美国文学重点整理

合集下载

美国文学重点整理

美国文学重点整理美国文学题型：1.60分三篇小说，三个诗歌，作者，出处，作品分析2.20分名词解释3.20分论述1. 20世纪美国文学发展的经济背景关键词：Urbanization（new farm machines, rising productivity, rising leisure time）Industrialization(electric lights, camera, telephone, radio, type writer) CommercializationGlobalization.Philosophy: Schopenhauer叔本华Nietzsche 尼采Jean PaulFreud补充：Fitzgerald：tender is the night, all the sad young man, the rich boy,2. What is Lost Generation?①It is a term to describe a group of American intellectuals, poets, artists and writers who fled to France in the post WWI years to reject the values of American materialism and to seek the bohemian lifestyle in Paris.②It is full of youthful idealism, seeking the meaning of life, drank excessively, have love affairs,creating some of the finest American literature to date.③American poet Gertrude Stein coined this expression, speaking to Hemingway, she said, you are all a lost generation.the term stuck the mystique surrounding these individuals continues to fancy us.④Main representatives: F. Scott.Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos3. What is modernism? Main features.A cultural movement that generally includes the progressive art and architecture, design, literature, music, dance,painting and other visual arts which emerged in the beginning of the 20century, particularly in the years following WWI. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historic tradition, and embraced the new economic ,social and political aspects of the emerging modern world.The avant-garde movements that followed including impressionism, post-impressionism, cubism（立体主义）, futurism, expressionism, contructivism（构成主义）are generally defined as modernism.4. The Great Gatsby作者： F. Scott Fitzgerald男女主人公：Jay Gatsby & Daisy Fay BuchananWhy is Gatsby great? Why did he die?His flaws in characteristics: Naive,innocent, ideal正是因为美国社会缺乏盖茨比精神，社会不重视精神世界的充实，人们经历spiritual emptiness, 所以盖茨比伟大。

(完整)美国文学复习整理

美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。

美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。

Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。

美国文学知识点总结

1.Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions. including people living in the area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects and so on.2.Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism.3.Mrs. Stowe's masterpiece is Uncle Tom’s Cabin.4. The way in which Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American puritan moralism.5.Ishmael is the narrator in Moby Dick.6. The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called free verse that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular scheme.7. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the following except __D_.A. religionB. love and marriageC. life and deathD. war and peace8.From 1732 to 1758, he wrote and published his famous Poor Richard's Almanack, an annual collection of proverbs9.Philip Freneau has been called the "Fath er of American Poetry", and it is ultimately in a historical estimate that Freneau is imp ortant.10.Cooper's "Leather-stocking Tale" are a series of five novels, including The Pioneers(1823),The Last of the Mohicans(1825),The Prairie(1827),The Pathfinder(1841),and TheDeerslayer(1843)11.Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.12.Henry David Thoreau's work, Walden, has always been regarded as a master piece of New England Transcendentalism.13.Hester Pryme, Dimmes date, Chilling worth,and Pearl are most likely the names of the characters in the novel The Scarlet Letter.14.The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American naturalism.15.Mark Twain, Henry James and William Dean Howells are the three strong advocates of 19th century American realism.16.The poetic style Whitman devised is now called free verse , that is poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.17. The Gilded Age (1873), written by Mark Twain in collaboration with Charles Dudley Warner.19. In 1881, Henry James published his novel The Portrait of a Lady, which is generally considered as his masterpiece. 21. Theodore Dreiser’s “Trilogy of Desire” includes The Financier,The Titan, and The Staic.22. Ezra Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which was called the "Imagis t Movement".23. In Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken", the speaker tells us how the course of his life was determined when he came upon two roads that diverged in a wood24. With the publication of The Sun Also Rises,Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “Lost Generation”25. In 1954, Hemingway was awarded a Nobel Price for his Literature/ The Old Man and the Sea26. John Steinbeck gave a realistic account of farmers miserable experience during the Great Depression in his novel The Grapes of Wrath27. F. Scott Fitzgerald's finest novel The Great Gatsby, shattered the "American dream" that so many people craved. Exercises on Realism and Naturalism Ⅰ. Blank Filling.The arbiter of nineteenth century literary realism in America was _____. (William Dean Howells)_______had an evident influence on naturalism. It seemed to stress the animal man, to suggest that he was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution. (Darwinism)In his cluster of poems called Leaves ofGrass , ______gave America its first genuine epic poem. (Walt Whitman)Samuel Langhorne Clemens is better known by the pen name (Mark Twain) One of Clemens’ best books ______is based on his experiences as a steamboat pilot. (Life on the Mississippi)The result of Mark Twain’s European trip was a series of newspaper articles, later published as a book called _____. (Innocents Abroad)_______was the first literary giant born West of the Mississippi. (Mark Twain)William Sidney Porter, whose pen name was_________, was the author of The Cop and the Anthem. (O. Henry)Ma ny of O. Henry’s stories tell about the lives of poo r people in _____. (New York) O. Henry sympathized with the poor and hated those rich who exploited and despised them. This is especially seen in his story entitled ________. (An Unfinished Story)It is said that O. Henry imitated De_______as a model , and there is indeed much in common between these two writers. (Maupassant)The title o f one of O. Henry’s books _____ indicates that he considered all the people of New York city worth writing about, instead of only the upper class. (The Four Millions)Henr y James’ first important fiction was__________, which he took up for the first time the theme of The American-in-Europe.(A Passionate Pilgrim)In 1881, Henry James published his novel _________, which is generally considered as his masterpiece. (The Portait of a Lady) By emphasizing the inner awareness and inward movements of his characters in face of outside occurrences ________ is considered the founder of Psychological realism. (Henry James) The name of the heroine in The Portrait of a Lady is_________. (Isabel Archer)In 1902, Jack London published his first novel ______________.(A Daughter of the Snowy)________ is the novel into which Jack London put most of himself. (Martin Eden) The first novel of Theodore Dreiser was _________. (Sister Carrie)The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s masterpiece______. (An American Tragedy)The protagonist of Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire is ________. (Frank Cowperwood) Dreiser’s novel _______, a commercial and critical failure when first published in 1900, was reissued in 1907 and won high praise for its grim, naturalistic portrayal of American society. (Sister Carrie)Mark Twain’s first novel, _____was an artistic failure, but it gave its name to the America of the post-bellum period which it attempts to satirize. (The Gilded Age) Three years’ life on the Mississippi left such a fond memory with Mark Twain that he returned to the theme more than oncein his writing career, his book ______relates it in a vivid, moving way. (Life on the Mississippi)_____ was Mark twain’s masterwork from which, as Hemingway noted , ―all modern American literature comes. (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn)The best work that Mark Twain ever produced is _______, which was a success from its first publication in 1884, and has always been regarded as one of the great books of western literature and western civilization. (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn)_______ is the pioneer who wrote in the naturalistic tradition.(Stephen Crane) Crane’s novel _________relates the story of a good woman’s downfall and destruction in a slum environment. (Maggi: A Girl of the Streets)War in the novel by Crane _______ is a plain slaughter-house. There is nothing like valor or heroism on the battlefield, and if there is anything, it is the fear of death, cowardice, the natural instinct of man to run from danger. (The Red Badge of Courage) Norris’s novel _______has been called ―the first full bodied naturalistic American nove l ‖ and ―a consciously naturalistic manifesto. (Mcteague)Jack London’s masterwork ______________ is somewhat autobiographical. (Martin Eden) O. Henry’s ________ is a very moving story of a young couple who sell their bestpossessions in order to get money for a Christmas present for each other. (The Gift of the Magi)Three novels, ______, _________, ________, were considered as the summit of Henry James’s artistry. (The Golden Bowl, The Ambassadors, The Wings of the Dove) Norris’s ―Trilogy of Wheat‖includes______, _________, and The Wolf. ( The Octopus, The Pit)The appearance of ________by Bret Harte in 1868 pushed the development of local colorism in America greatly. (The Luck of Roaring Camp)1. _______stands as a great dividing line between the nineteenth century and the contemporary American literature.(The First World War)2. The publication of The Waste Land, written by _____, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought. (T.S.Eliot)3. Fitzgerald summarized the experiences and attitudes of the 1920s decade in his masterpiece novel _______. (The Great Gatsby)4. ______of the 1930s greatly weak ened the American nation’s self-confidence. (The Great Depression)5. The 1950s American writers often used the narrative techniques derived from William _______. (Faulkner)6. An American woman writer named________who had lived in Paris since 1903, welcomed the young expatriates to her literary salon, and gave them aname ―the Lost Generation‖. (Gertrude Stein)7. _______ wrote about the disintegration of the old social system in the American Southern states, and its effect on the lives of modern people , both black and white. (William Faulkner)8. Pound was the most important leader ofa new movement in poetry which was known as the _________ movement. (Imagist)9. Ezra Pound’s major work of poetry is the long poem called_______. (The Cantos) 11.Frost’s second volume of poems was_______. (North of Bosten)12.―The Road Not Taken‖ is a well-known poem written by_________. (Robert Frost) 13.____ was considered as an American epic William Carlos Williams attempted to create. (Paterson)14.As T. S. Eliot declared, he followed strictly the advice of his close friend ______ _in cutting and concentrating The Waste Land. (Ezra Pound)15.Eliot wrote seven plays, the best of which is ________, a verse play on an ancient historical subject, written in 1935. (Murder in the Cathedral)16.In 1925, Fitzgerald wrote his best novel _______. It is the story of an idealist who was destroyed by the influence ofthe wealthy, pleasure-seeking people around him. (The Great Gatsby)17.In American history, the 1920s is known as the roaring twenties or ______ _____ by Fitzgerald gives the name of age(The Jazz Age; Tales of The Jazz Age)18.Fitzgerald’s last novel ________ remained unfinished. (The Last Tycoon)19.With the publication of The Sun Also Rises, ________became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called ―a Lost Generation‖.(Ernest Hemingway)20.Hemingway’s stature as a wr iter was confirmed with the publication of his novel _______ in 1929. The novel portrayed a farewell both to war and to love. (A Farewell to Arms)21.Set in Spain during the Civil War, the novel ________ by Hemingway emphasizes the theme of human brotherhood. (For Whom the Bell Tolls)22.In the novel The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway portrayed an old fisherman named _____, who shows triumphant even in defeat. (Santiago)23. In 1954, ______was awarded the Nobel Prize for his―mastery of the art of modern nar ration‖. (Ernese Hemingway)25.In the same way that Fitzerald’s ―Tales of the Jazz Age‖ became the symbol for an age, Hemingway’s novel _______ painted the image of a whole generation, the Lost Generation. (The Sun Also Rises)26._______ was the foremost novelist of the American Depression of the 1930s. (John Steinbeck)27.In the short novel _____, Steinbeck portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers. (Of Mice and Men) 29.Quentin is a character in Faulkner’s novel__________.(The Sound and the Fury) 30.Thomas Sutpen is a character in Faulkner’s novel ____.(Absalom, Absalom!)31.The works written by ______may be viewed as a culmination of the development of twentieth-century southern fiction. (William Faulkner)32.In one sense Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme, which is neatly summed up in the famous phrase,―________, and created one hero who acts that theme out. (grace under pressure) 33.Hemingway hero possesses a kindof ―_______. It is t his courage that enables a man to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of adversity. (despairing courage)1. TO HELENTHEME: The beauty of a woman with whom Poe became acquainted when he was 14. Apparently she treated him kindly and may have urged him or perhaps inspired him to write poetry.Beauty, as Poe uses the word in the poem, appears to refer to the woman’s body as well as her soul.On the one hand ,he represents her as Helen of Troy—the quintessence（典范）of physical beauty-at the beginning of this poem. On the other ,her represents her as Psyche –at the end of the poem.In Greek, Psyche means soul修辞美:① 头韵（alliteration) 第一节中的Weary、way--worn、Wanderer,第二节中的glory、Greece、grandeur,第三节中的Statue-like、stand等。

