LR MQPS 0-1 英国船级社 焊接工艺评定与无损检测
中国船级社无损检测证书

中国船级社无损检测证书(原创版)目录一、中国船级社无损检测证书简介二、无损检测人员资格鉴定与认证规范三、无损检测证书的作用和意义四、申请无损检测证书的流程五、无损检测证书的有效性和延续正文一、中国船级社无损检测证书简介中国船级社(China Classification Society,简称 CCS)成立于 1956 年,是我国唯一的船舶检验机构,负责对船舶和海洋工程设备进行检验、认证和监管。
无损检测证书是 CCS 颁发的一种专业资质证书,用于证明持证人员具备一定的无损检测能力,可以在船舶和海洋工程领域从事相关工作。
二、无损检测人员资格鉴定与认证规范为了保证无损检测人员的专业素质和能力,CCS 制定了《中国船级社无损检测人员资格鉴定与认证规范》。
该规范对无损检测人员的资格鉴定、认证、培训和考核等方面的要求进行了详细规定。
1.资格鉴定与认证范围:适用于船舶和海洋工程领域的无损检测人员,包括磁粉检测、射线检测、超声检测、涡流检测等。
2.资格鉴定与认证等级:分为三个等级,分别是初级、中级和高级。
不同等级对应不同的岗位和职责。
3.资格鉴定与认证程序:包括报名、资格审查、培训、考核和颁发证书等环节。
4.培训和考核:培训内容涵盖无损检测的基本原理、方法和应用,以及相关标准和法规。
考核主要通过理论考试和实践操作考试进行。
三、无损检测证书的作用和意义无损检测证书对于持证人员和船舶行业都具有重要意义:1.对于持证人员:证书是证明其具备一定无损检测能力的凭证,有助于提高个人素质和就业竞争力,拓宽职业发展渠道。
2.对于船舶行业:证书有助于规范无损检测市场,提高检测质量,保障船舶和海洋工程设备的安全运行。
四、申请无损检测证书的流程申请无损检测证书的具体流程如下:1.报名:持证人员需填写报名表,并提交相关材料,如身份证、学历证明等。
2.资格审查:CCS 对报名人员进行资格审查,确认是否符合报名条件。
3.培训:通过资格审查的人员需参加 CCS 组织的无损检测培训。
浅谈对WPS和PQR的理解和分析资料

浅谈对WPS和PQR的理解和分析技术质量部伍磊摘要:焊接工艺评定报告(英文缩写PQR,取自英文焊接工艺评定报告Welding procedure qualification record)中后三词的词头,70年代自国外引进以来,已是压力容器、压力管道制造、安装、修理中必不可少的工作程序,是评定制造、安装、修理单位焊接技术水平(资格)的依据。
由于其科学、合理、严格的评定过程,也被钢结构、贮罐制造和安装等行业采用。
虽然叫法有些不同(有的叫焊接工艺试验),但方法和要求是基本一致的。
焊接工艺规程(英文缩写WPS取自英文Welding procedure specification的词头)50年代自苏联引进。
改革开放以来,引进西方的WPS经过多年消化、创新,目前我国焊接生产、工程安装中已广泛编制WPS用于指导生产。
WPS与PQR的关系,前者是后者的编制依据。
关键词:焊接工艺评定报告;焊接工艺规程;材料;焊接;试验0、前言在压力管道、船舶等产品的制造中,经常会遇到两种形式的焊接文件,即焊接工艺文件(WPS)和焊接工艺评定报告(PQR)。
在一个工程开工之前,监理和业主往往要求制造商出示此类文件。
然而很多厂家和部门常常为其所困,采用模糊、拖延的方法来应付,也有的部门说不清对方到底需要的是什么资料,使生产和经营处于非常被动的地位。
国内外焊接制造规范都要求企业进行焊接工艺评定,以验证企业焊制符合标准接头的基本能力(最低门槛指标) 。
一般情况下,焊接工艺评定由企业的技术部门编制,根据产品需求,按照有关标准如美国的ASME 第Ⅸ篇、欧洲EN 288—3及我国的JB 4708-2000等标准执行.遵照标准每种重要参数的改变,如焊接方法、母材类别(组号)、预热温度、热处理温度、焊接热输入超出规定的范围,都要进行焊接工艺评定试验。
由于影响焊接接头力学性能的工艺参数众多,很多企业都积累了大量的焊接工艺评定报告。
中海金洲一直致力于研究有效利用和管理焊接工艺文件及焊接工艺评定报告的方法,以此来提高公司产品的焊接质量及生产效率,降低生产成本,从而大幅度提高企业的经济效益。
双相不锈钢压力容器LR焊接工艺评定计划

某某双相不锈钢压力容器项目焊接工艺评定计划编号PWPS-****编制审核************公司2017年**月**日双相不锈钢压力容器项目按PD5500-2015《非直接受火焰焊接压力容器》设计、建造,由英国劳氏船级社LR监检认可。
按照ISO 15614-1《金属材料焊接工艺规程及评定》要求,编制本焊接工艺计划书提交LR,用以指导完成焊接工艺认可试验。
按预先制定PWPS进行施焊,根据合格的焊接工艺认可试验报告(WPQR),对PWPS焊接工艺修改完善后,经LR正式审核批准形成正式的WPS,用以指导产品生产焊接。
一、计划进行的焊接工艺评定项目1.工艺评定(一)评定代号:PWPS-****焊接方法:手工钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)焊接设备:S350林肯多功能焊机母材:BS EN 10028-7 1.4462焊接试板规格:5mm×300mm×800mm焊接位置及接头形式:平焊、(坡口)对接焊焊接材料:CTS-2209/Ar ¢2.0焊接位置:立向上主要检测项目:①无损检测:100% RT,100% PT②力学性能试验:硬度测试试样数量:1件横向拉伸试验试样数量:2件弯曲试验试样数量:4件(2面弯+2背弯)冲击试验:免于冲击③抗腐蚀试验:金相检查(不小于200倍)铁素体含量测定腐蚀试验(按ASTM G48方法)2.工艺评定(二)评定代号:PWPS-***焊接方法:手工焊条电弧焊(SMAW)焊接设备:S350林肯多功能焊机母材:BS EN 10028-7 1.4462焊接试板规格:10mm×300mm×800mm焊接位置及接头形式:平焊、(坡口)对接焊焊接材料:CES-2209 ¢2.5/¢3.2焊接位置:立向上主要检测项目:①无损检测:100% RT,100% PT②力学性能试验:硬度测试试样数量:1件横向拉伸试验试样数量:2件弯曲试验试样数量:4件(2面弯+2背弯)冲击试验(试验温度取-20℃):焊缝中心1组熔合线1组熔合线+2mm 1组熔合线+5mm 1组③抗腐蚀试验:金相检查(不小于200倍)铁素体含量测定腐蚀试验(按ASTM G48方法)3.工艺评定(三)评定代号:PWPS-*****焊接方法:药芯焊丝电弧焊(FCAW)焊接设备:S350林肯多功能焊机母材:BS EN 10028-7 1.4462焊接试板规格:10mm×300mm×800mm焊接位置及接头形式:立焊、(坡口)对接焊焊接材料:CFS-2209/ CO2 ¢1.2焊接位置:立向上主要检测项目:①无损检测:100% RT,100% PT②力学性能试验:硬度测试试样数量:1件横向拉伸试验试样数量:2件弯曲试验试样数量:4件(2面弯+2背弯)冲击试验(试验温度取-20℃):焊缝中心1组熔合线1组熔合线+2mm 1组熔合线+5mm 1组③抗腐蚀试验:金相检查(不小于200倍)铁素体含量测定腐蚀试验(按ASTM G48方法)4.工艺评定(四)评定代号:PWPS-*****焊接方法:手工焊条电弧焊(SMAW)+药芯焊丝电弧焊(FCAW)组合焊焊接设备:S350林肯多功能焊机母材:BS EN 10028-7 1.4462焊接试板规格:20mm×300mm×600mm焊接位置及接头形式:平焊、(坡口)对接焊焊接材料:CES-2209 ¢2.5/¢3.2+CFS-2209/CO2 ¢1.2焊接位置:立向上主要检测项目:①无损检测:100%RT,100%PT②力学性能试验:硬度测试试样数量:1件横向拉伸试验试样数量:2件弯曲试验试样数量:4件(侧弯代替)冲击试验(试验温度取-20℃):焊缝中心1组熔合线1组熔合线+2mm 1组熔合线+5mm 1组③抗腐蚀试验:金相检查(不小于200倍)铁素体含量测定腐蚀试验(按ASTM G48方法)5.工艺评定(五)评定代号:PWPS-*****焊接方法:手工焊条电弧焊(SMAW)焊接设备:S350林肯多功能焊机母材:BS EN 10028-7 1.4462+ BS EN 10028-7 1.4404(异种材料)焊接试板规格:10mm×300mm×600mm焊接位置及接头形式:平焊、(坡口)对接焊焊接材料:CES-2209 ¢2.5/¢3.2焊接位置:立向上主要检测项目:①无损检测:100%RT,100%PT②力学性能试验:硬度测试试样数量:1件横向拉伸试验试样数量:2件弯曲试验试样数量:4件(2面弯+2背弯)冲击试验(试验温度取-20℃):焊缝中心1组熔合线1组熔合线+2mm 1组熔合线+5mm 1组③抗腐蚀试验:铁素体含量测定6.工艺评定(六)评定代号:PWPS-*****焊接方法:手工钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)焊接设备:S350林肯多功能焊机母材:BS EN 10028-7 1.4462焊接试板规格:10mm×300mm×800mm焊接位置及接头形式:平焊、(坡口)对接焊焊接材料:CTS-2209/Ar ¢2.0焊接位置:平焊焊后固溶处理主要检测项目:①无损检测:100%RT,100%PT②力学性能试验:硬度测试试样数量:1件横向拉伸试验试样数量:2件弯曲试验试样数量:4件(2面弯+2背弯)冲击试验:免于冲击③抗腐蚀试验:金相检查(不小于200倍)铁素体含量测定腐蚀试验(按ASTM G48方法)7.工艺评定(七)评定代号:PWPS-*****焊接方法:手工焊条电弧焊(SMAW)焊接设备:S350林肯多功能焊机母材:BS EN 10028-7 1.4462焊接试板规格:10mm×300mm×800mm焊接位置及接头形式:平焊、(坡口)对接焊焊接材料:CES-2209 ¢2.5/¢3.2焊后固溶处理焊接位置:平焊主要检测项目:①无损检测:100% RT,100% PT②力学性能试验:硬度测试试样数量:1件横向拉伸试验试样数量:2件弯曲试验试样数量:4件(2面弯+2背弯)冲击试验(试验温度取-20℃):焊缝中心1组熔合线1组熔合线+2mm 1组熔合线+5mm 1组③抗腐蚀试验:金相检查(不小于200倍)铁素体含量测定腐蚀试验(按ASTM G48方法)。
