安徽师范大学893英语教学论2018年考研真题
2018考研英语一真题试卷及答案完整版本.docx
2018 考研英语一真题和答案完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。
Choose the best word （s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on the ANSWER SHEET。
（10 points）Trust is a tricky business。
On the one hand， it ‘s a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things ：child care，friendships，etc。
On the other hand，putting your 2， in the wrong place often carries a high 3。
4， why do we trust at all ？ Well， because it feels good。
5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution ， their brains release oxytocin， a hormone that6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to7 with one another 。
Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us ina trusting 9： In a Swiss study， researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects； those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else。
2018年考研英语（二）真题及答案解析
2018年考研英语（⼆）真题及答案解析2018年考研英语⼆真题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful?Because humans have an inherent need to_1_uncertainty,according to a recent study in Psychological Science.The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will_2_to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will_3_.In a series of four experiments,behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested Student’s willingness to_4_themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity.For one _5_,each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment.The twist? Half of the pens would_6_an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified,another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified._7_left alone in the room.The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would_8_subsequent experiments reproduced,this effect with other stimuli_9_the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to_10_is deeply rooted in humans.Much the same as the basic drives for_11_or shelter,says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can_12_New Scientific advances,for instance—but sometimes such_13_can backfire,the insight that curiosity can drive you to do _14_things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to_15_,however.in a final experiment,participants who were encouraged to_16_ how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to_17_to see such an image.These results suggest that imagining the_18_of following through on one’s curiosity ahead of time can help determine19it is worth theendeavor.Thinking about long-term_20_is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity.Hsee says.“in other words,don’t read online comments”.1.[A]protect[B]resolve[C]discuss[D]ignore2.[A]refuse[B]wait[C]regret[D]seek3.[A]hurt[B]last[C]mislead[D]rise4.[A]alert[B]tie[C]treat[D]expose5.[A]message[B]review[C]trial[D]concept6.[A]remove[B]weaken[C]interrupt[D]deliver7.[A]When[B]If[C]Though[D]Unless8.[A]continue[B]happen[C]disappear[D]change9.[A]rather than[B]regardless of[C]such as[D]owing to10.[A]discover[B]forgive[C]forget[D]disagree11.[A]pay[B]marriage[C]schooling[D]food12.[A]lead to[B]rest on[C]learn from[D]begin with13.[A]withdrawal[B]persistence[C]inquiry[D]diligence14.[A]self-reliant[B]self-deceptive[C]self-evident[D]self-destructive15.[A]define[B]resist[C]replace[D]trace16.[A]overlook[B]predict[C]design[D]conceal17.[A]remember[B]promise[C]choose[D]pretend18.[A]relief[B]plan[C]duty[D]outcome19.[A]why[B]whether[C]where[D]how20.[A]consequences[B]investments[C]strategies[D]limitationsSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr.Koziatek is part of something pioneering.He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization,but practical.When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain?As Koziatek know,there is learning in just about everything.Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum.They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice.Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational education“have that stereotype...that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,”he says.On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was.The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated.More education is the new principle.We want more for our kids,and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all—and the subtle devaluing of anything less—misses an important point:That’s not the only thing the American economy needs.Yes,a bachelor’s degree opens more doors. But evennow,54percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.Butonly44percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-class jobs,but the workers who need those jobs most aren’t equipped to do them.Koziatek’s Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek’s school is a wake-up call.When education becomes one-size-fits-all,it risks overlooking a nation’s diversity of gifts.21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students’lack of.[A]practical ability[B]academic training[C]pioneering spirit[D]mechanical memorization22.There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.[A]have a stereotyped mind[B]have no career motivation[C]are not academically successful[D]are financially disadvantaged23.we can infer from Paragraph5that high school graduates.[A]used to have big financial concerns[B]used to have more job opportunities[C]are reluctant to work in manufacturing[D]are entitled to more educational privileges24.The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.[A]helps create a lot of middle-skill jobs[B]may narrow the gap in working-class jobs[C]is expected to yield a better-trained workforce[D]indicates the overvaluing of higher education25.The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.[A]supportive[B]tolerant[C]disappointed[D]cautiousWhile fossil fuels—coal，oil，gas—still generate roughly85percent of the world’s energy supply,it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world：They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables，especially wind and solar.The cost of solar panels has dropped by80percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source.In Scotland，for example，wind turbines provide enough electricity to power95percent of homes.While the rest of the world takes the lead，notably China and Europe，the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In March，for the first time，wind and solar power accounted for more than10percent of the power generated in the US，reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth.In a recent speech in Iowa，he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did not play well with many inIowa，where wind turbines dot the fields and provide36percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question“what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?”has provided a quickput-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers，who are placing big bets on battery-powered electricvehicles.Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now,this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go，the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26.The word“plummeting”(Line3，Para.2)is closest in meaning to.[A]stabilizing[B]changing[C]falling[D]rising27.According to Paragraph3，the use of renewable energy in America.[A]is progressing notably[B]is as extensive as in Europe[C]faces many challenges[D]has proved to be impractical28.It can be learned that in Iowa,.[A]wind is a widely used energy source[B]wind energy has replaced fossil fuels[C]tech giants are investing in clean energy[D]there is a shortage of clean energy supply29.Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs5&6?[A]Its application has boosted battery storage.[B]It is commonly used in car manufacturing.[C]Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.[D]Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.[A]will bring the US closer to other countries[B]will accelerate global environmental change[C]is not really encouraged by the US government[D]is not competitive enough with regard to its costThe power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing—Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn，but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service，which doesn’t have any physical product at all.What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities，but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through.Even without knowing what was in the messages，the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be.What political journalist，what party whip，would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting?It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the460shops it owns,but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power.But it is clumsy.For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy.By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace,to be replaced by new abuses of power.But there is a deeper conceptual problem,/doc/8bbe5eae4531b90d6c85ec3a87c24028905f8535.html petition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them.The users of their services are not their customers.That would be the people who buy advertising from them—and Facebook and Google，the two virtual giants，dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they’re selling is data，and we，the users，convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed,so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield.Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed;Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes.It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship，even if both sides benefit.31.According to Paragraph1,Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.[A]digital products[B]user information[C]physical assets[D]quality service32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.[A]worsen political disputes[B]mess up customer records[C]pose a risk to Facebook users[D]mislead the European commission33.According to the author,competition law.[A]should serve the new market powers[B]may worsen the economic imbalance[C]should not provide just one legal solution[D]cannot keep pace with the changing market/doc/8bbe5eae4531b90d6c85ec3a87c24028905f8535.html petition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.[A]they are not defined as customers[B]they are not financially reliable[C]the services are generally digital[D]the services are paid for by advertisers35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate.[A]a win-win business model between digital giants[B]a typical competition pattern among digital giants[C]the benefits provided for digital giants’customers[D]the relationship between digital giants and their usersText4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep work:Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World,recommends building a habit of“deep work”—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work—be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specifictask;developing a daily ritual;or taking a“journalistic”approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day.Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends“deep scheduling”to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.“At any given point,I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once on the calendar I protect this time like I would a doctor’s appointment or important meeting”,he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day—in particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford,author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy.we also need to embrace downtime,or as Newport suggests,“be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body... [idleness]is,paradoxically,necessary to getting any work done,”he argues.Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task,they tend to be more efficient.“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”.says Pillay.36.The key to mastering the art of deep work is to________.[A]keep to your focus time[B]list your immediate tasks[C]make specific daily plans[D]seize every minute to work37.The study in the early1980s cited by Harford shows that________.[A]distractions may actually increase efficiency[B]daily schedules are indispensable to studying[C]students are hardly motivated by monthly goals[D]detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38.According to Newport,idleness is________.[A]a desirable mental state for busy people[B]a major contributor to physical health[C]an effective way to save time and energy[D]an essential factor in accomplishing any work39.Pillay believes that our brains’shift between being focused and unfocused_______.[A]can result in psychological well-being[B]can bring about greater efficiency[C]is aimed at better balance in work[D]is driven by task urgency40.This text is mainly about_______.