美国文学重点和归纳

美国文学重点和归纳The American CharacterPractical, Religious, Work Ethic,The American Dream. Freedom and liberty PurityFaithfulness .optimism. Idealist .Practical and hardworkingEnthusiasm in and call for business investmentEnthusiasm in charity-workRespect for Educationthe puritan beliefsColonial American literatureThe first American writer Captain John SmithGeneral featuresTypes of writing: diaries, histories, letters etc.Content: serving either God or colonial expansion or bothForm: imitating English literary traditionsAnne BradstreetThe first American female poetA Puritan poet, “Tenth Muse”“Contemplations”《沉思录》The literature of reason and revolutionBenjamin FranklinJack of all trades, Spokesman of Enlightenment ,Autobiography《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanac 《穷理查德历书》Edwards and Franklin made the whole of a true puritan, an AmericaThomas PaineAmerican CrisisThese are the times that try men’s souls: the summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. Common Sense 常识Thomas JeffersonThe Declaration of Independence 1976/7/4We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness,--That to secure their Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from theConsent of the Governed ,--That whenever any Form of government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Rights of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundationon such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.Philip Freneau father of an poetryAmerican RomanticismWashington Irvingfather of American literature father of American short story The sketch Book 见闻札记Tales of a Traveller(first in installment in America, marked the beginning of American Romanticism)Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说James Fenimore CooperHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. The American Walter Hollow. The first important American novelist.The PilotThe Leatherstocking Tales 皮袜子故事集the Deers layer 杀鹿者The last of the Mohicans 最后的莫西干人Edgar Allen Poefather of modern short story father of detective story father of psychoanalytic criticism Annabel leeThe fall of the House of UsherDuring the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens, I had been passing alone, on horseback, through a singularly dreary tract of country; and at length found myself, as the shades of the evening drew on, within view of the melancholy House of Usher.Had put forth, at no period, any enduring branch; in other words, that the entire family lay in the direct line of descent and had always, with very trifling and very temporary variation, so lain.Ralph Waldo Emersonresponsible for bringing TranscendentalismRalph Waldo Emerson = The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism 超验主义He was a descendent of a long line of New Englandclergymen牧师【pastor】.The American Scholar Spirit The Divinity School Address Representative Men English TraitsNatureIf the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe andadore; and preserve for many generations the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out there preachers of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.Thoreau Waldennot only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreau’s own transcendental philosophy.Waldena collection of nature essaysa great Transcendentalist worka book about man, what he is, and what he should be and must be.full of ideas expressed to persuade his neighbors out of their complacencyPolitical views: disapproved of slavery , condemn the government’s conduct of theMexican War.Nathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet Letter the Blithedale Romance , Mosses from an Old Manse, The Marble FaunHerman MelvilieTypee Mody DickThe three great American authors of the last century who had no contemporary readers and yet became great in this century:ThoreauHerman MelvilleEmily DickinsonThe literature of realism1861-1865 the civil warWalt Whitman Leaves of Grass epic poem Song of myselfEmily Dickinson the greatest woman writer of the ageHarriet Beecher Stowe the author of uncle Tom's cabin.An American institution and the most famous literary woman in the worldWilliam Dean Howells 浪漫主义第一人Father of American realism in literatureEditor of the Atlantic MonthlyThe first president of American Literature and Arts AssociationThe Rise of Silas Lapham, 1885 《塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹》A Modern Instance, 1882《现代婚姻》A Hazard of New Fortunes, 1890《新财富的危机》Henry JamesA writer who not only bridged the 19th and 20th centuries but connected America and Europe.Daisy Miller ,The Portrait of a Lady the AmericanMark Twain原名：Samuel Langhorne Clemens 美国真正作家之一The Adventures of Tom SawyerO. HenryPseudonym of William Sidney Porter“The Gift of the Magi" "The Cop and the Anthem“ Soapy "A Municipal Report"Collections：The Four Million, 1906 Heart of the West, 1910NaturalismJack Londonbefore London, the fictions are all for girl's sakeA Daughter of the SnowsThe Call of the Wild (1903) (an all-time best-seller)The Sea-Wolf (1904) White Fang (1906)The Iron Heel (1908) Martin Eden (1909)Theodore DreiserThe predominant naturalistic novelist from a German-speaking familySister Carrie An American Tragedy Janine Gerhardt Trilogy of DesireThe Financier The Titan The StoicThe Twentieth-Century LiteratureEugene O'NeillAmerican drama developed into a form of literaturethe Desire Under the Elm the Emperor JonesAnna Christie the Hairy ApeTennessee Williamsthe Streetcar Named Desire 欲望阶车Ezra pound The CantosEdwin Arlington Robinsonone of the most productive of the new poetsthe house on the hill . Richard Cory .Miniver cheeryRobert Frost“The father of American modern poetry” The national bardThe nation’s unofficial Poet LaureateNorth of Boston 《波士顿以北》Mountain Interval 《山间》New Hampshire 《新罕普什尔》West Running Brook 《西流的溪涧》A Further Range 《又一片牧场》A Witness Tree 《一棵见证的树》“The Road Not Taken” “St opping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”“The Wood Pile” “Design” ”Mending Wall “Ernest HemingwayThe lost generation ,A tough guyHemingway hero: A despairing courage Grace under pressure The Sun Also Rises (spokesman of The Lost Generation )A Farewell to Arms 1928 (a tragic story about war and love) (Hero and heroine: Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley) For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940 (Spanish civil war)In Our Time“No man is an island.”The Old Man and the SeaCa quite special novel in all his novels ..theme: the importance of life lies in the process of searching and resistance The Torrents of the Spring 《春潮》Winner Take Nothing 《胜者无所得》Death in the Afternoon 《午后之死》Green Hills of Africa 《非洲的青山》To Have and Have Not 《富有与贫穷》The Fifth Column 《第五纵队》Across the River and into the Trees 《过河入林》Francis Scott FitzgeraldThe evaporation of the American DreamThe Jazz AgeThe Lost GenerationThe Great GatsbyJoseph HellerCatch-22 （Absurdist theme Black Humor）William FaulknerFather of American modern novela great plot weaverThe greatest writer of fiction that the US has yet produced Literary Scene in the SouthA Rose for Emily The Sound and the Fury 《喧嚣与愤怒》Go Down, Moses 《去吧，摩西》Absalom! Absalom! 《押沙龙！押沙龙！》Sanctuary 《圣殿》Light in August 《八月之光》As I Lay Dying《在我弥留之际》John Steinbeck the Grapes of WrathWhat is Puritanism?A code of values, a philosophy of life, a point of view, a state of mind, the most enduring influence in American thought and literature, a part of the national atmosphere.AutobiographyA story that a person writes about his or her own life is called an autobiography. Autobiographies are written in first-person point of view, and biographies, third-person point of view.RealismA time of disillusionment and loss of hope- a literary revulsion against the false imagination and sentimentality of Romanticism.Naturalism：Naturalist point of view: to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness C everything is determined by environment and heredity.ImagismTo express the momentary impression through the use of one dominant image.The Lost Generation（Ernest Hemingway，pound , Fitzgerald ）was a group of rebellious youth appeared in America after the First World War.Romanticismis a complex artistic ,literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Resolution.American TranscendentalismAs a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalism (also known as “ American Renaissance”) flourshed in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. It is the high tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau.Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想超灵宇宙② The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual is the most important element of Society. 个体+社会③ The Transcendentalists off ered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. 自然+上帝。

