美国文学1
美国文学 课件1-puritanism清教主义
❖“The king died and then the queen died.”
❖ “The king died and then the queen
died of grief.”
1. What is Literature?
❖ Literature is characterized by beauty of expression and form and by university of intellectual and emotional appeal.
Other approaches(2)
❖ Post- structuralism ❖ Decostructuralism
❖ Our textbook is arranged in chronological order, but we deal with each period analytically with emphasis on theme.
4.How to Define American Literature
❖ American literature mainly refers to literature produced in American English by the people living in the US. This generalization does not exclude literature produced in other languages by American expatriates or literature produced in other languages by minorities in the country such as the American Indian literature in the Indian language and the Jewish American literature in the Yiddish language.
美国文学——独立革命时期
美国独立革命时期的文学（一）独立革命时期的历史背景18世纪的美国经历了两场革命：一场是独立战争，这场革命诞生了一个新的国家，它对美国社会的影响超过了在此之前的任何事件；另一场革命就是启蒙运动。
这是一场知识革命，其理智精神激励着美国的知识界，将他们带入了一个新的思想境界，超越在此之前的清教主义的局限。
这两场运动产生了一大批政治和文学人物，如：本杰明·富兰克林、托马斯·潘恩、托马斯·杰弗逊等，他们的文学天赋使他们成为了政治领袖，也让文学成为了革命的一部分。
随着殖民地的不断扩大，欧洲各国在北美殖民地的矛盾冲突进一步激化。
哥伦布发现“新大陆”后，西班牙人首先在北美站稳了脚跟，进而占领了西印度群岛，1565年在弗罗里达建立了第一个殖民地。
法国占领了奎北克地区。
到了17世纪，法国人逐步深入到了大湖区和密西西比地区。
欧洲各国在商贸、交通等活动中矛盾重重，战争不可避免。
欧洲殖民者在新大陆的战争于17世纪末开始，经历了英法1689年的奥哥斯伯格联盟战争；1702—1713年的英国和西法联军的战争；1745—1748年间的奥地利继承权战争等一系列的战争，英国殖民者最终大获全胜。
战争的胜利使得英属北美殖民地的经济和军事实力进一步加强。
到了18世纪殖民地的人们纷纷提出要进一步团结起来的主张。
到1760—1776年间革命的团结的思想逐渐形成。
美国革命的原因即有政治方面的，也有经济方面的。
为进一步掠夺殖民地的资源，英国政府先后颁发了一系列有损于殖民地人民利益的法案。
航海和商业法伤害了北方殖民者的感情；1763年的山禁政策使广大殖民地人民感到不可容忍；1765年的印花税法更加激怒了十三个殖民地的人民；1767年的宅地法引起了人民的公开抵制。
1773年爆发了波士顿革命事件；1775年列克星敦的枪声标志着美国革命的开始。
美国人民向英国统治者打响了第一枪。
战争持续了6年，在华盛顿将军的带领下，在经历了一系列的挫折和失败之后，殖民地人民最终迎来了美国的独立。
美国文学名词解释
美国文学名词解释美国文学，作为世界文学的重要组成部分，有着丰富多彩的文化背景和独特的创作风格。
在这篇文章中，我将为您解释几个与美国文学相关的重要名词。
1. 美国文学：美国文学是指在美国国土上创作的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧和散文等各种文体。
美国文学自17世纪初殖民地时期开始出现，并逐渐形成独特的风格和主题，如自由、探索、个人价值观等。
该文学受到欧洲文学、非裔美国文学、拉丁美洲文学等多个文学传统的影响。
2. 讽刺文学：讽刺文学是通过调侃、嘲笑或批评等手法，通过善意或恶意地对社会、人物、社会习俗等进行揭示和描述的一种文学形式。
美国文学中讽刺常常用来表达对社会问题的关注以及对不公正现象的讽刺批评。
作家马克·吐温的小说《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》便是美国文学中著名的讽刺作品之一。
3. 大都市文学：大都市文学是指以城市为背景、以城市生活为题材的文学作品。
美国是大都市文学的发源地之一，纽约市成为该文学流派的中心。
大都市文学反映了城市的动态与繁华，同时也揭示了城市中的社会问题和人际关系。
美国作家F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的小说《了不起的盖茨比》，以及薇拉·刘易斯和李欧·斯坦巴克的作品都是著名的大都市文学作品。
4. 美国本土文学：美国本土文学是指探讨、描写和反映美国本土历史、文化、民族特色的文学作品。
该文学形式着重于展示美洲原住民、欧洲移民、非裔美国人和其他少数族裔的文化传统和经验。
美国作家奥兰多·费斯特的小说《渐近线》以及路易斯·埃里斯的小说《米南多洛之歌》都是美国本土文学的代表作品。
5. 后现代主义文学：后现代主义文学是指具有反传统、颠覆常规、模糊现实与虚幻界限的文学形式。
在晚20世纪以后的美国文学中，后现代主义作品开始兴起。
该文学形式常常使用非线性叙事、多重视角和流派的混合等技巧来表达个体性、主观性和相对主义等概念。
美国作家托马斯·品钦的小说《地下时光》以及大卫·福斯特·华莱士的小说《无人生还》都是后现代主义文学的代表作品。
美国文学史选读1
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠ)美国文学史及选读1PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1. 17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2. 17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3. 美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,Freunch ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portugueses (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4. 美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6. 船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes,myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7. 美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8. 他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.9. 他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
美国文学1
1.约翰·史密斯（探险家）约翰·史密斯上校（1580.1-1631.6.21），新英格兰的舰队司令，是英国军人，探险家和作家。
他因在北美弗吉尼亚州建立了英国第一个永久殖民地詹姆斯敦而扬名天下。
作品A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608)A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country (1612)The Proceedings of the English Colony in Virginia (1612)A Description of New England (1616)New England's Trials (1620, 1622)The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles (1624)An Accidence, or the Pathway to Experience Necessary for all Young Seamen (1626)A Sea Grammar (1627) – the first sailors' word book in EnglishThe True Travels, Adventures and Observations of Captain John Smith (1630)Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England, or Anywhere (1631)2.威廉·布拉德福德（William Bradford，1590年-1657年）五月花号公约签署人之一，于1620年参与创立了普利茅斯殖民地，并在长达30余年的时间里担任普利茅斯总督。
美国文学作家及作品汇总1
美国文学1、Benjamin A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money> <Poor Ric2、Thomas P The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题> <Common Sense常识> <American3、Philip F The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲> <The British Prison Ship英国囚船4、Washingt A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作> <The Ske5、James Fe The Spy间谍> <The Pilot领航者> <The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿>6、William The Poems1821> <1932诗选:To a Waterfowl致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗> <Tha7、Edgar Al Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集> <Tales故事集> <The Fal Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗> <Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔·阿拉夫，8、Ralf Wal Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书> <The American Sc Concord Hymn康考德颂> <The Rhodo杜鹃花> <The Humble Bee野蜂> <Days日子-首开自由诗之先河9．Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事> <Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman B10、Henry D Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活> <Resistance to Civil Governme11、Walt Wh Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌> <I hear America Singi12、Herman Moby Dick> <The White Whale莫比·迪克> <白鲸> <Typee泰比> <Omoo奥穆> <Mard13、Henry W The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗> <Voices of14、John Gr Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question废奴问题> <Voic Ichabod艾卡博德> <A Winter Idyl冬日田园诗15、Harriet Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋> <A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴16、Frederi Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗莱德里克·道17、Emily D The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森诗集-----“Tell all the truth an18、Mark Tw The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙> <TheHow to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结19、Francis The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营的幸运儿------乡土文学作家20、William The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹> <A Modern Instance现代婚姻>21、Henry A History of the United States During the Administration of Jefferson and Ma22、William Principles of Psychology心理学原理> <The Will to Believe信仰的意志> <Pragm23、Henry