大学思辨英语教程文学与人生unit4
《大学思辨英语教程写作1》练习答案-Unit 4 Truth and Interpretation
Unit4Truth and InterpretationPart I:Learning the SkillsActivity1Review the texts you have read in the previous units.Discuss with your partner which point of view is employed in each text and whether you would have different feelings about these texts if different points of view were employed.Suggestions for instructors:Discuss with students how the point of view change leads to the differences in the narration.Activity2Read the following four excerpts and discuss with your partner which point of view is employed in each excerpt,whether the difference gives you different feelings toward the same event and how your response is influenced by how much the narrator knows and how objective the narrator is.Activity3Narrate an incident in your childhood(either real or made-up)from several points of view: first from your own point of view;next from the point of view of your family;finally from the point of view of a stranger who witnessed the incident.Evaluate which point of view is easier to write and which point of view tells the story best.Suggestions for instructors:Another option:Read the following examples and ask the students to work in groups and rewrite from a different point of view(first person point of view,for instance)and share their writing with other groups.Leslie sat in front of Paul.She had two long,brown pigtails that reached all the way down to her waist.Paul saw those pigtails,and a terrible urge came over him.He wanted to pull a pigtail. He wanted to wrap his fist around it,feel the hair between his fingers,and just yank.He thought it would be fun to tie the pigtails together,or better yet,tie them to her chair.But most of all,he just wanted to pull one.---Sideways Stories from Wayside School by Louis Sachar At the pizza place,Tony the baker was getting the pizzas ready for baking.He flattened out a ball of dough into a large pancake and tossed it in the air.He spread tomato sauce on it, sprinkled it with cheese,and shoved it in the oven.Then the telephone rang.“A fellow from the factory wants a large pizza delivered in a hurry,”Tony’s wife called.“OK,I’ll get my coat,”said Tony.---Curious George and the Pizza by Margret ReyPart II:Case AnalysisActivity4Read the above two versions of“The Three Little Pigs”and consider the differences it makes when the narrator is different.Task1Understanding the textComplete the following sentences based on your understanding of the texts.1)The point of view in the first version is third-person limited omniscient point of view.2)The wolf in the first version was described as big and bad.3)The third little pig in the first version was described as smart.4)The point of view in the second version is first-person point of view.5)The wolf in the second version was described as innocent.6)The third little pig in the second version was described as impolite.Task2Responding to the textWrite your answer to each question in full sentences.Then discuss your answers with your partner.1)What leads to the different characterization of the wolf in the two versions?The different characterization of the wolf was created through the different points of view. 2)Which characterization of the wolf do you think is more reliable and what leads to your conclusion?The first was more reliable because the second version was using the first-person point of view.3)How does the change of point of view change the development of the story?The change of point of view leads to quite different interpretation of the same event.Text B A Day’s WaitSuggestions for instructors:The whole story was written from the father’s point of view.The students may be asked to work in groups and retell the story orally with the boy being the narrator.Activity5Read Text B and think about the story’s point of view.Task1Understanding the textFind out the following elements of the text.Character(s):a little boy and his fatherSetting:the little boy had a feverPoint of view:first person point of viewPlot:The little boy who had a fever thought he would die because he confused Fahrenheit and Celsius. Theme:It shows how death lets things appear in a different way.Task2Responding to the textWrite your answer to each question in full sentences.Then discuss your answers with your partner.1)Do you think the narrator is well chosen in the text?Why or why not?2)Was there any misunderstanding between the boy and his father?If yes,please find out the evidence.When the boy told his father that“…I mean you don’t have to stay if it’s going to bother you,”his father thought he would like to be left alone while the little boy