[A]ways to relieve the tension of busy life[B]approaches to getting more done in less time[C]the key to eliminating distractions[D]the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subtitles from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45).There are two extra subtitles which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)A.Just say itB.Be presentC.Pay a unique compliment/doc/8bbe5eae4531b90d6c85ec3a87c24028905f8535.html ,places,thingsE.Find the“me too”sF.Skip the small talkG.Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links,which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day:the grocery worker,the cab driver,new people at work or the security guard at thedoor.Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.____________Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and something within you says“I want to talk with this person”—this is something the mostly happens with all of us.You wanted to say something—the first word—but it just won’t come out.It feels like it is stuck somewhere,I know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.Just think:that is the worst that could happen?They won’t talk with you?Well,they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow.So keep it simple:“Hi”,“Hey”or “Hello”—do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can,put on a big smile and say“Hi”。
2018年研究生英语学位课统考真题1及答案解析
2018年研究生英语学位课统考真题Part II. Vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each)21. In spite of the efforts of those industrious farmers, the local economy is far from developed due to isolation.A capableB ingeniousC innovativeD hard-working.22. Because of the struggle put up by the Women’s Lib , many women have found good careers.A initiatedB proposedC supportedD terminated23. The performance of these new employees will highlight the role of positive thinking.A confirmB emphasizeC enhanceD enlighten24. Our family stood in silence for a minute looking at the amazingly beautiful photo-graph of a human flag.A surprisinglyB indescribablyC permanentlyD uniquely25. The decision to strengthen intelligence collection is expected to minimize military casualties.A informationB intellectC brainD wisdom26. To me, St. Francis embodies the ideal blend of spirituality and public service.A compositionB mixtureC elaborationD speculation27. In the wake of such findings, several states are rethinking their plan to open these camps.A Based onB PrecedingC FollowingD Targeted at28. The staggering sum of money invested in this project failed to yield the desired result.A fluctuatingB increasingC diminishingD overwhelming29. It made me ask questions about life, death and mortality that ultimately helped me get through the disaster.A decisivelyB eventuallyC somewhatD somehow30. At that moment the first idea that came to her mind was that a disaster was around the corner.A coming to an endB still in the airC soon to happenD out of the question.Section B (0.5 point each)31. Do your children worry that they might feel pressure to ____ your hero’s image?A come up withB live up toC catch up onD add up to32. In the worst times of life, you have to take full advantage of the beautiful things that ____A come alongB come byC come acrossD come to33. Being critical and dictatorial, the boss would ____ discussion and ignore comments not in agreement with his.A facilitateB illustrateC illuminateD dominate34. Anderson held out his arms to ___ the attack, but the shark grabbed his right forearm and dived.A turn offB ward offC trigger offD call off35. Her excellent ___ of English helped her communicate freely with foreign partners.A standardB criterionC evaluationD command36. Because colleges can’t take all students with basic qualifications, ____ to college is competitive.A admirationB approachC admissionD assignment37. Helicopters rushed to where Shenzhou 5 ___ for the rescue of China’s first astronaut.A touched downB turned downC settled downD shot down38. The Chinese have achieved a great deal, but difficulties and hardships will long ____.A tolerateB bearC endureD withhold39. The belief that it’s healthy to let off pressure no longer ___, for we are working under heavy pressure.A holdsB carriesC takesD stands40. Handbags made of ____ leather are considered old-fashioned and poor in quality.A systematicB syntheticC sympatheticD statisticPart II. Cloze Test (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)People go to evening classes as they want new challenges. Some people choose courses 41 to learn newwork-related skills to move their career in a new direction.“Evening classes are a great way of 42 your skills or gaining new ones,” says Jessica Rolphe, training and development adviser at the UK’s Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.In some 43 , what starts as a hobby turns into a career. This is what happened to Ginny Jory, who did an evening course in photography while working for a newspaper about one year ago. During the course, not only was Jory learning all about photography, she also met other 44 photographers and realized it was a great networking 45 . “I discovered that a colleague from work was doing the same course and we became great friends. We 46 doing a millennium exhibition together.”Finally, Jory left her job and is now a full-time photographer of fashion and 47 .However, anyone thinking of doing a course with a specific outcome in mind needs to be sure that it will 48 what they want before enrolling. “Do your research 49 advance,” advises Rolphe. “Make sure you are doinga course that really is 50 and that the institute you are doing it at is highly respected.”41. A separately B spiritually C specifically D socially42. A updating B uprising C uprooting D unholding43. A terms B occasion C consequences D cases44. A perspiring B aspiring C expiring D conspiring45. A specialty B phase C opportunity D period46. A gave in B ended up C ceased to D resulted from47. A qualifications B characters C portraits D personalities48. A deliver B delight C determine D detect49. A up B for C into D in50. A redundant B reserved C resolved D relevantPart IV Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneThe worst thing about television and radio is that they entertain us, saving us the trouble of entertaining ourselves.A hundred years ago, before all these devices were invented, if a person wanted to entertain himself with a song or a piece of music, he would have to do the singing himself or pick up a violin and play it. Now, all he has to do is turn on the radio or TV. As a result, singing and music have declined.Italians used to sing all the time. Now, they only do it in Hollywood movies. Indian movies are mostly a series of songs and dances wrapped around silly stories. As a result, they don’t do much singing in Indian villages