考博英语翻译笔记
清华大学中国现当代文学专业考博考试重点-育明考博

清华大学中国现当代文学专业考博复习资料参考书-育明考博一、清华大学人文学院中国现当代文学方向考博内容分析(育明考博辅导中心)专业方向招生人数初试内容复试内容050100中国语言文学中国现当代文学约2人①101英语、103日语②636二十世纪中国文学501综合考试育明考博辅导中心张老师解析:1、清华大学人文学院中国现当代文学方向考博的报录比平均在5:1左右(竞争较激烈)2、本专业有三位导师:旷新年、解志熙、汪晖3、同等学力考生在初试合格后须加试报考专业两门硕士专业学位课程和自然辩证法。
4、初试英语拉开的分差较小,两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。
要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。
专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。
5、清华大学考博初试外语中不含听力。
6、学院并不指定外语和专业课复习的参考书。
育明教育考博分校针对清华大学各专业考博开设的辅导课程有:考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。
根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源,整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料,为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。
(清华大学人文学院考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育张老师叩叩:772678537)二、清华大学人文学院中国语言文学专业历年考博复试分数线(育明考博课程中心)育明考博辅导中心张老师解析:1、人文学院中国语言文学专业共有7个研究方向,各研究方向之间报录比差别还是比较大的。
2、根据最新的信息,学院将会逐步增加硕博连读的名额,减少在职定向读博的名额。
3、初试英语拉开的分差较小,两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。
要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。
专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。
年份录取成绩要求复试人数/招生人数2014年外语47分、专业课50分综合考试60分19人/14人(不包括骨干计划)2015年外语50分、专业课50分综合考试60分15人/10人(不包括骨干计划)育明教育考博分校针对清华大学各专业考博开设的辅导课程有:考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
新东方口诀记忆背单词

新东方口诀记忆背单词口诀一:rim 边缘brim 边缘grim 恐怖的trim 修剪整齐prim 呆板的prose 单调、散文plight 困境pray 祈祷只有rim是边缘,前面加b意义不变,前面加鬼(g)真恐怖,前面加t才修剪整齐,前面加p真呆板,扑(p)到玫瑰(rose)前真单调,扑(p)灭灯光陷入困境,扑在光前来祈祷。
[扩展] 看到g想成“鬼”,看到p想成“扑”口诀二:blemish污点blot肮脏,污点blight枯萎blast爆炸blame责备布莱迷失是污点,虽然不多但也挺脏,见不到光就枯萎,不持续就爆炸,炸瘸了腿别怪我。
[解释] “布莱”想成英国首相“布莱尔”[扩展]见到b想成“不”口诀三:lag:落后flag:旗帜lash:鞭打flash:闪电lame:瘸的flame:火焰are:是flare:熊熊燃烧,闪耀flip:轻击lip:嘴唇flight:飞行light:光落后的旗帜,鞭打着闪电,残废的火焰,是在熊熊燃烧,轻击着嘴唇,飞翔在光中。
口诀四:(by 火舞)light 光delight 高兴slight 轻微的,苗条的alight 点亮的blight 枯萎flight 飞行plight 困境depart 离开只有light才是光,light加s 是灯泡(light)前面加a是点燃,前面加b是枯萎弟弟(de)见光真快乐,(s)在光前真苗条口诀五:fledging:小鸟flake:雪花,薄片flair:本能flaunt:炫耀flock:(禽、畜等的)一群flout:蔑视flatter:溜须拍马,奉承flurry:困惑的,惶惶不安的flack:严厉批评飞在边缘是小鸟,飞入湖中是雪花,飞在空中是本能,飞来的姑姑在炫耀,锁到一起是一群,飞出去却遭到蔑视,后飞来的却在那溜须拍马,只是听起来真是很flurry,缺乏的却是严厉批评。
[解释]1. -ing结尾的指“小的”,如yearling:一岁家畜。
考博英语翻译笔记整理版(唐静主讲)综述

2010考研翻译笔记(主讲:唐静)一、考研翻译的三大基本问题(一)考研翻译的解题“奥秘”做真题,而不是看翻译做翻译=写汉字(二)考研翻译的题型、命题原则和考试内容1、题型①大的方面:主观题——汉字书写工整②小的方面:阅读题没有必要通读全文有些情况下,需要阅读划线句子的上下文划线句子有代词,需要读上下文2、命题原则①体裁偏向学术文献,比较抽象②题材偏向文科领域(1998年理科的)③划线的句子长30个字左右,为长难句3、考试内容=考点1)考察专有名词、词组和多义词的解释(1)专有名词人名、地名、国家名称、术语、组织机构名称(2)专业术语Big Bang大爆炸理论inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论(3)学科术语anthropoloist人类学家anthropological人类学的inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论SARS非典(4)词组as……as by means ofhome appliances家用电器die out灭绝(5)多义词:school 学派before以前serve起作用life 生命、生活(6)熟词生义set (成套)设备;集、集合offend 冒犯;排污超标;污染超标particle 粒子(7)生词:超纲词2)考察一般性翻译技巧,包括词序调整、词义选择A、词序调整:即改变英语单词在汉语译文中的先后顺序46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.在联系不同民族和国家方面,电视也许以前没有像在最近欧洲事件中起如此重大的作用。
考博英语翻译笔记

8. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.分析:本句为表语前置,表示强调。
正常语序应为:It is certain that…。
译文:植物发育生长的全部根本过程当然是在水中发生的。
9. We rally should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.译文:我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。
我们确实是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。
10. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge ’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.分析:正常语序应为:The vehicle came down the thoroughfare 。
为使语言生动形象,文学作品中常用这类倒装。
在翻译时要尽量翻译出原句的语言效果。
这里bear=carry 。
译文:从拥挤的街道上驶来了一辆剑桥大学最有特色的车,车上坐着学校最著名的人物。
1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.分析:本句的主干结构是:Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’译文:从本世纪初到本世纪中叶从事写作的小说家和历史学家只要描写妇女,就会描述西部妇女,而且都被特纳迷住。
付博考研英语笔记

Abstract1. 文章主题概括;文章主题+文章结构2. 各段梗概描述;3. 该篇文章评价。
