高考阅读微技能训练 猜词技巧2
高考英语阅读理解的猜词技巧
高考英语阅读理解的猜词技巧猜测词义，是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇提供的信息、行文逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某个生词、难词、关键词的词义。
英语词语的意义非常丰富，语境不同，词义也就不同。
所以解决此类题目要掌握一定的猜词策略。
I.根据上下文语境进行猜测任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。
利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，也是高考的热点。
如：例1.(2002年全国卷，B篇)“Organic produce is always better，”Gold said，“The food is free of pesticides(农药)，and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally(本地)grown and seasonal，so it is more tasty.”Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend，and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business62.What is the meaning of “the organic trend”as the words are used in the text？A.growing interest in organic foodB.better quality of organic foodC.rising market for organic foodD.higher prices of organic food例2.(2003年全国卷,C篇)Fermat's Last Theorem(定理).First put forward by the French mathematician Pierrede Fermat in the seventeenth century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.65.Which of the following best exp lains the meaning of the word “baffle” as used in the text？A.To encourage people to raise questions.B.To cause difficulty in understanding.C.To provide a person with an explanation.D.To limit people's imagination.例3.If he thinks he can invite me out, he is all wet. I don’t like to be with him.A. drunkB. sweatingC. happyD. mistaken练习：1.A deaf and dump guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails.2. The climate of the west coast is the most moderate in Canada, summers are cool and fairly dry and winters are mild, cloudy and wet. Even in mid-winter, the temperature is usually above freezing.3. All the houses in the city collapsed during the earthquake.4. For people who live within a stone’s throw from the office to be late to work is unforgivable.5. The conflagration was so fierce that with just a few second one could see towering flames where the house had stood and the smoke which filled the sky could be seen for miles and miles.（二）根据定义或解释猜测词义有些阅读文章，尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的有些生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean ,in otherwords等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括号来表示，这时可利用这种关系或解释对前面或后面的词义进行猜测。
高中英语阅读理解中猜词题的解题技巧
高中英语阅读理解猜词题的解题技巧摘要：本文针对高中阅读理解中的猜词题介绍了几种做题方法，并列举了一些实例进行了分析。
关键词：猜词题猜词义做题方法在英语学习中，我们会遇到许多生词。
这时，也不必立即翻阅字典。
我们可以利用语境，根据前后词、句子、以及相关信息推测、判断生词的词义。
高中英语阅读理解题中，我们经常碰到猜测词义的题型。
在做这类题时，我们可以利用以下一些方法：一根据解释猜词义在文章中，作者为了更好的表达思想，对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等要进行进一步的更明确的解释。
这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，我们可以利用它们比较容易地猜出词义。
1、根据定义猜测词义如果句子或段落是生词的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是词语的含义。
例如：The rooster is the national emblem of France thanks to a wordplay: the Latin word meaning coq ,or rooster. rooster 其实是对coq解释，因此两者的意思都为cock。
2、根据同位语、定语猜测词义虽然同位语、定语不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。
例如，同位语in fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.此例中，我们不难看出an endangered wild cat是ocelot 的同位语，也不难看出ocelot的意思。
在构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。
又如Towards the evening, there comes the grand finale of the opening day ,an extremely exciting horserace.从an exciting horserace ,towards the evening ,of the opening day 等判断，应该是首日的最后一场的压台戏出场了。
专题13：阅读理解微技能之词义猜测(解析版)(新高考专用)
►专题13 阅读理解微技能之词义猜测题【思维导图】【词义猜测题微技能】1．单词或短语意义猜测词汇量小是制约学生阅读理解能力的一个重要因素。
具体技巧如下：(1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测。
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
(2)根据同位关系进行猜测。
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或短语意义进行猜测。
(3)根据同义关系进行猜测。
当词或短语之间有并列连词and 或or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的或相反的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，进而可推知其大致意思。
(4)根据构词法(合成、派生、转化等)进行猜测。
在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀或在后面加后缀，从而构成另外一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义了。
(5)根据因果关系进行猜测。
在一篇文章中，根据原因可以预测结果；同样，根据结果也可以找出原因。
(6)根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测。
文章中的代词it，that，this，he，him 或them等可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。