thought he would die.3)What are the clues showing that the boy was very worried?4)Text B is mainly composed of dialogue.But there are two paragraphs used to describe what the father saw and did(“It was a bright,cold day,the ground covered with…We flushed a covey of quail under a high clay bank with overhanging brush…”).What functions do these two paragraphs play in developing the story?5)What does the author try to reveal through the boy’s struggle with his fever?6)Suppose you were going to die in a week.How would you spend the last week of your life?To what extent would this change your view of life?Part III:Language StudyActivity6The following is an excerpt from“The Selfish Giant.”Read and discuss how the words and phrases create the image of a harsh winter.Then the Spring came,and all over the country there were little blossoms and little birds.Only in the garden of the Selfish Giant it was still winter.The birds did not_______to sing in it as there were no children,and the trees forgot to______.Once a beautiful flower put its head out from the grass,but when it saw the notice-board it was so sorry for the children that it______back into the ground again,and went off to sleep.The only people who were_____were the Snow and the Frost.“Spring has forgotten this garden,”they cried,“so we will live here all the year round.”The Snow______up the grass with her great white_______,and the Frost______all the trees_______.Then they invited the North Wind to stay with them,and he came.He was____in furs,and he_____all day about the garden,and blew the chimney-pots down.“This is a delightful spot,”he said,“we must ask the Hail on a visit.”So the Hail came.Every day for three hours he_____on the roof of the castle till he broke most of the slates,and then he ran round and round the garden as fast as he could go.He was dressed in grey,and his breath was like ice. Activity7Read the following excerpts and discuss with your partner how many kinds of tenses are used in each excerpt and what the functions of tenses in narrative writing are.Mary______(like)to look at her mother from a distance and she_______(think)her very pretty, but as she______(know)very little of her she could scarcely have been expected to love her or to miss her very much when she was gone.She did not miss her at all,in fact,and as she was a self-absorbed child she gave her entire thought to herself,as she had always done.If she had been older she would no doubt have been very anxious at being left alone in the world,but she________(be)very young,and as she had always been taken care of,she supposed she always would be.She_______(get)up very early in the morning and_____(work)hard in the garden and she______(be)tired and sleepy,so as soon as Martha________(bring)her supper and she_______(eat)it,she was glad to go to bed.As she laid her head on the pillow she murmured to herself:“I’ll go out before breakfast and work with Dick on and then afterward—I believe—I’ll go to see him.”She thought.Activity8Read the following passages and fill in each blank with the given verb in its appropriate tense.He1)remembered the books of poetry upon his shelves at home.He2)had bought them in his bachelor days and many an evening,as he3)sat in the little room off the hall,he4)had been tempted to take one down from the bookshelf and read out something to his wife.But shyness had always held him back;and so the books5)had remained on their shelves.At times he6) repeated lines to himself and this consoled him.The Secret Garden1)was what Mary called it when she2)was thinking of it.She liked the name, and she liked still more the feeling that when its beautiful old walls shut her in no one knew where she was.It3)seemed almost like being shut out of the world in some fairy place.The few books she4)had read and liked had been fairy-story books,and she had read of secret gardens in some of the stories.。
大学思辨英语教程精读2unit4答案preparatory work
大学思辨英语教程精读2unit4答案preparatory work1、The children are playing wildly and making a lot of?_______. [单选题] *A. cryB. voicesC. noises(正确答案)D. music2、Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people_____harm them. [单选题] *A.more thanB.other thanC.rather than(正确答案)D.better than3、I _______ to the tape yesterday evening. [单选题] *A. lookB. listenC. listened(正确答案)D. hear4、More than one student_____absent from the class yesterday due to the flu. [单选题] *A.areB.hasC.isD.was(正确答案)5、_______, making some DIY things is fashionable. [单选题] *A. Stand outB. In ones opinionC. In my opinion(正确答案)D. Out of fashion6、—Are these your sheep? [单选题] *A）on grass at the foot of the hill.