This essay provi des us with an overview of the problem of homelessness in America! It not only cast light on amount of homeless people but al so probes into possible countermeasures.In the first paragraph, the author endeavors to reveal the actual amount of thi s homeless populati on but in vain, merely concludi ng that the number is ever-increasing. Then he discusses corresponding solutions to thi s problem, but finding it difficult.This essay is really thought-provoking. It leaves us to conduct further research on thi s social problem and have a better reflection on this matter.常见的摘要句式有:1) This paper deals with...2) This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...3) This essay presents knowledge that...4) This thesi s di scusses...5) This thesi s analyzes...6) This paper provides an overview of...7) This paper elaborates on ...8) This article gi ves an overview of...9) This article compares...and summarizes key findings.10) This paper incl udes di scussions concerning...11) This paper presents up-to-date information on...12) This article covers the role of chemicals in...13) This paper addresses important topics including...14) This paper touches upon...15) This paper strongly emphasizes...16) This essay represents the proceedings of ...17) This article not onl y describes...but also suggests...18) This paper considers...19) This paper provides a method of ...20) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21) This paper offers the latest information regarding...22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23) This article explores...24) This paper expresses views on...25) This paper reflects the state of the art in...26) This paper explains the procedures for...27) This paper develops the theory of ...28) This article reviews the techniques used in...29) This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to...30) This article is about...31) This essay is related to ...32) This paper concerns...33) This paper gives an account of ...34) This article tells of...35) This paper tries to describe...36) This paper provides an anal ysis of ...37) This paper reports the latest information on ...38) The author of this article reviews...39) The writer of thi s paper discusses...40) The writer of thi s essay tries to explore...41) The aim of this paper is to determine...42) The purpose of thi s article is to review...43) The objective of this paper is to explore...44) The author suggests (recommends, concludes)that…….45) This article shows that…….46) It is suggested that…….47) The author’s suggestion (conclusion )is that ……48) The author finds it necessary to …….完型中常考的介词及词组1. 介词vs小副词AcrossPrep. 碰到,遇到:I came across my ex-girlfriend in Europe.Adv. 以能被接受的方式进行:I got my idea across.AfterPrep. 探求、追求:Fu Rong seeks after fame and goes after big money.关于:He always asks after you.尽管:We are still husband and wife after all our disputes.仿照:I wrote a story after O. Henry.Adv.AgainstPrep. 以备(后用),预防:food stored agai nst winter / protection against the col d AlongPrep. 根据Adv. 一起bring your friend along / publish the paper along with the reportAmongPrep. 多者之间,群体内AroundPrep. 遍及:around the country.临近:I live around New York City.Adj. 存活:My puppy is no longer around.在场:ask if the witness i s aroundBehindPrep. 潜在的原因:Behind your every effort is your ambition. BeyondByConcerningForFor all the problems, the experience is valuable.FromPrep. 离开、脱离:keep … from… / prevent … from …InOfadj. = of n.OffAdj.OnAdj.OutPrep.Adv.OverPrep.Adv.ThroughPrep.Adv.TowardPrep.Adv.UnderPrep.Adv.UpPrep.Adv.WithPrep.Adv.2. 语篇逻辑中常见词汇转折however, yet, but, anyhow, anyway, nevertheless, while, whereas,instead, instead of;递进besi des, further, moreover, most important, in addition, furthermore, too, also, and then, agai n, indeed;条件、让步if, only if,in spite of, despite, though, although, even so, even though, rather, after all, regardless, while;原因、结果because, si nce, as, for, due to, so, therefore, thus, hence, in that , accordingly, consequently, as a result, as a consequence, so that , to thi s end;比较、对比likewise, at the same time, in the same way, in comparison, in contrast, like, as, just as, conversely, on the contrary ,while;列举、举例first, second, in the first place, in the second place, next, another, finally, still, namely, that is, for instance, for example, as an example, specifically, in particular;时间关系before ,after, until, till,meanwhile,subsequently。