美国文学复习重点

1. Colonial American (1607-1765)Puritanism in America 清教主义1.Influence①American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind(思维模式),rather than a set of tenets.( ['tɛnɪt] 教义)②To them, religion was a matter of primary importance.③They accepted the doctrine of predestination(命运),original sin(原罪),total depravity(堕落),and limited atonement(赎罪) through a special infusion([ɪn'fjuʒn] 神典) of grace from God.[John, Calvin]④In a word, American Puritans are ready for any misfortune and tragic failures that might lie in wait for them.2. Colonial America did not always write the way Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor wrote. Some people wrote for civil and religious freedom, and some others wrote for America shaking off(摆脱) the fetter(束缚) of the savage(残酷) and rapacious(贪婪) British colonial rule.3. Early writersJohn Smith A Description of New England《新英格兰叙事》Anne Bradstreet(first American poet) Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America ( 1650 )《第十位诗神》.On the Burning of Our House 《写在我家失火之际》Edward Taylor(finest 出色的) Huswifery 《家务》Upon a Spider Catching a Fly《蜘蛛扑捉苍蝇之遐想》Chapter 2. The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)1.Eighteenth-century American thinking was dominated by two basic patterns of thought .Toward the latter part of theseventeenth century, a completely new view of the universe came into being.(Deism 自然神论)2.Benjamin Franklin(Enlightenment thinkers and writers)1）Poor Richard’s Almanac《格言历书》（Maxims格言and axioms哲理)2）Autobiography《自传》a.It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary (开山之作)American writing as well as the first real autobiography inEnglish.b.It gives us the simple yet immensely(全面) fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state ofpoverty and obscurity(卑微) into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man. (自我奋斗成功)c．Comments1) First of all, it is a puritan document(清教徒传记). The most famous section describes his scientific scheme ofself-examination(审视) and self-improvement(完善).2) It is also an eloquent elucidation(清楚表明) of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenthcentury enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free(善良自由), by nature endowed(赋予) by God with certain inalienable(不可剥夺的) rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.3) It is the pattern of Puritan(典型清教写作风格) simplicity, directness, and concision(明朗). The plainness(平实) of itsstyle, the homeliness(通俗) of imagery(比喻), the simplicity of diction(措词), syntax and expression are some of the salient(突出) features we cannot mistake.3.Hector St John de Crevecoeur Letters From an American Farmer «美国农人书简»或者《信札》\American Romanticism（1800-1865）Section 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?A．Romanticism is a literary movement throughout the 19th C and it can be divided into the early period and the late period. Also it remains powerful in contemporary literature and art.B. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.C. Romanticism is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classicism,D. The most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U. S. was Transcendentalism.E. The representatives of the early period includes Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper. Waldo EmersonHistorical Background: 1.American Puritanism 2.New England Transcendental Movement 3.American westward Expansion.American RomanticismFeatures：(1)American romanticism was in a way derivate: American romantic writing was some of them modelled onEnglish and European works.(2)American romanticism is a cultural heritage(文化遗产),American moral values were basically Puritan.(3)American romanticism was both imitative and independent.(4)Writers like Emerson and Whitman thought and wrote differently. They calling for the creation of a nativeAmerican culture and literature, represent“the deeper forces(坚实力量) ”of a Romanticisms at onceindigenous(本土化) and universal(广为人知).1. Washington Irving-- One of the first American writers to earn an international reputation, an early Romantic writer, and Father of the American short stories, The Father of American Literature ,“the American Goldsmith”Work：A History of New York《纽约外史》（DK）won him wide popularityThe Sketch Book《见闻札记》（GC）won international fame→contains German folk tales Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy HollowThe History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus 《哥伦布市传》A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada《攻克格拉纳达》The Alhambra《阿尔罕伯拉》Selections:Rip Van Winkle:I have observed that he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband.Rip’s sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was as much henpecked as his master; For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of his majesty George the Third. “The Union Hotel, by Jonathan Doolittle.”Instead of the great tree which used to shelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now was reared a tall naked pole, with something on the top that looked like a red nightcap, and from it was fluttering a flag. The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was stuck in the hand instead of a scepter, the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was painted in large characters, GENERAL WASHINGTON.The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Tarry Town, New York, Ichabod Crane, Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, Katrina Van Tassel Literary career: two parts---1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique---1832~1859: back to USStyle –beautiful, Romanticism, Humor, Irony(1)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(2)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(3)vivid and true characters(4)humour – smiling while reading(5)musical language2.James Fenimore Cooper (the American Scott)a. He is the first border writer;(边疆作家)b. Created a myth about the formative period of American nation;（创造了美国格式化时代的神话）c. Helped introduce the “Western”tradition into American literatureWork：A：Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》(masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Pioneers《拓荒者》The Prairie (1827), 《大草原》(1823)---old The Last of Mohicans(1826), 《最后的莫西干人》The Pathfinder 《探路者》(1840)---middle-age, The Deerslayer (1841) 《杀鹿人》---youth (This process is the American quest for an ideal community.)Analysis of Natty Bumppo:Presented as an ideal American, living a virtuous and free life in God’s world. To him the wilderness is good, pure, perfect, where there is freedom not tainted （变质）by human institutions; He find “civilization” both corrupt and corrupting; The civilization is poisoned at the root from the very beginning.Analysis of Judge Temple: Judge Temple is a good indication of Cooper’s ambivalence(矛盾)，as a Writer of frontier life; He is a man of honor and integrity. He is as much a frontiersman as Natty Bumppo; He represents “the practically inevitable” (实实在在的实用)aspect of frontier life, He symbolizes law and civilization.His themes:a.Native subject of frontier and wilderness(荒原)b.New sources of fiction.Section 2 American Transcendentalism （summit of the Romantic Movement）（1836-1860）Appearance：1836, “Nature” by EmersonBackground: The Mexican-America War(1846-1848)美西战争，The westward expansion 西部大开发开始What is Transcendentalism：（Puritan heritage+Foreign influence）●appeared in 1830s in US●emphasis on spirit or Oversoul and stressing importance of the individual●regarding nature as symbols of the spirit or God and emphasis on brotherhood of man●representatives: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David ThoreauResources：Transcendentalist Club in New England—the Dial《日晷》Features1.spirit/oversoul(超灵)2.importance of individualism3.nature – symbol of spirit/God; garment(外衣) of the oversoulSignificanceA. influenced a large group of writersB. summit of American RomanticismC. marked the independence of American literatureTranscendentalism: quotes----“Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”1. Ralph Waldo Emerson (Father of Transcendentalism)Works:Nature 自然(1836) ：“the manifesto(宣言) of American transcendentalism” and “the Bible of New Eng land Transcendentalism.”----“a transparent eyeball”The American Scholar美国学者(1837)："America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence"(知识分子独立宣言) Self-Reliance 论自助: the importance of cultivating oneself (自我培养)----individualism2. Henry David ThoreauCivil Disobedience 《论公民的不服从》Walden：a series of 18 essays；Comparing with Emerson who was a great thinker, Thoreau was a great experimentalist Selection:“I went into the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of lif e and see if I could not learn what it has to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.