(正确答案)B. feedC.is fedD. is feeding7、The Spring Festival is on the way.Many shops have _______ huge posters with the word sales. [单选题] *A. put up(正确答案)B. put onC. put outD. put off8、My brother usually _______ his room after school. But now he _______ soccer. [单选题] *A. cleans; playsB. cleaning; playingC. cleans; is playing(正确答案)D. cleans; is playing the9、The early Americans wanted the King to respect their rights. [单选题] *A. 统治B. 满足C. 尊重(正确答案)D. 知道10、I _______ no idea of where the zoo is. [单选题] *A. thinkB. getC. have(正确答案)D. take11、We ______ boating last weekend.（）[单选题] *A. goB. went(正确答案)C. are goingD. will go12、38．—Do you have ________else to say for your mistake?—________but sorry. [单选题] * A．anything; SomethingB．something; EverythingC．anything; Nothing(正确答案)D．something; Anything13、The train is coming. Be ______! [单选题] *A. careful(正确答案)B. carefullyC. carelessD. care14、She _______ so much _______ her mother. [单选题] *A. looks; like(正确答案)B. looks; forC. looks; afterD. looks forwards; to15、No writer will be considered（）of the name until he writes a work. [单选题] *A. worthlessB. worthy(正确答案)C. worthwhileD. worth16、In the closet（）a pair of trousers his parents bought for his birthday. [单选题] *A. lyingB. lies(正确答案)c. lieD. is lain17、John had planned to leave, but he decided to stay in the hotel for（）two days because of the heavy rain. [单选题] *A. otherB. the otherC. another(正确答案)D. others18、The students _____ outdoors when the visitors arrived. [单选题] *A. were playing(正确答案)B. have playedC. would playD. could play19、40．Star wars is ______ adventure film and it is very interesting. [单选题] *A．aB．an (正确答案)C．theD．/20、My father and I often go ______ on weekends so I can ______ very well. （）[单选题] *A. swim; swimmingB. swims; swimC. swimming; swimmingD. swimming; swim(正确答案)21、I passed the test, I _____ it without your help. [单选题] *A.would not passB. wouldn't have passed(正确答案)C. didn't passD.had not passed22、22．______ is convenient to travel between Pudong and Puxi now. [单选题] *A．It(正确答案)B．ThisC．ThatD．What23、I used to take ____ long way to take the bus that went by ____ tunnel under the water. [单选题] *A. a, aB. a. theC. a, /(正确答案)D. the, a24、73．The moonlight goes ____ the window and makes the room bright. [单选题] *A．acrossB．through(正确答案)C．overD．in25、John will go home as soon as he _______ his work. [单选题] *A. finishB. will finishC. finishedD. finishes(正确答案)26、Tom didn’t _______ his exam again. It was a pity. [单选题] *A. winB. pass(正确答案)C. beatD. Fail27、Simon does not（）his fellow workers because they often argue over trivial matters. [单选题] *A. get on with(正确答案)B. come up withC. do away withD. go on with28、It’s raining heavily outside. Don’t leave _______ it stops. [单选题] *A. whileB. sinceC. until(正确答案)D. when29、He used to get up at six in the morning,（)? [单选题] *A. used heB. did heC. didnt he (正确答案)D. should he30、They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers. [单选题]*A. droveB. would driveC. were to driveD. had driven(正确答案)。
《大学英语》全新版 Unit4-the virtual life 课件
The Virtual Life
Movie Clip Appreciation
You’ve Got Mail
-Tom Hanks -Meg Ryan
How does the Internet affect people’s lives?
Interior Monologue of Kathleen
Clipped words
cyberdoc →cyber+doctor netcast →net+broadcast netizen →net+citizen netpreneur →net+entrepreneur e-tailing →electronic+retailing e-zine →electronic+ magazine webcam →web+camera webliography →web+bibiliography webcasting →web+broadcasting webnomics →web+economics
的 → （ab+sent）
abscind 废除
→ （abs+cind剪切→切掉→
abduct 诱拐
→ （ab+duct 引导→引走→诱拐）
废除）
abscise 切除
→ （abs+cise剪→剪掉→切
abject 可怜的
除）
→ （ab+ject抛→抛掉→可怜 abstinence 节制；禁欲 的） → （abs+tin拿住+ense→不 abstract 抽象的；心不在 在拿住→戒除，禁欲）
电子商务
Prefix+verb
思辨英语4教案
思辨英语4教案
一、课程目标
本课程旨在培养学生的思辨能力，通过英语语言的学习，提高学生的分析、推理、评价和创造性思维能力。
同时，课程也注重提高学生的跨文化交际能力和批判性思维能力。
二、教学内容
本课程的教学内容主要包括以下几个方面：
1. 语言知识与技能：学生将学习英语的基本语法、词汇和表达方式，通过阅读、写作、听力和口语练习，提高英语语言运用能力。
2. 思辨能力：学生将学习如何运用分析、推理、评价和创造性思维，对不同的观点和信息进行评估、判断和表达。
3. 跨文化交际：学生将了解不同文化背景下的价值观、习俗和交际方式，提高跨文化交际能力。
4. 批判性思维：学生将学习如何批判性地分析和评价信息，形成自己的观点和判断。
三、教学方法
本课程采用多种教学方法，包括：
1. 课堂讲授：教师讲授思辨英语的基本概念、方法和技巧，为学生提供必要的知识基础。
2. 小组讨论：学生分组进行讨论，就某一话题展开分析、推理和评价，提高思辨能力和口语表达能力。
3. 案例分析：教师提供具有代表性的案例，引导学生进行分析和评价，培养学生的批判性思维能力。
4. 角色扮演：学生模拟不同文化背景下的交际场景，提高跨文化交际能力。
5. 自主学习：教师提供相关的学习资源，引导学生自主学习，培养学生的自主学习能力。
四、教学评价
本课程采用多种评价方式，包括：
1. 平时成绩：根据学生的课堂表现、作业完成情况等进行评价。
2. 期末考试：通过书面或口语考试的形式，对学生的思辨能力进行综合评价。
大学思辨英语教程精读4哲学与文明课后答案