J小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐> <The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像> <The Bost评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家> <Hawthorne霍桑> <Partial Portraits不完24、Ambrose小品集：The Fiend’s Deligh魔鬼的乐趣> <Nuggests and Dust Panned out in Ca短篇小说集：Tales of Soldiers and Civilians军民故事> <In the Midst of Life在人生中间> <Can25、Edward Looking Backward:2000-1887回顾：从2000看1887年> <Equality平等> <The Duke o26、Edwin C The Man With the Hoe荷锄人27、Charles The Conjure Woman巫女> <The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Col28、Hamlin Crumbling Idol崩溃的偶像（真实主义veritism）> <Man Travelled Roads大路(The29、O·Henr The Man Higher Up黄雀在后> <Sixes and Sevens七上八下30、Edith W The House of Mirth欢乐之家> <Ethan Frome> <Bunner Sister班纳姐妹> <The Age32、George Scepticism and Animal Faith怀疑主义与动物性信仰> <The Realms Being存在诸领33、William Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others)> <The Sup34、Edgar L A Book of Verse诗集> <Maximilian马克西米连（诗集）> <Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河诗集(Lucinda Matlock鲁欣达·马物罗克)35、Edwin A Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说> <The Town Down the River河上的城镇> <T36、Frank N Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）> <Mc-Teague麦克提格（37、Stephen Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写38、Theodor Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹> <Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘> <Trilogy of Desire欲望三部39、Paul La We Wear the Mask我们带着面具他是美国第一个有成就的黑人诗人，被称为“黑种人的桂冠诗人”(Poet Laureate of the Neg40、Jack Lo The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤> <The Sea-wolf海狼41、Upton S Spring and Harvest春天与收获> <The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）> <42、Irving Babbitt欧文·白壁德1865-1933Literature and the American College文学与美国学院（）要求恢复古典文学教学>（新人文主义43、Villa S O,Pioneers啊，先驱们> <My Antonia我的安东尼亚> <The Professor’s House教授44、Gertrud The Autobiography of Alice B Toklas爱丽丝·托克拉斯的自传> <Tender Button温45、Robert A Boy’s Wish少年心愿> <North of Boston波士顿之北(Mending Wall修墙,After AWest-running Brook西流的溪涧> <A Further Range又一片牧场> <A Witness Tree一株作证的树46、Sherwoo Windy McPherson’s Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子> <Marching Men前进中的人们> <MiThe Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事> <Death in the Woods and Othe47、Carl Sa Always the Young Stranger永远是陌生的年轻人s> <In Reckless Ecstasy肆无忌惮48、Wallace Harmonium风琴> <The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人> <Notes Toward a49、Henry L Bernard Shaw:His Plays肖伯纳的戏剧> <The Philosophy of Nietzche尼采的哲学>50、William收入Des Imagistes意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集：Sour Grapes> <Spring and All春> <The Desert Music> <The Journey of Love爱的历程> <Co 名诗：Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车> <The Widow’s Lament in Spring寡妇的春怨> <The Dead Baby> The Great American Novels伟大的美国小说> <In the American Grain美国性格> <Autobiography自传51、Sinclai Dur Mr Wrenn我们的雷恩先生> <The Job求职> <The Main Street大先进> <Babbitt52、Ezra Po The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神> <The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选> <53、Hilda D Sea Garden海的花园> <Collected Poems(Dread山精> <Pear Tree> <Orchard)> <Th54、Thomas Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）> <The Waste Land荒原名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三> <Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案> <Family Reunion大团圆> <Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会55、Eugene 独幕剧：Bound East to Cardiff东航卡迪夫> <The Long Voyage Home归途迢迢> <T多幕剧：Beyond the Horizon天边外（其成名作）> <Anna Christie安娜·克里斯蒂> <The Emperor J 56、Katheri Flowering Judas开花的紫荆花（Maria Conception> <The Jitting of Granny WeatShip of Fools愚人船（唯一的一部长篇小说）> <The Never Ending Wrong千古奇冤（回忆录）57、Archiba Towers of Ivory象牙塔> <The Happy Marriage幸福的婚姻> <Streets in the Moon广播剧：The Fall of the City城市的陷落> <Airraid空袭58、Michael120 Million一亿二千万> <Change The World改变世界> <The Hollow Man空心人> <戏剧：Hoboken Blues> <Fiesta节日> <Battle Hymn歌> <Prletarian Literature in the United Sta59、E Cumin Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱> <The Enormous Room大房间> <XLI Poems诗60、Edmund Travel in Two Democracies在两个民主国家里旅行> <To the Finland Station到芬61、John Do The Three Soldiers> <Manhattan Transfer> <U.S.A(The Forty-second Parallel>62、F Scott The Side of Paradise人间天堂> <The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉> <短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们> <Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事> <Ta 63、William The Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）> <Soldiers’ Pay兵饷（小说）短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月> <The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣> <As I lay dying当我垂64、Malcolm译作：法国安德烈·纪德Andre Gide的Imaginary Interview虚构的会议诗集：Blue Juniata> <The Dry Season> <The Exile’s Return流亡者的回归（研究“迷惘的一代”的65、Ernest In Our Time在我们的年代里> <The Torrents of Spring春潮> <The Sun Also Rise短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人> <The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获> <The Fift 政论：To Have and Have Not贫与富 回忆录：A Moveable Feast到处逍遥66、Hart Cr My Grandfather’s Love Letters祖父的情书> <Praise for an Urn瓮颂> <For the67、Thomas Look Homeward,Angel天使，望乡→（续）Of Time and the River时间与河流> <The短篇小说：From Death to Morning从死亡到早晨68、James L Mulatto混血儿（剧本）> <The Weary Blues疲倦的歌声> <Dear Lovely Death亲爱的69、John St Cup of Gold金杯> <Tortilla Flat煎饼房> <In Dubious Battle胜负未定> <Of Mic短篇小说：The Red Pony小红马(The Gift,The Great Mountains大山> <The Promise许诺,The Leader70、Nathana The Dream Life of Balso Snell巴尔索·斯纳尔的梦幻生涯> <The Day of Locust蝗71、James F Studs Lonigan斯塔兹·朗尼根(Young Lonigan少年朗尼根> <The Young Manhood of短篇小说：Calico Shoes花布鞋> <Guillotine Party行刑队文艺评论：A Note on Literary Criticism文艺评论札记> <Literature and Morality文学与道德72、Lillian The Children’s Hour孩子们的时光> <The Little Foxes小狐狸> <Watch on the R回忆录：An Unfinished Wonman一个事业尚未终了的女人> <Pentimento旧画新貌> <Scoundrel Time邪73、Cliffor Waiting for Lefty等待老左> <勒夫特> <Awake and Sing!