“We live meanly, like ants; though the fable tells us that we were long ago changed into men ... it is error upon error and clout upon clout, and our best virtue has for its occasion a superfluous and evitable wretchedness. Our life is frittered away by detail. .”3. Nathaniel Hawthorne (Typical romantic writer ;born in Massachusetts)Works:Major romances or novels ：•The Scarlet Letter 《红字》(1850) (Hester Prynne 女主；Arthur Dimmesdale 情人；Roger Chillingworth 丈夫) •The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》(Matthew Maule被害死，坏人也受到诅咒而死---sin will get punished)•The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》(1852)•The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》(1860)Short stories：a)Twice-Told Tales 1837 《故事重述》b)Mosses from an Old Manse1843 《古宅青苔》c)The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales 1852 《雪人和其他重讲一遍的故事》Puritan background•The Birth-Mark《胎记》(1843)•Rappaccini’s Daughter《拉帕奇尼的女儿》(1844)•The Minister’s Black Veil《教长的黑面纱》(1836)•Young Goodman Brown《好小伙子布朗》(1835)* The Scarlet Letter(清教思想融入了美国浪漫主义，象征手法)：Adultery(通奸)—Able(能干)—Angle(天使)The scarlet letter A is ambiguous(不明确的). And the ambiguity is one of the salient(显著的) characteristics of Hawthorne’s art.*Young Goodman Brown :( Goodman Brown and Faith) Everyone possesses some evil secret.Hawthorne’s point of viewEvil is at the core of human life.(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.(3) Evil educates.(4) He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening (too proud of oneself) intellect.4.Herman Melville (全拼—Going out to sea; marriage; friendship with Hawthorne)Works:•Typee«泰皮»•Omoo«欧穆»•Mardi«玛地»South Pacific islands•Redburn«雷得本»voyage to England•White Jacket«白外衣»United States•Pierre«皮埃尔»•Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(a sign that he had resolved his quarrel with God)•Clarel《克拉莱尔》( a poem)Moby-Dick «白鲸»(masterpieces)A．the first American prose epic散文史诗B．an encyclopedia百科全书of everythingC．a Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fatesPrincipal CharactersIshmael (The narrator of the story) ；Captain AhabThe symbolism of Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.5.Walt Whitman（Free verse（自由体诗）, Envelope structure（信件结构）I - me, my nation (society), Catalogue）Work：Leaves Of Grass 《草叶集》written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War in the United States and the Civil War.Including：1. There Was a Child Went Forth 2. Cavalry Crossing a Ford 3. Song of MyselfThere Was a Child Went Forth 《一个孩子的成长》how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments, be identified with the childhood of a young, growing America.Selected readings：There was a child went forth every day, And the first object he look'd upon, that object he became, And that object became part of him for the day or a certain part of the day, Or for many years or stretching cycles of years. The early lilacs became part of this child, And grass and white and red morning-glories, and white and red clover, and the song of the phoebe-bird, And the Third-month lambs and the sow's pink-faint litter, and the mare's foal and the cow's calf, And the noisy brood of the barnyard or by the mire of the pond-side,I Hear America Singing 《我听见美利坚在歌唱》Selected readings：I hear American singing, the varied carols I hear,Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and strongThe carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam, The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work,The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck.The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, The hatter singing as he stands, The wood-cutter’s song, the ploughboy's on his way in the morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown,The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing,Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else,The day what belongs to the day-at night the party of young fellows, Robust, friendly,Singing with open moths their strong melodious songs.Song of Myself 《自我之歌》The longest and the best . Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden(装满) with ideas, spontaneous(自发的) expression of his original ideasSong of MyselfSelected readings：I CELEBRATE myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul, I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air, Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin, Hoping to cease not till death.O Captain! My Captain! ( Captain" is Lincoln himself)When Lilac s Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,(小院丁香花开时)6. Emily Dickenson (Along with Whitman, Dickinson is one of the two giants of American poetry of the 19th century)Works(1)Because I Can’t Stop for Death (masterpiece about death )Selection:Because I could not stop for Death—He kindly stopped for me—The Carriage held but just Ourselves—And Immortality.We slowly drove—He knew no haste. And I had put away My labor and my leisure too, For His Civility We passed the School, where Children strove .At Recess—in the Ring—We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—We passed the Setting Sun—Or rather—He passed Us—The Dews drew quivering and chill—For only Gossamer, my Gown—My Tippet—only Tulle—We paused before a House that seemed A Swelling of the Ground—The Roof was scarcely visible—The Cornice—in the Ground—Since then—'tis Centuries—and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the Horses' Heads Were toward Eternity—(Death is not to be feared since it is a natural part of the endless cycle of nature. )(2)I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died (a description of the moment of death)Selection: I heard a Fly buzz --- when I died --- The stillness in the Room Was like the stillness in the Air -- Between the Heav es of Storm --The Eyes around -- had wrung when them dry -- And breaths were gathering firm For that last Onset -- when th e King Be witnessed ---- in the Room - I willed my keepsakes ---Signed away What portion of me be Assignable --- and then it was There interposed a Fly -With Blue - uncertain stumbling Buzz - Between the light ---- and me --And the windows failed ----and then I could not see to seethemes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows(1)religion – doubt and belief about religious subjects(2)death and immortality(3)love – suffering and frustration caused by love(4)physical aspect of desire(5)nature – kind and cruel(6)free will and human responsibilityStyle:(1)poems without titles(2)severe economy of expression(3)directness, brevity(4)musical device to create cadence (rhythm)(5)capital letters – emphasis(6)short poems, mainly two stanzas(7)rhetoric techniques: personification – make some of abstract ideas vividComparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson1.Similarities:(1)Thematically, they both extolled(赞美), in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, itsindividualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”.(2)Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention ofthe iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they were pioneers in Americanpoetry.2.differences:(1)Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.(2)Whereas Whitm an is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”.(3)Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (direct, simple style) which Whitman doesn’t have.7. Edgar Allen Poe (inventor of the detective-fiction )WorksNovels(1)The Tell-tale Heart《泄密的心》(2)The Gold-Bug（侦探小说）《金甲虫》(3)The Black Cat《黑猫》(4)The Fall of the House of Usher”《厄舍古屋的倒塌》(5)The Purloined Letter” –one of the world’s greatest detective stories. 《一封失窃的来信》Poems•To Helen 《致海伦》-----physical beauty-soulful beauty–(选读)•Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔·李》--expresses great loss and sadnessSelection: That a maiden there lived whom you may know 住着一位少女你或许认得Second stanza---But we loved with a love that was more than love可我们相爱，爱超越了爱---Coveted her and me. 也把我和她妒嫉。

美国文学考试重点

美国文学考试重点美国文学考试的重点可以分为以下几个方面：1. 早期美国文学：- 殖民时期文学：包括早期殖民地的日记、信件和宗教作品等，如《普利茅斯纪事》和《普罗维登斯计划》。

- 紧随其后的大量宗教文学作品，如《新英格兰的校训》。

- 托马斯·佩恩的《常识》：这本书在美国独立运动中起到了重要的作用。

2. 美国文学的形成与发展：- 19世纪初的浪漫主义文学：如华盛顿·欧文的《睡美人和其他故事》和詹姆斯·菲尼莫尔·库珀的《最后的莫西干人》。

- 华尔特·惠特曼的《草叶集》：这本诗集在美国文学史上具有重要地位。

- 女性作家：如哈丽特·比彻·斯托的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和艾米莉·迪金森的诗歌作品。

3. 20世纪的美国文学：- 现代主义文学：如欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》和威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》。

- 战争文学：如约翰·史坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》和约瑟夫·海勒的《23个故事和一个司令》。

