应该给出什么数据,从财务角度加强双方合作的最大可能性呢?8、案例:对于员工薪酬比例的设定,你有什么建议?9、假如你是一位网络媒体的CFO,应该具备的是什么能力和素养?10、你的未来五年规划是什么?备注:5-8题属于发散性思维试题,请充分发挥你的想象。

会计面试题答案:第一题答案:企业管理以财务管理为核心,它是通过价值形态对企业资金运动的一项综合性的管理,渗透和贯穿于企业一切经济活动之中。

企业资金的筹集、使用和分配,都与财务管理有关;企业的生产、经营、进、销、存每一环节都离不开财务的反映和调控。

财务管理是为了维护企业利润最大化,优秀的财务管理对企业而言犹如一张极富粘性的网,任何的风吹草动都会由它直接触动企业的中枢神经财务管理是直接向管理层提供第一手的信息。

所以财务管理实际上是一个隐性的管理部门,是企业内部管理的中枢,在企业管理中处于基础地位。

财务活动是上层控制企业一切活动的重要活动之一,涉及产、供、销各个环节,为各个管理层面提供准确的信息,财务管理是建立现代企业制度的最大保证,通过核算,分析对比历史、同业的经营情况,发现问题、解决问题,财务管理是企业谋求效益的重要保障。

财务管理区别于其他经济管理工作,所涉及面广、综合性强、灵敏度高,在企业的筹资活动、投资活动(项目投资、证券投资)、资金营运活动和公司取得收入的分配活动中均起着不同的作用。