大学思辨英语教程精读4哲学与文明课后答案1、---Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?---Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ____you to your room. [单选题] *A. show(正确答案)B. showsC. to showD. showing2、We’re proud that China _______ stronger and stronger these years. [单选题] *A. will becomeB. becameC. is becoming(正确答案)D. was becoming3、Kate has a cat _______ Mimi. [单选题] *A. called(正确答案)B. callC. to callD. calling4、32．Mr. Black is ______ now, so he wants to go to a movie with his son. [单选题] * A．busyB．free(正确答案)C．healthyD．right5、29．There is a book in your left hand. What’s in your ___________ hand? [单选题] * A．the othersB．other (正确答案)C．anotherD．others6、—______?—He can do kung fu.（）[单选题] *A. What does Eric likeB. Can Eric do kung fuC. What can Eric do(正确答案)D. Does Eric like kung fu7、12．That is a good way ________ him ________ English. [单选题] *A．to help；forB．helps；withC．to help；with(正确答案)D．helping；in8、If the manager had to choose between the two, he would say John was _____ choice. [单选题] *A. goodB. the bestC. betterD. the better(正确答案)9、My brother usually _______ his room after school. But now he _______ soccer. [单选题] *A. cleans; playsB. cleaning; playingC. cleans; is playing(正确答案)D. cleans; is playing the10、—Are these your sheep? [单选题] *A）on grass at the foot of the hill.(正确答案)B. feedC.is fedD. is feeding11、48．—________ is your new skirt, Lingling?—Black. [单选题] *A．HowB．What colour(正确答案)C．WhichD．Why12、In 2019 we moved to Boston,（）my grandparents are living. [单选题] *A. whoB. whenC. where(正确答案)D. for which13、38．These workers ___________ this bridge since one year ago. [单选题] * A．buildB．are buildingC．have built (正确答案)D．built14、88．Sorry. I don’t know the way? ? ? ? ? ?Dongfeng Cinema. [单选题] * A．byB．ofC．to(正确答案)D．for15、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?? ? ? --like peaches best. [单选题] *A. fruit(正确答案)B. vegetablesC. drinkD. plants16、She is a girl, _______ name is Lily. [单选题] *A. whose(正确答案)B. whoC. whichD. that17、This is the news _______ you want to know. [单选题] *A. that(正确答案)B. whatC. whenD. who18、Do you know what（）the change in his attitude? [单选题] *A. got throughB. brought about(正确答案)C. turned intoD. resulted from19、When you have trouble, you can _______ the police. They will help you. [单选题] *A. turn offB. turn to(正确答案)C. turn onD. turn over20、Sam is going to have the party ______ Saturday evening. （）[单选题] *A. inB. on(正确答案)C. atD. to21、You should finish your homework as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. 赶快地B. 尽能力C. 一...就D. 尽快地(正确答案)22、For more information, please _______ us as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. confidentB. confidenceC. contact(正确答案)D. concert23、The manager was quite satisfied with his job. [单选题] *A. 担心的B. 满意的(正确答案)C. 高兴的D. 放心的24、Don’t read in bed. It’s _______ your eyes. [单选题] *A. good atB. good forC. bad atD. bad for(正确答案)25、42．—________ meat do you want?—Half a kilo. [单选题] *A．How much(正确答案)B．How manyC．WhatD．Which26、13．—Will you come to my party?—I am not ________ . [单选题] *A．mindB．sure(正确答案)C．happyD．Sorry27、Alice is a ______ girl. She always smiles and says hello to others.（）[单选题] *A. shyB. strictC. healthyD. friendly(正确答案)28、—What’s the matter with that boy?—______.（）[单选题] *A. He is watching TV in his roomB. He takes his temperatureC. He was playing a toy carD. He hurt his right leg(正确答案)29、39．—What do you ________ my new dress?—Very beautiful. [单选题] * A．look atB．think aboutC．think of(正确答案)D．look through30、52．I'm happy to ________ a birthday card from an old friend. [单选题] * A．buyB．makeC．loseD．receive(正确答案)。
2024版大学思辨教程精读4教学课件Unit
课程目的
通过本课程的学习，学生应该能够掌握 批判性思维的基本方法和技巧，学会独 立思考和分析问题，提高自己的学术素 养和创新能力。
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教材简介与特点
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教材简介
《大学思辨教程4》是一本专门针对 大学生思辨能力培养的教材，涵盖了 批判性思维、论证方法、逻辑谬误等 多个方面的内容。
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案例分析与实践应用
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案例分析目的与意义
提高学生分析问题和解决 问题的能力
通过案例分析，学生可以学会如何识别问题、 分析问题、提出解决方案，并培养批判性思维 和创新能力。
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加深对理论知识的理解和应 用
案例分析可以将抽象的理论知识与具体的实践情境相 结合，帮助学生更好地理解和应用所学知识。
常见问题
选题不当、文献综述不充分、研究方法不 合理、数据分析不深入、论文结构混乱、 语言表达不清等。
VS
解决方法
重新审视选题意义和价值，加强文献综述 的广度和深度，选择合适的研究方法和技 术，深入挖掘和分析数据，调整论文结构 和逻辑关系，提高语言表达的准确性和流 畅性。同时，多向导师和同行请教，积极 参加学术交流和讨论，不断提升自己的学 术素养和写作能力。
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思辨能力概述
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思辨能力定义及重要性
思辨能力定义
思辨能力是指对问题进行深入、全面、客观的思考和分析，形成独立、理性、 创新的观点和判断的能力。
思辨能力重要性
思辨能力是现代社会中不可或缺的重要能力，它有助于我们更好地理解和应对 复杂的社会现象和问题，提高我们的决策和创新能力，促进个人和社会的进步 和发展。
大学思辨英语教程4 the meaning of life