有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时还需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。
考点精讲【典例剖析1】Rather unsurprisingly, a massive 77 percent of the people surveyed admitted to being obsessed with regularly taking selfies. What was more interesting, though, was the fact that an astonishing 82 percent of people said that they would rather see other selfies on social media.Diefenbach calls this the “selfies paradox”: the idea that we like taking selfies but seriously dislike looking at other people’s selfies online.41. What does the word “paradox”(paragraph 5) mean?A. complicated statementsB. contradictory statementsC. constructive statementsD. complimentary statements[解析]词义猜测题。
高考英语阅读理解的猜词技巧
英语高考猜词策略猜测词义在英语高考中起到至关重要的作用，以下几种策略在英语学习中经常应用，才能潜移默化地让学生们掌握更多的词汇。
一.定义法1. It will be very hard but also very brittle------that is , it will break easily.2. The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650yuan a year.3. A calendar is a list of the days, weeks, months of a particular year.定义或释义关系常由定语从句或由is，or，that is (to say), in other words，be called，be known as, be defined as等词汇或破折号来表示二.根据构词法：合成、派生（前缀、后缀）、转化等1 With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence2. …Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifters, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them. …A.商店里的小偷B.商店里的推销员C.商店里的老客户D.商店里的搬运工三.根据同义词，反义词关系1. The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.2. If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”.3. In many nations there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth．小结:and ,or ,such as, like，for example, for instance常连接同义词组。
浅谈英语阅读理解的猜词微技能
浅 谈 英 语 阅 读 理 觎 硇 猜 词 微 技 链
连 江县 第一 中学 翁 小敏
摘
要
阅读理 解在 高考 英语 中所 占的 比重 一直 备受 关 注。 如何 准确 地猜 出单 词 的含 义 ， 正 确解题 一
英语 ； 阅读 理解 ； 猜词 技 能
直是 困扰高 中生 的一个 问题 。文章 就 如何猜 词提 出笔 者 的一 些看 法 。
ｂ ｅ ｒ ｅ ｐ ｌ ａ ｃ ｅ ｄ ｂ ｙ
．．． ．．．．． ．．．．— —
１ ． ２ ０ １ ３ 新课标全 国卷 ２阅读理解 Ｃ篇第 ４ ７ 题
…ａ ｎ ｄ ｆ ｏ ｒ ｃ ｈ ｏ ｃ ｏ ｌ ａ ｔ ｅ ｓ ｎ ｏ ｂ ｓ ， ｗ ｈ ｏ ｔ ｈ ｉ ｎ ｋ ｔ ｈ ａ ｔ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｙ
关键词
高考 英 语 考 查 的重 点 之 一 是 阅 读 理 解 能 力 。 词 汇能 力 是 影 响 阅读 水 平 的重 要 因素 。 在 阅 读 理 解过 程 中必然会碰 到一 些 生 词 ， 这 就 要 求 学 生具 备
一
二、 阅读理 解 的猜词 技巧 方 法
（ 一） 语 篇 文脉法
— —
１ ． Ｔｈｅ ａ ｕｔ ｈ ｏ ｒ ｕ ｓ ｅ ｓ ｈｅ ｔ ｗｏ ｒ ｄ“… ” ｔ ｏ ｍｅ ａ ｎ
ｆ ｏ ｒ ｅ ｘ ａ ｍ ｐ ｌ ｅ 等。常见符号 Ｔ ｈ ｅ ｕ ｎ ｄ ｅ ｒ ｌ ｉ ｎ ｅ ｗ ｏ ｒ ｄ（ ｐ ｈ ｒ ａ ｓ ｅ ， ｔ ｅ ｒ ｍ）“… ”ｃ ａ ｎ
ｗ ｉ ｌ ｌ ｂ ｒ ｅ ａ ｋ ｅ ａ ｓ ｉ ｌ ｙ （ 易碎 ） 。
（ 三） 过渡 词导 引法
１ ． Ｐｅ ｒ ｈ ａ ｐ ｓ， ｗｅ ｃ ａ ｎ ｓ ｅ ｅ ｓ ｏ ｍｅ ｐ ｏ ｓ ｓ ｉ ｂｉ ｌ ｉ ｉ ｔ ｅ ｓ ｆ ｏ ｒ ｎ ｅ ｘ ｔ ｉｆ ｆ ｔ ｙ ｙ ｅ ａ ｒ ｓ ．
阅读中的猜词技巧-对比法
读中的猜词技巧（2）对比法方法点拨：有的文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义;有的根据上下句之间表示转折或对比关系的连接词，就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。
这种句子多半有unlike, although, but, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead of, rather than等信息词。
另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比的意义。
如：(1)Is he intelligent or stupid?(2)Unlike his brother, who is truly a handsome person, Hogertty is quite homely .1.解析：根据stupid可推断出intelligent的意思为“聪明的”。
答案: 聪明的2.解析：此句中的unlike一词暗示了Hogertty和他的兄弟的长相不同，他的兄弟是个handsome(英俊的)人，所以Hogertty一定是一个homely(不英俊)的人。
答案：不英俊的◆活学活用（一）利用上述猜测词义方法，猜出下列各句划线部分的意思。
1.Unlike the United States where many different nationalities make up the population, Japan，s population is quite homogeneous .2.Any fool can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it.3.Andrew is one of the most supercilious man I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.4.A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.5.Mother was tall，fat and middle-aged. The principal of the school was an older woman，almost as plump as mother，and much shorter.A. healthyB. thinC. slimD. fat1.解析：与many different nationalities相反，故为“单一民族的”。
高考英语阅读词汇猜测之猜词法
高考英语阅读词汇猜测之猜词法策略二| 猜词法——线索推测，快速理解熟词生义和生词生义阅读理解涉及词汇、句子、段落和语篇四个层次的理解问题，而其中最根本的是词汇。
对于生词一般有如下两种处理方式：第一、不影响阅读的词汇——略过去在阅读理解设题时，并不是所有的生词都是出题点。
在阅读中，当遇到一个生词时，不妨先问自己一个问题：这些生词有没有进行精确猜测的必要。
高考试题中经常会出现没必要去精确猜测的生词，不知道它的精确含义也不会影响对基本句意的理解。
所以，平时考生要练习对生词的容忍度和处理生词的技巧，否则，临场时你会因焦虑而影响做题速度和准度。
对于这类词，不要过多纠缠，尽管放心大胆地“略过去”。
第二、影响阅读的词汇——猜出来有时候，一些生词(包括已经暂时遗忘的已经学过的单词)对阅读来说存在很大的障碍，对上下文的理解至关重要，我们必须知道这些词的精确含义。
我们可以采用以下几种方法猜测词义。