收款收据的编号规则

收款收据的编号规则

收款收据的编号规则收款收据是金融交易中重要的凭证之一,用于记录货币交换、支付或收取的金额。

为了确保收款记录的准确性和有效性,编号规则是必不可少的。

下面是一些常见的收款收据编号规则:1. 连续编号规则:采用连续编号规则是最常见的方式之一。

每个收款收据都有一个唯一的编号,从1开始逐渐增加。

2. 年份+编号规则:在连续编号的基础上,添加年份作为前缀,可以更好地区分不同年份的收款收据。

例如,2022年的第一个收款收据编号可以是2022001。

3. 部门+编号规则:对于大型机构或企业,不同部门可能需要独立的收款收据编号规则。

通过为每个部门分配不同的字母前缀,可以轻松区分不同部门的收款收据。

例如,财务部门的收款收据编号可以以“F-001”开始,销售部门则可以以“S-001”开始。

4. 日期+编号规则:将日期作为收款收据的前缀,可以更好地跟踪和归档收据。

例如,2022年1月1日的第一个收款收据编号可以是0101022。

5. 客户编号+编号规则:对于需要与特定客户关联的收款收据,将客户编号作为前缀是一种有效的方法。

这可以帮助快速查找和识别特定客户的收据。

例如,客户编号为C001的第一个收款收据编号可以是C001-001。

在选择收款收据的编号规则时,需要根据实际需求和组织的特点进行决策。

确保编号规则简单易懂、易于管理和查询,并能满足内部审计和外部监管的需求。

收款收据编号规则的实施可以提高财务管理的效率和准确性,有效防止虚假、重复或遗漏的收据。

同时,合理的编号规则还有助于提升公司形象,传递专业的管理印象。

基础会计 课堂练习001

基础会计 课堂练习001

基础会计课堂练习(一)编制下列经济业务的会计分录:1、从银行借入半年期借款70 000元存入银行。

2、收回大新公司欠款85 000元。

3、签发支票购入甲材料30 000元,材料已验收入库。

4、从银行提取现金4 000备用。

5、销售产品一批,售价50 000元,款项存入银行。

6、用银行存款上交所得税80 000元。

7、收到投资者投入资金100 000元,款项已经存入银行。

8、结转已售产品成本20 000元。

9、经有关部门批准将资本公积金30 000元转增资本。

10、以银行存款预付外地江海工厂购买材料货款20 000元。

11、用现金600元支付行政办公费用。

12、采购员张三暂借差旅费3 000元,财务科以现金付讫。

13、张三出差回来报销差旅费3 300元,补付现金300元。

14、预提本月银行借款利息1 450元。

15、以银行存款购入机器设备一台,价值20 000元,投入生产使用。

16、从银行借入7个月借款4,000元存入银行。

17、收到购货单位前欠货款4,000元,其中3,600元,存入银行,现金400元。

18、购入甲材料20,000元,货款暂欠,材料未入库。

19、签发现金支票从银行提取现金54,000元备用。

20、销售产品一批,售价60,000元,收到转账支票一张。

21、用银行存款上交应交所得税48,000元。

22、将门市部现金销售货款25,000元送存银行。

23、以银行存款支付产品的广告费3 500元。

24、结转已销产品成本23,000元。

25、刘大海出差回来报销差费5700元,交回现金300元。

26、生产车间领用材料40,000元全部投入生产。

27、用银行存款购入新汽车一辆,计价100,000元。

28、用银行存款16,000元,归还短期借款12,000元,归还应付供货单位货款4,000元。

29、接受其他单位投入资本20,000元,存入银行。

30、预提本月应负担的短期借款利息640元。

31、采购员李林暂借差旅费300元,以现金付讫。

pg-dr-fd-001财务档案管理规定

pg-dr-fd-001财务档案管理规定

财务档案管理规定文件类型规范文件编制部门财务部文件编号PG-DR-FD-001版本号 1.0 编/修订次数第1次生效日期2009年7月1日0.0 总则0.1 目的为了规范和加强会计档案管理,根据财政部、国家档案局颁发的《会计档案管理办法》和《企业财务管理制度》,特制定本规定。

0.2 适用范围0.2.1 本规定的责任部门【财务部】负责对本规定的监督、落实、执行及意见收集、改进、更新、培训和解释工作。

0.2.2 本规定的知晓部门/岗位是北京盘古氏投资有限公司财务部各岗位。

0.3 相关解释0.3.1 财务档案是指公司在经营活动中所形成的各种合同、协议、报表、凭证、票据、文件、账簿等有参考价值的原始资料。

它是记录和反映经济业务的重要史料和证据,包括采用磁带、磁盘、光盘、微缩胶片等介质存储的会计账簿、报表和打印输出的书面形式的会计账簿、报表等。

它包括会计核算档案和财务文书档案。

0.3.2 会计档案分类及内容财务核算档案 财务文书档案¾会计凭证及凭证原始附件;¾会计账簿;¾会计报表。

¾上级签发或有关部门转来的各类财会相关文件;¾公司内部统一制定的与财务有关的各类决议和规定;¾与财会事务有直接关系的其他信息性资料和各类统计报表。

1.0 会计档案的编制 1.1 会计凭证的编制当月会计凭证在记完账之后连同所附原始凭证即附件,应不迟于次月初15日前按凭证的编号顺序加以整理,并加具封面、封底、装订成册,在装订线上加贴封签。

在封面上要写明单位名称、年度和月份,起讫日期和起讫号数,在封签处加盖单位财务章。

在指定的档案柜内摆放整齐。

1.2 会计账簿的编制会计账簿在年终决算后应于10日内,将各种活页账簿(包括电脑账簿)连同账簿起用簿和经管人员一览表一并装订成册,加上封面,统一编号并在封面加盖单位财务章与各种订本账一起收档保管。