MQPS3-1 Steelworks for theManufacture of Ship Steels and Boiler and

Materials and Qualification Procedures for ShipsProcedure 3-1Approval of a Steelworks for the Manufacture of Ship Steels and Boiler and Pressure Vessel Steels1 Introduction1.1 Application for approval1.1.1 In order that consideration may be given to approval of a steelworks for themanufacture of ship steels and boiler and pressure vessel steels, the local Surveyors are to submit a report to Materials and NDE Department giving the information listedin Sections 2 and 3 and the results of approval tests carried out under their survey. 1.1.2 The names of approved works will appear in LR's List of Approved Manufacturers ofMaterials which is published on the internet.1.1.3 Approved works will be subject to periodic inspection (see Procedure 1-1).1.2 Scope1.2.1 The procedure applies to hot rolled plates, strip, sections or bars made by either theingot route or by continuous casting. Separate approval tests are required for each of these manufacturing routes.1.2.2 The procedure is also applicable to conventional hot rolling practices with subsequentheat treatment, when applicable, for the grade of steel. Where the works usescontrolled rolling procedures, reference should be made to Procedure 3-3.Rules1.3 Related1.3.1 LR's Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Ships (hereinafter referred to asthe Rules for Ships).1.3.2 LR's Rules for the Manufacture, Testing and Certification of Materials (hereinafterreferred to as the Rules for Materials).A B CD2 Information required for approvaldetails2.1 Product2.1.1 The manufacturer is to provide the following product related details:(a) Name and address and brief statementof background indicating whether theworks is new or long established.(b) Types of products and grades of steelmanufactured.(c) Maximum dimensions (includingthickness) and mass of each productwhich can be manufactured.(d) Estimated total annual production ofproducts.finished(e) Products, maximum thicknesses andgrades of steel for which approval isrequired.(f) Details of the steel composition to beused for each grade, including the grainrefining elements to be used and theirspecified limits. This will constitute theapproved composition for the grade.2.2 Details of facilities and procedures2.2.1 The manufacturer is to provide the following details of their facilities and procedures:(a) Details of steelmaking processeswhich are used based upon a processflow chart from raw materials todispatch of final product withexplanation of what is involved witheach step and the number andindividual capacity of steelmakingunits.(b) Details of raw materials used insteelmaking and particularly the sourceand composition of iron and scrapused.(c) Deoxidation practice, detailing alloysused and whether added to thefurnace, ladle or ingot mould.(d) Details of the system employed forcontrol of chemical composition.(e) Dimensions, masses and types ofingots in use, where applicable, andbrief details of method of casting.A B CD(f) Details of any secondary steelmakingprocesses. This to include system usedfor ladle stirring.(g) Brief description of any continuouscasting facilities and details ofassociated procedures includingsequential casting practices.(h) Procedure for obtainingrepresentative ladle samples forchemical analysis including the numbertaken from each ladle and also detailsof the provision made when finalcompositional adjustments are made tothe ladle prior to casting.