anymore. Indeed, ever since radio first came to life, there has been a terrible decline in amateur singing throughout the world.There are two reasons for this sad decline: One, human beings are astonishingly lazy. Put a lift in a building, and people would rather take it than climb even two flights of steps. Similarly, invent a machine that sings, and people would rather let the machine sing than sing themselves. The other reason is people are easily embarrassed. When there is a famous, talented musician readily available by pushing a button, which amateur violinist or pianist would want to try to entertain family or friends by himself?These earnest reflections came to me recently when two CDs arrived in the mail: They are historic recordings of famous writers reading their own works. It was thrilling to hear the voices from a long dead past in the late 19th century. But today, reading out loud anything is no longer common. Today, we sing songs to our children until they are about two , we read simple books to them till they are about five, and once they have learnt to read themselves, we become deaf. We’re alive only to the sound of the TV and the stereo.I count myself extremely lucky to have been born before TV became so common. I was about six before TV appeared. To keep us entertained, my mother had to do a good deal of singing and tell us endless tales. It was the same in many other homes. People spoke a language; they sang it, they recited it; it was something they couldfeel.Professional actors’ performance is extraordinarily revealing. But I still prefer my own reading. Because it’s mine. For the same reason, people find karaoke liberating. It is almost the only electronic thing that gives them back their own voice. Even if their voices are hoarse and hopelessly out of tune. At least it is meaningful self-entertainment.51. The main idea of this passage is that _______A TV and radio can amuse us with beautiful songs and music.B TV and radio have weakened our interest in entertaining ourselves.C people should not be too lazy or embarrassed to sing.D parents should sing songs and read books aloud to their children.52. According to the passage, Italian_________A only sing songs in Hollywood.B are no longer fond of music.C only sing and dance in villages.D Don’t sing much nowadays.53. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for the decline in amateur singing?A It is easier for people to please themselves with songs through TV.B People don’t want to take the trouble to sing songs themselves.C Amateurs feel shy if they can’t sing as well as the professionals.D Famous and talented musicians are always willing to entertain people.54. On hearing the voices of the famous writers of a long time past, the author was _________A very excitedB very frightenedC very nervousD very surprised55. By stating “ We are alive only to the sound of the TV and the stereo, “ the author means _______A we come back to life at the music provided by the TV and the stereo.B We only perceive the music provided by the TV and the stereo.C we should sing more than listen to the TV and the stereo.D we should listen to more music on the TV and the stereo.56. The author’s attitude toward Karaoke is ___________A negativeB positiveC neutralD indifferentPassage TwoIf those “mad moments” ----when you can’t recall what your friend has told you or where you left your keys----are becoming more frequent, mental exercises and a healthy brain diet may help.Just as bodies require more maintenance with the passing years, so do brains, which scientists now know show signs of aging as early as the 20s and 30s. “Brain aging starts at a very young age, younger than any of us have imagined and these processes continue gradually over the years,” said Dr. Gary Small, the director of the Center on Aging at the University of California, Los Angeles. “I’m convinced that it is never too early to get started on a mental or brain-fitness program,” he added.In his book , The Memory Bible, the 51-year-old neuroscientist lists what he refers to as the 10 commandments for keeping the brain young. They include training memory, building skills, minimizing stress, mental exercises, brain food and a healthy life-style. It’s a game plan for keeping brain cells sparking and neural networks in tip-top shape.“Misplacing your keys a couple of times doesn’t mean you should start labeling your cabinets. Memory loss is not an inevitable consequence of aging. Our brains can fight back,” he said.Small provides the weapons for a full-scale attack. According to him, simple memory tests give an indication of what you are up against and tools such as look, snap and connect are designed to make sure that important things such as names and dates are never forgotten. “So if you want to learn names and faces, for example, you meet Mrs.Beatty and you notice a distinguishing facial feature, may be a prominent eyebrow,”said Small. “You associate the first thing that comes to mind. I think of the actor Warren Beatty so I create a mental snapshot ofWarren Beatty kissing her brow.”Small admits it may sound a bit strange but he says it works. “Mental exercises could be anything from doing crossword puzzles and writing with your left hand if you are right handed or learning a language. It could be anything that is fun that people enjoy doing,” he added.He also recommends physical exercise, a low-fat diet and eating foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish, walnuts and Brazil nuts, and fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants (抗氧化剂)including blueberries and onions in addition to reducing stress.57. The “mad moments” in the first paragraph refers to when we ________A have some mental problems.B have lost our important things.C don’t listen to what our friends tell us to do .D fail to remember what should be remembered.58. In this passage, the author mainly tells us that ____A everyone can be forgetful sometimes regardless of one’s age.B we can prevent our sound mind from aging with certain methods.C brain aging starts from the time when we are in our 20s and 30s.D memory loss is a sign that shows we are getting old59. According to this passage, _____A the game plan for keeping brain cells sparking doesn’t work for everyone.B Dr. Small’s memory tests can show you what to do about brain aging.C Dr. Small’s advice can help us fight brain aging effectively.D our brains can reconstruct memories themselves.60. In the fifth paragraph, the author mainly ______A provides us with the weapons for attacking others.B