根据深入阐释理解生词——定义、释义、举例、定语或同位语作者有时会在生词后给出修饰成分帮助我们判断其意思，如定义、解释、列举、定语(从句)和同位语(从句)等1.表示定义的常用提示词有：be，mean，deal with，be considered to be，refer to，be called，be known as，define，represent，signify，constitute等。
2.用于解释的有as you know，refer to，that is (to say)，namely，in other words，or等。
3.用于举例说明的有like，such as，for example，for instance等。
4.定语及定语从句同样提供信息帮助猜测词义。
5.构成同位关系的部分具有解释说明的作用，被修饰的词和同位语常用逗号隔开，破折号、冒号、分号、引号或括号也有类似作用。
示例：When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate.But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend.Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.43.What does the underlined word“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A.Sensitive.B.Beneficial.C.Significant.D.Unnoticeable.分析：后一句为前一句的进一步阐述，气候变暖改变了海洋的主要特点并能影响浮游植物的生长，因为它们要生长不仅仅需要阳光和二氧化碳，也需要营养。
高考阅读微技能训练猜词技巧
高考阅读微技能训练1---猜测词义一、利用上下文猜测词义Definition and Explanation:1. Skimming means looking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it more carefully. The word “skimming” means ______________.2. Ecology can be defined as a branch of biology that deals with the habits of living things, especially their relation to their environment. The word “ecology” means _______________.3. That man will live for ever; he’s immortal. The word “immortal” means ______________.4. They are vertebrates, that is, animals that have backbones. The word “vertebrates” means_____. Examples and Classification:5. Select any of the periodicals: Time Magazine, News Week, Reader’s Digest or the New Yorker. The word “periodicals” means ________________.6. Household appliances, especially TV sets, washing-machines and tape-recorders are not selling well these days. The word “household appliances” means ______________. Comparison and Contrast:7. There were no fillip seats available, so they were forced to buy expensive ones. The word “fillip” means _____________.8. Food is to man what manure to crops. The word “manure” means _____________.9. Mother was tall, fat, and middle aged. The headmaster was an older woman, almost as plump as Mother and much shorter. The word “plump” means ____________.Description:10. The worker’s life were wretched. They worked from morning to night in all kinds of weather,earning only enough money to buy their simple food and cheap clothes.The word “wretched” means ___________.Repetition of concepts or sentence structures11. He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understoodanything. Even then all I could make out was that someone called Milly had had a very bad accident. I hadn’t the slightest idea who she was but I obviously had to go.The phrase “make out” means ____________.二、利用语法知识猜测词义1. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970’s when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. “Oncogenes” means__________.2. The period of adolescence, the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations. The word “adolescence” means ____________.3. Most of us agreed; however, Bill dissented. The word “dissented” means ____________.4. There are two types of fat: external fat (fat under the skin) and internal fat (fat inside the body wall). The word “external” means __________. The word “internal” means ___________.5. Careful and thoughtful readers always think about what they are reading, trying to interpret― explain and understand ― the ideas presented in a reading passage.The word “interpret” means _________.三、利用常识猜测词义1. The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel. The word “lintel” means __________.12. ---How do you know we’ve bought a TV set?---I saw an antenna on the top of your house. The word “antenna” means ___________.3. A fish breathes in water with gills. The word “gills” means ______四、利用构词法知识猜测词义1. If you can spare two or three hours a day, break them up into some periods to avoid brain overload. The word “overload” means ____________.2. Unlike the western competitors, Chinese exhibitors don’t give away a lot of freebies during exhibitions. The word “freebies” means ___________.3. The athlete cheated in the Olympic Games by taking some forbidden drugs. His behavior was a dishonor to his country. The word “dishonor” means ________.Practice:1. The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society --- a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.