- 迈尔斯·杰克逊的《杀死一只知更鸟》：这是美国文学中一本重要的反种族主义作品。

4. 当代美国文学：- 现实主义：如托尼·莫里森的《亲爱的》和唐·德里罗的《百年孤独》。

- 同性恋与性别研究：如杰夫·艾斯特里奇的《中性国度》和艾美丽·P. 亨德森的《一个男小地方》。

此外，还需要了解美国文学的主要流派和文学理论，如现实主义、象征主义、后现代主义等，以及相关的文学批评方法。

最好的准备方式是广泛阅读美国经典文学作品并理解其背后的文化、历史和社会背景。

美国文学知识整理

reasoning and revolution代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-17901）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。

4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。

美国文学史复习知识点

PuritanismFeatures of Puritanism1. Purification of the church2. Calvinism (John Calvin, 1509-1564, French protestant reformer)(1). Emphasis of Predestination “预定论”(2). Total depravity (Original Sin) 彻底的堕落(因原罪而起）(3). Limited atonement 有限的赎罪Anne Bradstreet (1612 — 1672)First famous poet in North America, known as the “Tenth Muse”最早写出真正有价值的英文诗歌的女诗人Major works:the first collection of poems in North America.The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)《最近在美洲出现的第十位缪斯》Contemplations《沉思录》Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790 )Statesman, essayist, orator, philosopher, ambassador, scientist, inventor, publisher“master of each and mastered by none”—Herman MelvilleOne of the Founding Fathers of AmericaSymbol of America in the Age of EnlightenmentThe only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:the Declaration of Independencethe treaty of alliance with Francethe treaty of peace with Englandthe constitutionThe symbol of American Dream, a self-made manHis Major WorksPoor Richard’s Almanac (1732)《格言历书》poems and essaysa good many adages and common sense witticismsAutobiography (1868)— the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity—the faithful account of the colorful career of American’s first self-made man.— a Puritan document (self-examination and self-improvement; illustration of Puritan ethics ) — a story of the fulfillment of American dream.Thirteen virtues from The Autobiography1. Temperance节制. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.2. Silence沉默. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.3. Order秩序. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.4. Resolution决心. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.5. Frugality节俭. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself, i.e., waste nothing.6. Industry勤奋. Lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessaryactions.7. Sincerity诚实. Use no harmful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speakaccordingly.8. Justice公正. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.9. Moderation适度. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.10. Cleanliness清洁. Tolerate no uncleanlinessin body, clothes, or habitation.11. Tranquility宁静. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.12. Chastity贞洁. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or theinjury of our own or another’s peace or reputation.13. Humility谦虚. Imitate Jesus and Socrates.The Style of Puritan Writing1. Protestant - against ornateness; reverence for the Bible. The Puritans chose the Bible as the guidebook to their Promised Land.2. Puritan writing reflected the character and scope of the reading public, which was literate and well-grounded in religion.American RomanticismTime Range:From the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War.Historical Background:National independence, democracyRising materialism and business: leisure and wealthReligious dogma, rationalismFeatures:American Romanticism was both imitative and independent.Imitative: English and European Romanticists, about home, family, nature, children and idealized love, etc.Independent: Emerson and Whitman, on major problems of American life, like the westward expansion and democracy and equality, etc.1. Romantic Subject Matter(1). The quest for beauty: non-didactic, "pure beauty." (Allan Poe)(2). The use of the far-away and non-normal - antique and fanciful (Hawthorn, Poe)(3). Escapism - from American problems (Irving).(4). Interest in external nature - for itself, for beauty(Emerson, Thoreau)2. Romantic Attitudes :(1). Appeals to imagination:remoteness of settings in time and space. improbable plots.(2). Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism,(3). Authorial subjectivity: in form and meaning.3. Major Themes:a.Primitivism and the cult of the “noble savage”(Hiawatha 《海华沙》);b.The celebration of natural beauty and the simple life (Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau);mon man, uncorrupted by civilization (Whittier, Cooper);d.Interest in the picturesque past (Irving, Hawthorne);e.Interest in the remote places (Melville); medievalism (Longfellow);Representitive Writers and WorksWashington Irving’s The Sketch Book 《见闻札记》marks the beginning of American Romanticism.Whitman’s (慧特曼) Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》) is the last masterpiece of American Romanticism.James Fenimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales 《皮裹腿故事集》depicts as a pioneer,effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West.Washington Irving（1783-1859）Father of the American short stories；the first great American writer；the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.Masterpiece:The Sketch Book (1820）marks the beginning of American Romanticism.Rip Van Winkle （《瑞普·凡·温克尔》）The Legend of Sleepy Hollow （《睡谷的传说》）James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)One of the first authors to write about the American Westward movement.The creation of a myth about the formative period of the American nation.The introduction of the “Western” tradition into American literature.Masterpiece:Leatherstocking Tales 《皮裹腿故事集》（a collection of tales）The Pioneer, 1823; 《拓荒者》The Last of the Mohicans, 1826;《最后的莫西干人》The Prairie, 1827; 《大草原》The Pathfinder, 1840; 《探路人》The Deerslayer, 1841.《杀鹿者》TranscendentalismFeatures:1.Oversoul2.Individualism3.NatureThe Transcendentalists:The Big Three:1.Ralph Waldo Emerson;2.Henry David Thoreau;3.Margaret FullerThree sources:1.A thoughtful revolt against Puritanism (total depravity, the original sin etc.).2.German philosophers of the 18th century.3.The effect of oriental thought on the Western world.Ralph Waldo EmersonMajor Works:1.Nature:Emerson’s best know workThe bible of New England transcendentalism2.“Divinity School Address”attacks organized Christianityargues for “moral sentiment” --- essence of all religionsurges the listeners to be the true teacher: offering first-hand revelations3.“The American Scholar”:America’s declaration of Intellectual Independenceasserts nature as a teacher that instructs man to see his connection with the worldmaintains creation is continuous and each age must have its own booksdeclares self-trust and independent thinking a necessity for the new scholar.Henry David ThoreauMajor Works:1.WaldenA book on self-culture and human perfectibilitycarrying out an experimentrecording in great detail a spiritually rewarding yet simple lifereflecting on nature’s restorative influenceA book that inspired modern nature preservation2.Civil DisobedienceNathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)Major Works:(1). Fanshawe《范肖》(2). The Token were reprinted in Twice-told Tales. 《重述一遍的故事》(3). Twice-Told Tales, 1837; 《重述一遍的故事》(4). Mosses from an Old Manse, 1846; 《古屋青苔》,including “Young Goodman Brown”《年轻的古德曼·布朗》, “Rappaccini’s Daughter”《拉帕西尼的女儿》, “The Artist of the Beautiful”, “The Birthmark”, and “Roger Malvin’s Burial”.(5). Books for children:Grandfather’s Chair(1841);Famous Old People(1841),Liberty Tree(1841),Biographical Stories for Children(1842)(6). The Scarlet Letter, 1850; 《红字》(7). The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales (1851)(8). The House of Seven Gables , 1851; 《七个尖角阁的房子》(9). The Blithedale Romance, 1852; 《福谷传奇》(10). The Marble Faun , 1860; 《玉石雕像》(11). The Centenary Edition of the Works of Hawthorne, 18 vols. ed. W. Charvat et al., 1962-1987. Masterpieces:The Scarlet Letter (1850), written after Hawthorn’s dismissal from his post owing to a change of administrations, proved to be his greatest work, and indeed summed up in classic terms the Puritan dilemma that had so long occupied his imagination.Other Important books:The House of the Seven Gables (1851); is another great romance, concerned with the decadence of Puritanism, a novel based upon colonial America and filled with mysticism.The Blithedale Romance, (1852) in which he tuned to the contemporary scene and his Brook Farm experiences;The Scarlet Letter (1850)人物:1.Wife: Hester Prynne2.