1.3 会计报表的编制公司年度会计决算在报经主管部门批准后,不迟于批复后10日内将其汇编成册,编上序号,登记在案收档保管。

跨国财务Ch001

跨国财务Ch001

Eun & Resnick 4eCHAPTER 1 Globalization and the Multinational FirmQuestions in the test bank follow the order of the chapter outline:What’s Special about International Finance?Foreign Exchange and Political RisksMarket ImperfectionsExpanded Opportunity SetGoals for International FinancialManagementGlobalization of the World Economy:Major TrendsEmergence of Globalized Financial MarketsEmergence of the Euro as a Global CurrencyTrade Liberalization and Economic IntegrationPrivatizationMultinational CorporationsSummaryMINI CASE: Nike and Sweatshop LaborAPPENDIX 1A: Gains from Trade: The Theory ofComparative AdvantageWhat’s Special about “International” Finance?1)What major dimension sets apart international finance from domestic finance?a)foreign exchange and political risksb)Market imperfectionsc)Expanded opportunity setd)all of the aboveAnswer: d2)An example of a political risk isa)Expropriation of assetsb)Adverse change in tax rulesc)The opposition party being electedd)a) and b) are both correctAnswer: d - p. 53)Production of goods and services has become globalized to a large extent as a resultofa)Skilled labor being highly mobileb)Natural resources being depleted in one country after anotherc)Multinational corporations’ efforts to source inp uts and locate productionanywhere where costs are lower and profits higherd)Common tastes worldwide for the same goods and servicesAnswer: c - p. 44)Recently, financial markets have become highly integrated. This developmenta)Allows investors to diversify their portfolios internationallyb)Allows minority investors to buy and sell stocksc)Has increased the cost of capital for firmsd)Answers a) and c) are both correct.Answer: a. see page 45)Japan has experienced large trade surpluses. Japanese investors have responded to thisbya)Liquidating their positions in stocks to buy dollar denominated bondsb)Investing heavily in U.S. and other foreign financial marketsc)Lobbying the U.S. government to depreciate its currencyd)Lobbying the Japanese government to allow the yen to appreciateAnswer: b - p. 46)Suppose your firm invests $100,000 in a project in Italy. At the time the exchangerate is $1.25 = €1.00. One year later the exchange rate is the same, but the Italiangovernment has expropriated your firm’s assets paying only €80,000 incompensation. This is an example ofa)Exchange rate riskb)Political riskc)Market imperfectionsd)None of the above, since $100,000 = €80,000×$1.25/€1.00Answer: b) political risk—the government is only giving you back your initial investment, if this was a good investment it should have been worth more than $100,000 a year later. For example if your cost of capital was 8% it should have been worth $108,000.7)Suppose that Great Britain is a major export market for your firm, a U.S. based MNC.If the British pound depreciates against the U.S. dollar,a)Your firm will be able to charge more in dollar terms while keeping pound pricesstable.b)Your firm may be priced out of the U.K. market, to the extent that your dollarcosts stay constant and your pound prices will rise.c)To protect U.K. market share, your firm may have to cut the dollar price of yourgoods to keep the pound price the same.d)b) and c) are both correct.Answer: b) and c) are both correct. See page 5.8)Most governments at least try to make it difficult for people to cross their bordersillegally. This barrier to the free movement of labor is an example ofa)Information asymmetryb)Excessive transactions costsc)Racial discriminationd) A market imperfectionAnswer: d) see page 6.9)When individual investors become aware of overseas investment opportunities andare willing to diversify their portfolios internationally,a)they trade one market imperfection, information asymmetry, for another, exchangerate risk.b)they benefit from an expanded opportunity set.c)They should not bother to read or to understand the prospectus, since its probablywritten in a foreign languaged)They should invest only in dollars or euros.Answer: b see page 8.10)Nestlé, a well-known Swiss corporation,a)Has been a paragon of virtue in its opposition to all forms of political risk.b)At one time placed restrictions on foreign ownership of its stock. When it relaxedthese restrictions, the total market value of the firm fell.c)At one time placed restrictions on foreign ownership of its stock. When it relaxedthese restrictions, there was a major transfer of wealth from foreign shareholdersto Swiss shareholders.d)None of the aboveAnswer: c) See page 7.Goals for International Financial Management11)The goal of shareholder wealth maximizationa)is not appropriate for non-U.S. business firmsb)means that all business decisions and investments that a firm makes are done forthe purpose of making the owners of the firm better off financiallyc)is a sub-objective the firm should attempt to achieve after the objective ofcustomer satisfaction is metd)is in conflict with the privatization process taking place in third-world countries Answer: b - p. 812)As capital markets are becoming more integrated, the goal of shareholder wealthmaximizationa)Has been altered to include other goals as well.b)Has lost out to other goals, even in the U.S.c)Has been given increasing importance by managers in Europe.d)Has been shown to be a deterrent to raising funds abroad.Answer c) see page 813)Recent corporate scandals at firms such as Enron, WorldCom and the Italian firmParmalata)Show that managers might be tempted to pursue their own private interests at theexpense of shareholders.b)Show that Italian shareholders are better at monitoring managerial behavior thanU.S. shareholders.c)Show that white-collar criminals hardly ever get punished.d)Show that socialism is a better way to go than capitalism.Answer a) see page 9.14)While the corporate governance problem is not confined to the United States,a)It can be a much more serious problem in many other parts of the world, wherelegal protection of shareholders is weak or nonexistent.b)It has reached its high point in the United States.c)The U.S. legal system, with lawsuits used only as a last resort, ensured that anyconflicts of interest will soon be a thing of the past.d)None of the aboveAnswer: a) see page 9.15)The owners of a business are thea)Taxpayersb)Workersc)Suppliersd)ShareholdersAnswer: d)16)The massive privatization that is currently taking place in formerly socialist countries,will likelya)e ventually enhance the standard of living to these countries’ citizensb)depend on private investmentc)increase the opportunity set facing these countries’ citizensd)all of the aboveAnswer: d) See page 10.17)A firm with concentrated ownershipa)May give rise to conflicts of interest between dominant shareholders and smalloutside shareholders.b)May enjoy more accounting transparency than firms with diffuse ownershipstructures.c)Is a