北京外国语大学英语国家语言研究考博参考书目导师笔记重点

二、初试考试内容
学科、专 业名称
研究方向
研究领域
外国语
蓝纯
1-2
初试考试科目
专业科目一
专业科目二
050201 英语语言
文学
英语国家语言 研究
(001 英语学 院)
认知语言学
二外(俄语、法
语、德语、日 语、西班牙语
普通语言学
认知语言学/认知诗学
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ任选一种)
三、部分科目参考书目
研究方向
参考书目
20 世纪加拿大女 性小说研究(英语 学院耿力平教授)
wwwyumingeducom考博分校考博考试信息辅导课程可咨询育明教育考博分校北京外国语大学英语国家语言研究考博参考书目导师笔记重点一专业的设置导师及招生计划学科专业名称研究方向研究领域指导教师招生人数050201英语语言文英语国家语言研究001英语学院认知语言学12二初试考试内容学科专业名称研究方向研究领域初试考试科目外国语专业科目一专业科目二050201英语语言文学英语国家语言研究001英语学认知语言学二外俄语法语德语日语西班牙语任选一种普通语言学认知语言学认知诗学三部分科目参考书目研究方向参考书目20世纪加拿大女性小说研究英语学院耿力平教授wjkeith加拿大英语文学史北京大学出版社20092northropfryebushgarden
of Minnesota Press, 1997. 4、 Robert J. C. Young. Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Oxford:
Blackwell Publishers, 2001. 5、 Jonathan Culler. On Deconstruction: Theory and Criticism after Structuralism.
考博英语(翻译和写作常用短语)

一、政治类:把…捐给慈善机构 donate …to charities把…看成社会公敌 look upon … as a threat to society把…列为基本国策 list…..as fundamental national policies把…作为指导 take… as the guide把理论和实际结合起来 integrate theory with practice …把握大局 grasp the overall situation摆脱贫穷落后 get rid of poverty and backwardness保护妇女权利不受侵犯 guarantee (protect) women’s rights against infringement 采取各种措施 adopt various measures参政、议政 participate in the management of State affairs充满信心和力量 be filled with confidence and strength打破僵局 break the deadlock打破禁区 break off a forbidden zone得出结论 draw ( arrive at, come to reach ) a conclusion锻造一支人民军队 forge a people’s army对…具有深远的影响 have a far-reaching impact on对…做出重要(巨大)贡献 make important (great, major )contributions to反对各种形式的恐怖主义 be opposed to all forms of terrorism反腐倡廉 combat corruption and build a clean government高举伟大旗帜 hold high the great banner给…带来机遇和挑战 present (bring) both opportunities and challenges to根除 (防止,消除)*** root out (prevent, eliminate) corruption观察当今世界 observe the present-day world缓和紧张状况 ease the tension回顾奋斗历程 review the course of struggle加快改革步伐 accelerate the speed of reform加强舆论监督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in publicopinion坚持改革开放政策 adhere to the reform and open policy坚持统一,反对分裂,增加 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase 了解,化解歧见 understanding and iron out differences减轻农民负担 alleviate farmer’s burden解放思想 emancipate our minds解决温饱问题 solve the problem of food and clothing解决新问题 resolve new problems进入世界先进行列 edge into the advanced ranks in the world进入新时期 enter a new period进行和谈 hold peace talks进行战略性调整 make strategic readjustment就…接受妥协 accept a compromise on开发西部 remake the west开始生效go into effect (enter into force)开拓前进open up new ways forward科教兴国rejuvenate our country through science and education理顺关系rationalize the relationship履行权利和义务perform the responsibilities and obligations迈出重要的一步make an important step热爱和平love peace深化改革deepen the reform审时度势size up the situation实现发展繁荣bring about development and prosperity实现民族独立realize national independence实现夙愿fulfill the long-cherished wishes实现小康目标achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life 实现中华民族伟大复兴bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation实行新政策practice new policies受到全世界广泛关注attract extensive attention worldwide缩小差别bridge (narrow) the gap完成中华民族的振兴大业implement the revitalization of our nation维护世界和平maintain world peace吸收各国文明的先进成果absorb what is advanced in other civilizations下放权力给delegate the management of ... (to ...)