大学思辨英语教程4 the meaning of life1、In order to find the missing child, villagers _______ all they can over the past five hours. [单选题] *A. didB. doC. had doneD. have been doing(正确答案)2、Last year Polly _______ an English club and has improved her English a lot. [单选题] *A. leftB. sawC. joined(正确答案)D. heard3、He was born in Canada, but he has made China his _______. [单选题] *A. familyB. addressC. houseD. home(正确答案)4、You could hardly imagine _______ amazing the Great Wall was. [单选题] *A. how(正确答案)B. whatC. whyD. where5、The work will be finished _______ this month. [单选题] *A. at the endB. in the endC. by the endD. at the end of(正确答案)6、Boys and girls, _______ up your hands if you want to take part in the summer camp(夏令营)．[单选题] *A. puttingB. to putC. put(正确答案)D. puts7、This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best. [单选题] *A. howB. whichC. that(正确答案)D. what8、This girl is my best friend, Wang Hui. ______ English name is Jane.（）[单选题] *A. HeB. HisC. SheD. Her(正确答案)9、All he _______ was a coat. [单选题] *A. had on(正确答案)B. had toC. had a restD. had a good time10、Location is the first thing customers consider when_____to buy a house. [单选题] *A.planning(正确答案)B.plannedC.having plannedD.to plan11、67．—What can I do for you?—I'm looking at that dress.It looks nice.May I ________？[单选题] *A．hold it onB．try it on(正确答案)C．take it offD．get it off12、8．Turn right ________ Danba Road and walk ________ the road, then you will findMeilong Middle school. [单选题] *A．in...alongB．into...along (正确答案)C．in...onD．into...on13、It was（）of you to get up early to catch the first bus so that you could avoid the traffic jam. [单选题] *A. senselessB. sensible(正确答案)C. sentimentalD. sensitive14、—______? —Half a kilo.（）[单选题] *A. How much are theyB. How much is itC. How much would you like(正确答案)D. How many would you like15、I have seldom seen my father（）pleased with my progress as he is now. [单选题] *A. so(正确答案)B. veryC. tooD. rather16、Don’t talk _______. Your grandmother is sleeping now. [单选题] *A. happilyB. nearlyC. loudly(正确答案)D. hardly17、—Do you like to watch Hero?—Yes. I enjoy ______ action movies. （）[单选题] *A. watchB. watching(正确答案)C. to watchD. watches18、I’ve got some very _______ news to tell you. [单选题] *A. exciting(正确答案)B. comfortableC. convenientD. beautiful19、—______ —（）[单选题] *A. How long did you stay there?B. How much did you pay for the dress?C. How many flowers did you buy?(正确答案)D. How often did you visit your grandparents?20、Mary is interested ______ hiking. [单选题] *A. onB. byC. in(正确答案)D. at21、He has made a lot of films, but ____ good ones. [单选题] *A. anyB. someC. few(正确答案)D. many22、The news is?_______. We are all _______ at it. [单选题] *A. exciting;?excited(正确答案)B. excited;?excitingC. exciting;?excitingD. excited;?excited23、I _______ to the tape yesterday evening. [单选题] *A. lookB. listenC. listened(正确答案)D. hear24、1．I saw ________ action film with my friend yesterday, and ________ film was amazing. [单选题] *A．a...aB．a...theC．an...the(正确答案)D．an...a25、The old woman doesn’t feel _______ though she lives _______. [单选题] *A. alone; lonelyB. alone; aloneC. lonely; lonelyD. lonely; alone(正确答案)26、一Mary wants to invite you to see the movie today. 一I would rather she（B）me tomorrow. [单选题] *A.tellsB. told (正确答案)C. would tellD. had told27、How _______ Grace grows! She’s almost as tall as her mother now. [单选题] *A. cuteB. strongC. fast(正确答案)D. clever28、_______ your help, I passed the English exam. [单选题] *A. ThanksB. Thanks to(正确答案)C. Thank youD. Thank to29、Tom will _______ me a gift from Japan. [单选题] *A. takeB. getC. carryD. bring(正确答案)30、-----How can I apply for an online course?------Just fill out this form and we _____ what we can do for you. [单选题] *A. seeB. are seeingC. have seenD. will see(正确答案)。
大学思辨英语精读Unit4OrganizationandInstitution参考答案
Unit 4 Organization and InstitutionText APreparatory Work(1)a. Institutionalization: refers to the process of embedding some conception (for example a belief, norm, social role, particular value or mode of behavior) within an organization, social system, or society as a whole. The term may also be used to refer to committing a particular individual or group to an institution, such as a mental or welfare institution.b. Solitary confinement: is a form of imprisonment in which an inmate is isolated from any human contact, often with the exception of members of prison staff. It is mostly employed as a form of punishment beyond incarceration for a prisoner, usually for violations of prison regulations. However, it is also used as an additional measure of protection for vulnerable inmates. In the case prisoners at high risk of suicide, it can be used to prevent access to items that could allow the prisoner to self-harm.c. Parole: is the provisional release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions prior to the completion of the maximum sentence period. A specific type of parole is medical parole or compassionate release which is the release of prisoners on medical or humanitarian grounds. Conditions of parole often include things such as obeying the law, refraining from drug and alcohol use, av oiding contact with the parolee’s victims, obtaining employment, and maintaining required contacts with a parole officer.d. Rehabilitation: is the re-integration into society of a convicted person and the main objective of modern penal policy, to counter habitual offending, also known as criminal recidivism. Alternatives to imprisonment also exist, such as community service, probation orders, and others entailing guidance and aftercare towards the offender.