(j) Dimensions of slabs or billetswhich will be produced.(k) For continuous cast, details ofthe procedures for checkinginternal and external cleanlinessof slabs and billets. This shouldinclude method of sulphurprinting.(l) For products produced fromcontinuously cast stock, proposedminimum amount of hot workingexpressed as the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the billet to the cross-sectional area of the finished rolledproduct.(m) Details of the furnaces used forreheating ingots, slabs or billetsincluding dimensions, type of fuelused, facilities for temperaturemeasurement and control, andarrangements for sampling andcontrolling furnace atmosphere.(n) Procedures for ensuring that cracking arising in the continuous castingprocess is identified, together withdetails of the remedial action that isbeing taken to prevent such crackingfrom remaining in the billet at the rolling stage.(o) Description of rolling mill, includingwidth and diameter of rolls.(p) Facilities available for the inspection and surface dressing of ingots, slabsandbillets.A B CD(q) Brief details of heat treatment furnaces available including dimensions, type offuel used, facilities for temperaturemeasurement and control, andarrangements for sampling andcontrolling furnace atmosphere.(r) Details of any special equipment such as plant for vacuum de-gassing orprocesses.quenching(s) Facilities available in the mill for thevisual inspection of all rolled products.(t) Facilities for scale removal and for other surface finishing processes.(u) Facilities available for mechanicaltesting, chemical analysis,metallographic and non-destructiveexamination. This is to includeinformation regarding the name of themanufacturer, type number ordescription, serial number andcalibration status and copies ofcalibration certificates of each machineused for tensile, impact and hardnesstesting, a nd of equipment formechanized or automated chemicalanalysis.(v) Details of system used foridentification of materials at allstages of manufacture.(w) Details of the inspection and qualitycontrol systems established in theworks. These are to include the nameand qualifications of the QualityManager and the number andqualifications of staff employed oninspection and quality control activities.The lines of responsibility of the QualityManager and the Production Managerare to be indicated, preferably in theform of an organization chart showingthe senior management positions towhom they report. A list of qualitycontrol procedures should be provided. (x) The frequency of routine ultrasonicexamination for quality controlpurposes.(y) The aim analyses (including themaximum carbon equivalent andPcm for higher strength steels),A B CDdeoxidation and grain refining practiceand heat treatment which will be usedfor each grade of steel. Wherecomposition depends on finalthickness or supply conditionthe different ranges are tobe specified.(z) Production statistics ofchemical composition achievedby the steelmaker against statedaim analysis.2.2.2 It is important to note that the chemical compositional range approved for each grademust be adhered to. Any changes required to the approved range of composition,including micro-alloying elements (niobium, titanium and vanadium), will requireapproval by Materials and NDE Department following additional procedure tests. A B CD3 Approval test programme3.1 Range of approval3.1.1 Approval for any normal strength of steel also covers approval for any lower toughnessgrade in the same strength level, provided that the aim analyses, rolling schedule andcondition of supply are similar.3.1.2 For higher strength steels, approval of one strength level at a particular toughnesscovers the approval of the strength level immediately below at the same toughnesslevel. Any