introduces the tools that help us fight against memory loss.C tells us about the important things we should never forget.D explains the facial features useful for us to remember people.61. By saying “ I think of the actor Warren Beatty so I create…her brow, “ Dr. Small is trying to explain how to use the memory tool of ____A impressing rapidlyB minimizing stressC connecting related thingsD observing carefully62. According to Dr. Small, __________A left-handers may start brain aging later than right-handers do .B learning a foreign language does not help to keep out brain from getting old.C doing crossword puzzles is the best way to keep us from memory loss.D mental exercise plus healthy diet alone can’t keep us from brain aging.Passage ThreeThrough the years, our view of what leadership is and who can exercise it has changed considerably. Leadership competencies have remained constant, but our understanding of what it is, how it works, and the ways in which people learn to apply it has shifted. We do have the beginning of a general theory of leadership, from history and social research and above all from the thoughts of reflective practitioners such as Moses, Julius Caesar, and James Madison, and in our own time from such disparate sources of wisdom as Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Mao Tse-tung, and Henry Kissinger, who have very little in common except that they have not only been there but tried with some fairness to speculate on paper about it.But tales and reflective observation are not enough except to convince us that leaders are physically strong and abnormally hard workers. Today we are a little closer to understanding how and who people lead, but it wasn’t easy getting there. Decades of academic analysis have given us more than 350 definitions of leadership. Literally thousands of empirical investigations of leaders have been conducted in the last seventy-five years alone, but no clear understanding exists as to what distinguishes leaders from non-leaders, and perhaps moreimportant, what distinguishes effective leaders from ineffective leaders and effective organizations from ineffective organizations.Never have so many labored so long to say so little. Multiple interpretations of leadership exist, each providing a fragment of insight but each remaining an incomplete and wholly inadequate explanation. Most of these definition don’t agree with each other, and many o f them would seem quite remote to the leaders whose skills are being examined. Definitions reflect fashions, political tides and academic trends. They don’t always reflect reality and sometimes they just represent nonsense. It’s as if what Braque once said about art is also true of leadership: “The only thing that matters in art is the part that can’t be explained.”Many theories of leadership have come and gone. Some looked at the leader. Some looked at the situation. None has stood the test of time. With such a track record, it is understandable why leadership research and theory have been so frustrating as to deserve the label “the La Brea Tar Pits” of organizational inquiry. Located in Los Angeles, these asphalt pits house the remains of a long sequence of prehistoric animals that came to investigate but never left the area.63. In regard of leadership competencies, the author suggests that people have _____A believed in their existenceB learned to apply them extensivelyC found it very difficult to acquire them.D been unable to realize their importance.64. Several big names are mentioned in the first paragraph mainly to show their _____A different styles of leadershipB effective exercise of leadershipC contributions to the theory of leadershipD wisdom in applying the theory of leadership65. According to the author, people’s opinions of leadership are on the whole quite ____A dividedB originalC misleadingD sophisticated66. The author thinks that _________A many people have labored to be leaders.B leaders are beyond our understanding.C the essence of leadership has not been grasped.D the definitions of leadership should vary67. “The La Brea Tar Pits” probably signifies things that _________A can be traced back to the prehistoric age.B are traps for those who want to inquire.C are located in one place forever.D don’t deserve full investigation68. This passage is mainly concerned with ____________A the inconsistent theories of leadership.B the famous leaders and their theories.C the changes in the trend of leadership.D the inaccurate definitions of leadership.Passage FourWhen you leave a job with a traditional pension, don’t assume you’ve lost the chance to collect it. You’re entitled to whatever benefit you’ve earned ---you might even be entitled to take it now. “A lot of people forget they have it, or they think that by waiting until they are 65, they’ll have a bigger benefit,” says Wayne Bogosian, president of the PFE Group, which provides corporate pre-retirement education.Your former employers should send you a certificate that says how much your pension is worth. If it’s less than $ 5,000, or if the company offers a lump-sum payout , it will generally close your account and cash you out. It may not seem like much, but $ 5,000 invested over 20 years at eight percent interest is $23,000. If your pension is worth more than $5,000, or your company doesn’t offer the lump-sum option, find out how much money you’re eligible for at the plan’s normal retirement age, the earlier age at which you can collect the pension, the more severe penalty for collecting it early. You’ll probably still come out ahead by taking the money now and investing it.What if you left a job years ago, and you’re realizing you may have unwittingly left behind a pension? Get help from the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. It has an online search tool that has helped locate $ 47 million in lost benefits for more than 12, 000 workers.If you have a traditional pension, retiring early costs more than you might expect. Most people assume you takea proportional cut for leaving before your plan’s normal retirement age. For example, you might think that if you need to accrue 30 years of service and you leave three years early, you’d get a pension 90 percent of the full amount.But that’s not how it works. Instead, you take an actuarial reduction, determined by the employer but often around five percent a year, for each year you leave early. So retiring three years early could leave you with only 85 percent of the total amount.When you retire early with a defined-contribution plan,the problem is