(2)Main publications: Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley., 1977, Psychology(3rd Edition), Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1999, Psychology And Life, 17/e, Allyn & Bacon Publishing, 2005, The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil, Random House, New York, 2007Main research interests: social psychology, particularly prison study, social intensity syndrome study (related to discharged soldiers).Critical ReadingI. Understanding the text(1)Zimbardo uses the specific example of a prisoner’s situation to plea d for prisonreform and to justify the experiment he conducted about the bad effect of prison. (2)They conduct an experiment about the effects of prison on both guards andprisoners.(3)They want to understand what it means psychologically to be a prisoner or aprison guard.(4)The 24 participants are selected randomly from volunteer students in Palo Altocity and they were randomly assigned roles of guards and prisoners in a simulated prison.(5)At Stanford University in 1971.(6)The experiment has to be ended earlier than planned.(7)Because the effects of prison (abusing and being abused) on those beingexperimented are frightening.(8)The results show that people underestimate the power and pervasiveness ofsituational controls over behavior.(9)Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmentalcontingencies rather than personality traits, character, willpower, etc. Many people, perhaps the majority, can be made to do almost anything when put into psychologically compelling situations – regardless of their morals, ethics, values, attitudes, beliefs, or personal convictions.II. Evaluation and exploration(1)Hypothesis:the change of environment (including changed roles) affects one’s behavior (students are put into a mock prison and assigned opposite roles which areall different from their normal environment and role of being a student or citizen) Cause: prison and assigned new roles (changed environment)Effect: rational people with humanity were turned to abusers and victims Independent variable: the participants as human beings (the same human beings) (Stimulus: change of environment/roles)Dependent variable: behaviorThe experiment on the power and influence of roles assigned to ordinary individualsis basically valid and convincing, and similar experiments also prove that most people’s behavior are influenced by the social environment, particularly the new roles they are assigned. Unfortunately, the experiment cannot be confirmed due to the ethical concern (the harm caused by the experiment on the participants). And also, since the participants of a social experiment are humans, the result might not be exactly the same (unlike the natural science experiment which can be repeated with precision and same result).(2)Similarities: the two experiments are all about the effect of assigned roles and social expectations on the behavior of the human being s.Differences: Zimbardo’s experiment focuses on the gradual change of behavior on those who are assigned new roles (prison effect) while Stanley’s experiment focuses on authority’s influence on individuals in normal circumstances (authority effect). (3)Power and its execution are closely related with the role assigned to the power-holder. The more important role he/she is given, the more likely he/she abuses it if there are no checks and balances from other institutions. It is very important to fight against corruption (in campaigns or through legal means), but it’s more important to set up mechanism to balance the role given to power-holders.(4)Zimbardo’s statement or conclusion is based on his only experiment about humans and their environment and cannot be repeated due to ethical reasons. It is reasonable to argue that most people are influenced by the (change of) environment and adapt to it quickly, which means personal “freedom” is conditioned. However, there are exceptions, and this statement cannot explain the behavior of those heroes who stick to their principles under any circumstances and would rather die than surrender to enemy or power.