reduction in extent of testing must be justified and agreed in advance offinalizing the test plan.3.1.3 Approval of any normal or higher strength grade also covers approval of the carbon-manganese grades of boiler and pressure vessel steels of the same strength level,provided that the supply condition is similar and applicable to boiler steels.3.2 Selection of material3.2.1 Generally, the initial approval test programme is to be carried out on at least two castsof Grade A ship steel. This is in respect of specific types of products and if, forexample, a works requests approval for both plates and sections or bars, it will benecessary to carry out tests on two casts rolled into plates and two different castsrolled into sections or bars.3.2.2 Subsequently, and at works where an extension of approval is requested to coveradditional steel grades, only one cast for each type of product need be submitted for tests.approval3.2.3 The dimensions of the products from each cast submitted for approval tests are to berepresentative of the range which will be manufactured and should include at least one batch of material of the maximum thickness and width or diameter which it is proposed to supply, i.e. material where the amount of hot working is at the minimum valueproposed by the manufacturer.3.2.4 With the exception of hot coiled strip, approval tests are to be carried out on two rolledproducts of different thickness or diameter from each cast. For plate, wherever possible these tests are to be carried out on one plate 12 mm to 20 mm thick and on another ofthe maximum thickness that will be produced. For ingot cast material, one plate is to be representative of the top of the first ingot and the other is to be representative of the last ingot from the ladle. Similarly for continuous casting, one plate is to be representative of the beginning of the cast and the other of material poured when the ladle is nearlyempty.3.2.5 For hot coiled strip, materials for approval are to be taken from two coils (as defined in3.1.1 and 3.1.2) selected from different casts. The coils selected are to berepresentative of material from an ingot top end and an ingot bottom end or, in the case of continuously cast material, from the beginning of one cast and from the end of theother. Additionally one coil should be of the maximum thickness that it is proposed tosupply.3.3 Specific product approval information3.3.1 For each cast submitted for approval tests, the steelmaker is to provide the followinginformation:(a) Ladle analysis including residualelements, aluminium (either total orA B CDacid soluble), other grain refiningelements (niobium, titanium andvanadium), where applicable, nitrogenand calculated carbon equivalent value.For steel made by a bottom blownoxygen process, the hydrogen contentis to be stated.(b) Dimensions of ingots, method ofcasting and discards during rolling. Ifcontinuous cast, dimensions and formof mould, and casting machineoperating data (casting speed, mouldoscillation cycle, mould lubrication, etc.).(c) For continuous cast, sulphur printsfrom transverse sections of slabs andbillets.(d) Dimensions of slabs or billets andfinished products.(e) Condition of supply and whereapplicable, details of heat treatment. A B CDtests4 Approval4.1 Tests, test samples and specimens4.1.1 The position of the test samples, dimensions of test specimens and mechanical testingprocedures are to be in accordance with the requirements of Ch 2 and Ch 3 of the Rules for Materials.4.1.2 For semi-finished products, (ingots, slabs, blooms and billets), approval will be based ontests agreed with Materials and NDE Department on a case by case basis. The level of testing will be dependant on the end use of the semi-finished products.4.1.3 For plates and flats with a finished width exceeding 600 mm, the following tests are tobe carried out on each piece submitted for approval tests:(a) Tensile tests both parallel (longitudinaltests) and perpendicular (transversetests) to the principal direction of rolling.