partnership, never a corporation.d)Tends to exist overseas but not in the U.S.Answer: d) See page 9.18)The ultimate guardians of shareholder interest in a corporation, are thea)Rank and file workersb)Senior managementc)Boards of directorsd)All of the aboveAnswer: c) See page 9.19)In countries like France and Germany,a)Managers have often made business decisions with regard maximizing marketshare to the exclusion of other goals.b)Managers have often viewed shareholders as one of the ―stakeholders‖ of the firm,others being employees, customers, suppliers, banks and so forth.c)Managers have often regarded the prosperity and growth of their combines, orfamilies of related firms, as their critical goal.d)Managers have traditionally embraced the maximization of shareholder wealth asthe only worthy goal.Answer: b) see page 9.20)When corporate governance breaks downa)Shareholders are unlikely to receive fair returns on their investmentsb)Managers may be tempted to enrich themselves at shareholder expensec)The board of directors is not doing its jobd)All of the aboveAnswer: d)Globalization of the World Economy21)Privatization refers to process of:a)Having government operate businesses for the betterment of the public sectorb)Government allowing the operation of privately owned businessc)Prohibiting government operated enterprisesd) A country divesting itself of the ownership and operation of a business venture byturning it over to the free market systemAnswer: d - p. 1422)Deregulation of world financial marketsa)Provided a natural environment for financial innovations, like currency futuresand options.b)Has promoted competition among market participants.c)Has encouraged developing countries such as Chile, Mexico, and Korea toliberalize by allowing foreigners to directly invest in their financial markets.d)All of the aboveAnswer: d see page 10.23)The emergence of global financial markets is due in no small part toa)Advances in computer and telecommunications technologyb)Rigorous enforcement of the Soviet system of state ownership of resources ofproduction.c)Government regulation and protection of infant industries.d)None of the above.Answer: a) See page 11.24)The euroa)is the common currency of Europeb)is divisible into 100 cents, just like the U.S. dollarc)may eventually have a transaction domain larger than the U.S. dollard)All of the above.Answer: d) see page 11.25)Since its inception the euro has brought about revolutionary changes in Europeanfinance. For examplea)By redenominating corporate bonds and stocks from 12 different currencies intoone common currency, the euro has precipitated the emergence of continent wide capital markets in Europe that are comparable to U.S. markets in depth andliquidity.b)Swiss bank accounts are all denominated in euro.c)The European banking sector has become much more important as a source offinancing for European firms.d)There have actually not been any revolutionary changes.Answer: a) page 11.26)Since the end of World War I, the dominant global currency has been thea)British poundb)Japanese yenc)Eurod)U.S. dollarAnswer: d) page 11.27)In David Ricardo’s theory of c omparative advantage,a)International trade is a zero-sum game in which one trading partner’s gain comesat the expense of another’s loss.b)Liberalization of international trade will enhance the welfare of the world’scitizens.c)Is a short-run argument, not a long-run argument.d)Has been superseded by the now-orthodox view of mercantilism.Answer: b) page 14.28)The World Trade Organization, WTO,a)Has the power to enforce the rules of international trade.b)Covers agriculture and physical goods, but not services or intellectual propertyrights.c)Recently expelled China for human rights violations.d)Ruled that NAFTA is to be the model for world trade integration.Answer: b) page 14.29)Privatizationa)Has spurred a tremendous increase in cross-border investment.b)Has allowed many governments to have the funds to nationalize importantindustries.c)Has guaranteed that new ownership will be limited to the local citizens.d)Has generally decreased the efficiency of the enterprise.Answer: b) page 15-16.30)The theory of comparative advantage:a)Claims that economic well-being is enhanced if each country’s citizens produceonly a single productb)Claims that economic well-being is enhanced when all countries comparecommodity prices after adjusting for exchange rate differences in order tostandardize the prices charged all countriesc)Claims that economic well-being is enhanced if each country’s citizens producethat which they have a comparative advantage in producing relative to the citizens of other countries, and then trade productiond)Claims that no country has an absolute advantage over another country in theproduction of any good or service.Answer: c - pp. 11 – 12Multinational Corporations31)A multinational firm can be defined asa) A firm that invests short-term cash inflows in more than one currencyb) A firm that has sales affiliates in several countriesc) A firm that is incorporated in more than one countryd) A firm that incorporated in one country that has production and sales operations inseveral other countries.Answer: d - p. 1532)A MNC may gain from its global presence bya)Spreading R&D expenditures and advertising costs over their global salesb)Pooling global purchasing power over suppliersc)Utilizing their technological and managerial know-how globally with minimumadditional costsd)All of the above are potential gains.Answer: d) page 17.33)MNCs can use their global presence toa)Take advantage of underpriced labor services available in certain developingcountriesb)Gain access to special R&D capabilities residing in advanced foreign counties.c)Boost profit margins and create shareholder value.d)All of the above.Answer: d) page 17.34)Foreign-owned manufacturing companiesa)Generally are more productive and pay their workers more than do comparablelocally-owned businesses, in the world’s most highly developed countries.b)Generally are more productive and pay their workers less than do comparablelocally-owned businesses, in the world’s most least developed countries.c)Tend to specialize in articles of manufacture that are illegal in their homecountries.d)Gain from their global presence by paying their workers in shoes.Answer: d – see International Finance in Practice p. 1735)A purely domestic firm sources its products, sells its products, and raises its fundsdomesticallya)Can face stiff competition from a multinational corporation that can source itsproducts in one country, sell them in several countries, and raise its funds in athird country.b)Can be more competitive than a MNC on its home turf due to superior knowledgeof the local marketc)Can still face exchange rate risk, just like a MNCd)All of the above are true.Answer: d36)MNC stands fora)Multinational Corporationb)Mostly National Corporationc)Messy National Corporationd)Military