(5)These exceptional examples are mostly heroes in extreme circumstances such as war or condition of life and death (Wen Tianxiang, Liu Hulan, John Brown etc.). They have to choose between life and death very quickly and sometimes they act from instinct. There are other factors that result in these exceptional cases – they all have very strong characters which have been fostered in hardship; they also have a very strong faith and are ready to die for the cause they pursue.(6)Besides the reason Zimbardo mentions (psychological factor of self-image for the donors), there are at least two more reasons. One is religious reason – most people in the West are Christians who believe in the teachings of Jesus Christ and feel a duty to help the poor (in the form of material, money, or time). The other is related to the affluence of the West where the majority of people become well-off enough to give away a fraction of their wealth or money to maintain social stability. (There’re also other reasons such as tax deduction in some countries to encourage donation.)(7)Simply put, the merit of “group think” is that it can mobilize a uniformed collective force to realize some goal that individuals alone cannot hope to accomplish (through teamwork and national solidarity). The demerit of “group think” is that the group leader’s view might be one-sided and flawed, and the wrong decision or policy based on it could easily lead to mistakes or even disaster. Other demerits: this situation may easily result in the circumstance of strong leader/dictator vs. obedient/populist followers; and in many case s the “truth” is not necessar y in the hands of the majority.(8)Clinical trials are experiments done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on safety and efficacy. They are conducted only after they have received health authority/ethics committee approval in the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial - their approval does not mean that the therapy is 'safe' or effective, only that the trial may be conducted. Depending on product type and development stage, investigators initially enroll volunteers and/or patients into small pilot studies, and subsequently conduct progressively larger scale comparative studies. The key point here is: All participants are volunteers who choose clinical trial when other means fail.Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animals ranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million used in animal experiment annually. In the EU, these species represent 93% of animals used in research. If the same was true in the US then the total number of animals used in research is estimated to be between 12 and 25 million. Most animals are euthanized after being used in an experiment. Supporters of the use of animals in experiments, such as the British Royal Society, argue that virtually every medical achievement in the 20th century relied on the use of animals in some way. The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences has argued that animal research cannot be replaced by even sophisticated computer models, which are unable to deal with the extremely complex interactions between molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, and the environment. Animal rights, and some animal welfare, organizations question the need for and legitimacy of animal testing, arguing that it is cruel and poorly regulated, that medical progress is actually held back by misleading animal models that cannot reliably predict effects in humans, that some of the tests are outdated, that the costs outweigh the benefits, or that animals have the intrinsic right not to be used or harmedin experimentation.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1)C&F (2)B&C (3)E&F (4)E&F (5)A&D(6)C&E (7)A&F (8)B&F (9)D&E (10)B&C2.（1）拼图、勾画（2）构建（名词）（3）建造（动词）（4）建筑物（5）档案（6）（一列）纵队（7）（用锉刀）锉（9）提出、提交（10）呼吁、要求（11）上诉（12）情绪感染、情感诉求（13）吸引力（14）从…悬吊下来（15）停职（16）暂停（17）悬浮（18）吸引（19）雇佣（20）交战、接触（21）忙于（22）面对、触及3.(1) die away (2) need (3) call for (4) overwhelmed (5) assessed(6) result in (7) function (8) filed (9) prayed (10) predicting4.(1)served as (2)end up with (3)differentiate between (4)dissolved into(5) prevent…from(6) trade… for (7) attribute to (8) inflicted… on (9) derived from (10) pass outII. Sentences and discourse1.(1)This powerful appeal for prison reform was sent to me in a secret letter from aprisoner. He cannot reveal his name because of still being rehabilitated.(2)The guards were informed of the potential seriousness and danger of the situationas well as their own weaknesses (during the experiment).(3)In less than a week, the experience of imprisonment dissolved all good things thatthey’ve learned in a lifetime, including human values and self-concepts while the ugliest and most basic sick side of human nature came into the surface.