(b) Bend tests both longitudinal andtransverse. Bend test specimens areto be the full thickness of the materialand with a width of approximately1,5 times the thickness. Where thecapacity of the testing machine isinsufficient to test the material in fullthickness, the test specimens may bereduced to a thickness of 25 mm bymachining on one side only. Theoriginal rolled surface is to be tested intension. The specimens are to be bentat room temperature through an angleof 180°, over a former with a diameternot exceeding three times thethickness of the test specimen.Subsequently the sides are to beclosed until they touch, or fractureoccurs.(c) Charpy V-notch impact tests usingspecimens cut in both the longitudinaland transverse directions are to becarried out and transition curvesprovided. Generally tests at +20°C,0°C, -20°C, -40° C and -60°C willsuffice. Three specimens are to betested at each temperature and theenergy absorbed; lateral expansionand percentage crystallinity are to bereported.(d) Strain Age Charpy tests. Material is tobe strained by five per cent in tensionand subsequently heated to 250°C fora period of one hour. Charpy V-notchimpact tests using specimens cut inthe longitudinal direction are to becarried out and transition curvesA B CDprovided. Testing is to be carried out atthe temperatures given in (c) above.(e) Sulphur prints are to be taken fromplate edges which are perpendicular tothe axis of the ingot. These sulphurprints are to be approximately 600 mmlong taken from the centre of the edgeselected, i.e. on the ingot centreline,and are to include the full platethickness.(f) Chemical analyses of products.(g) Photomicrographs representative ofmaterial at the centre and near thesurface at x100 and x500magnification. The ASTM grain sizenumber is to be reported.The test specimens are to be taken from locations corresponding to:Normal position at top of plate.Plate centreline, at least 500 mmalong the plate length from the normalposition.Bottom of plate, diametrically oppositeto the normal position.≤ 600 mm in width and sections, the following tests are to be carried out on 4.1.4 Forflatsthe top and bottom ends of each piece submitted for approval tests:(a) Tensile tests - in longitudinal directiononly.(b) Bend tests - in longitudinal directiononly.(c) Charpy V-notch impact transitioncurves for tests cut only in thelongitudinal direction. The otherrequirements of 4.1.3(c) areapplicable.(d) Sulphur prints which should include thefull cross section.(e) Chemical analysis of product.(f) Representative photomicrographs atx100 and x400 magnification.4.1.5 For bars, the following tests are to be carried out on the top and bottom ends of eachpiece submitted for approval tests:A B CD(a) Tensile tests - in longitudinal directiononly.(b) Bend tests - in longitudinal direction only.(c) Charpy V-notch impact transitioncurves for tests cut only in thelongitudinal direction. The otherrequirements of 4.1.3(c) areapplicable.(d) The specimens for the tensile andimpact tests are to be taken from theposition shown in Rules for Materials,Ch 3, Fig. 3.1.1(f). For barsintended for machinery, with a rollingreduction ratio of less than 6:1, anadditional tensile specimen and set ofimpact specimens from the centre ofthe bar are to be tested.(e) Sulphur prints which should include thefull cross section.(f) Chemical analysis of product.(g) Representative photomicrographs atx100 and x400 magnification from thecentre and near the surface of the bar.4.1.6 For hot coiled strip the following tests are to be carried out on the start, middle andend of each coil submitted for approval tests:(a) Tensile tests - longitudinal, plustransverse when width > 600 mm.(b) Bend tests - longitudinal, plustransverse when width > 600 mm.