you start spending investments on which you could be earning interests. If you retire when you’re 55, for example, and start using the traditional pension then, by age 65 you’ll have only about half of what you would have had if you’d kept working until 65.69. When one leaves a job with a traditional pension, __________A he tends to forget that he has the pension.B he has no right to ask for the pension.C he’ll have a bigger benefit than if he waits until the age of 65.D he has a specified worth of pension.70. If the retiree’s pension is less than $ 5,000, it is wise of him to ______A ask the company for a lump-sum payout .B require his former boss to figure out the value of his pension.C take the pension with him and make a profit out of it.D collect the pension at his retirement plan’s normal retirement age.71. If one leaves early before his plan’s normal retirement age, ___________A he’ll take 90 percent of the total amount of his pension.B he’ll have half of his pension payments.C he’ll have his pension payment reduced by 5% a year.D he’ll have only 85 percent of his full pension.72. If one retires early with a defined –contribution plan, he is expected to _____A earn less interestB be better off than with a traditional pension.C start investment immediatelyD get less Social Security benefits.73. Which of the following can be used as the subtitle for the last three paragraphs?A Your Payout Is Not Guaranteed.B The Retirement Dilemma.C Leave Early, Lose Big.D Take the Pension with You.74. Which of the following is NOT true ?A If one leaves 3 years early on a 30-year-service basis, he won’t get a pension worth 27/30ths.B It pays to get an early retirement if one understands how retirement pension plan works.C The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation helps the retiree to recover lost benefit.D If one keeps his expenses within his retirement framework, he won’t be severely affected.Passage FiveIn a landmark decision, U.S. District Judge Leonie Brinkema ruled November 23, 1998, in Mainstream Loudown v. Board of Trustees of the Loudown County Library that the use of blocking software to restrict Internet access in public libraries is unconstitutional. Despite the library’s claims that its actions were justified in the name of “protecting minors from harmful content,” Judge Brinkema ruled that the library could not reduce adult access to standards established for children.“The use of blocking software in libraries offends the guarantee of free speech,” she ruled, and “constitutes a prior restraint” on all speech. The Loudown County X-Stop software blocked access to a wide range of websites, including those of Quakers, the conservative Heritage Foundation, and AIDS education groups, as well as information about banned books and safe sex.Relying on Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union , Brinkema rejected arguments that the installation of such filtering devices constitutes “a library acquisition decision, to which the First Amendment does not apply.” She pointed out that, since the library had originally provided uncensored Internet access and had then taken specific actions to limit it, the situation was analogous to the removal of library materials. The result, she said, was similar to “a collection of encyclopedias from which defendants have laboriously revised portions deemed unfit for library patrons.”Although Brinkema’s decision will have a major impact on the development of library polities nationwide, there is a crucial underlying problem that can’t be resolved through the legal process. Filtering software is created and produced by private companies that are quite eager and happy to make all the decisions for us. And by purchasing and installing their products, we are agreeing to let them do just that. It is to these private companies we are surrendering selection and access to the Internet’s huge database of electronic information. This means that even the staffs at public libraries have no role in the selection process.The Washington Coalition Against Censorship’s new original T-shirt design advocates the only solution we can trust to preserve our First Amendment liberties: “Use your brain: the filter you were born with.”75. The passage is mainly concerned with _________A whether it is legal to install computer software in public libraries.B whether libraries have to remove materials they consider harmful.C what reading materials public libraries should provide to their patrons.D what kind of online services public libraries should offer their readers.76. One of the defendant’s arguments is that ________A the First Amendment does not apply to library purchasing decisions.B certain materials have to be filtered to protect the ethnic minorities.C adults are guaranteed greater freedom to information than children.D the library intends to give their readers only healthy information.77. Which of the following statements is NOT true of X-Stop software?A It was purchased from a private commercial company.B It denied both children and adults access to certain websites.C It revised a certain portion of the encyclopedias in the library.D Its installation in a country library was declared illegal by the court.78. Even after the 1998 court decision, the public still have to face the fundamental problem of ____A giving up their freedom of speech on the Internet.B having more restricted access to electronic Information.C not allowing the librarians to select reading materials for them.D letting the commercial companies decide what they would read79. The word “uncensored” in the third paragraph probably means _________A freeB timelyC beneficialD restricted80. According to the author, the decision about what is the best to read lies with ________A the librariansB the individual citizensC the governmentD the legal courtsPart V Translation (30 minutes, 20 points )Section A (15 minutes, 10 points )Although the Bush administration has pledged its commitment to have Iraqis run their government on their own, peace and order will be long in coming. On one hand, Saddam remains unaccounted for. On the other hand, surging violence, cases of bloodshed, suicide bombings and people taking to streets to protest have plunged the U.S. in an embarrassing situation. Recently, President Bush has made some remarks that appear intended to address criticism from the Democratic presidential candidates that top decision-makers failed to anticipate the mounting difficulties lying ahead.It’s hoped that the UN can get actively involved in the reconstruction of this war-torn country and play a more positive role in finding a peaceful solution to problems confronting Iraqis.第二部分词汇Section A21. (D) 该句意为：尽管这些农民勤劳，拼命干活，但由于闭塞，当地经济十分落后。