(4)Individual behavior is largely influenced and dominated by social forces andenvironmental factors instead of by personality traits, character, willpower, or other components that cannot be proved by empirical evidences.(5)Thus w e created a false belief in (personal) freedom by emphasizing individuals’internal control (of themselves and of the environment) that actually does not exists.(6)However, since most participants in these studies do act in irrational orunreasonable ways, it can be concluded that the majority of observers would also yield to the social psychological pressure in the same situation.2.(1)A good leader does not impose his personal will on his subordinates.(2)When rumors of bribing were out, the company immediately denied it.(3)The official was convicted of life imprisonment because of stealing and sellingstate secrets; he decided not to appeal to the higher court.(4)The purpose of setting up the fund is to rehabilitate the landmine victims.(5)This university is one of the few local higher learning institutions that can conferdoctorate degrees.(6)If you want to know more about the characteristics of the British, you have tofurther study the dimensions of their history and culture.(7)This company has launched a new round of publicity campaign across the country,to attract those potential customers.(8)No country should interfere in any other country’s domestic affairs in the excuseof human rights.(9)In real life, only very few people can remain independent, not succumbing topower and authority.(10)S ome people believe that in modern society we should adopt an attitude ofunderstanding and tolerance towards deviant views and behaviors.3.个人行为在很大程度上受到社会力量和环境变化的控制，而非取决于个人特质、性格、意志力或其他未经实验证实的因素。
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Unit 4 The Open Window
Language Enhancement
I Word and Phrases
1.
(1) self-centred, self-addressed
(2) headfast, headless, headway
(3) scornful, respectful
(4) unquestionable, unintended
(5) tighten, sweeten
(6) enable, enrich
2.
(1) made an appearance(2) made a mess; make amends(3) make an effort(4) make sense(5) made a scene(6) make a deal
3.
(1) put up with(2) went off for(3) give way
(4)broke off(5)bolted out/ dashed off(6)dash off
(7)undergo (8) discount (9) migrate (10) endeavor
(11) mope (12) pursue (13) bustled (14) rattling
(15) straying (16) chanted
II Sentences and rhetoric
1.Paraphrase
(1)Framton was going to hand one of the letters of introduction to Mrs. Sappleton. He was wondering whether this lady could be categorized into the group of nice persons. / Framton was about to give one of the letters of introduction to Mrs. Sappleton. He wondered whether she could be said as belonging to the nice-person group or division.
(2)When the niece felt that the silence was too long to be proper, she asked: “Do you know many of the people around here” / When the niece decided that the silence was awkward for the communication, she asked: “Do you know many of the people around here”
(3)Here the child’s voice changed. It was no longer calm and in good control of her emotions, but sounded slightly human. / Here the child’s voice lost its quality of being calm and in control of her emotions, it changed into somewhat human.
(4)“The doctors all agree that I should have complete rest, not to have any mental excitement, and avoid anything that can involve forceful physical exercise,”Framton said. He was trying his very best to change the topic, driven by a fairly well-known false idea that total strangers or people you happen to know would be eager to know the smallest detail of your illness and pains, their cause and cure. / He tried very very hard to change the topic, under a false idea, which was rather widespread, that a complete stranger or a person you just know would be interested in knowing the smallest details of your health problems and their cause and cure.
2.Translation
(1) 弗兰姆顿•纳特尔努力想说点儿什么得体的话，既能够讨眼前这个小姑娘欢
心，又不至于怠慢她那位待会儿要下来的姨妈。
(2)他竭力想把交谈转向不太瘆人的话题但并不完全成功。
他感觉到，女主人对
他心不在焉，她的目光常常略过他，投向那面法式落地窗和远处的草坪。
(3)弗兰姆顿惊恐地去抓他的手杖和帽子，在他仓惶逃离的过程中隐约意识到经
过了屋前的砾石车道和大门。
(4)他在印度时被一群野狗追到恒河附近的一个墓地里，不得不在一个新挖的坟
洞里过夜，那群狗就在他上面，龇牙咧嘴，冒着白沫，不停地狂叫。
(5)Life is presented as a succession of “ages”: from birth, through
babyhood, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, middle age, and finally old age.
(6)I feel quite awkward and out of place, for I know no one here at the party.
(7)Thank you so much for coming to our aid at such short notice.
(8)After reading Wuthering Heights, I am hungry for a trip to see the place in which the author once lived.。