(c) Charpy V-notch impact transitioncurves for tests cut only in thelongitudinal direction. The otherrequirements in 4.1.3(c) areapplicable.(d) Chemical analysis of product.(e) Representative photomicrographs atx100 and x400 magnification.hot coiled strip the followingFor4.1.7tests are to be carried out on the start,middle and end of each coil submittedfor approval tests:A B CD(a) Tensile tests - longitudinal, plustransverse when width > 600 mm.(b) Bend tests - longitudinal, plustransverse when width > 600 mm.(c) Charpy V-notch impacttransition curves for tests cut onlyin the longitudinal direction.The other requirements in 4.1.3(c)are applicable.(d) Chemical analysis of product.(e) Representative photomicrographsat x100 and x400 magnification.(f) Additionally an assessment of theresidual stress in the de-coiled plateshould be made, this should be doneby flame cutting a 500 x 500 mm sectionfrom the mid width of a de-coiled plate,at least 500 mm from the edge of theplate. (See diagram). The cut sectionshould be assessed and show no distortion.Alternatively an actual production cut sectioncan be used of similar size and location.4.2 Inspection during tests4.2.1 In addition to selecting and witnessing the above tests, Surveyors are to carry out acareful visual examination of the rolled products submitted for approval purposes and report on the surface condition.A B CD4.2.2 Surveyors are also to witness ultrasonic examinations carried out by the manufacturersand report on the results obtained.A B CD5 Additionaltests5.1 Additional tests for some steels5.1.1 For plates 16 mm or over, drop weight tests in accordance with ASTM E208 arerequired for Grades D and E and Grades AH, DH, EH and FH in all strength levels.Orientation of the specimens should be such that the crack starter weld is parallel tothe direction of rolling. The Nil Ductility Transition Temperature (NDTT) is to bedetermined.5.1.2 For plates in Grades E, AH, DH, EH and FH, weldability tests in accordance withProcedure 0-3 are also required for the thickest plates submitted for approval asdetailed in (a) and (b), and (c) were relevant.(a) For all grades, bead-on-plate and butt weld tests.(b) Where the approved minimum thickness exceeds 16 mm, CTOD tests in accordancewith Procedure 0-3, 3.3.11 and 3.3.12 for Grades E, EH and FH. CTOD tests will also be required for other grades which are beyond the scope of the Rules or were new steelsor processes have been developed.(c) Where steel products are intended for welding heat inputs in excess of 5.0 kJ/mmadditional weldability tests will be required at the maximum recommended heat input.Where data exists from previous test programmes which are directly relevant to thematerial under consideration, these may be submitted for consideration in lieu oftesting.5.2 Testing procedure subsequent to approval5.2.1 In certain circumstances provisional approval may be granted based on the results ofthe following additional tests.5.2.2 Notwithstanding that the Rules for Materials permit batch testing for the gradeconcerned, for an initial period after approval, tensile and Charpy V-notch testspecimens are to be taken from each piece presented for acceptance. Whenapproximately 100 pieces, irrespective of grade, have been tested with satisfactoryresults, batch testing, as permitted by the Rules for Materials, may be adopted. Theresults obtained from the first 100 pieces are to be reported to Materials and NDEDepartment for information purposes. This information is to include steel grade,thickness and ladle analysis for each piece.5.2.3 Other conditions may be imposed depending on circumstance.6 Validity of approval certificate6.1 Duration6.1.1 The initial approval certificate will have a validity of three years.6.1.2 For the validity to be extended for a further three years the Surveyors shouldundertake a periodic inspection in accordance with Procedure 1-1.6.1.3 Manufacturers that have not produced marine certified products and have not beensurveyed during the current approval period must either conduct new approval tests orprovide statistical results of production of similar grades of products.A B CDA B CD。