丈夫改名后: Roger Chillingworth3.Priest: Arthur DimmesdaleWalt Whitman (1819-1891)Whitman’s (慧特曼) Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》) is the last masterpiece of American Romanticism.Free verse1. without a fixed, traditional rhyme scheme2. It is sometimes referred to as “open form” verse, or by the French term vers libre.Whitman’s statusWhitman stands as one of two giants of American poetry in 19th C.found new subjects for typical American type of poetry.rejected conventional themes, traditional rhymeHe influenced Harlem Renaissance writers as Langston Hughes and James Weldon Johnson.Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot (Modernist poets) were also influenced by Whitman.Major Works:1.Leaves of Grass2.Song of Myself3.Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking4.When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d 纪念林肯Edgar Allan Poe1. Position(1). Poet, short-story writer and critic.(2). Unique position in the history of American literature:a. ancestor of the detective story (influencing Conan Doyle)b. forefather of psychological novels (psychological analysis)c. the first important American critic and father of psychoanalytic criticismd. (be regarded as) one of the first aesthetes in literary historyHowever, Poe may be the most controversial and most misunderstood literary figure in the history of American literature.2. Masterpieces:The Raven (1844)—one of his most enduring worksTo HelenHerman Melville:major theme: aliennationMasterpiece:Moby Dick 《白鲸》人物:1.Ishmael2.船长: Ahab3.白鲸: Moby Dick4.船: PequodA common Theme: one of“Rejection and quest”1.19世纪中期2.Cooper, Hawthorne, MelvilleEmily Dickinson (1830-1886)1.Pioneer of Imagism2.Calvinist family诗歌特点:1.Love: “With a Flower”, “Proof”2.Nature: “A Service of Song”, “Summer Shower”3.Death and immortality: “Because I Could Not Stop for Death”4.Miscellaneous: “Tell all the Truth but tell It Slant”Her techniques originality:1.Capitalizations and dashes2.Metaphors3.symbolismDickinson’s status1. Her unconventionality influenced modern poets like Adrienne Rich, Richard Wilbur, and William Stafford.Along with Walt Whitman, Dickinson is considered a true genius of American poetry of the 19th C. Works1.Because I could not …2.Tell all the Truth but tell it slant-3.With A Flower4.Proof5.A Service of Song6.This is my letterAmerican RealismTime Range:1865 – 1910Background:1. Aftermath of the Civil Wara.Social Problems: deterioration of moral values; extremes of wealth and poverty; majoritystruggled for survivalb.Question on the Transcendentalists’ assumptions2. A great interest in the realities of life3. The close of the frontierFeatures:1. Anti-romantic, anti-sentimental ; truthful description of life真实性2. Typical character and plot under typical setting人物情节与背景的典型性、代表性3. Objective rather than idealized view of human nature and experience客观性4. Concern for social and psychological problems关注社会与个人心理问题Realistic Techniques(1). Settings thoroughly familiar to the writer(2). Plots emphasizing the norm of daily experience(3). Ordinary characters, studied in depth(4). Complete authorial objectivity(5). Responsible morality; a world truly reportedRepresentative Writers and Works:1. William Dean Howells is the the champion of literary realism in America. His The Rise of SilasLapham, is about critical of the rise of materialism in American life2. Henry James is the forefather of psychological analysis and stream of consciousness.His famous work is The Portrait of a Lady.3. Mark Twain represents social life through portraits of local places which he knew best.His famous word is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.William Dean Howells （1837 — 1920）1.middle class2.smiling aspectcking of psychological depthMajor Works1.The Rise of Silas Lapham （1885）《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》Protagonist: Silas Lapham, a self-made man , a upstart2. A Modern Instance （1881）《现代婚姻》3.Indian Summer （1886）《晚秋之暧》4.Annie Kilburn （1888）《安妮·吉尔伯恩》5.A Hazard of New Fortunes （1890）《时来运转》6.A Chance AcquaintanceHenry James（1843 — 1916）1.upper class2.Harvard3.Novelist, critic, playwright, essayist4.Forefather of psychological analysis and stream of consciousness5.International theme: American innocence in face of European sophisticationMajor Works:1.The American （1877）《美国人》2.Daisy Miller （1879）《苔瑟·密勒》3.The Portrait of a Lady （1881）《贵妇人的画像》4.The Bostonians （1886）《波士顿人》5.The Princess Casamassima （1886）《卡萨玛西玛公主》6.What Maisie Knew （1897）《梅吉的见闻》7.The Turn of the Screw 《拧螺丝》Three great novels8.The Wings of the Dove （1902）《鸽翼》9.The Ambassadors （1903）《专使》10.The Golden Bowl （1904）《金碗》Local Colorism (1860s -- 1900) 乡土文学Features1.Emphasis of elements which characterize a local culture, such as speech, customs, and morespeculiar to one particular place.2.Emphasis of physical setting and those distinctive qualities of landscape which condition humanthought and behavior.3.dialect4.frame storyMark Twain（1835 — 1910）1.lower class2.social critic, local colorist3.colloquial speech4.southwestern humor5. stories peculiar to Mississippi and WestMajor Works1. 《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 第一个成功文学作品2.《镀金时代》（The Gilded Age, 1873）3.《汤姆·索耶历险记》（The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, 1876）4.《王子与贫儿》（The Prince and the Pauper, 1881）5.《密西西比河上》（Life on the Mississippi, 1883）6.《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》（The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 1886）7. 《傻瓜威尔逊》Pud’nhead Wilson （1893）8. 《圣女贞德》Personal Reflections of Joan of Arc （1896）Following the Equator （1897）《赤道旅行记》9.《败坏了赫德莱堡的人》The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900)10.《傻子国外旅行记》Innocents Abroad (1869)11.《神秘的来客》The Mysterious Stranger (1906)12.《人是怎么一回事》What Is Man (1906)The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)人物:1.Huckleberry Finn: Main character of the book, who runs away from his adopted family to be freeof society and civilization.2.Tom Sawyer: Huck's best friend who freely spins lies and loves adventure.3.Widow Douglas: Adopts Huck to try and civilize him.4.Miss Watson: Sister of the Widow Douglas. She tries to teach Huck religion and how to spell.5.Jim: Miss Watson's slave. He runs away and journeys down the Mississippi River with Huck.6.Pap: Huck's drunkard father.7.The King and the Duke: two swindlersComparison of the three “giants”1. ThemeHowells – middle classJames – upper classTwain – lower class2. ToneHowells – smiling/genteel realismJames – psychological realismTwain – local colourism and colloquialismAmerican NaturalismTime Range:1890 -- 1920Background:1. Emergence of “Modern America” : financial giants vs. industria l proletariat2. New ideas about man and man’s place in the universe: in a cold, indifferent andGodless world, man is insignificant without freedom of will.3. Younger generation of writers thought Howellsian realism was too restrained andgenteel to tell the truth of the harsher realities of American life.Definition:a critical term applied to the method of literary composition that aims at a detached, scientific objectivity in the treatment of natural man. It is thus more inclusive and less selective than realism, and holds to the philosophy of determinism. It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and economic environment and circumstances. Since in this view man has no free will, the naturalistic writer does not attempt to make moral judgments, and as a determinist he tends toward pessimism. (The Oxford Companion to American lit.)Features:1. Humans are controlled by some deterministic forces, both internal (heredity) and external (environment)2. The universe is indifferent and hostile.3. The literary naturalists have a major difference from the realists.They described the violent, sensational, sordid, unpleasant, and ugly aspects of life instead of the averageInstead of reflecting the middle-class life, they would rather write about the life of failure, poverty and even crime.4. general tone: hopelessness, despair, gloom, pessimismRepresentative Writers and Works1. as a response to a darkening social outlook: the harsh futility of life in nature, on the farm, or inthe city (Stephen Crane) Maggie: A Girl of the Street (1893)2. Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie is a spiritual tragedy.3. the political implications of economic forces (Frank Norris) McTeagueStephen Crane (1871-1900)1.Pioneer in the field of Modern poetry : One of the two precursors of Imagist, the other beingEmily DicksonMajor Works:1. Maggie: A Girl of the Street (1893) 《街头女郎梅季》a.A masterpiece of Am. naturalism, the first naturalistic novel in American Literature.b.Tragic lifec.died in riverd.Pete seduces and abandons Maggie2.The Red Badge of Courage (1895)《红色英勇勋章3.The Open Boat《海上扁舟》(1897)4.The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky《新娘来到黄天镇》5.The Blue Hotel《蓝色旅馆》6.An Experiment in Misery7.Collection: The Black Riders and Other Lines《黑衣骑士及其他》(1895）8.Long poem: War Is Kind《战争是仁慈的》（1899）9.A Man Said to the Universe (book)10. A Man Adrift on a Slim Spar”(book)Frank Norris(1870-1902)Major Works:1. McTeague (1899) 《麦克提格》“the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel” / full l ength2.“The Epic of the Wheat”: a trilogy 《小麦史诗》3.The Octopus （1901）《章鱼》the best, about the production of the wheat, the octopus—the railroad4.The Pit (1903)《陷阱》the distribution and consumption of the wheat on the market5.The Wolf《野狼》Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)Major Works:1.Sister Carrie (1900) 《嘉莉妹妹》a.第一部小说b.先遭拒绝, 后出版2.The Trilogy of Desire”《欲望三部曲》:a.The Financier (1912) 《金融家》b.The Titan (1914) 《巨头》c.The Stoic,《禁欲者》(1945, unfinished)3.The 'Genius' (1915) 《天才》4.An American Tragedy (1925) 《美国悲剧》, 自传5.Dawn 《曙光》(1931)6.The Bulwark 《堡垒》(1946)Sister Carrie (1900)人物:1.Caroline Meeber, known as Carrie2.Charlie Drouet3.George HurstwoodThe 1920sAmerican ModernismTime Range:1910s – 1945Historical Background:1. The Influence of the WWI:A stronger image of America in international arena;The economic boom-a deceptive affluence;The development of a new type of industrial economy;2. Intolerance in American society: the discrimination against minorities.3. The loss of faith—the death of God.Intellectually, Darwin, Freud, Nietzsche, MarxSpiritually, sense of disillusionment & fragmentationDefinition:1. The attempt to create something new in the space of modern crisis and change.2.Discontentment and a deliberate & radical break with traditional ways of expression in Western arts & lit.3.Innovative experimentation in subjects, forms, concepts & stylesFeatures:Fragmentation and open-endedness in structureAlienation as the chief characteristicInterests in the psychological depths of characters (method of stream-of-consciousness)Gender, race, class as accepted registers-- efforts to represent postwar world as incoherent, futile, fragmented, and meaningless, man as misplaced, lost and alienated, to resist traditional totalized views of realityRepresentitive Writers and Works1.T. S Eliot is the most dominant literary figure between the two world wars.The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock2.Ezra Pound is the leader of the Imagist movement, mentor of many literary talents, tried for treasonIndebtedness to Chinese culture.In a Station of the Metro.Imagism 意象主义(1912—1914, with Ezra Pound as the leader)1.Rejected the effusive nature of Romantic and Victorian poetry2.Focused on directness of idea and economy of language3.Contemporary with and in harsh contrast to Georgian poetry4.Contemporaries: Ezra Pound, T.S. EliotRepresentatives: Pound, Hulme, Amy Lowell, H.D., Richard Aldington, William Carlos WilliamsFeatures of the Imagist Poetry:1.To use the language of common speech2.To create new rhythms – a new cadence means a new idea3.To allow absolute freedom in the choice of subject4.To present an image5.To produce poetry that is hard and clear, never blurred or indefinite6.Concentration is the very essence of PoetryEzra Pound (1885—1972) 庞德Major Works:1.In a Station of the Metro2.Indebtedness to Chinese culturea.Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·西尔文·毛伯莱》b.Cantos （1915-1945）《诗章》3.1908 A Lume Spento《灯火熄灭之时》4.1909 Personae《人物》5.1910 The Spirit of Romance《罗曼斯精神》6.1915 Cathay《中国》7.1919 Homage to Sextus Propertivs《向塞克斯图斯·普罗佩提乌斯致敬》8.1920 Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》9.1945 The Pisan Cantos《比萨诗章》10.1954 Letters of Ezra Pound，1907—1941《埃兹拉·庞德书信集》11.1973 Literary Essays《文学论文集》SelectedProse 1909—1965《文选》Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965)1.fragmentation2.modern man alienationMajor Works:1.The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1911)《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》2.The Waste Land (1922) 《荒原》3.Hollow Man (1925) 《空心人》4.Ash Wenesday (1930)《圣尘星期三》5.Four Quartets (1943)《四个四重奏》F.Scott Fitzgerald (1896—1940) 菲茨杰拉德1.The spokesman of the “Roaring twenties” and The Jazz Age2.StylistMajor Works:1.This Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》2.The Beautiful and Damned (1922)《美人与丑鬼》The first attempt at writing The Great Gatsby.3. The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》a.F’s best, written in Paris, a masterpiece of the 1920sb.criticism on the Jazz Age4. Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》F’s second important novel, condemning the wasted energy of misguided youth.5. The Last Tycoon (1941)《最后一个巨头》unfinished6. Two short story collections:a.Flappers and Philosophers (1920) 《少女与哲学家》b.Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士时代的故事》Give its name to the decade (1919-1929) –the Jazz Age (the “Roaring Twenties”, “The Flapper Period”)7.The Crack-Up (1945), essays collected by Edmund Wilson 《崩溃》The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》人物:1.Tom Buchanan2.Daisy3.Gatsby4.Wilson5.Nick CarrawayErnest Hemingway (1899—1961) 海明威1.colloquial style2.iceberg theoryMajor Works:1. The Sun Also Rises (1926)《太阳照样升起》paints the image of a whole generation—the lost generation, spiritual crisis2. A Farewell to Arms (1929) 《永别了，武器》based on his war experience in Italy, a love tragedy in the War, the lovers called “modernRomeo and Juliet”, firmly established H’s reputation3. For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 《丧钟为谁而鸣》（《战地钟声》）Based on his experience as a journalist in Spain during its civil war, anti-Fascism4. The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》One of his best, winning the Nobel Prize5. Short story collections:a.Men without Women (1927)《没有女人的男人》b.Winner Take Nothing (1933) 《胜者无所得》6. Play:The Fifth Column (1940) 《第五纵队》The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》人物:1.Santiago2.marlinThe Lost Generation 迷惘的一代Writing Features:ing of age during the War, having something to do with it2.Disillusioned and antagonistic against war3.Unhappy about American culture4.Expatiates in Paris5.grace under pressure6.death7.war,violent, meaningless, chaotic, purposeless slaugterWilliam Faulkner(1897-1962)福克纳1.Southern Literature and Faulkner’s Yoknapatawpha saga2.Fictional world3.Family community4.Style:a.stream of consciousness and interior monologueb.disorder of timec.freshMajor Works:1.The Sound and The Fury (1929) 《喧嚣与骚动》2.As I Lay Dying (1930) 《我弥留之际》3.Sanctuary (1931) 《圣殿》4.Light in August (1932) 《八月之光》5.Absalom, Absalom (1936)《押沙龙！押沙龙！》6.Go Down, Moses (1942) 《去吧，摩西》7.Trilogy of the Snopes familyThe Hamlet (1940) 《村子》The Town (1957) 《小镇》The Mansion (1959)《大宅》8. Short Story collection:The Unvanquished, 《没有被征服的人》(1938)9. A Rose for EmilyJohn Dos Passos (1896—1970) 约翰·多斯·帕索斯U. S. A. Trilogy 《美国》三部曲a. The 42nd Parallel (1930)《北纬四十二度》“machine” dominates and impedes the free growth of individuals b. 1919 （1932）《一九一九》A record of W W I, depersonalizing machinec. The Big Money （1936）《赚大钱》The booming twentiesJohn Steinbeck (1902-1968) 约翰•斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath （1939）《愤怒的葡萄》被称作”Uncle Tom’s Cabin” of the 1930sEugene O’Neill (1888-1953) 尤金·奥尼尔1.“Founder of the American drama,” and “the American Shakespeare” in the history of Americandrama.2.receive the Nobel Prize for literature (1936).Major Works:1.Bound East for Cardiff （1916）《东航卡迪夫》his first play, marking the beginning of O’s long and successful dramatic career and ushered in the modern era of the American theatre2.Beyond Horizon (1920) 《天边外》his first play of success, established his reputation, Pulitzer Prize3.The Emperor Jones (1920) 《琼斯王》4.The Hairy Ape (1922) 《毛猿》Ralph (Waldo) Ellison (1914-1994)Invisible Man--An archetypal existential story of modern times.（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