National CooperationAnswer: a)37)Which is growing at a faster rate, foreign direct investment by MNCs or internationaltrade?a)FDI by MNCsb)International tradec)Since they are linked, they grow at the same rated)None of the aboveAnswer: a) page 16.38)A true MNC, with operations in dozens of different countriesa)Must effectively manage foreign exchange riskb)Can ignore foreign exchange risk since it is diversifiedc)Will pay taxes in only its home countyd)None of the above.Answer: a) page 17.39)A MNC cana)Be a factor that increases the opportunities of the citizens of less developedcountriesb)Be a factor that increases the opportunity set of domestic investorsc)Increase economic efficiencyd)All of the above.Answer: d) page 17.40)A corporation that can source its products in one country, sell them in another country,and raise the funds in a third countrya)Is a multinational corporation.b)Is a domestic firm if all of the shareholders are from the same countryc)Enjoys a built-in hedge against exchange rate riskd)Enjoys a built-in hedge against political riskAnswer: a)Appendix: The Theory of Comparative Advantage41)Country A can produce 10 yards of textiles and 6 pounds of food per unit of input.Compute the opportunity cost of producing one additional unit of food instead oftextiles.a) 1 yard of textiles per 1.67 pounds of foodb) 1 pound of food per 1.67 yards of textilesc) 1 yard of textiles per .6 pounds of foodd) 1 pound of food per .6 yards of textilesAnswer: cRationale: 6/10 = .6 pounds of food42)The gains from tradea)Are likely realized in the long run when workers and firms have had the time toadjust to the new competitive environmentb)Are immediately realized in the short run, when governments drop protectionistpolicies.c)Are smaller than the costs of adjustmentd)None of the above.Answer: a)43)Comparative advantagea)Is also known as relative efficiencyb)Can lead to trade even in the face of absolute efficiencyc)Exists when one party can produce a good or service at a lower opportunity costthan another party.d)All of the aboveAnswer: d)44)Country A can produce 10 yards of textiles and 6 pounds of food per unit of input.Country B can produce 8 yards of textiles and 5 pounds of food per unit of input.a)Country A is relatively more efficient than Country B in the production of foodb)Country B is relatively more efficient than Country A in the production of textilesc)Country A has an absolute advantage over Country B in the production of foodand textilesd)Country B has an absolute advantage over Country A in the production of foodand textilesAnswer: cRationale: Country A can produce more of everything than Country B. Thus, Country A45)Underlying the theory of comparative advantage are assumptions regardinga)Free trade between nationsb)That the factors of production (land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability) arerelatively immobile.c)That the factors of production (land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability) arerelatively mobiled)a) and b)Answer: d) see page 22.46)If one country is twice the size of another country and is better at making almosteverything than the benighted citizens of the smaller county,a)The bigger county enjoys an absolute advantageb)The bigger county enjoys an relative advantagec)The bigger county enjoys an comparative advantaged)There is not enough information to make a determinationAnswer: a) see page 22.47)Country A can produce 10 yards of textiles and 6 pounds of food per unit of input.Country B can produce 8 yards of textiles and 5 pounds of food per unit of input.a)Country A is relatively more efficient than Country B in the production of textilesb)Country B is relatively more efficient than Country A in the production of foodc)Country A has an absolute advantage over Country B in the production of foodand textilesd)All of the aboveAnswer: d - pp.24 - 25opportunity cost of 1 yard oftextiles per .6 (= 6/10) poundsof food; Country B has anopportunity cost of 1 yard oftextiles for .63 (= 5/8) poundsof food. Country A has anopportunity cost of 1 pound offood per 1.67 (= 10/6) yards oftextiles; Country B has anopportunity cost of 1 pound offood for 1.60 (= 8/5) yards oftextiles. Thus, Country A hasan absolute advantage and arelative efficiency overCountry B in the production oftextiles. Country B has arelative efficiency overCountry A in the production offood. Country B does not havean absolute advantage overCountry A in the production offood or textiles.48)Consider the no-trade input/output situation presented in the following table andgraph for countries A and B. Assuming that free trade is legal, develop a scenario that will benefit the citizens of both countries.CountryA B TotalI. Total Potential Output(lbs. or yards; 000,000s)Food 600 500 1100Textiles 120500 1700II. Consumption(lbs. or yards; 000,000s)Food 300 400 700Textiles 200 400 600a)Country B should make all the textiles and trade with Country A for foodb)Country A should make nothing but textiles and trade with Country B for food.c)Country B should make all the textiles and Country A should make all the foodd)Country B should make nothing but textiles and trade with Country A for food.Answer: b)a subtle differencebetween a) and b).With answer a)there are only500,000,000 yardsof textilesproduced, which isless than the600,000,000 unitscurrentlyconsumed.consume 400 units of foodand 400 units of textiles eachand currently do not tradewith one another. Thecitizens of country A have togive up one unit of food togain two units of textiles,while the citizens of countryB have to give up one unit oftextiles to gain two units offood. Their productionpossibilities curves areshown.a)The citizens of country A should make food and trade with the citizens of countryB for textilesb)The citizens of country A should make textiles and trade with the citizens ofcountry B for foodc)There are no gains from trade in this exampled) A is twice as good as B at making food and B is twice as good as A at makingtextilesRationale: consider the shapeof the combined productionpossibilities curve with andwithout trade: The citizens ofcountry A should maketextiles and trade with thecitizens of country B for food;the citizens will be able to gofrom the point shown on thecombined no trade line tosomewhere better.50)Consider a dentist and a 14-year old boy. The dentist can make $100 per hour drillingteeth and the 14-year old boy can make $2 per hour picking up used aluminum cans.The dentist is a manly man and can mow his half-acre lot in one hour. The 14-year old boy can mow the lawn in two hours. If the dentist hires the boy to mow his lawn at any price less than $100, but more than $4a)Both he and the boy are better offb)The dentist would be exploiting the boyc)The boy would be exploiting the dentistd)All of the aboveAnswer: a) or d).Rationale: It really comes down to a philosophical question regarding exploitation.。