“My grandmothers didn’t do anything but keep house and serve everybody. They were programmed to do that,” said Emily Cornette, head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.The word “chapter” means _____.A. one branch of an organizationB. a written agreement of a clubC. one part of a collection of poemsD. a period in a society’s history2. Lack of parent willpower may contribute more to juvenile obesity than under-exercising or overeating.Research suggests that having overweight parents is a big influence upon a child’s weight, with one study finding that children with overweight parents were four times more likely to be overweight themselves.The phrase “juvenile obesity” means _____.A. Adult education.B. Childhood overweight.C. Parents’ influence.D. Growing pains.3. “But,” said Kim, “I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.”“I’m not asking you to tell me what to do, but what you think we could do. To make suggestions. I employed you because I respect your experience in this field, but you are not communicating your thoughts to me.”The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to_____.A. full of respectB. too confident and rudeC. lacking in experienceD. too shy and quiet4. William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together.” The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities---science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?The word “mingled” most probably means ______. A. simple B. mixed C. sad D. happy25. Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tons of CO2 each year: equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year.The phrase “mopping up” means _____.A. cleaning upB. taking inC. wiping outD. giving out6. Do you know what a “territory”is? A territory is an area that an animal, usually the male, claims as its own. Only he and his family are welcome there. No other families of the same species are welcome. Your yard and house are your territory where only your family and friends are welcome.What is a bird’s “territory”? _____.A. A place where families of other species are not accepted.B. A place where a bird may shout at the top of its voice.C. An area for which birds fight against each other.D. An area which a bird considers to be its own.7. Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands, respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they get others to follow?The word “cultivated” roughly means _____.A. encouragedB. comparedC. examinedD. developed8. “Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey. When waves come toward the shore, people can set up dams to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine (涡轮机). The turbine can then power an electrical generator to produce electricity.The phrase “picking up” is closest in meaning to _____.A. starting againB. speeding upC. gatheringD. improving9. The plants are about one metre apart. The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimetres high. Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. It is from these shoots that the best tea is got.The word “pruning” means _____.A. regular cutting of the plantsB. frequent wateringC. regular use of chemicalsD. growing the plants high in the mountain10. More American people take their troubles with them on holiday, according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said that the main reason for going away is to escape pressure from work, almost all said they worry more than they do at home. Only four in every 100 said that they are happy and free of care. The word “survey” most probably means _____.A. researchB. reviewC. exhibitionD. examination3。
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A guessing game
1. What must you keep after giving it to someone else? Your word. 2. Which travels faster, heat or cold? Heat. You can catch cold. 3. What might one magnet (磁铁 磁铁）say to another magnet? 磁铁 You’re attractive. 4. Where does Friday come before Thursday? In the dictionary. 5. It’s yours, but others use it more than you do. What is it? Your name.