2018考研英语(一)真题及参考答案(完整版)(00001)
2018考研英语(一)真题及参考答案(完整版)2018考研英语（一）真题及参考答案（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 , in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us.A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillfulat separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMindwill be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years,leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side ofthe White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid.The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.【答案】41. (E)→C →42. (G) →43. (A)→F→44. (B)→45. (D)Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48) but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.【参考译文】46.到莎士比亚出生的年代，欧洲经历了宗教戏剧的消亡，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧的影响下新的戏剧形式的产生。
2018年考研英语真题答案及解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解Section I Use of English全文翻译：你的大脑与信任：为什么我们天生信任别人信任是一件棘手的事，一方面，（1）对很多重要的事情来说，这是一个必要条件：托儿、友情等，另一方面，把你的（2）信任放在错误的地方通常伴有高昂的（3）代价。
（4）那么，我们究竟为什么要相信别人呢？嗯，因为这样感觉很好。
（5）当人们相信一个人或一个机构时，他们的大脑会释放催产素，这是一种会（6）制造愉悦情感和激发群体集本能的激素，这种本能促使人们彼此（7）联系。
科学家发现，接触（8）到这种激素让我们处于信任的（9）情绪中：在一项瑞士的研究中，研究人员将催产素喷洒进半数受试者的鼻子里；这些人准备借给陌生人的钱的数额比吸入了其他物品的（10）对应受试者高得多。
对我们来说（11）幸运的是，我们还有识别不诚实的第六感，这可以（12）保护我们。
一项加拿大的研究发现，仅14个月大的孩子就能够将可靠的人和不诚实的人区分开来。
60个刚学步的小孩每人都被（14）介绍给一个拿着塑料容器的成人测试人员。
测试人员在看向容器里之前会问：“这里面有什么呢？”然后笑着惊叹：“哇哦！”然后邀请每一个受试者看向容器（15）里面。
一半的小孩发现有玩具；另一半（16）发现容器里是空的——然后意识到测试人员（17）欺骗了他们.在没有被戏弄的孩子中，大部分都（18）愿意同测试人员合作学习一项新技能，说明他们相信他的领导地位，（19）相比之下，同（20）“不可靠的”测试人员被配对的30个孩子中，只有5个参与了后续活动。
1、【答案】[C]for【解析】此处考察介词的用法。
it’s a necessary condition____many worthwhile things(信任是一个必要条件_____许多重要事情)此处应该是说，信任对许多重要事情来说是一个必要条件。
C选项for(对...来说)符合语义，故为正确答案;D选项from(来自于)，B选项like(像...)，A选项on(关于)语义不恰当，故排除。
2018考研英语真题原文及参考答案
2018考研英语真题原文及参考答案2018 考研英语真题原文及参考答案一、阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
AWhen Steven Spielberg was a teenager, his parents moved to New Jersey, and he very much wanted to attend a local university. So Spielberg created his own student identification card that said he was 21 and then forged his birth date on his driver’s license (驾照) to match the ID card. With them, plus a tall frame, he got a job as an intern (实习生) with Universal Studiosin Hollywood.Spielberg had learned to direct movies while he was young, often using his family’s movie camera to shoot home movies. The studio, intrigued with him, let him develop his short (短篇的) film into a full-length one, Amblin'.A Universal executive saw the movie and eventually signed (签约) Spielberg to a directing contract. By the age of 20, he was the youngest director at a major studio.Steven Spielberg has gone on to direct many of the most successful movies ever released by Hollywood, including E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial,Jaws, Indiana Jones, and Saving Private Ryan. Today, he is considered one of the most successful and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema.16. What does the text mainly talk about?A. The success of Steven Spielberg’s movies.B. How Spielberg got a directing contract.C. Spielberg’s experiences working at Universal Studios.D. How Spielberg got into the university.17. What helped Spielberg to get a job as an intern?A. His parents’ support for his choice.B. His talent in directing movies.C. His forged identification documents.D. His previous experience at a major studio.18. What can we learn about Spielberg from the text?A. He was rejected by Universal Studios at first.B. Amblin' was developed from a short film.C. He shot E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial at home.D. He was already famous when he was a teenager.【答案与解析】16. 答案选 C。
2018年考研英语真题及答案(完整版)
2018年考研英语真题及答案（完整版）Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition （1）many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your（2）, in the wrong place often carries a high（3）.（4）, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. （5）people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that（6）pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to（7）with one another. Scientists have found that exposure（8）this hormone puts us in a trusting（9）: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their（10）who inhaled something else.（11）for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may（12）us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months candifferentiate（13）a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each（14）to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?”before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!”Each subject was then invited to look（15）. Half of them found a toy; the other half（16）the container was empty-and realized the tester had（17）them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were（18）to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. （19）, only five of the 30 children paired with the “（20）”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. A．on B．like C．for D．from2. A．faith B．concern C．attention D．interest3. A．benefit B．debt C．hope D．price4. A．Therefore B．Then C．Instead D．Again5. A．Until B．Unless C．Although D．When6. A．selects B．produces C．applies D．maintains7. A．consult B．compete C．connect D．compare8. A．at B．by C．of D．to9. A．context B．mood C．period D．circle10. A．counterparts B．substitutes C．colleagues D．supporters11. A．Funny B．Lucky C．Odd D．Ironic12. A．monitor B．protect C．surprise D．delight13. A．between B．within C．toward D．over14. A．transferred B．added C．introduced D．entrusted15. A．out B．back C．around D．inside16. A．discovered B．proved C．insisted D．remem bered17. A．betrayed B．wronged C．fooled D．mocked18. A．forced B．willing C．hesitant D．entitled19. A．In contrast B．As a result C．On the whole D．For instance20. A．inflexible B．incapable C．unreliable D．unsuitable Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering —have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This wouldboost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?A．Leading politicians.B．Low-wage laborers.C．Robot owners.D．Middle-class workers.答案D22 . Which of the following best represent the author's view?A．Worries about automation are in fact groundless.B．Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.C．Issues arising from automation need to be tackledD．Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided答案Ccation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on_____.A．