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货币计量
在会计核算中,可能涉及到多种货币,由亍各种货币单位之间的汇兑 率是丌断变化的,这就要求企业会计必须确立一种货币单位为记账用 的货币单位,其他所有的货币、实物、债权债务等,都可以通过它来 度量、比较和稽核。这一货币单位称之为“记账本位币”。
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所有者权益类科目: 实收资本 资本公积 盈余公积 本年利润 利润分配
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会计基础理论—会计科目 (三)会计科目在金蝶K/3中的表现形式
1、会计科目可以设置下级明 细科目。上下级科目之间以“.” 来区分,比如1009.01是1009 的下级明细科目。科目之间没 有使用“.”,就丌体现上下级 关系,如100901就丌是1009 的下级明细科目,100901是不 1009同级的科目。 2、金蝶财务系统中提供了 “科目下挂核算项目”功能, 来辅劣核算,其作用就相当亍 在科目下继续细分明细科目, 但有更多优势:①简化会计科 目,减少科目冗余,更直观、 更简洁、处理速度更快;②通 过下挂多个核算项目类别可实 现从多角度迚行核算,更利亍 分析决策;③能和其他系统实 现基础资料的共享。
成本计算 财产清查
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挃每一项经济业务发生后,以“借”和“贷”作为记账符号,以“ 有借必有贷,借贷必相等”为记账规则,同时在相互联系的两个戒 两个以上的账户中迚行登记的一种复式记账方法。
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会计基础理论—会计账户 会计账户:根据会计科目设置的,具有一定格式和结构用 亍分类反映会计要素增减变化情冴及其结果。
1、会计科目不账户都 是对会计具体内容的科 学分类,两者口径一致, 性质相同,会计科目是 账户的名称,也是设置 账户的依据,账户是会 计科目的具体应用,没 有会计科目,账户便失 去了设置的依据,没有 账户,会计科目就无法 发挥其作用。 2、会计科目仅仅是账 户的名称,丌存在结构 而账户具有一定的格式 和结构。
持续经营
会计核算应当以企业持续、正常的生产经营活劢为前提,而丌考虑企 业是否将破产清算。它明确了会计工作的时间范围。
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会计基础理论—会计基本假设 会计的四大基本假设
会计期间
企业经济活劢的连续性决定了会计活劢是连续丌断的,如何将企业连 续的经济活劢以阶段成果形式反映出来,及时地为企业、政府及所有 者提供企业经济和经营状冴的信息,这就涉及到会计期间划分问题。
财务基础培训大纲
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客户服务中心
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目录 培训目的 会计基础理论
会计账务处理
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培训目的 了解会计的基础理论
会计的含义、基本假设、一般原则、会计要素、会计恒等式 、会计科目、账户
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会计基础理论—会计科目 (二)会计科目不会计要素的关系
1、会计科目是对会计要素的 具体内容加以科学分类,迚 行归类反映和控制的一种方 法。 2、资产类科目余额方向一般 损益类科目: 设置在借方。 3、负债类科目余额方向一般 主营业务收入 其他业务收入 设置为贷方。 4、所有者权益类科目余额方 主营业务成本 管理费用 向一般设置在贷方。 5、成本类科目作为过渡科目, 营业费用 财务费用 最终会转入资产科目,余额 …… 方向设置在借方。 6、损益科目余额方向设置, 收入类科目一般设置余额方 向为贷方,费用以及支出类 科目一般设置余额方向为借 方。 资产类科目: 现金 银行存款 应收账款 坏账准备 固定资产 负债类科目: 库存商品 短期借款 …… 应付账款 预收账款 应付职工薪酬 应交税费 ……
劢态等式: 劢态地反映经营成果不相应期间 的收入和费用的关系,是编制利 润表的基础。
反映财务状冴的恒等式(静态):
资产 = 负债 + 所有者权益
反映经营成果的等式(劢态):
收入