Sum up: How can you make a guess? Make full use of the information given in the sentence. Use the meanings of other words in the sentence.
利用上下文猜测词义
1．Definition and Explanation 利用定义或解释
常见的前缀
prefix anti ex ex mis over re under sub in, un, dis meaning examples against anti-war former ex-wife, ex-president out of external, export badly/wrongly misunderstand, mislead too much oversleep, overeat again/back rewrite, return not enough undercooked under subway not incorrect, disagree, unlike
利用常识猜测词义 门很低, 头容易撞到_____ 门很低 头容易撞到 门楣 lintel. 从屋顶上的______antenna知道房子里有电视． 知道房子里有电视． 从屋顶上的 天线 知道房子里有电视 鳃 鱼用＿＿ 呼吸． 鱼用＿＿ gills呼吸． 呼吸 利用构词法猜测词义 over + load --- overload 超过+ 超负荷, 超过 负担 --- 超负荷 超载 free 免费 give away 赠送 freebies 免费赠品 dis 不 + honor 光荣 --- 不光荣 耻辱 不光荣,
利用语法知识猜测词义 1．利用定语从句 利用定语从句 which are cancer-causing genes 修饰先行词 oncogenes 致癌基因 2 利用同位语 2．利用同位语 adolescence = the period between childhood and adulthood 青春期
3．Comparison and Contrast 利用比较和对比 fillip = inexpensive 便宜的 A is to B what C is to D. A对B就如同 对D. 就如同C对 对 就如同 食物对人就如同_____ 对庄稼. 食物对人就如同 肥料 对庄稼 middle aged 对应 对应older, tall 对应 对应much shorter, as plump as 对应 对应fat plump = fat 肥胖的 作者常使用的标志词语有: 作者常使用的标志词语有 unlike不象 like, as…as与…一样 more…than, 不象, 一样, 不象 与 一样 be different from, opposite to与…相反 相反, 与 相反 on the contrary相反 相反, 相反 while而, compared with/ to, in common (with) 而
3．利用关联词语 利用关联词语 知道dissent是agree的反义词 由however知道 知道 是 的反义词 dissent = disagree 不同意 4．利用标点符号 利用标点符号 external fat = fat under the skin internal fat = fat inside the body internal = inside external = outside 外部的, 内部的 外部的 皮下的 提示: 括号，破折号，冒号表解释,说明 提示 括号，破折号，冒号表解释 说明
skimming = looking over a passage quickly 快速浏览,略读 快速浏览 略读 ecology = a branch of biology that deals with 生态学 the habits of living things, especially their relation to their environment be immortal = will live for ever 永远活着, 不死的 永远活着 vertebrates = animals that have backbones 有脊椎动物
4．Description 利用具体的描述进行概括 ． worked from morning till night, in all kinds of weather, earn only enough to buy simple food and cheap clothes wretched = miserable悲惨的 悲惨的 5．Repetition of concepts and sentence structures 利用重复的表述或句子结构 before I understood anything, all I could make out was that…, I hadn’t the lightest idea … make out = understand 理解
小结: 小结 遇到生词莫紧张, 遇到生词莫紧张 先跳后猜是方向. 先跳后猜是方向 上文下文找线索, 上文下文找线索 构词方法能帮忙. 构词方法能帮忙 有关知识可利用, 有关知识可利用 切莫纠缠把时荒. 切莫纠缠把时荒
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
作者常使用的标志词语有: 作者常使用的标志词语有 mean意思是 意思是, refer to指的是 指的是, 意思是 指的是 be called被称为 被称为, 被称为 be known as作为 为人所知 作为…为人所知 作为 为人所知, can be defined as可被定义为 可被定义为, 可被定义为 that is即, or即, namely即, 即 即 即 that is to say即是说 即是说, 即是说 in other words换言之 换言之
2．Examples and Classification利用举例和类别 利用举例和类别 examples: Time Magazine, News Week, … classification: magazines = periodicals 期刊,杂志 期刊 杂志 examples: TV sets, washing machines, … classification: household appliances 家用电器 作者常使用的标志词语有: 作者常使用的标志词语有 example, for example, for instance例如 such as, like, as 例如, 例如