醒来歌唱> <Till the Da74、Richard Uncle Tom’s Children汤姆叔叔的孩子们> <Native Son土生子> <Black Boy> <黑孩75、Eudora 短篇小说：Death of a Travelling,Salesman巡回推销员之死> <A Curtain of Gree长篇小说：The Robber Bridgeroom强盗新朗> <Detta Wedding德尔塔的婚姻> <The Ponder Heart庞德76、Valdimi Lolita洛莉塔> <Pale Fire微暗的火> <The Admiralty Sprie海军部大厦塔尖77、Anais N The Novel of Future未来的小说> <Heida海达> <House of Incest乱伦之家> <Coll78、Issac B Gimpel the Fool傻瓜吉姆佩尔> <The Family Moskat莫斯卡特家族> <Satan in Gor短篇小说：The Spinoza of Market Street市场街的斯宾诺莎> <A Friend of Kafka卡夫卡的朋友名篇：Neighbours邻居79、Robert Night Rider夜间骑士> <At Heaven’s Gate在天堂门口> <All King’s Men国王的全诗集：Thirtysix Poems> <Selected Poems1923-1943> <Brother to Dragons> <Promised:Poems1954-剧作：Proud Flesh骄傲的血肉之躯> <Modern Rhetoric当代修辞学> <Birth of Love爱之诞生(选自与逃亡者集团The Fugitive的宣言书I’ll Take My Stand我表明我的立场80、Tenness American Blues美国的布鲁斯> <Battle of Angels天使的战斗> <The Glass Menage81、John Ch短篇小说：The Expelled开除短篇小说集：The Way Some People Live一些人的生活方式> <The Enormous Radio and Other Storie 长篇小说：The Wapshot Chronicle> <Scandal瓦普肖特纪事> <丑闻> <Bullet Park布利特公园> <Fal 82、Irwin S Bury the Dead埋葬死者> <Sailor off the Bremen不来梅港外的水手长篇小说：The Young Lions幼狮> <The Troubled Air混浊的空气> <Lucy Crown露茜·克朗> <Two We 83、Ralph E长篇小说：Invisible Man看不见的人散文集：Shadow and Act影子与行动> <Going to the Territory步入文学界84、Bernard长篇小说：The Natural天生运动员> <The Assistant伙计> <The Fixer装配工> <A85、Landall诗集：Blood for a Stranger献给一个陌生人的血> <Little Friend ,Little Frien小说：Pictures of an Institution学院小景> <The Woman at the Washington Zoo华盛顿动物园的女评论：Poetry and the Age诗歌与时代> <The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner旋转炮塔炮手之死86、John Be诗：Homage to Mrs Bradstreet献给布拉兹特里夫人> <The Dream Songs梦之歌> <P小说：Recovery复原 传记：Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩87、Saul Be长篇小说：Dangling Man晃来晃去> <挂起来的人> <The Victim受害者> <The Adven中篇小说：Seize the Day且乐今朝88、Arthur Situation Normal情况正常> <The Man Who Had All the Luck吉星高照的人> <All89、Robert 诗：Lord Weary’s Castle威尔利老爷的城堡> <Life Studies人生探索名篇：For Sale> <Walking in the Blue> <For the Union Dead献给联邦死难士→自白诗运动90、J D Sal短篇小说：The Young Folks年轻人 短篇小说集：Nine Stories故事九篇中篇小说：Franny弗兰尼> <Zooey卓埃> <Raise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters木匠们，把屋梁升高长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者91、Betty F The Feminine Mystique女性的奥秘> <It Changed My Life它改变了我的生活> <The92、Alex Ha The Autobiography of Malcolm X马尔科姆·艾克斯自传Roots根> <Hanning汉宁镇（自传体小说）93、Jack Ke The Town and the City镇和城> <On the Road在路上> <The Subterraneans地下居民94、Kurt Vo长篇小说：Player Piano自动钢琴> <The Sirens of Titan泰坦族的海妖> <Cat’s短篇小说集：Welcome to the Monkey House欢迎到猴房来(Report on the Barnhouse Effect关于巴恩95、Norman 裸者与死者> <Barbary Shore巴巴里海滨> <The Deer Park廘苑> <An American Dre96、James D诗集：Into the Stone钻入石头> <Drowning With Others跟别人一起淹死(The Life长诗：Deliverance解脱诗论集：The Suspect in Poetry诗歌中的嫌疑犯> <Babel to Byzatium从巴别尔到拜占庭97、Joseph 长篇小说：Catch-22第二十二条军规> <Something Happened出了毛病> <As Good as98、James B散文集：Note of a Native Son土生子的笔记> <Nobody Knows My Name> <Fire Ne小说：Go Tell it on the Mountain向苍天呼吁> <Giovanni’s Room乔万尼的房间> <Another Countr 短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man去见这个人剧本：The Amen Corner阿门角> <Blues for Mister Charley为查理先生唱布鲁斯> <黑人怨> <One Da 100、Flanne长篇小说：Wise Blood慧血> <The Violent Bear It Away它为强暴者所夺走短篇小说集：A Good Man Is Hard to Find好人难寻> <Everything That Rises Must Converg上升的一名文：Good Country People善良的乡下人> <The Lame Shall Enter First跛腿者先进去> <Greenleaf 101、Willia Lie Down in Darkness躺在黑暗中> <The Long March长途行军> <Set This House o102、Allen 诗集：Howl and Other Poems嚎叫及其他(America)(The Beat Generation垮掉的一代103、James 诗集：The Green Wall绿墙> <Saint Judas圣徒犹大> <The Tail and Eyes of a Li104、Edward The Zoo Story动物园的故事> <The Death of Bessie Smith贝西·史密斯之死> <Th105、Martin I Have a Dream> <Stride Toward Freedom迈向自由> <Strength to Love爱的力量>106、Gary S Riprap大卵石(Piute Creek皮尤特河)> <Myths & Texts神话与现实> <The Back Cou文集：Six Sections from Mountains and Rivers Without End Plus One山水穷尽六章外一章> <The 107、John B长篇小说：The Floating Opera漂浮的歌剧> <The End of the Road穷途末路> <The108、Tony M The Bluest Eye最蓝的眼睛> <Sula苏拉> <Song of Solomon所罗门之歌> <Tar Baby109、John U长篇小说：The Poorhouse Fair养老院义卖会> <Rabbit, Run兔子，跑吧> <Rabbit短篇小说集：Pigeon Feather and Other Stories鸽羽及其他故事> <The Music School 音乐学校> <P 评论集：Hugging the Shore:Essays and Criticism拥抱海洋：论文与批评诗集：Midpoint and Other Poems中点及其他诗篇小说：V> <The Crying of Lot 49 49号遗物的拍卖> <Gravity’s Rainbow万有引力之虹110、Joyce A Garden of Earthly Delights人间乐园> <Expensive People奢侈的人们> <Them>短篇小说集：By the North Gate北门边> <Upon the Swearing Flood洪水浪潮> <The Wheel of Love爱诗集：Anonymous Sins无名的罪孽> <Love and Its Derangement爱与爱的错乱> <Dreaming America梦剧本：The Sweet Enemy甜蜜的敌人> <Sunday Dinner星期天会餐> <Ontological Proof of My Existe 论文集：The Edge of Impossibility:Tragic Forms in Literature不可能的边缘：文学的悲剧形式> 111、Sam Sh剧本：Cowboys牛仔> <The Rock Garden岩石花园> <Cowboys #2牛仔第二号> <Chica112、Sylvia诗集：The Colossus巨人集> <Ariel阿里尔集(Daddy> <Lady Lazarus拉扎勒斯夫人)小说：The Bell Jar钟形玻璃罩（自传体小说）名诗：Death & Co死亡公司113、Philip短篇小说集：Goodbey,Columbus再见，哥伦布Letting Go放手> <When She Was Good当她是好女人的时候> <Portnoy’s Complaint波特诺伊的怨诉T 评论集：Reading Myself and Others评论自我与他人114、Le Roi诗集：The Dead Lecturer已故的讲师> <Black Magic黑色魔术(Incident事件)剧本：Dutchman> <The Slave> <The Motion of History历史的运动115、Marrie The Fireside Book of Children’s Songs炉边儿歌集> <The Paygroup Book儿童游116、Thomas Geography of a Horse Dreamer马塞梦测者的地理> <Angel City天使城> <The Toot117、Alice 长篇小说：TheThird Life of Grange Copeland格兰治科普兰的第三次生活> <Merid短篇小说集：In Love and Trouble相爱与苦恼> <You Can’t Keep a Good Woman Down好女人永不屈服诗集：Once有一次> <Revolutionary Petunias革命的牵牛花 传记：Langston Hughesr Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书> <The Way to Wealth致富之道> <The Autobiography自传识> <American Crisis美国危机> <Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃> <The Age o Ship英国囚船> <To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳> <The Wild Honeysu 作> <The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉佩奇的手稿> <Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者> <The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人的短诗> <Thanatopsis死亡随想---受墓园派影响> < The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿> <A Forest Hymn森林赋> <Th 集> <The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌> <Ligeia莱琪儿> <Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李-----歌特风Poems艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗> <The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦> <The City i American Scholar论美国学者> <Divinity> <The Oversoul论超灵> <Self-reliance论自立> <The Transcendent 首开自由诗之先河青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗> <The Scarlet Letter红字> <The House of the Seven Gables有vil Government> <Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府> <A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Riversmerica Singing我听见美洲在歌唱> <When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时> <Democrati o奥穆> <Mardi玛地> <Redburn雷得本> <White Jacket白外衣> <Pierre皮尔埃> <Piazza广场故事> <Billy Budd比> <Voices of the Night夜吟> <Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗> <Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布奴问题> <Voice of Freedom自由之声> <In War Time and Other Poems内战时期所作> <Snow-Bound大雪封门> <ThSwamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片> <The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚> <The Pearl of Orr’s Island奥尔岛的弗莱德里克·道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述> <My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与我的自由> <The life and the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的的跳蛙> <The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记> <The Gilded Age镀金时代> <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆ce现代婚姻> < A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转> <A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客> <Through erson and Madison(历史著作)> <The Education of Henry Adams:An Autobiography享利·亚当斯的教育意志> <Pragmatism:A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking实用主义：某些旧思想方法的新名称> <The Mea 像> <The Bostonians波士顿人> <The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事> <The Wings of the Dove鸽rtial Portraits不完全的画像> <Notes and Reviews札记与评论> <Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术ed out in California在加利福尼亚淘出的金块和金粉> <Cobwebs from an Empty Skull来自空脑壳的蜘蛛网ife在人生中间> <Can Such Things Be?这种事情可能吗？The Devil’s Dictionary魔鬼词典(The Applicant申请 <The Duke of Sockbridge:A Romance of Shay’s Rebellion斯托克布里奇的公爵：雪司起义的故事> <The Blis of the Color Line他青年时代的妻子(The Sheriff’s Children警长的儿女)(the pioneer of the color line oads大路(The Return of a Private三等兵归来)> <Rose of Ducher’s Cooly荷兰人山谷中的露斯> <A Son of t妹> <The Age of Innocent天真时代> <The Customs of the Country乡村习俗> <A Backward Glance回首往事eing存在诸领域（本质> <物质> <真理> <精神领域：4卷）(Relativity of Knowledge)> <Three Philosphical P s)> <The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国> <The Philadeph 上的城镇> <The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人> <Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成> <Collected Poems诗集gue麦克提格（naturalistic）> <The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）> <The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章> <The Open Boat小划子> <The esire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic)> <An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最Sea-wolf海狼> <White Fang白獠牙> <The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们> <The Iron Heel铁蹄> <Marti E 代表作家）> <King Coal煤炭大王> <Oil石油> <Boston波士顿> <Dragon’s Teeth龙齿古典文学教学> <The New Laokoon新拉奥孔> <Rousseau and Romanticism卢梭与浪漫主义> <Democracy and Leade ’s House教授之家> <Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死nder Button温柔的钮扣修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后)> <Mountain Interval山间（成熟阶段）(The Road Not taken没有选择的ee一株作证的树中的人们> <Mid-American Chants美国中部之歌> <Winesburg,Ohio> <The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯 the Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他故事> <I Want to Know Why我想知道为什么tasy肆无忌惮的狂热> <The Prairie Years草原的年代一、二> <The War Years战争的年代（林肯传记）> <The A es Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记(Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得·昆斯弹风琴> <Sunday M e尼采的哲学> <The American Language美车语言> <Happy Days幸福的日子（自传三部曲）> <Newspaper Days新闻f Love爱的历程> <Collected Poems> <Complete Poems> <Collected Later Poems> <Pictures from Brueghel布怨> <The Dead Baby> <The Sparrow ,to My Father麻雀—致父亲> <Proletarian Portrait无产阶级画像（from > <Autobiography自传进> <Babbitt巴比特> <Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯> <Elmer Gantry艾尔默·甘特里> <Dodsworth多兹沃斯> <It can’意像派诗选> <Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）> <Literary Essays文学论> <Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley> <A Few Don’ts rchard)> <The Walls Do Not Fall墙没在倒塌（战争诗三部曲）> <Tribute to the Angels天使颂> <The Flower ste Land荒原(The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼> <A Game of Chess弈棋> <The Fire Sermon火诫> <Death bytail Party鸡尾酒会归途迢迢> <The Moon of the Carribbeans加勒比人之月斯蒂> <The Emperor Jones琼斯皇> <The Hairy Ape毛猿> <All the God’s Children Got Wings上帝的儿女都有翅 Granny Weatherall）> <Pale Horse,Pale Rider> <Leaning Tower and Other Stories------TheCollected Sto 奇冤（回忆录）in the Moon月色中的街> <New Found Land新发现的大陆> <Conquistador新西班牙的征服者> <Poems1912-1952Man空心人> <Jews Without Money没在钱的犹太人（自传体小说）e in the United States美国无产阶级文学选集（与人合编）XLI Poems诗41首> <Viva万岁> <No， Thanks不，谢谢> <Collected Poems诗集> <Eimi爱米（访苏游记）d Station到芬兰站去> <A Piece of My Mind:Reflection at Sixty心里话:行年六十的沉思> <Axel’s Castle阿nd Parallel> <1919> <The Big Money)> <District of Columbia哥伦比亚大区(The Adventures of a Young Man 丽的和倒霉> <The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比> <Tender in the Night夜色温柔> <The Last Tycoon最后的巨头爵士时代的故事> <Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号→The Ice Palace冰宫> <May Days五一节> <The Diamond asAs I lay dying当我垂死的时候> <Light in August八月之光> <Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）研究“迷惘的一代”的专著）> <A Second Flowering第二次繁荣(The Other War另一种战争)un Also Rises太阳照样升起> <Farewell to Arms永别了，武器> <For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣者无所获> <The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇颂> <For the Marriage of Faustus and Hellen为浮士德和海伦的婚姻而作> <Voyage航海> <The Bridge桥（长诗与河流> <The Web and the Rock蛛网与岩石> <You Can’t Go Home Again有家归不得> <The Hills Beyond远山（未定> <Of Mice and Men鼠和人> <The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄> <The Moon is Down月亮下去了> <Cannery R mise许诺,The Leader of the People人们的领袖)y of Locust蝗灾之日> <Miss Lonelyhearts寂寞小说g Manhood of Studs Lonigan朗尼根的青年时代,Judgement Day末日窝审判)> <Danny O’Neil丹尼·奥尼尔（五部ality文学与道德tch on the Rhine守望莱茵河> <The Searching Wind彻骨的风> <The Autumn Garden秋园 > <Tos in the Attic阁> <Scoundrel Time邪恶的时代<Till the Day I Die直到我死的那天> <Paradise Lost失乐园> <Golden Boy金孩子> <Clash by Night夜间冲突> ck Boy> <黑孩子The Outsiders局外人> <The Long Dream漫长的梦> <Eight Men八人行tain of Green and Other Stories绿窗帘和其他> <The Wide Net and Other Stories大网和其他故事> <The Gol he Ponder Heart庞德的心> <The Losing Battles失败的战斗> <The Optismist’s Daughter乐观者的女儿伦之家> <Collages拼贴Satan in Goray撒旦在戈雷> <The Magician of Lublin卢布林的魔术师> <The Slave奴隶> <The Manor庄园> <Th fka卡夫卡的朋友s Men国王的全部人马> <World Enough and Time足够的世界和时间> <The Cave洞穴> <Band of Angels天使的队伍Promised:Poems1954-1956> <You,Emperors and Others> <Selected Poems New and Old 1923-1966> <Elven Poe Love爱之诞生(选自与Cleanth Brooks合编的 Understanding Poetry> <Understanding Fiction)Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园> <The Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车> <Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上io and Other Stories巨型收音机和其他> <The Housebreaker of Shaddy Hill and Other Stories绿茵山窃贼和ark布利特公园> <Falconer鹰猎者露茜·克朗> <Two Weeks in Another Town> < Voices of a Summer Day夏日的喁喁声> <Rich Man,Poor Man> <E r装配工> <A New Life新生活> <God’s Grace上帝的恩赐 短篇小说：The Magic Barrel魔桶Little