响应号召respond to the call修改法律amend the laws宣布…召开announce the opening of徇私枉法bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends依法治国govern the country according to law引起全国的关注arouse the concern of the whole nation引起全世界广泛关注attract extensive attention worldwide赢得一个又一个胜利win one victory after another在…中起(至关)重要作用play a major (crucial, an important ) role in增强凝聚力enhance the rally power增强综合国力和国际竞争enhance comprehensive (overall) national strength and international competitiveness展望伟大征程look into the great journey展现生机和活力display one’s vigor and vitality战胜无数的困难overcome numerous difficulties振兴西部revive the west振兴中华民族rejuvenate (revitalize) our nation政企不分mix up the functions of the government and enterprises政企分开separate government functions from enterprise management政务公开make government affairs public主张各国政府采取行动urge governments of all countries to take action抓住机遇seize the opportunity转变政府职能transform (shift) the government functions追求进步pursue progress追求真理seek the truth走进新时代march (stride) into the new era.遵纪守法、廉洁奉公observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties遵循规则follow the principles二、经济类爱岗敬业cherish posts and devote wholeheartedly to work保持国民经济发展的良好势头maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy保持国有股keep the State-held shares保证下岗职工的基本生活guarantee the basic needs of laid-off workers被指控接受贿赂be accused of accepting bribes采取不同的办法adopt various methods采取反垄断措施take anti-monopoly measures承担风险bear (take) risk筹集足够的资金raise enough funds (capital, proceeds)创收外汇earn foreign exchange (currency)刺激国内经济需求spur domestic demand刺激国内需求stimulate domestic demand从粗放经济转变为集约经济shift from extensive economy to intensive economy从国外引进先进技术和管理introduce from abroad the advanced technology and经验management expertise促进地区间的合作promote regional cooperation促进改革promote reform促进全球经济一体化foster integration with the global economy打黑crack down on speculation and profiteering打假take strong measures against fake and shoddy products (crack down on counterfeit goods)打破垄断break the monopoly对…提出控告(投诉) lodge complaints against…对…造成(构成)威胁form (pose) a threat to…夺回失去的市场take back lost market发挥自身优势give full play to one’s advantages防范和化解金融风险take precautions against and reduce financial risks改善投资环境improve the environment for investment赶超先进surpass the advanced给…带来积极影响bring a more pos itive impact on…根据市场作出调整gear ourselves to the market orientation公证财产notarize the properties和…达成(签订)协议reach (sign) an agreement with和…进一步合作further cooperation with和…有合作关系have cooperative ties with活跃市场enliven the market集中精力把经济建设搞上去go all out for economic development。
中国矿业大学考博英语必备翻译知识点及其例句

中国矿业大学考博英语必备翻译知识点及其例句01.The tenant is discontented with the content of the agreement for renting the tennis tent.租客对承租网球帐篷协议的内容不满。
02.The current occurrence of torrent spurs him to buy fur and sulfur.最近的洪流事件刺激他去买皮毛和硫磺。
03.I'm confident that the dentist will deny the confidential accidental incident.我确信这个牙医将会否认这个秘密的意外事件。
04.The student identified the identical idiom on the identity cards.学生鉴别身份证上完全相同的的成语。
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05.The stupid student rapidly studied the accident in the studio.愚蠢(乏味、麻木)的学生在工作室内快速学习这个意外事件。
06.Considering considerable spiders outside,I stay in the president's residence.鉴于外面有太多的蜘蛛,我留在校长的住处。
07.Besides this side,I considered both the inside and outside.除了这一侧面,内外两面我都考虑了。
08.It's evident that the evil devil inevitably goes to ruin.很明显,邪恶的魔鬼必定走向灭亡。
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考博英语翻译笔记倒装和分割结构为了强调句子的某些部分,或是为了保持句子平衡,英语中常常使用倒装。
大体说来,倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。
主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。
在翻译的时候,既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译,也可以按照字面意思翻译。
非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置,以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。
翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。
1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.分析:本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。
正常语序为:if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。
在正式文体中,可以将虚拟条件句中的if 省略,并将助动词提前。
译文:例如,它们(指测试)并不弥补社会的不公,因此不能说明一个贫困青年,要是在比较有利的境况下长大,会有多大才干。
2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's “baby boom ” generation reached its child-bearing years.分析:该句中so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。
用so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。
译文:不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“ 生育高峰期” 出生的一代人达到生育年龄,婴儿的出生数量增加了,这同样起了作用。
3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.分析:该句的Much as I have traveled 是一个由as 引导的让步状语从句。
相当于though I have traveled much ,但语气要比后者强。
这种结构要求部分倒装。
译文:我虽然见多识广,但还从未见过比她细心的人,不管什么职业4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly. 分析:相信大家对这种结构都不陌生。
Only 后加副词、介词、状语从句时要用部分倒装。
但是要注意的是,如果only 修饰的不是状语,则不用倒装。
译文:只有很好地掌握了语法知识,写出来的东西才会正确。
5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West .分析:当句首是否定副词或含有否定词的词语时,一般要部分倒装。
译文:1980 年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。
6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.分析:hardly…when的结构表示“冈U…就…”。
含有这种结构的句子常将hardly 置于句首,而采用部分倒装的语序。
此外,hardly分句中一般采用过去完成时,而when (或before )分句中使用过去时。
还有,与hardly…when… 结构类似的用法还有barely (scarcely)…whe n …译文:他刚开始讲,听众就打断了他的话。
7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.分析:such…that结构可将such或含有such的词组放在句首,使全句采用部分倒装。
与此用法类似的还有so…that结构。
译文:她在排演中搞得太过分,以致两名男演员退出不干了。
8. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.分析:本句为表语前置,表示强调。
正常语序应为:It is certain that…。
译文:植物发育生长的全部基本过程当然是在水中发生的。
9. We rally should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.分析:这两句话是为了使上下文紧密衔接,从而将第二个并列分句的表语前置。
译文:我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。
我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。
10. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge ' s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.分析:正常语序应为:The vehicle came down the thoroughfare 。
为使语言生动形象,文学作品中常用这类倒装。
在翻译时要尽量翻译出原句的语言效果。
这里bear=carry 。
译文:从拥挤的街道上驶来了一辆剑桥大学最有特色的车,车上坐着学校最著名的人物。
语法关系密切的两个句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的现象称为分割结构。
英语中,分割结构的类型是多种多样的。
例如,英语句子的主语和谓语一般都紧密相联,它们之间很少插入介词等比较长的结构。
但是,在有些情况下,或是为了保持句子的平衡,避免头重脚轻;或是为了语义严密,结构紧凑,在主语和谓语之间有时也会插入其他成分。
此外,还有定语(或定语从句)与其中心词被分隔;某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔;动词与其宾语被分隔;介词与其宾语被分隔等等。
总之,英语的分割应遵循尾重原则(应把长而复杂的成分放在句末,使结构匀称)和句尾信息焦点原则(把新信息,即语意重点放在句末)。
同时,在阅读时要注意找出原来属于一个整体部分的意义。
1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fe ll under Turner ' s spell.分析:本句的主干结构是:Most novelists and historians … fell under Turner 's spell. Turner 是美国历史学家。
under a spell :被迷住,着迷。
writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修饰主语,起分割主谓的作用。
而其中的状语从句when they considered women at all 是定语从句who considered women in theWest 中的状语成分。
译文:从本世纪初到本世纪中叶从事写作的小说家和历史学家只要描写妇女,就会描述西部妇女,而且都被特纳迷住。
2. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made thatin their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.分析:the claim 和其同位语that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to thehighest position 被the claim 的定语从句that Americans often made 分割。
同位语从句在翻译时可按照顺序翻译,将其翻译为分句。
译文:美国人常认为,在他们国家,一个人的地位可以从社会最底层上升到社会最上层,亚伯拉罕? 林肯就是极好的例子。
3. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination —to succeed. 分析:本句的主干结构是:… there were negotiations and … threats of failure 。
“ overcome by…”是过去分词短语,修饰threats of failure 。
stubborn determ in ation 和其定语动词不定式“to succeed” 被“ indeed, some call it unprecedented determination ” 分割。
译文:在最后的八年里,进行了艰苦卓绝的、几乎是不间断的谈判,其间屡经失败之虞,但最终通过创造性的协调和要取得成功的顽强决心——确实有人称之为前所未有的决心——而渡过难关,取得了胜利。
4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark. 分析:in trying to solve插在the problem 和定语从句which…之间,起到承上启下的作用。