Post-war delusion（迷幻，错觉）“So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.”补充：Fitzgerald：tender is the night, all the sad young man, the rich boy,几个重点背景：roaring twenties, jazz age, the lost generation, American dream5. Ernest Hemingway主要作品：The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》Frederic Henry & Catherine BarkleyFor Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》Santiago“Man is not made for debeat…A man can be destroyed but not defeated.” From The Old Man and the SeaWhat is Hemingway Code Hero? His writing style. What is Iceberg-principle?补充：海明威的writing style:Heroic code : Hemingway has his own understanding of hero. What the hero does is to face adversity with grace. He emphasizes self-control and other facts of his idea of manhood. What people achieve or fail at external is not as significant to heroism as comporting ourselves with inner nobility. As Santiago says, man is not made for defeated. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.Colloquial styleEmphasis on emotionIce burg theoryShort story: man without womenWinter takes nothing主题主要是：life and death, experience and the meaning of life, the physical and psychological wound of the soldier.Hemingway’s writing style: simple, telegraphic, natural, direct, clear, fresh, terse(简洁的，精练的), controversial, commonly found, fundamental words, lean and emotional,simple sentences, ice burg principle, symbolism. His style is probably the most widely imitated of any in the 20th century. He is generally known for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”. He once said, the dignity of movement of an iceburg is due to only 1/8of it above water. According to H, good literature writing should be able to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly and the bestway to produce the effect is to set down exactly every particular kind of feeling without any authorized comments, without conventionally emotive language, and with a bare minimum of adj, and modifiers. His fiction usually focuses on people living essential, dangerous live -- soldiers, fisherman, athletes, who meet the pain and difficulties of their existence with stoic（坚忍的，苦修的）courage. His celebrated lit stylhe is direct,terse and often monotonous, yet particularly suited to his elemental subject matter. Masculine, man of action, self-discipline, terse.The Hemingway hero codeIt refers to some protagonists in Hemingway’s works. In the general situation of Hemingway’s novels, life i s full of tension and battles. The world is in chaos and man is always fighting a losing battle. Those who survive and perhaps emerge victorious in the process of seeking to master the code with a set of principles such as honor, courage, endurance, wisdom, discipline and dignity are known as Hemingway code. To behave well in the lonely, losing battle with life is to show “grace under power” and constitutes in itself a kind of victory, a theme clearly established in The old man and the sea.A Farewell to armsIs henny a good soldier?No. he escaped and said goodbye to aimless, meaningless war and ran to Switzerland. It is not our war. He is anti-war thinking love may be disastrous, bring death. So man should be cold.6. William Faulkner, Southern writer主要作品：The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》,Absalom, Absalom. Go down, moses. Light in august.故事发生地：fictional Yoknapatawpha County四大家族：主题: The burden of history; the South’s conservative culture; the South’s troubled history; family; the land; religion; guilt; identity; death; the search for the redemptive meaning of life.Writing features:1. stream of consciousness and interior monologue.2. multiple point of view3. Violation of chronology4.anti-hero: weak, fable(寓言，无稽之谈), vulnerable,5.mythological pattern and open ending7. The Color Purple作者：Alice Walker 南方黑人女性作家alic主人公：Celie & Nettie论述: Sophia: “All my life I had to fight. I had to fight my daddy. I had to fight my uncles. I had to fight my brothers. A girl child ain't safe in a family of men,but I ain't never thought I'd have to fight in my own house!”The Color Purple is an epistolary（书信体的）novel, made up of 91 letters written by Celie and her sister Nettie. Taking place mostly in rural Georgia, the story focuses on black female life during the 1930s in the Southern United States.8. The Bluest Eye作者：Toni Morrison 其他作品：Song of Solomon; Beloved.主人公：Pecola Breedlove: inferiority complex,（说过要考几种literary form fiction, poetry, drama）American DramaWhat is drama: a drama is a work of literature or composition which delineates life and human activities by means of presenting various actions, and dialogues between a group of characters and it is designed for theatrical presentation.Elements: plot, character, theme, diction(措辞)，music and auditory aspect of a play.1920s: little theater movement began after 1912 Washington square players. They are free from the conventional theater and can be as experimental as they like.1930s: Eugene O’NeilPost war: Arthur Miller60s：theater of absurd: Edward Albee1.美国最早的剧作家：William Darby代表作：Ye Bare and Ye Cubb2.一定会考第一位获得诺贝尔奖的剧作家：Eugene O’Neil被称为“剧作家之父”Neil is credited with raising America drama theater from its narrow origins to an art from respected around the world. He is regarded as America’s premier playwright.Feature: introduce the European theatrical trends of realism, naturalism and expressionism to the American stage as devices to express his comprehensive interest in his life and humanity. His purpose it to get the root if human desires and frustrations, disappointments and perplexities. As result his tragic and nihilistic view of life, his words in general, indicated chaos and hopelessness.The long days journeyThe emperor jonesThe hairy ape写作风格：realism, naturalism, expressionism代表作：The Emperor Jones,The Long Days Journey Into Night, The Hairy Ape His purpose is to get the root of human desires and frustrations.3.Arthur Miller应该不会考代表作：Death of a Salesman.Main characters: Willy Loman, Biff Loman4.Tennessee Williams代表作：A Street Car Named Desire应该会考流派：Theater of the Absurd 荒谬派BeckettFeatures:the basic assumption: human life lacks coherence and is chaotic. Life operates without rules.The world is meaningless, so the play appears to be meaningless.It examines the problems of life and death, of isolation and communicationIt satirizes people who are unaware of the ultimate reality: deathIn absurd drama, situation is more important than characteristics and events. The dramatists want to show people what their situation is. Therefore, he constructs a play which presents a picture of the universal situation. One result of these is that the characters are so often comic and humorous.5.Edward Albee代表作：The Zoo Story, Who’s afraid of Virginia Woolf?6.post-moderismpost-modernism is a complicated term, or set of ideas, one that has only emerged as am area of academic study since the mid-90s. post moderation is hard to define because it isA.An emphasize on impressionism and subjectivity in writing. It emphasize on howseeing(or reading or perception itself) takes palce.B. A movement away from the apparent objectivity prob=vided by omniscientthird-person narrators, fixed narrative points of view and clear cut moral positions.C. A blurring of destitution between genres so that poetry seems more dominatingand prose seems more poetic.D.An emphasize on fragmented forms, discontinuous narratives, andrandom-seeming collages of different materials.E. A tendency toward reflexivity, or self-conscious about the production ofself-consciousness about the production of the work of art, so that each piece calls attention to its own status as a production, as sth constructed and consumed in particular ways.F. A rejection of elaborate formal aesthetics in favor of minimalist designs(as in thepoem of williams) and a rejection in large part .G.A rejection of the distinction between high and low or popular culture, both inchoice of materialism used to produce art and in methods of displayingm distributing and consuming art.H.Post-modernism, like modernism, follows most of the ideas, rejecting boundariesbetween high and low forms of art, rejecting rigid genre distinctions, emphasizing pastiche, parody, irony and playfulness. But modern art favors reflexivity and self-consciousness, fragmentation and discontinuity, ambiguity, simultaneity：世界著名剧作家名字：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, V oltaire, Diderot, Beaumarchais, Henrik Ibsen, Bernard Shaw, ChekhovAmerican novels (World War Ⅱ—)1.Jerome David Salinger代表作：The Catcher in the RyeMain character: Holden Caulfield2.Vladimir Nabokov代表作：LolitaMain characters: Humbert, Lolita3.Jack Kerouac代表作：On the RoadMain characters: Sal Paradise, Dean MonriartyThe Beat Generation:Features: rejection of standard narrative values, the spirit quest, exploration of American and Eastern religious, rejection of materialism, explicit portrayals of the human condition, experimentation with psychedelic drugs, and sexual liberation and exploration.4.Postmodernism: like modernismFeatures of modernism: self-consciousness, spontaneity, fragmentation, discontinuity, ambiguity and simultaneity.American poetry (anti-tradition school)1.Black Mountain School代表诗人：Charles OlsonFeature: projective verseBlack Mountain Review黑山学派的刊物2.The San Francisco School3.Beat Poets代表诗人：Allen Ginsberg (Howl 1956), Jack KerouacBeat poetry is oral, repetitive and immensely effective. It is the most anti-establishment form of literature in America.4.The New York SchoolThey have the best formal educations of any group.Post realism 战后现实主义Features: despair, ethnic groups, existential crisis，oppressed, despair, nihilism, brutality,1.Norman Mailer代表作：The Naked and the Dead, The Armies of the Night2.John Updike代表作：Five Rabbit books:Rabbit, Run; Rabbit Redux; Rabbit is Rich; Rabbit at Rest; Rabbit Remembered Main character: Harry “Rabbit” AngstromBlack HumorFeatures: grotesque or morbid humor; express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox and the cruelty of the modern world.1.Kurt V onnegut代表作：Slaughter House Five2.Joseph Heller代表作：Catch-22 (means dilemma)Anti-hero: Joseph YossarianPoems20世纪disappointment disillusionment allusionsT.S.Eliot, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, Wallace Stevens, E.E.Cummings, Robert Frost (the road not taken)Appreciation of poems: meter and rhyme1. T.S.Eliot 诗歌之父考印象派诗歌（不知道对应）Imagism:20世纪美国文坛流派：Modernism: lost generation. Imagism came into being in Britain and US at around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation. T he imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.3 poetic principles of imagism:Direct treatment of subject matterEconomy of expressionAs regards rhythm, to compose in the sequence of musical phrase, not in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome.Chaotic and structure less必考：Pound: in a station of the metroIt is a well known imagism poem人群中那些亡魂的脸花瓣，在潮湿的黑色枝头Ezra PoundThe apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.考：TS Elliot the waste land五个章节分别是：The burial of the diedA game of chessThe fire sermonDeath by waterWhat the thunder saidRobert Frost: the road not takenRealistic depictionRural lifeColloquial speechFeatures: simple graceful traditionLongfellow: a psalm of life记住art is long and time is fleeting ,And our hearts, though stout and braveStill, like muffled drums, are beatifuneral marches to the grave小说补充洛丽塔第二十二条军规。