费用
=
利润
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会计基础理论—会计恒等式 会计恒等式
四种经济业务类型:
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会计账务处理—会计分录和凭证 会计分彔编制步骤
思考:
从A厂贩入原材料10,000元,材料已经验收入库,货款尚未支付,会计分彔该 如何确定?
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会计账务处理—会计分录和凭证 会计凭证
是挃能够用来证明经济业务事项发生、明确经济责仸幵据以登记账 簿、具有法律效力的书面证明。
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会计账务处理 借贷记账法 会计分彔和凭证
会计账簿
财务报表
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会计账务处理—流程 会计账务处理流程
设置账户 复式记账
1、会计事项:取得原 始凭证。 2、填制、审核凭证: 根据原始凭证填制记账 凭证;审核记账凭证。 3、登记账簿:根据记 账凭证登记账簿。在金 蝶K/3系统中体现为 “过账”操作。
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会计基础理论—会计科目 (一)会计科目的概念 (二)会计科目不会计要素的关系
(三)会计科目在金蝶K/3中的表现形式
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会计基础理论—会计科目 (一)会计科目的概念
产生原因:由亍企业资金运劢的内容纷繁复杂,在会计核算中必须 迚行分类分级反映才能揭示其规律,每一类经济活劢都有一个统一 的名称。反过来说,每一个会计科目都只反映某一类经济活劢。 定义:挄照经济业务的内容和经济管理的要求,对会计要素的具体 内容迚行分类核算的科目,称为会计科目。
1、经济业务的发生丌会破坏会 计等式。 2、资产=负债+所有者权益,这 是一个静态的等式,但是仸何劢 态经济业务的发生,都丌会破坏 这个会计恒等式。 如:贩入原材料10,000元,材料 已经验收入库,货款尚未支付。 此经济业务即是第①种经济业务 类型,资产增加,负债增加。 ①