Friend小朋友，小朋友> <Losses损失> <Seven-league Crutches七里格长的拐杖> <The Lost World失去的Zoo华盛顿动物园的女人r旋转炮塔炮手之死gs梦之歌> <Poems1942> <The Dispossessed被剥夺者(The Ball Poem小球诗)> <77 Dream Songs> <Berryman’s > <The Adventure of Augie March奥基·马奇历险记> <Henderson the Rain King雨王汉德逊> <Herzog赫索格> 照的人> <All My Sons都是我的儿子> <The Death of a Salesman推销员> <The Crucible严峻的考验> <萨姆勒的女→自白诗运动s木匠们，把屋梁升高> <Seymour:An Introduction西摩其人的生活> <The Second Stage第二阶段(How to get the Women’s Movement Moving Again)妖> <Cat’s Craddle猫的摇篮> <Slaughterhouse Five第五号屠场> <Mother Night黑夜母亲> <God Bless You,M ouse Effect关于巴恩豪斯效应的报告)American Dream一场美国梦> <The White Negro白色黑人> <Advertisement for Myself为自己做广告> <Why Are 淹死(The Lifeguard救生员)> <Helmets头盔> <Buckdancer’s Choice班克舞者的选择> <Poems1957-1967> <The I <As Good as Gold像高尔德一样好 剧本：We Bombed in New Haven我们轰炸纽黑文> <Catch-22> me> <Fire Next Time下一次烈火> <No Name in the Street他的名字被遗忘> <The Devil Finds Work魔鬼找到工间> <Another Country另一个国度> <Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone告诉我火车已开多久> <If Beal 斯> <黑人怨> <One Day When I was Lost有一天当我迷失的时候> <迷路前后Must Converg上升的一切必然汇合e者先进去> <Greenleaf格林利夫> <Revelation> <Parker’s Back派克的背This House on Fire放火烧屋> <The Confessions of Nat Turner纳特·特纳的自白> <Sophie’s Choice索菲的选ion垮掉的一代的宣言书和代表作)> <Kaddish and Other Poems卡第绪及其他> <Plannet News行星消息> <The Fa Eyes of a Lion狮子的尾巴和眼睛> <The Branch Will Not Break树枝不会断> <Shall We Gather at the River我密斯之死> <The Sandbox沙箱> <The American Dream美国梦> <Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚ove爱的力量> <Why We Can’t Wait?> <Where Do We Go from Here,Chaos or Community?今后我们何去何从，纷The Back Country偏僻的山村> <Regarding Wave观浪(Meeting the Mountain进山)> <Turtle Island龟岛> <Left 尽六章外一章> <The Real Work:Interviews and Talks脚踏实地工作：访问记与演讲稿途末路> <The Sot-weed Factor烟草代理商> <Letters书信集> <Giles Goat-boy山羊孩子贾尔斯> <Lost in the 歌> <Tar Baby柏油娃娃> <Beloved> <Jazz爵士乐吧> <Rabbit Relax兔子回家> <Rabbit Is Rich兔字发财> <Centaur马人> <Of the Farm农场> <Couples夫妇> <T School 音乐学校> <Problems and Other Stories问题及其他故事人们> <Them> <The Assassins刺客> <Childwold查尔德伍德> <Son of the Morning黎明之子> <Unholy Loves不神<The Wheel of Love爱之轮> <Marriage and Infidelities婚姻与婚外恋<Dreaming America梦想的美国Proof of My Existence我存在的本体论证明> <Miracle Play奇迹剧缘：文学的悲剧形式> <New Heaven,New Earth:Visionary Experience in Literature新天堂，新人间：文学中的幻二号> <Chicago芝加哥> <Operation Sidewinder响尾蛇行动> <Meloddrama情节剧拉扎勒斯夫人)> <The Uncollected Poems杂诗集> <Crossing the Water涉水> <Winter Treesaint波特诺伊的怨诉The Breast乳房> <The Professor of Desire欲望教授> <Our Gang我们这一帮> <The Great p Book儿童游戏大全The Fisherman Who Needed a Knife> <The Thief Cather> <The Baby Reader幼儿读物> <Th 城> <The Tooth of Crime罪恶的牙齿> <Family家庭 (Curse of the Starving Class饥饿阶级的诅咒> <Buried Ch 生活> <Meridian梅丽迪安> <The Color Purple紫色 名文：The Civil Rights Movement:What Good Was It n Down好女人永不屈服 散文集：In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens。
美国文学选读课后习题答案
美国⽂学选读课后习题答案Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography?Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed?His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother.3.How did he arrive in Philadephia?First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which w as going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf.4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection?It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(⾔简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的).Unit 2 Edgar Allen Poe1.Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?Montresor.Fortunato,one of wine experts insulted him, so he wanted to murder him.2.What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar?He baits Fortunato by telling him he has obtained what he believes to be a cask of Amontillado a rare and valuable sherry wine. Fortunato is anxious to determine whether or not it is truly Amontillado, so he goes to the vault with Montresor.3.What happens to Fortunato in the end?He was walled up alive behind bricks in a wine cellar.Unit 4 Nathaniel Hawthorne:1.Why is the prison the setting of Chapter 1 ?No matter how optimistic the founders of new colonies may be, they are quick to establish a prison and a cemetery in their “Utopia,” for they know that misbehavior, evil, and death are unavoidable.This belief fits into the larger Puritan doctrine, which puts heavy emphasis on the idea of original sin—the notion that all people are born sinners because of the initial transgressions of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. he is therefore using the prison building to represent the crime and the punishment which are aspect of civilized life. What is the implication of the description of the roses?The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man's activities. The narrator suggests that roses offer a reminder of Nature's kindness to the condemned; for his tale, he sa ys, it will provide either a “sweet moral blossom” or else some relief in the face of unrelenting sorrow and gloom.2.Describe the appearance of Hester Prynne and the attitude of the people towards her.The second paragraph on page 30.The crowd in front of the jail is a mixture of men and women, all maintaining severe looks of disapproval. Several of the women begin to discuss Hester Prynne, and they soon vow that Hester would not have received such a light sentence for her crime if they had been the judges. One woman, the ugliest of the group, goes so far as to advocate deathfor Hester.3.What has happened to Hester? As a young woman, Hester married an elderly scholar, Chillingworth, who sent her ahead to America to live. While waiting for him, she had an affair with a Puritan minister named Dimmesdale, after which she gave birth to Pearl. The scarlet letter is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy. Why does she make the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate?It seems to declare that she is proud, rather than ashamed, of her sin. In reality, however, Hester simply accepts the “sin” and its symbol as part of herself, just as she accepts her child. And although she can hardly believe her present “realities,” she takes them as they are rather than resisting them or trying to atone for them. How does this tell us about her character? Throughout The Scarlet Letter Hester is portrayed as an intelligent, capable. It is the extraordinary circumstances shaping her that make her such an important figure.Unit 6 Henry David Thoreau1. Where indeed did Thoreau live, both at a physical level and at a spiritual level? He lived in a cabin on Walden Pond,which belonged t o Emerson’s property.2.Had Thoreau ever bought a farm? Why did he enjoy the act of buying? No, he h adn’t. He avoided purchasing a farm because it would inevitably tie him down financially and complicate his life. Thoreau didn’t see the acquisition of wealth as the goal for human existence, he saw the goal of life to be an exploration of the mind and of the magnificent world around us. He regarded the places as an existence free of obligations and full of leisure.3. Is it significant that Thoreau mentioned the Fourth of July as the day on which he began to stay in the woods? Why? Yes, it is. Because The Fourth of July is known as Independence Day, the birthday of the United States. Here Thoreau uses the day to express his beginning of regeneration at Walden. It also means a symbol of his conquest of being.Unit 7 19th Century American Poets1. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(1) I Shot an Arrow…1. Why did the speaker lose sight of his arrow and song?The arrow flies too swiftly and too far away to be seen by the speaker; whereas the song is naturally invisible.2. In what circumstances did he find them again?He finds them unexpectedly years later from the trunk of a tree and the heart of a friend.3. What do arrow and song stand for in this poem?The images of arrow and song here may stand for friendship.(2) A Psalm of Life1. What kind of person is the speaker of this poem?The speaker is a man of action, always optimistic and cheerful, trying to achieve as much as possible in the short span of life.2. According to the poem, how should our lives be led to overcome the fact that each day brings us nearer to death?We should work harder and live happier.3. Interpret the metaphor of "Footprints on the sand of time" (line 28).The metaphor refers to human deeds in real life.2. Walt Whitman(1) One’s Self I Sing1. What is the significance of singing about one's self? It is an exaltation of the individual spirit, which is typical of American people.2. What is the difference between physiology and physiognomy?Physiology is a science that deals with the functions and life process of human beings, whereas physiognomy refers to an art of judging character from contours of face itself or the appearance of a person.3. What does Whitman mean by the term of "the Modern Man"?He means that a man should be free from any prejudice and pride, totally different from the traditional one that is full of bias.(3) O Captain! My Captain!1. Why is the word "Captain" capitalized throughout the poem?In this poem the word “Captain” specially refers to Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States.2. What overall metaphor does the poet employ in this poem? Life is a journey.3. Why do people on the shores exult and bells ring, while the speaker remains so sad?They welcome the ship returning from its hard trip, whereas the speaker is sad because the captain fails to receive his own honor.3. Emily Dickinson(1) To Make a Prairie …1. What things are needed to "make" a prairie? In what sense can one really do it?Some grass and insects and small animals. People can make a prairie with their imagination. 2. How can "revery alone" create a prairie?The prairie stays in one's mind.(2) Success Is Counted Sweetest1. Why is success "counted sweetest by those who ne'er succeed"?Those who have tasted the bitterness of failure would have a keener desire for success.2. Who are "the purple host"?The so-called successful people in the world.3. Who is "he" in the last stanza? Anyone who is pursuing his success.(3)I'm nobody!1. Who are the "pair of us" and "they?"in this poem? The "pair of us" refers to the speaker in the poem and the reader, and "they" refers to the public, especially those in power.2. What does "an admiring bog" really mean?" (line 28). It implies the vain and empty common people, who are always admiring and pursuing the celebrities.3. What is the theme of this poem?The real admirable life is a secluded and common one.4. Do you want to be "nobody" or "somebody"? Explain your reasons. Different persons would have different answers to his question. Personally, I prefer to be nobody.Unit8 mark twainQuestions1: Why do you think Mr. Wheeler is so eager to tell these stories?From Mr. Wheeler’s behaviors and contents of his narration. First, when "I" asked him to tell "me" something about W. Smiley, he “backed me into a corner and blockaded me with his chair, and then sat down and reeled off the narrative”. And during the process of telling his stories, he never paid any attention to others' response to his story and just went on telling what amused him. At last when the listener felt boring and wanted to leave, Mr. Wheeler even didn't notice it and still asked him to sit there listening to him.Question2: Does his audience share his enthusiasm in telling the stories?No. the audience does not show any interest in Mr. Wheeler’ stories. In fact, the narrator was very feverish about his stories, but, in the eyes of the listener, the stories were very boring and had nothing to do with his preoccupation. As an educated man, the listener couldn't understand the way of laborers for joy, and he would never bother himself to understand it. So after the longtime of Mr. Wheeler’ solo narration and when the audience got a chance, he fled away. Question3: Do you think the narrator and his listener ever suspect the presence of humor? Why? How do you interpret their interactions?The narrator and his listener never noticed or suspected the presence of humor. During the intercourse, the narrator went vigorously on his monotonous narrative "without a little smiling" talking about the animals and the things like, while the listener felt rather puzzled or bothered by his stories. It seemed to be kind of coarse things. So the two different scenes go on separately without an intersection. And their interaction was a complete failure according tour common sense about communication. But it in this sense produced the effect of humor which can be tasted by our readers due to the skills adopted by Mark Twain .Unit14 The Great GatsbyDo you think G atsby deserv es to be called “the great”? Why?(1)I think it is too complicated to simply say Gatsby deserves to be ―great‖or not.For one thing, Gatsby was ambitious, hardworking, generous and passionate. He was so extremely loyal to his love and Daisy that he could do anything to get Daisy back. In this respect, he ismuch ―greater‖ than his contemporaries. For another thing, Gatsby never realized that Daisy wasn’t the girl he loved anymore. Gatsby was so innocent that he staked everything on his dreams, not realizing that his dreams are unworthy of him. He wasn’t sober enough to be great. 