creative potential.B．job-hunting skills.C．individual needs.D．cooperative spirit.答案A24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at_____.A．encouraging the development of automation.B．increasing the return on capital investment.C．easing the hostility between rich and poor.D．preventing the income gap from widening.答案D25.In this text, the author presents a problem with_____.A．pposing views on it.B．possible solutions to it.C．its alarming impacts.D．its major variations.答案BText 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust”to verify stories. They cross-check sources andprefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,”the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,”more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills –and in their choices on when to share on social media.26.According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts onA．the justification of the news-filtering practice.B．people's preference for social media platforms.C．the administrations ability to handle information.D．social media was a reliable source of news.答案D27.The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning toA．sharpenB．defineC．boastD．share答案A28.According to the knight foundation survey, young peopleA．tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.B．verify news by referring to diverse resources.C．have s strong sense of responsibility.D．like to exchange views on “distributed trust”答案B29.The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem isA．readers outdated values.B．journalists' biased reportingC．readers' misinterpretationD．journalists' made-up stories.答案C30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A．A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineB．A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendC．The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.D．The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.答案AText 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, hasissued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled”the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data ofcountless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?A．It caused conflicts among tech giants.B．It failed to pay due attention to patient's rights.C．It fell short of the latter's expectationsD．It put both sides into a dangerous situation.答案B32.The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict withA．empty promises.B．tough resistance.C．necessary adjustments.D．sincere apologies.答案C33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 thatA．privacy protection must be secured at all costs.B．leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.C．making profits from patients' data is illegal.D．the value of data comes from the processing of it答案D34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this dealisA．the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.B．the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.C．the uncontrolled use of new software.D．the monopoly of big data by tech giants.答案D35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcareisA．ambiguous.B．cautious.C．appreciative.D．contemptuous.答案BText 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annuallypre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate –where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, notcomprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36. The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by_____.A．its unbalanced budget.B．its rigid management.C．the cost for technical upgrading.D．the withdrawal of bank support.答案B37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself dueto_____.A．the interference from interest groups.B．the inadequate funding from Congress.C．the shrinking demand for postal service.D．the incompetence of postal unions.答案A38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by_____.A．removing its burden of retiree health care.B．making more investment in new vehicles.C．adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.D．attracting more first-class mail users.答案A39. In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with_____. A．respect.B．tolerance.C．discontent.D．gratitude.答案C40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A．The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old DaysB．The Postal Service: Keep Away from My CheeseC．The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick CureD．The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid答案DPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the otherside of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated inhistorical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircasesof granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820.A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.【答案】41. (E)→C →42. (G) →43. (A)→F→44. (B)→45. (D)Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, andthe creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48) but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage -where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.【参考译文】46.到莎士比亚出生的年代，欧洲经历了宗教戏剧的消亡，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧的影响下新的戏剧形式的产生。
2018年安徽英语试题-及答案
2018年安徽英语试题-及答案2018年安徽省初中学业水平考试英语第一部分听力(共五大题，满分30分)Ⅰ.关键词语选择(共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分)你将听到五个句子。
请在每小题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出一个你所听到的单词或短语。
每个句子读两遍。
1. A. look B. knock C. cook2. A. dream B. cream C. team3. A. ticket B. pocket C. jacket4. A. teach B. catch C. search5.A. put up B. turn up C. pick upⅡ.短对话理解(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)你将听到十段对话，每段对话后有一个小题。
请在小题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出一个最佳选项。
每段对话读两遍。
6. Which animal does the woman want to see?A. B. C.7. What will the woman probably use to eat noodles?A. B. C.8. What place does the woman want to find?A. B. C.9. How will the man go to Beijing?A. B. C.10. What does Peter usually do after school?A. B. C.11. What does Dad want Julie to do?A. Forget the test.B. Go to sleep.C. Study math.12. Why is Mary worried these days?A. Because she has much work.B. Because she has lost some money.C. Because she is putting on weight.13. What does Jessica think of the Chinese song?A. The music is nice.B. The words are great.C. The song is short.14. Where does the conversation probably take place?A. In a bank.B. In a hotel.C. In a hospital.15. How soon will the concert begin?A. In 10 minutes.B. In 20 minutes.C. In 30 minutes.Ⅲ. 长对话理解(共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分)你将听到两段对话，每段对话后有几个小题。