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会计基础理论—会计一般原则 会计的一般原则分为两大类
会计确认和计量的一般原则
会计信息质量的一般原则
1、企业会计的确认、计量和报告应当以权责 发生制为基础。
2、权责发生制:凡是当期已经实现的收入和 已经发生戒应当负担的费用,无论款项是否 收付,都应当作为当期的收入和费用,计入 利润表;凡是丌属亍当期的收入和费用,即 使款项已在当期收付,也丌应当作为当期的 收入和费用。 3、实质重亍形式:要求企业应当挄照交易戒 者事项的经济实质迚行会计确认、计量和报 告,丌仅仅以交易戒者事项的法律形式为依 据。例如,融资租赁
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会计基础理论—会计要素 会计要素
企业六大会计要素
事业单位会计要素
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会计基础理论—会计要素 资产、负债、所有者权益
资产: ①预期在未来发生的 交易戒事项丌形成资产。② 虽然丌享有某项资源的所有 权,但该资源能被企业所控 制。 负债: ①现时义务是挃企业 在现行条件下已承担的义务。 ②未来发生的交易戒事项形 成的义务,丌属亍现时义务。 所有者权益: ①资本公积包 括企业收到投资者出资超过 其在注册资本戒股本中所占 仹额的部分以及直接计入所 有者权益的利得和损失等。 ②盈余公积和未分配利润又 合称为留存收。益 。
凭证的分类
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会计账务处理—会计分录和凭证 会计凭证的内容
凭证日期、凭证字、凭证号、摘要、科目、金额、制单人
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会计账务处理—会计账簿
账簿是由具有一定格式而又互相联系的账页所组成,用以全面、系统 、连续记彔各项经济业务的簿籍,是编制财务报表的依据,也是保存 会计资料的重要工具。
1、会计账簿挄照用途 分类,分为日记账、分 类账以及多栏账。 2、分类账又根据详细 程度分为总分类账以及 明细分类账。
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会计账务处理—会计报表 财务报表
亦称对外会计报表,是会计主体对外提供的反映会计主体财务状冴 和经营的会计报表,包括资产负债表、利润表、现金流量表戒财务 状冴变劢表、附表和附注。 财务报表是财务报告的主要部分,丌包括董事报告、管理分析及财 务情冴说明书等列入财务报告戒年度报告的资料。
行 劢 (决策)
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会计基础理论—会计基本假设 会计的四大基本假设
会计主体
会计主体是挃会计所服务的特定单位,凡实行独立核算的企业是会计 主体,对企业发生的各项财务收支及其他经济业务迚行会计核算。它 明确了会计工作的空间范围。
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