2.Does “the green light” Gatsby believed in exist in reality? Why orwhy not ?(1)I think ―the green light‖does not exist in reality. Because the green light which situated at th e end of Daisy’s East Egg dock and barely visible from West Egg lawn represents Gatsby’s unattainable dream. Although the color itself can be seen as hope and bright future, Gatsby’s quest for Daisy back is doomed to be impossible. Daisy livedin ―a materi al world without being real, where poor ghosts, breathing dream like air‖. The distinction between ideal and reality was huge. As if American dream between golden past and golden future always suffered from the realistic betrayal and crush.3.What does Gats by’s Schedule reveal about him and how does it relate to the American Dream?(1)The schedule is a reflection of Gatsby’s determination and ambition. It reveals that he is hard on himself in pursuitof his goal—to be an upper-class man.(2)On one hand, we can know that he is persistent in pursuing his American Dream-- to attain wealth and happiness through his struggle. On the other hand, he is too idealistic and naive. The girl he loves is as vulgar andsuperficial as others in her circle, she is unable to meetsGatsby’s romantic fantasy. So his dream is destined to shatter,which indicates the disillusion of American Dream. 4.Whenyou read the line “He (the man with owl-eyed glasses)took off his glasses and wiped them again, outside andin ,” what images does it create in your mind, given thenovel’s numerous references to the strikingly strangescene of the spectacled eyes?(1)From this line , superficially, owl-eyes is a person with thick and blurry glasses who can not see clearly all the things in the world. However, we know he is actually an owl-wise observer and sees more clearly than anyone else in the novel. Owl-Eyes, except Nick, is the only friend to appear at the rain-soaked burial of Gatsby, when others are unwilling to come. He feels sympathy for Gat sby’s tragedy.Unit 16 Ernest Hemingway1.How do you interpret the irony of the title after readingthe story?(1)The title ―A Clean Well-Lighted Place‖ refers to thecaféin the text. The caféwas very clean and well- lighted.From the literary meaning, we may feel this place was verywarm and comfortable, was a place where people needwarmth wanted to go. So the old man, who was rich butdeaf and lonely came here to find warmth and avoided nada.It was the only place he could go and could find somecomfort.(2)However, the younger waiter was very selfish.Therefore, he refused to offer the old man another cup ofwine by the excuse that the business was finished. This caféshould be warm but the younger waiter forced the lonely anddeaf to leave without any sympathy. This is the irony of thetitle.2.Do you think youth and confidence can help onewithstand the metaphorical dark?Why or why not?(1)I don’t think so.In our opinion, the m etaphorical darkmeans nada,nothing in one’s inner heart. In the article, the younger waiter had both youth and confidence; however, he never made full use of them. As we can see, he didn’t understand the old man’s suicide and excessive drinking, and failed to see his tomorrow through the old man’s present situation.3.The older wait er said to the younger waiter:“We are of two different kinds.” In what way do you think they are different? (1)I think they are different from each other in the following four aspects:In the beginning, they are in different ages.The older waiter was in his middle age; while the other was much younger.(2)Then, they have different attitudes towards the old man. From the article, the older waiter could understand the old manand show sympathy to him. However, the young man was very selfish. He showed hatred rather than sympathy to the old man.(3)Next, they have different attitudes towards life. The older waiter had a deep sense of life. He was brave and wanted to fight again nada. Besides, he cared about others. he has a shadow understanding of life. He satisfied with his present love and work, he only care about himself. He even never thought of his future.(4)Finally, they have different attitudes towards nada. The older waiter had realized that it is impossible to avoid nada in one’s whole life. The only thing h e can do is to keep a kind of clearness in his own mind. But out of youth and confidence, he failed to overcome nada. On the contrary, the younger waiter had the two most important factors for withstanding nada; however, he didn’t realize the nada in his heart at all. Then his youth a nd confidence became useless.Unit 17 20th -Century American Poets1.Ezra Pound In A Station of the Metro1.Why does the poet call the faces of pedestrians "apparition"?These pedestrians are all walking in a hurry amidst the drizzling rain. What do "petals" and "bough" stand for? Petals refer to the faces while the bough stands for the floating crowd.2.Wallace Stevens Anecdote of the Jar1.What does the jar in poem symbolize? Why does the speaker place it on top of a hill?The jar here symbolizes a certain perspective on looking at this world. If the perspective of the viewing iscreative and unique, it will change the conventional order of the old world. When a new perspective comes out, it will certainly hold attention from the rest.2. The jar is "round" and "of a port in air," meaning that it has a stately importance. What effect does it have on surroundings when placed on the ground? Maybe the round jar assumes the air of a domineering figure, which helps to form a certain order out of the disordered surrounding.3. How did the wilderness of Tennessee characterized? What words or phrases does the poet use to describe it?Tennessee seems to a place full of life and energy. “Slovenly,” “sprawl” and “wild” are some of the words used to describe the place. (See Anecdote of the Jar ) 3.Robert Frost(1)Fire and Ice 1. What are the symbolic meanings of fire in this poem? Fire symbolizes natural disaster, human passion, as well as war. 2. Why does the speaker say that ice is also great for destruction? Explain what ice stands for here. Ice, oppose to fire, is also a dreadful natural disaster in this world, and ice is always related to indifference, coldness, hatred, and the other negative sentiments of human beings. 3. What is your opinion about fire and ice? Which one is more destructive? Both fire and ice can destroy this beautiful world if they are beyond control of human beings. Therefore we should be open-minded and reduce our prejudice and pride so as to keep this world in peace.