(精选文档)LR劳氏入级规范摘录

劳氏入级规范摘录第一分册部分5.1 LR型式认可——船用产品5.1.1 LR型式认可是一个公正的发证体系,它提供了独立的第三方型式认可证书,证明产品符合特定的标准或技术条件。
它是根据对设计的审阅和型式试验,或者如试验并不合适,则根据对设计的分析。
5.1.2 LR型式认可体系是对产品按技术条件、标准或规定进行评定,以校核其满足所述的要求和通过选定的试验,且验证其符合特定的性能要求的过程。
此试验在原型或代表已制造的被认可产品的随机选取的产品上进行。
此后,要求生产者采用质量管理程序和过程,以确保所提交的每一项产品都与已经型式认可者相一致。
5.1.3在5.1.2中所要求的选定的试验应包括适用于安装在入英国劳氏船级社船或拟由入英国劳氏船级社船上产品的环境试验。
5.1.4 LR型式认可不能免除本规范对于安装在入英国劳氏船级社船舶或拟入英国劳氏船级社船舶上安装设备所要求的检查和检验程序。
此外,LR型式认可也不能免除包含型式认可设备系统的图纸审查的要求(如本规范有所要求)。
5.1.5 LR型式认可须理解为,生产者对于该产品的推荐和说明,以及本规范对于船舶入级的任何有关要求均已得到满足。
5.1.6按质量管理程序和过程提供产品或部件的生产者应具有由国际船级社协会(IACS)的成员或被通知的团体所认证的经认可的质量控制体系。
质量管理程序和过程应使产品的生产符合5.3的要求。
5.1.7如设备或部件已按非英国劳氏船级社对该产品的技术条件和程序进行型式认可,则该产品的认证和试验应提交考虑(如合适)。
5.2 型式试验5.2.1型式试验是一个公正的、提供独立的第三方验证的过程,它表明某一项机械或设备已令人满意地经受了功能性的型式试验。
5.2.2型式试验应针对规定的性能和试验标准,其试验条件在所申报的设计条件的最小值与最大值的时间段内进行。
5.2.3型式试验在原型或代表已制造的被评估产品的随机选取的产品上进行。
5.2.4在型式试验后,机械设备应打开,对损坏或过度磨损进行检查。
船厂焊接工艺评定作业指导书

船厂焊接工艺评定作业指导书1 目的本作业指导书对焊接工艺评定工作作了具体规定,以保证满足船级社规范要求,使产品得以顺利建造。
2 适用范围适用于船舶建造过程中焊接工艺的制定与认可。
3 总则:编制的焊接工艺既要满足船级社规范要求,又要符合我公司的实际情况,焊接工业只有得到船级社认可后,才能应用于生产实践中。
4 操作程序4.1技术部负责编制焊接工艺认可大纲规范;4.2生产部负责安排焊接工艺认可所需试件的下料、加工及焊接工作;4.3质管部负责焊接过程控制及焊后试件表面及内部质量检验,检验合格后提交船级社现场验船师检验;4.4生产部负责安排试样的切割加工;4.5质管部负责试样检验,并陪同验船师到外协单位试验,试验合格后整理数据成焊接工艺认可试验报告(WPQT),提高船级社认可。
5 焊接工艺认可工作主要内容及要求:5.1技术准备5.1.1熟练掌握船级社规范中相关章节的内容;5.1.2了解新建船舶全船的材料使用情况,结合我公司已被认可的焊接工艺,确定需新增加的焊接工艺。
5.2焊接过程5.2.1焊前试板的取样要得到船级社的确认;5.2.2试板的尺寸、坡口及表面要求要符合技术要求;5.2.3焊接规范参数要按照焊接工艺规定的执行。
5.3焊接检验5.3.1试件焊接完要进行检验,不可存在明显缺陷;5.3.2焊缝内部进行无损探伤检测,并初具检验报告。
5.4试样加工5.4.1试件经检验合格后,划线,取样,在每块试样上打上船级社钢印;5.4.2试样加工要符合技术要求,必要时进行钢印转移。
5.5实验与报告5.5.1按船级社要求,到具有资质的单位进行各项试验;5.5.2试验合格后,出具报告送船级社评定认可,报告内容包括焊接规范参数,焊材和试件的材质报告,试件的宏观照片,试件的无损检测报告,试样的试验报告。
(仅供参考)英国船级社规范(LR)2004-中文翻译版

1.5 变通的检验程序
1.5.1 当材料在严格控制的条件下采用半连续或连续的方式进行批量生产时,则可采用劳氏 船级社认可的变通的试验和检查方法。
1.5.2 为使认可能予以考虑,制造商应符合第 2 节的规定。
1.6 化学过足够时间使这些增添物在整 个桶内得到匀衡后方能确定。
1.6.2 取样的方法应保证报告的分析能代表铸造。
1.6.3 当采样多于一个时,最终证件结果的平均方法以及确定可以接受的成分变动应取得验 船师的同意。
1.6.4 桶样化学成分应由制造商在设备完善和人员合格的试验室测定。制造商的化学分析将 被接受,但如验船师提出要求,则可进行临时的独立核查。
1.3.10 下列的认可表在劳氏船级社网站 及劳氏船级社出版的船舶入级规范 和规则的 CD-ROM 中刊出:
• 认可的材料制造商表 • 认可的用于船舶建造的焊接消耗品 • 认可的涂料,树脂,增强塑料和其相关材料表 • 认可锚的一览表
1.4 检验程序
1.4.1 应允许验船师进入工厂的所有有关部门,并为其提供必要的设备和资料,使之能证实材 料的制造工作是按照认可的程序进行的。工厂还应按本规范的要求,在试验材料的选择、力学 性能试验的见证和材料的试验等方面,为验船师提供方便。
英国劳氏船级社
船舶入级规范和规则 (LR:2004)
英国劳氏船级社“船舶入级规范和规则” 2004 年 7 月中文版光盘的编辑制作说明
1、 本光盘的翻译和制作主要依据劳氏船级社已出版的该规范 2004 年 7 月英文版(包括 2005 年的 Notice No.1)及对 2002 年及 2003 年版的全部修改通知(即 Notices)。
劳氏无损检测资料

2.13 焊缝检验2.13.1 应由造船厂提供有效的外观检验措施,以确保所有竣工的焊缝均已良好地完成。
2.13.2所有竣工的焊缝应完好、无裂纹和无熔合不足,且实质上无未焊透,无气孔和熔渣。
焊缝的表面应相当光滑,且实质上无咬边和焊瘤。
应注意保证达到焊缝所规定的尺寸,即焊缝不应有过大的余高,也不应未焊满。
2.13.3焊缝应清洁,且在作外观检查时应未涂油漆。
2.13.4 焊缝在检查前可以有一层薄的保护底漆,只要它不妨碍检查并在验船师要求下除去,从而对可能有缺陷的区域作较详细的分析。
2.13.5所有焊缝的外观检查在分析不清的情况下,当验船师认为必要时可通过其他无损检测技术作补充检查。
2.13.6除外观检验外,焊缝还应采用与其外形相适应的一种或多种方法进行检验,如超声波、射线、磁粉、电磁、着色渗透或其他可接受的探伤方法。
2.13.7 焊缝容积检查所采用的方法是船厂的责任。
X射线照相一般优先用于厚度10mm或以下的对接焊缝的检测。
超声波检验对厚度为10mm或以上的焊缝是可以接受的,而且应用于全焊透的T形或十字形接头或类似形状的焊缝检查。
若建议厚度10mm以下的焊缝采用超声波检测,则将受到英国劳氏船级社无损检测部门的特殊考虑。
2.13.8无损检测应按国家或国际公认的标准而制定并由有Ⅲ级资格的人员明确的书面程序进行。
程序至少应能鉴定:人员要求的资质水平、无损检测数据和识别系统、试验的范围、所用无损检测方法及技术图表、拟采用的可接受的衡准和报告的要求。
无损检测的所有程序均应在检验开始前得到验船师的认可。
2.13.9无损检测应由有资格从事英国劳氏船级社承认的诸如基于ISO 9712,EN 473或SNT-TC-1A要求的认证方案,且由具有适当水平的人员来执行。
通常,受到直接监督的检验人员应具有Ⅰ级的资质,如果检验人员不受监督时,则视适用情况应具有Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级的资质。
若检验是对包含适当缺陷的有代表性的试件进行时,Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级资格证明的方式还应包括实际能力的评定。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
6.3.3.4 为将检验时残留的氢可能造成的影响降至最低,建议在 15 秒内完成弯曲试验。
6.3.3.5 弯曲后,试样不能显示任何尺寸超过 3mm 的明显缺陷。弯曲后试样的边角上出 现的缺陷可以忽略,除非他们是由于侧壁熔融不足造成的。
6.3.3.6 如果焊缝金属和母材之间的相对强度差异阻止横向试样的统一弯曲,也可制备 纵向试样。试样宽度须足够包围焊缝金属的全宽度、各个面上的热影响区及各 个面上母板的最低 5mm。须对弯曲处表面上的 4 个试样进行检验,2 个表面试 样,2 个根部试样。
材料与无损检测
A 卷 MQPS 0-1
船用材料及评定程序
程序 0-1 焊接工艺评定准则
1 简介
范围
本准则主要针对船体构造焊接,并对拟建立焊接工艺的船厂提供指导。
本工艺主要内容是关于钢铁材料的。关于铝合金的相关工艺请见附录 E,同时附录 E 注明了适用本工艺主要内容和适用附录 E 特殊要求的情况。
对于钢铁及铝合金以外的材料,视情况而定业可适用本准则。如本准则不适用,也 可采用类似的更合适的标准。
6.3.8.2 硬度试验的目的是记录焊接金属和热影响区的硬度差异,特别是所发现的最大 值。如果热影响区的硬度值大于 350 HV,焊接金属的硬度值大于 260 HV,则 只能使用低氢焊接材料并须充分考虑防止加氢裂化(关于对合格基体金属厚度 范围的限制,请参考 7.6.4)。
焊缝厚度 最小距离减去焊缝根部与角焊面之间的凸面。
认可范围 指基本变量的认可程度。
焊接方法
术语及定义请见 ISO 857。 其他术语的定义请见相关 ISO 标准。 3. 焊接工艺参数 3.1 须在焊接工艺里规定的主要变量应至少包括以下: 焊接工艺和/或设备。 母材规格、形状及厚度。 焊接材料(焊条、气体、焊剂等)。 焊接接头及焊接边缘准备及基底材料。 焊接接边加工及母材邻近表面的表面状态及所用的涂料(如底漆)。 焊接位置。 焊接顺序(堆焊焊道的数量及顺序)。 焊接接头每部分所用的焊接工艺参数(电流、电弧电压、焊接速度等)。 预热及焊后热处理。 热量输入温度及中间温度。 4. 焊接工艺试验的准备 一般来说,焊接工艺评定包括部件的准备及焊接及进行本准则所规定的检验和试 验。 见证焊接工艺评定试验前,船厂应提交初步的 pWPS 及检验计划,该 pWPS 须规定 所有相关变量(见 3.0)。 试件的准备及焊接应按 pWPS 进行。如对最终接头进行了点焊,则点焊应包含进试 件内。 5 对试件的要求 焊接件应具有下述规定的标准形状,且能代表生产性焊接的状态。 5.1 试件的形状 & 尺寸
5.1.1 试件应具有足够尺寸保证合理的热量分布,长度应足够保证能制取所有试样(包 括任何复试),保证能从焊缝各端丢弃足够材料以去除试件端面上与焊接起点和 终点有关的可能的缺陷部位。
5.1.2 试件的厚度和管件试件的外径(需要时)的选择应符合规定的范围(见 7.6 节)。 5.1.3 如果要求从热影响区(HAZ)制取夏比试样,板材的轧制方向相对于焊接方向
横向弯曲**
2 个根部试样和 2 个面试样
夏比 V 型缺口
按 6.3.7 节
硬度
要求,见 6.3.8 节
宏观检验
1 个试样
目视检查
100%
板材上的角焊缝 见图 0-1.5.3
表面裂纹检验* 宏观检验 断口
100% 3 个试样 2 个试样
硬度
要求,见 6.3.8 节
* 渗透检测或磁粉检测。对于非磁性材料,适用渗透检测。
6.3.5 角焊缝的宏观检验
6.3.5.1 需准备 3 个宏观金相试片(如图 0-1.5.3),如果存在的话,其中 1 个应取自停止 位置/重启位置。否则,试片应该取自与丢弃部位邻近的端部及长度的中间部位。
6.3.5.2 试片需制备并进行腐蚀显露出焊接金属和热影响区,以区分热影响区的晶粒粗 糙部位和焊接金属的凝固结构。
6.3.4 对接焊缝的宏观检验
6.3.4.1 须准备图 0-1.6.1 或图 0-1.6.3 所示试样,并对试样进行腐蚀显露出焊接金属和 热影响区,以区分热影响区的晶粒粗糙部位和焊接金属的凝固结构。
6.3.4.2 对可能的缺陷进行检验,如有要求需借助低倍手提透镜。按照 ISO 5817 标准 B 级进行评定。
相关标准及规则
本准则是根据以下 ISO 规范建立: ISO 857 焊接、铜焊及钎焊工艺 – 词汇。 ISO 5817 钢铁电弧焊接头及缺陷质量级别
ISO 9556 第 1 部分 氧块焊焊接工艺评定通则 第 2 部分 金属材料电弧焊焊接工艺规范 第 3 部分 钢铁材料电弧焊焊接工艺试验 第 4 部分 铝及铝合金电弧焊焊接工艺试验
试件应符合材料规则第 11 章相关章节关于堆焊金属试件的相关要求。 (d)板子或管子的角焊
试件应符合图 0-1.5.3 的要求 5.2 未经批准的焊接材料
如焊接材料未列入 LR 认可清单,则对每一批拟用于生产的焊接材料要求焊接 一个堆焊金属件并检验(见 5.1.4 C)。检验应按材料规则第 11 章相关章节的要 求进行。
本焊接工艺规范由生产过程中熟练的焊工使用。焊工资格应符合第 3 部分第 10 章 第 2.12 节船舶规则的要求。焊工资格评定规则请见船舶材料及评定工艺,A 册,程序
0-2。
船厂审查
船厂应定期接受验船师的检查,以证实焊接设备保养良好。这里指以下项目: (a) 所有设备、电源及附件的机械条件。 (b) 所有电气设备及附件的效率及安全性。 (c) 电源、送丝控制器、速度控制器及电流电压控制器的控制和指示校正。 (d) 焊接材料的存储状态。 (e) 烘干炉及保温炉的校准及工作效率。
2. 定义
初步焊接工艺规程(pWPS) 指焊接工艺规程草案,详细规定了制造厂商为试验之目的须使用的焊接条件。
焊接工艺规程(WPS) WPS 指焊接工艺经批准后如何应用于生产的详细规程。WPS 必须经常提及批准 它的 PQR。一个 WPS 可以有多于一个 PQR 的支持。作为例子,WPS 的格式请 见附录 C。
正常最小值的 5/6 正常最小值的 2/3
6.3.7.6 如果由于焊接试件的厚度或形状的原因,不能制取 5mm 厚度的试样,则可以不 要求夏比试样。
6.3.8 硬度试验
6.3.8.1 按照标准 ISO 6507/1 进行该项试验。一般来说,除了正常强度结构钢外,只要 求对碳钢和低合金钢的焊缝进行硬度试验。
(a) 碳钢及低合金钢,正常抗拉强度及高抗拉强度 (b) 所有种类的不锈钢
6.3.7.1.2 对厚度超过 50mm 的试件,需从焊接根部制取另外一套 3 个试样。
6.3.7.2 热影响区(HAZ)冲击试样
6.3.7.2.1 要求在以下位置(例外见 6.3.7.2.2)从热影响区(图 0-1.6.2)制取两套(每 套 3 个)夏比试样:
6.3.5.3 按上述 6.3.4.2 对试片进行检验。
6.3.6 角焊缝的断口检验
6.3.6.1 从去除宏观断面后保留下来的两段焊接组件上进行,两段(每段不小于 100mm) 要通过把竖板折叠刀连通板上(见图 0-1.5.3)来获取和断裂。在首先凿穿另 一个焊缝之后,每一个焊缝都要以这种方式来处理。
6.3.7.4 每套试样的最小平均值须达到材料规则第 11 章中焊接过程、焊接工艺和焊接 位置对相应焊接金属级别的要求值。
6.3.7.5 如果母材太薄不能够制取标准横截面试样(10mm*10mm),则可制取小尺寸的
夏比试样。此种情况下,冲击强度的最小平均值应为:
横截面
断口冲击功,J
10mm*7.5mm 10mm*5mm
a) 缺口中心位于熔合线的 3 个试样。 b) 缺口中心位于热影响区,且距离熔合线 2mm 的 3 个试样。
6.3.7.2.2 下列情况下,不要求 HAZ 冲击试样:
a) 具有正常强度的钢材级别及 WPS 规定的焊接热输入小于 5KJ/mm,或者 b) 母体钢材是奥氏体钢。
6.3.7.3 所有试样(焊接金属及热影响区)的夏比冲击试验温度应按照材料规则第 11 章对相应焊接金属所做的规定。
应该按如下安排:
(a)如果基体板要求做纵向夏比试验,板的轧制方向应该与焊缝垂直。 (b)如果基体板要求做横向夏比试验,板的轧制方向应该与焊缝平行。 5.1.4 除另有协议,试件的形状和最小尺寸如下: (a)板材的对接焊缝 对接焊缝试件应符合图 0-1.5.1 的要求。 (b)管材的对接焊缝
试件应符合图 0-1.5.2 的要求。小直径管子的试件可能要求多于一个的试件。 (c)堆焊金属试件
** 对于厚度超过 25mm 的试件,可以使用 4 个侧面弯曲试样代替 2 个表面和 2 个根部弯曲
试样。
6.3 破坏性检测
6.3.1 通则
6.3.1.1 按表 0-1.6.1 进行破坏性检测。仅在无损检测结果合格后制取试样(见 6.2.2)。
6.3.1.2 试样的尺寸和检验状态应符合材料规则第 11 章的要求。机械性能试验的结果必 须符合这些要求,除非与焊接工艺有关的申请规定了更严格的要求。
6.3.6.2 对断口表面可能的缺陷进行检验。按照 ISO 5817 标准 B 级进行评定。
6.3.7 夏比 V 型缺口冲击试验
6.3.7.1 焊接金属冲击试样
6.3.7.1.1 对于以下情况,需制备并检测 3 个夏比试样,试样的缺口位于焊接的中心线(图 0-1.6.2),缺口的根部垂直于焊缝的表面:
6.3.2.4 钢铁:每个试样所记录的抗拉强度不能低于船舶规则第 2 部分相关章节所规定 的对于母材的最小值。对于厚的板材,如规定了减少的强度,必须达到对于试 验厚度的最小保证值。
6.3.2.5 奥氏体和双相不锈钢:每个试样所记录的抗拉强度不能低于对船舶规则第 11 章 中相应级别焊接材料所要求的最低横向抗拉强度。
焊接工艺评定记录(PQR) PQR 记录了焊接资格试验是符合进行进行及检验的,并包含了检验结果。PQR 格式请见附录 D。一个 PQR 可以支持多于一个的 WPS。