(2)Stopping By Woods On a Snowy Evening 1. In your opinion, what was the reason that made the speaker stop by the woods on a snowy evening? The poet was deeply attracted by the natural beauty of the scene at that very moment. 2. Why did the horse give the harness bell a shake? The horse grew impatient by stopping in the middle of the dark, cold woods at midnight. It was eager to go home.3. Why couldn't the speaker stay longer by the woods to appreciate its mysterious beauty? He realized that it was late at night and he would have to hurry home to get some food and sleep, because the next morning he would have a lot of work to do.4. What is the effect of repetition in the last two lines? The refrain-like repetition in the last two lines reminds the reader a simple fact of life: whatever happens, one must go forward in the journey of his or her life.(3) The Road Not Taken 1. What is the speaker's initial response to the divergence of the two roads? The speaker is at a loss which road he should choose, and he feels sorry that he cannot explore both roads at the same time. 2. Describe the similarities and differences of these two roads. Which one does the speaker take?Two roads are similar except one of them is more “grassy,” which impl ies that it is less traveled by people. The speaker prefers the less traveled one, because he likes adventure. 3. What might the two roads stand for in the speaker's mind? One road stands for the traditional one and the other is unconventional one and full of challenges and difficulties. To follow other people's footsteps or to open a new road for himself is really not an easy decision for us to make in our lives.。
美国文学
库柏的创作
The Spy (1821)
– a novel about the American Revolution (1775-1783) in (1775New York State .
The Pioneers,
– the first of the five novels that make up the LeatherLeatherStocking Tales. (Natty Bumppo)
欧文的创作
《纽约外史》 A History of New York (1809) 纽约外史》 《见闻札记》 The Sketch Book of Geoffrey 见闻札记》
Crayon, Gent. (1819-1820) (1819– 《瑞普凡温克尔》Rip Van Winkle 瑞普 温克尔》 – 《睡谷传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷传说》
惠特曼与《草叶集》 惠特曼与《草叶集》
Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
草叶的寓意
“我相信一片草叶不亚于星球的运转。”“哪里有土， 我相信一片草叶不亚于星球的运转。”“哪里有土， 哪里有水，哪里就长着草。”草的意思乃是“ 哪里有水，哪里就长着草。”草的意思乃是“在宽广的地 方和狭窄的地方都一样发芽，在黑人和白人中间都一样地 生长……” 生长……” 总之，草叶作为一种最普通最有生命力的东西，是诗 人自己的形象，是当时正在发展中的美国的象征，也是诗 人关于民主和自由的理想的体现。
1、讴歌上升时期的美国社会，歌颂民主和 讴歌上升时期的美国社会， 自由的理想
库柏 （James Fenimore Cooper 1789-1851） 1789-1851）
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Background
• • • • Pre-Columbian to 1789 Exploration (1492-1607) Colonization (1607-1690) English-Colonial Allied Wars (1690-1763)
• 1764 to 1789 • Colonial Discontent (1764-1775) • Revolutionary War (1776-1783) •
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 1706-1790
• Franklin is credited as being foundational to the roots of American values and character, a marriage of the practical and democratic Puritan values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and religious
1. colonial period 1620s-1776
Benjamin Franklin
Background
• American history does not begin with Columbus's 1492 arrival in America. • civilization in America occurred during the last ice age • Clovis man could be considered one of Americans earliest civilizations • Natives are called "Indians". This term came from Columbus
13 virtues
• 9. "MODERATION. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve." • 10. "CLEANLINESS. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, cloaths, or habitation." • 11. "TRANQUILLITY. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable." • 12. "CHASTITY. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation." • 13. "HUMILITY. Imitate Jesus and Socrates."
Early writers
• The chief colonial writers of New England are: • (1) William Bradford,History of Plymouth Plantation • (2) John Winthrop, Journal • (3) the poets, including (a) Wigglesworth, Day of Doom (b) Anne Bradstreet, • (4) Nathaniel Ward, The Simple Cobbler of Agawam, • (5) Samuel Sewall, • (6) Cotton Mather, • (7) Jonathan Edwa4;FRUGALITY. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing." • 6. "INDUSTRY. Lose no time; be always employ'd in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions." • 7. "SINCERITY. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly." • 8. "JUSTICE. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty."
Background
• In 1607 the first permanent English colony within the present limits of the United States was planted at Jamestown in Virginia. The colony was founded for commercial reasons by the London Company
• one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a leading author and printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, soldier, and diplomat. • He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'. As a diplomat during the American Revolution, he secured the French alliance that helped to make independence of the United States possible.
• • • • The chief early writers of Virginia are: (1) Captain John Smith (2) William Strachey (3) two poets, (a) George Sandys and (b) the unknown author of the elegy on Nathaniel Bacon • (4) Robert Beverly and William Byrd
• Common Themes in Early Puritan Writing • 1. Idealism - both religious and political. • 2. Pragmaticism - practicality and purposiveness.
Early writers
His Autobiography lists his 13 virtues as:
• 1. "TEMPERANCE. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation." • 2. "SILENCE. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation." • 3. "ORDER. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time." • 4. "RESOLUTION. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve."
Background
• During the period from 1620 to 1640, large numbers of English people migrated to that part of America now known as New England. They were called Puritans because they wished to purify the Church of England; and the purpose of these men in emigrating to America was to lay the foundations of a state built upon their religious principles. These people came for an intangible something--liberty of conscience, a fuller life of the spirit.
Basic Puritan Beliefs
• 1. Total Depravity - through Adam's fall, every human is born sinful - concept of Original Sin. • 2. Unconditional Election - God "saves" those he wishes - only a few are selected for salvation - concept of predestination. • 3. Limited Atonement - Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone.