Influence of Compound Mineral Fertilizers Produced by Different Technologies on Yield and
不同建筑固废再生骨料取代率下粗粒土填料永久变形特性及安定行为研究
第 55 卷第 3 期2024 年 3 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.55 No.3Mar. 2024不同建筑固废再生骨料取代率下粗粒土填料永久变形特性及安定行为研究肖源杰1, 2，王政1，AMINU Umar Faruk 1，王萌1，李昀博1，孔坤锋3，陈宇亮4，周震5，李志勇4(1. 中南大学 土木工程学院，湖南 长沙，410075；2. 重载铁路工程结构教育部重点实验室 (中南大学)，湖南 长沙，410075；3. 中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 铁道建筑研究所，北京，100081；4. 湖南省交通科学研究院有限公司，湖南 长沙，410015；5. 广东省交通规划设计研究院集团股份有限公司，广东 广州，510440)摘要：为探究城市建筑拆除固废再生骨料部分或全部取代天然骨料用于粗粒土路基填料的可行性，开展不同再生骨料取代率、含水率、围压和剪应力比等组合下的室内大型静动三轴试验，定量研究土性参数和应力状态对试样抗剪强度和累积塑性应变特性的影响规律。
基于半对数坐标下累积塑性应变发展的多阶段特征，分别考虑不同阶段塑性变形累积速率以及相邻两阶段的塑性变形累积速率的差异，提出适用于建筑固废再生骨料路基填料的新型安定行为判定准则。
研究结果表明：再生骨料路基填料试样的累积塑性应变随含水率和剪应力比的增大而增大，当再生骨料路基填料试样在剪应力比为0.3和0.5时，抗累积变形性能与天然骨料路基填料试验所得的抗累积变形性能接近，综合考虑抗剪强度和累积塑性变形特性的再生骨料路基填料最优取代率为85%；新安定行为判定准则具有较高的准确性，可为相似路基填料的长期路用性能评定提供理论依据。
关键词：道路工程；建筑固废；再生骨料；永久变形；安定行为中图分类号：TU43 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1672-7207（2024）03-1008-15Permanent deformation characteristics and shakedown behavior of coarse-grained fill materials incorporating different proportions ofaggregates recycled from building demolition wastes收稿日期： 2023 −06 −20； 修回日期： 2023 −08 −20基金项目(Foundation item)：国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178443)；国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1904704)；交通运输部重点科技项目(2022-MS5-122)；中南大学研究生自主探索创新项目(2023ZZTS0019) (Project(52178443) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(2019YFC1904704) supported by the National Key Research & Development Program of China; Project(2022-MS5-122) supported by the Ministry of Transport Key Science & Technology Program of China; Project(2023ZZTS0019) supported by the Graduate Student Free Exploration Innovation Program of Central South University)通信作者：王萌，博士研究生，从事路基工程研究；E-mail ：**************.cnDOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2024.03.015引用格式： 肖源杰, 王政, AMINU Umar Faruk, 等. 不同建筑固废再生骨料取代率下粗粒土填料永久变形特性及安定行为研究[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 55(3): 1008−1022.Citation: XIAO Yuanjie, WANG Zheng, AMINU Umar Faruk, et al. Permanent deformation characteristics and shakedown behavior of coarse-grained fill materials incorporating different proportions of aggregates recycled from building demolition wastes[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology), 2024, 55(3): 1008−1022.第 3 期肖源杰，等：不同建筑固废再生骨料取代率下粗粒土填料永久变形特性及安定行为研究XIAO Yuanjie1, 2, WANG Zheng1, AMINU Umar Faruk1, WANG Meng1, LI Yunbo1, KONG Kunfeng3,CHEN Yuliang4, ZHOU Zhen5, LI Zhiyong4(1. School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China;2. MOE Key Laboratory of Engineering Structure of Heavy Haul Railway(Central South University),Changsha 410075, China;3. Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited,Beijing 100081, China;4. Hunan Communications Research Institute Co. Ltd., Changsha 410015, China;5. Guangdong Communication Planning & Design Institute Group Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510440, China)Abstract:In order to address the feasibility of the mixed subgrade filling of natural aggregate and recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste(RAW), laboratory static/dynamic triaxial tests under different conditions of recycled aggregate replacement rate, moisture content, confining pressure and shear stress ratio were carried out, and the effect of index properties and stress states on the shear strength and accumulative plastic strain characteristics of the specimen were explored. Based on the multi-stage characteristics of plastic strain development under semi-logarithmic coordinates, and considering the plastic deformation accumulation rate at different stages and the difference in plastic deformation accumulation rate in adjacent two stages, a new shakedown behavior determination criterion suitable for subgrade filling mixed with RAW was proposed. The results show that the accumulative plastic strain of the specimen increases with the increase of moisture content and shear stress ratio, and the specimens mixed with RAW show similar plastic deformation resistance ability compared to natural aggregate when the shear stress ratio is 0.3 and 0.5. After comprehensive comparative analysis of strength and deformation characteristics, it is recommended to use recycled aggregate subgrade filled with 85% replacement rate. The new shakedown behavior determination criterion has high accuracy and can provide a theoretical basis for the long-term pavement performance evaluation of similar subgrade fillings.Key words: road engineering; construction and demolition waste; recycled aggregates; permanent deformation;shakedown behavior随着中国城市化进程迅速发展，新建基础设施和老旧城区改造产生的建筑垃圾量急剧攀升[1]，但综合循环再生利用率距《“十四五”循环经济发展规划》提出的“到2025年，建筑垃圾综合利用率达到60%”这一目标仍存在差距。
矿产资源演讲稿英语范文
Good morning/afternoon! Today, I am honored to stand before you to talk about a topic that is of great significance to our country's economic development and social progress – mineral resources.Mineral resources are the foundation of a country's industrialization and modernization. They play a crucial role in the development of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology. In this speech, I will discuss the importance of mineral resources, the current status of mineral resources in our country, and the strategies for the rational development and utilization of mineral resources.Firstly, let's talk about the importance of mineral resources. As we all know, mineral resources are non-renewable resources, and they are essential for human survival and development. In the process of industrialization and modernization, mineral resources provide the necessary raw materials for various industries, such as coal, iron, steel, non-ferrous metals, and rare earth elements. Without mineral resources, it would be impossible to build a modernized country.In the past few decades, our country has made remarkable achievements in economic development, which is closely related to the rational development and utilization of mineral resources. For instance, the rapid development of the construction industry has led to a significant increase in the demand for steel, cement, and other building materials. Similarly, the development of the automotive industry requires a large amount of iron, steel, and non-ferrous metals. In addition, the rapid development of the electronics industry has brought about a high demand for rare earth elements, which are vital for the production of high-tech products.However, the development of mineral resources also brings about some challenges. Firstly, mineral resources are finite, and theirexploitation can lead to resource depletion and environmental damage. Secondly, the irrational development and utilization of mineral resources may cause serious economic losses and social instability. Therefore, it is crucial for us to pay attention to the rational development and utilization of mineral resources.Now, let's take a look at the current status of mineral resources in our country. According to statistics, our country has rich mineral resources, ranking first in the world in terms of mineral reserves. Our country is rich in various mineral resources, including coal, iron, copper, aluminum, gold, silver, and rare earth elements. However, thedistribution of these resources is uneven, and some areas are facing severe resource shortages.In recent years, our country has been making efforts to optimize the structure of mineral resources and improve the utilization efficiency. On the one hand, we have been exploring new resources and developing substitutes for traditional resources. On the other hand, we have been promoting the upgrading of mineral resources and reducing the consumption of resources. For example, the development of coal bed methane and the application of clean coal technology have significantly reduced the environmental impact of coal exploitation.In addition, our country has also been implementing strict regulations and policies to promote the rational development and utilization of mineral resources. For instance, the "Mineral Resources Law" and the "Mineral Resources Development and Utilization Plan" aim to regulate the exploration, exploitation, and utilization of mineral resources,ensuring that mineral resources are used in a sustainable manner.In view of the current situation and challenges, we should adopt the following strategies for the rational development and utilization of mineral resources:1. Strengthen the research and development of mineral resources. By improving exploration technology and deepening the understanding of mineral resources, we can better predict and exploit mineral resources.2. Optimize the structure of mineral resources. We should develop new resources and reduce the reliance on traditional resources, thus promoting the sustainable development of mineral resources.3. Improve the utilization efficiency of mineral resources. By promoting technological innovation and energy-saving and emission-reduction, wecan reduce the consumption of resources and improve the economic benefits.4. Strengthen the protection of mineral resources. We should implement strict regulations and policies to prevent the illegal exploitation and utilization of mineral resources, and ensure the sustainable development of mineral resources.5. Enhance international cooperation. By participating in international mineral resources cooperation and sharing experiences with other countries, we can promote the rational development and utilization of mineral resources on a global scale.In conclusion, mineral resources are a vital component of our country's economic and social development. We should pay close attention to the rational development and utilization of mineral resources, adhere to the principles of sustainable development, and strive to build a resource-saving and environmentally friendly society.Thank you for your attention!。
乙酸蒸汽催化重整制氢的研究进展
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS 2017年第36卷第5期·1658·化 工 进展乙酸蒸汽催化重整制氢的研究进展王东旭1，肖显斌2，李文艳1（1华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院，北京 102206；2华北电力大学生物质发电成套设备国家工程实验室，北京 102206）摘要：通过生物油蒸汽重整制备氢气可以减少环境污染，降低对化石燃料的依赖，是一种极具潜力的制氢途径。
乙酸是生物油的主要成分之一，常作为模型化合物进行研究。
镍基催化剂是乙酸蒸汽重整过程中常用的催化剂，但容易因积炭失去活性，降低了制氢过程的经济性。
本文首先分析了影响乙酸蒸汽重整制氢过程的各种因素，阐述了在这一过程中镍基催化剂的积炭原理，讨论了优化镍基催化剂的方法，包括优化催化剂的预处理过程、添加助剂和选择合适的载体，最后对乙酸蒸汽重整制氢的热力学分析研究进展进行了总结。
未来应重点研究多种助剂复合使用时对镍基催化剂积炭与活性的影响，分析多种助剂的协同作用机理，得到一种高活性、高抗积炭能力的用于生物油蒸汽重整制氢的镍基催化剂。
关键词：生物油；乙酸；制氢；催化剂；热力学中图分类号：TK6 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000–6613（2017）05–1658–08 DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2017.05.014A review of literatures on catalytic steam reforming of acetic acid forhydrogen productionWANG Dongxu 1，XIAO Xianbin 2，LI Wenyan 1（1 School of Energy ，Power and Mechanical Engineering ，North China Electric Power University ，Beijing 102206，China ；2 National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment ，North China Electric PowerUniversity ，Beijing 102206，China ）Abstract ：Hydrogen production via steam reforming of bio-oil ，a potential way to produce hydrogen ， can reduce environmental pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. Acetic acid is one of the main components of bio-oil and is often selected as a model compound. Nickel-based catalyst is widely used in the steam reforming of acetic acid ，but it deactivates fast due to the carbon deposition. In this paper ，the affecting factors for the steam reforming of acetic acid are analyzed. The coking mechanism of nickel-based catalyst in this process is illustrated. Optimization methods for nickel-baed catalyst are discussed ，including optimizing the pretreatment process ，adding promoters ，and choosing appropriate catalyst supports. Research progresses in the thermodynamics analyses for steaming reforming of acetic acid are summarized. Further studies should be focused on the effects of a combination of a variety of promoters on carbon deposition. Catalytic activity and the synergy mechanism should be analyzed to produce a novel nickel-based catalyst with high activity ，high resistance to caborn deposition for hydrogen production via steam reforming of bio-oil. Key words ：bio-oil ；acetic acid ；hydrogen production ；catalyst ；thermodynamics第一作者：王东旭（1994—），男，硕士研究生，从事生物质能利用技术研究。
能源地质学专业术语中英文对照
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低位沼泽(flat bog,low moor)
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中位沼泽(medium bog,medium swamp)
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高位沼泽(raised bog,highmoor)
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富营养沼泽(eutrophic mire)
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中营养沼泽(mesotrophic swamp)
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氯仿沥青A(chloroform bitumen A)
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族组成(group composition)
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饱和烃(saturated hydrocarbon)
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芳烃(aromatic hydrocarbon)
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胶质(colloid,pectin,colloid substance)
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浅海(shallow sea)
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泻湖(lagoon,lagune)
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潮坪(tidal flat)
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砂坪(sand flat)
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泥坪(mud flat)
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混合坪(mixed flat)
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苔草沼泽(sedge mire)
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木本沼泽(swamp,woody mire)
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微粒体(micrinite)
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粗粒体(macrinite)
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菌类体(sclerotinite)
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碎屑惰质体(inertodetrinite)
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孢子体(sporinite)
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角质体(cutinite)
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均质镜质体(telocollinite)
论印度的矿产资源 Mineral Wealth Of India 英语作文
Mineral Wealth Of IndiaA mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with defined physical and chemical properties. Minerals are unevenly distributed on Earth. Good quality minerals are available less in quantity and are also non-renewable resources, which once exhausted, can’t be replaced immediately. Minerals are of two basic types metallic and non-metallic. Metallic minerals, like iron, nickel, manganese, tungsten etc., are ferrous, since they have iron content. Some non-ferrous metallic minerals are gold, silver, copper, tin etc.Long and Short Essays on Mineral Wealth Of India for Kids and Students in EnglishGiven below are two essays in English for students and children about the topic of ‘Mineral Wealth Of India’ in bot h long and short form. The first essay is a long essay on Mineral Wealth Of India of 400-500 words. This long essay about Mineral Wealth Of India is suitable for students of class 7, 8, 9 and 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants. The second essay is a short essay on Mineral Wealth Of India of 150-200 words. These are suitable for students and children in class 6 and below.Long Essay on Mineral Wealth Of India 600 Words in EnglishBelow we have given a long essay on Mineral Wealth Of India of 500 words is helpful for classes 7, 8, 9 and 10 and Competitive Exam Aspirants. This long essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 7 to class 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants.The non-metallic minerals may or may not contain organic matter. Coal and petroleum are organic in nature, while mica, limestone, graphite and gypsum are inorganic. Minerals such as coal and iron are of industrialimportance; mica, manganese, copper, lead and zinc are of economic importance; and coal, petroleum, thorium and uranium are of national importance.India is the leading producer of some of the minerals and contains a diverse and significant store of these minerals. Of the 89 minerals produced in the country, 4 are fuel minerals, 11 metallic, 52 non-metallic and 22 minor minerals. India is the largest producer of mica blocks and mica splittings; ranks second in the production of chromite, baryte, talc and steatite; ranks third in the production of coal, lignite, and bauxite; fourthin iron ore, fifth in steel, seventh in zinc, eighth in copper, tenth in aluminium and eleventh in mica.Iron ore, copper ore, chromite ore, zinc concentrates, gold, manganese ore, bauxite, lead concentrates and silver account for the entire metallic production. Limestone, magnesite, dolomite, baryte, kaolin, gypsum, apatite, steatite and fluorite account for 92% of non-metallic minerals.India has a large number of economically useful minerals and they constitute one-quarter of the world’s mineral resources. About two-thirds of its iron deposits lie in a belt along Odisha andJharkhand border. Other haematite deposits are found in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa. Magnetite iron ore is found in Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand and Himachal. Bituminous coal is found in Jharia and Bokaro in Jharkhand and Ranigunj in West Bengal.Lignite coals are found in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu. Next to Russia, India has the largest supply of manganese. The manganese mining areas are Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Jharkhand-Odisha area. Chromite deposits are found in Jharkhand, Cuttack district in Odisha, Krishna district in Andhra Pradesh and Mysore andHassan in Karnataka. Bauxite deposits are found in Jharkhand, South-West Kashmir, Central Tamil Nadu, and parts of Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka.Belts of high quality mica are Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. Gypsum reserves are in Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan. Nickel ore is found in Cuttack and Mayurbhanj in Odisha. Copper ore bearing areas are Agnigundala in Andhra Pradesh, Singhbhum in Jharkhand, Khetri and Dartiba in Rajasthan, and parts of Sikkim and Karnataka.The Ramagiri fields in Andhra Pradesh, Kolar and Hutti in Karnataka are important gold mines. The Panna diamond belt is the only diamond producing area in the country, which covers the districts of Panna, Chhatarpur and Satna in Madhya Pradesh, as well as some parts of Banda in Uttar Pradesh. Petroleum deposits are found in Assam and Gujarat. Fresh reserves were located off Mumbai Coast. The potential oil bearing areas are Assam, Tripura, Manipur, West Bengal, Punjab, Himachal, Kachchh and the Andamans. India also possesses the all-too-valuable nuclear Uranium as well as some varieties of rare Earths.The mineral wealth of India at present comprises an adequate range of useful products that are necessary for the industrial development of the country. An appraisal of the reserves shows that while in respect of minerals essential for basic industries coal and iron the reserves are ample, the country is deficient in a fairly long list of vital minerals like ores of copper, tin, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt and in sulphur and most important of all, petroleum.The position with regard to aluminium ore, refractories, abrasives, limestone etc., may be considered as fairly adequate while in respect oftitanium and thorium ores and of mica, the country has considerable reserves.Until recently, mineral exploration and their utilisation in the country received little attention. Except for coal, iron ore and petroleum required for internal use, the majority of minerals were extracted in India for the purpose of bulk export without any processing and fabrication. These exports brought but a small return to the country.Nearly a hundred minerals are known to be produced or mined in India, of which nearly 30 may be considered more important and the restseem to be capable of material development in future with the expansion of industries.It should be made clear at the outset that though progress has been made in the survey of mineralised areas in recent years and the principal mineral regions have been ascertained, exploration of mineral resources has not been thorough or complete in most cases and present estimates are just rough guesses. The power resources in India comprise coal, oil and hydroelectricity. India’s coal mining is centered mainly in Bihar and West Bengal. The total workable reserves of coal down to a depth of1000 ft are estimated at 20000 million tonnes, of which the good quality coal would amount to 5000 million tonnes. The reserves of coking coal, however, are small, amounting to only 2000 million tonnes. As against relatively meagre resources of coal and oil, the hydroelectric resources of India are considerable with estimates varying from about 30 to 40 million horse-power. India possesses large quantities of high grade iron ore and may be classified as one of the countries which can reasonably expect a long continued development of heavy industry; though, in proportion to the population, thesereserves are lower than the main ore regions of the world.Incessant mining and plundering of mineral resources has disastrous effects on the ecosystem of a region. Water scarcity has increased, river beds are getting damaged and even the biodiversity is getting hampered.Short Essay on Mineral Wealth Of India 300 Words in EnglishBelow we have given a short essay on Mineral Wealth Of India is for Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.This short essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 6 and below.In India, over the years, a national mineral policy has evolved. The policy addresses certain new aspects and elements like mineral exploration in the sea-bed, development of proper inventory, proper linkage between exploitation of minerals and development of mineral industry, protection of forests, environment and ecology from the adverse effects of mining, enforcement of mining plan for adoption of proper mining methods, optimum utilisation of minerals, export of minerals invalue-added form and recycling of metallic scrap and mineral waste.The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957 lays down the legal framework for the regulation of mines and development of all minerals other than petroleum and natural gas. The Central Government has framed the Mineral Concession Rules 1960, for regulating grant of prospecting licenses and mining leases in respect of all minerals other than atomic minerals and minor minerals. The State Governments have framed the rules in regard to minor minerals.The Central Government has also framed the Mineral Conservation and Development Rules, 1988 for conservation and systematic development of minerals. These are applicable to all minerals except coal, atomic minerals and minor minerals. New regulations from 2012 onwards have stated that any mining activity would, at first, require clearance or permission from the Ministry of Environment and Forests.Thus, our policymakers should ensure that they create no more ‘ecological refugees’, people who are rendered homeless due to mindless mining in their dwelling places. Only then canminerals provide rich returns to the economy and strengthen it.Mineral Wealth Of India Essay Word Meanings for Simple UnderstandingOrganic –pertaining to a class of chemical compounds that formerly comprised only those existing in or derived from plants and animalsAdequate – barely sufficient or suitableAppraisal – an estimate or considered opinion of the nature, quality, importance, etcFabrication –the act or process of fabricating, manufactureBiodiversity –the diversity (number and variety of species) of plant and animal life within a regionAscertain – to find out definitelyIncessant –continuing without interruption, ceaseless。
Influence of CeO_2 addition on the preparation of
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 25, Number 6, June 2018, Page 689https:///10.1007/s12613-018-1616-5Corresponding author: Ke-qin Feng E-mail: kqfeng@© University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018Influence of CeO2 addition on the preparation of foamed glass-ceramicsfrom high-titanium blast furnace slagHong-ling Zhou, Ke-qin Feng, Chang-hong Chen, and Zi-di YanSchool of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China(Received: 21 October 2017; revised: 21 February 2018; accepted: 2 March 2018)Abstract:Foamed glass-ceramics doped with cerium oxide (CeO2) were successfully prepared from high-titanium blast furnace slag by one-step sintering. The influence of CeO2 addition (1.5wt%–3.5wt%) on the crystalline phases, microstructure, and properties of foamed glass-ceramics was studied. Results show that CeO2 improves the stability of the glass phase and changes the two-dimensional crystallization mechanism into three-dimensional one. XRD analysis indicates the presence of Ca(Mg, Fe)Si2O6 and Ca(Ti, Mg, Al)(Si, Al)2O6 in all sin-tered samples. Added with CeO2, TiCeO4 precipitates, and crystallinity increases, leading to increased thickness of pore walls and uniform pores. The comprehensive properties of foamed glass-ceramics are better than that of samples without CeO2. In particular, the sample added with a suitable amount of CeO2 (2.5wt%) exhibits bulk density that is similar to and compressive strength (14.9 MPa) that is more than twice of foamed glass-ceramics without CeO2.Keywords: foamed glass-ceramics; cerium oxide; blast furnace slag; sintering; crystallization1. IntroductionFoamed glass-ceramics are a new kind of mul-ti-functional materials that consist of glass, gaseous, and crystalline phases. These materials possess a unique combi-nation of properties, such as lightweight, low thermal con-ductivity, low density, and incombustibility, which render them as remarkable in construction and other fields [1–3]. Thus far, many researchers have prepared foamed glass-ceramics by using various solid wastes, such as waste glass [4], fly ash [5–6], and steel-making slag [7].High-titanium blast furnace slag (HTBFS) is an industrial waste formed during pig iron manufacture from iron ore and considered a valuable resource (TiO2 content is 20wt%–27wt%) for recycling and reusing. In the Panxi area, China, ap-proximately 250 million tons of HTBFS are generated an-nually. Common approaches used to deal with these wastes are burying and stacking in slag disposing pit, resulting in occupying additional land and environmental issues. Only a few of HTBFS by-products are used as raw materials to produce cement and concrete but still show a low value [8]. In this regard, developing valuable and eco-compatible products for HTBFS recycling is essential for resource con-servation and environmental protection. The main contents of HTBFS are similar to those of foamed glass-ceramics; examples of the contents are SiO2and Al2O3, which are glass–network formers; CaO and MgO, which are main providers of metal cations for crystallization; and TiO2, which is an excellent nucleation agent [9]. Therefore, pro-duction of foamed glass-ceramics is a promising direction for HTBFS recycling.So far, foamed glass-ceramics prepared with HTBFS as raw material are usually through a two-step sintering pro-cess involving preparing foamed glass at the first step and then reheating it for crystallizing at a certain temperature. In our research group, we have independently developed a one-step sintering process where foaming is synchronized with crystallization to decrease production cost [10–11]. Rare-earth (RE) ions, which possess high field strength, can induce a fraction of O ions to be involved in RE–O–RE link-ages and eventually isolate them from the glass network [12]. This means that RE ions may affect the crystallization be-690 Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., Vol. 25, No. 6, Jun. 2018havior of glasses. Soleimani and Rezvani [13] reported that CeO2addition effectively promoted crystallization and in-creased the pore size in CaO–TiO2–P2O5 glass systems. In the present work, CeO2 was selected as an additive in pre-paring foamed glass-ceramics from HTBFS through one-step sintering to improve pore structure and promote crystallization. The influences of CeO2on the crystalline phase, micro-structure, and properties of the foamed glass-ceramics were then investigated.2. Experimental2.1. Raw materialsHTBFS was supplied by Panzhihua iron and steel Group Ltd. (Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province, China) and has a chemical composition of (wt%): 24.72SiO2–28.39CaO– 21.40TiO2–13.64Al2O3–7.05MgO–2.76FeO–0.66Fe2O3– 0.54MnO2–0.16S–0.29V2O5–0.39 others. Given that SiO2 in HTBFS is insufficient to form glass phase, waste glass (av-erage particle size of 20–30 μm) was introduced to increase the SiO2 content. Waste glass has a typical chemical compo-sition (wt%) of 71SiO2–1.47Al2O3–0.07Fe2O3–8.91CaO– 3.55MgO–13.1Na2O–0.83K2O–1.07 others. In the exper-iment, CaCO3, Na2B4O7·5H2O, and Na3PO4·12H2O were selected as foaming agent, flux agent, and foaming stabi-lizer, respectively. The basic components of the sample are HTBFS, waste glass, CaCO3, Na3PO4·12H2O, and Na2B4O7·5H2O at a mass ratio of 25:60:3:4:8. CeO2was added at 0wt%, 1.5wt%, 2.5wt%, and 3.5wt%; and the re-sulting samples were labeled A0, A1, A2, and A3, respec-tively.2.2. Experimental procedureThe slag and waste glass were passed through 200-mesh sieve. These compositions were mixed by mechanical ball mixing for 2 h without any adjuvant, and pressed into cylin-drical samples with 13 mm diameter and 11 mm height at 10 MPa. The samples were sintered in an electric furnace at 1050︒C in air atmosphere for 30 min to obtain foamed glass-ceramics.Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed at a heating rate of 10︒C/min from room temperature (25︒C) to 1100︒C to investigate the thermal reaction during the preparation of foamed glass-ceramics.The micro-structural characteristics of the foamed glass-ceramics were studied by a scanning electron micro-scope. The crystalline phases were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.Bulk density ρ was determined based on the weight and dimension of the foamed glass-ceramics, and powder den-sity ρ0 was measured by a helium pycnometer (AccyPy1330, Micromeritics). Total porosity P of the sintered samples was calculated according to Eq. (1):(1)100%Pρρ=-⨯(1) Water absorption W was measured by waterlogged method according to Eq. (2):()211/100%m mW m=⨯-(2) where m1 is the dry weight of the sintered sample, and m2 is the weight of the sintered sample soaked in water for 24 h.Compressive strength of the sintered samples was meas-ured using RG-4300 universal testing machine. Thermal conductivity was determined by a thermal conductivity test-er (DRE-2C).3. Results and discussion3.1. Thermal reaction during the preparation of foamed glass-ceramicsDSC analysis was performed to study the effect of CeO2 on the preparation process of foamed glass-ceramics. The thermal analyses of the mixtures without and with 2.5wt% CeO2 are shown in Fig. 1. The endothermic peak observed at 138︒C is caused by water evaporation. Based on Fig. 1, the DSC curve of sample A0 possesses a small crystalliza-tion peak area and sharp crystallization peak shape. The glass transition temperature (T g) is 661︒C, the initial crystal-lization temperature (T c) is 901︒C, and the crystallization temperature (T p) is 943︒C. The crystallization peak area of sample A2 increases, and the crystallization peak shape turns smooth. The T c increases to 932︒C, the T p increases to 1029︒C, and the T g decreases slightly from 661 to 645︒C. The shape of the crystallization peaks indicates the kinetics of crystallization; that is, a sharp crystallization peak con-tributes to a high crystallization rate [14]. The crystallization peak shape of sample A2 becomes large and blunt com-pared with sample A0, indicating the decreased crystalliza-tion rate of this sample. The XRD patterns of foamed glass-ceramics treated at 1050︒C for 30 min are shown in Fig. 2. Crystalline phase type and crystallinity are signifi-cantly affected by CeO2. Diopside [Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6] and augite [Ca(Ti,Mg,Al)(Si,Al)2O6] exist in all samples. TiCeO4 precipitates upon the addition of CeO2. Hence, Ce4+ ions change the crystallization process not only by changing the glass lattice structure but also by participating in the process and forming a new phase with Ti4+ ions.H.L. Zhou et al., Influence of CeO 2 addition on the preparation of foamed glass-ceramics (691)Fig. 1.DSC curve of the mixture.Fig. 2. XRD patterns of foamed glass-ceramics.The crystallinity of the crystalline phases was assessed with XRD analysis software (MDI jade) and calculated us-ing Eq. (3).0c a c /()100%C A A kA +=⨯ (3) where C 0 is the crystallinity, A c is the area of the crystal dif-fraction peak, A a is the area of the amorphous phase scatter-ing peak, and k is the relative scattering coefficients of crys-tal and amorphous phases [15]. The calculated crystallinity values are shown in Table 1. Comparison of crystallinity between sample A2 and A0 indicates that CeO 2 addition in-creases the crystallinity of foamed glass-ceramics.Table 1. Parameters in the DSC curve of the mixture and crystallinity of foamed glass-ceramicsParameters A0 A2 CeO 2 content / wt%0 2.5 T g / ︒C 661 645 T c / ︒C901 932 ΔT = T c – T g / ︒C240 287 T p / ︒C 943 1029 S / mJ1015 3246 Crystallinity, C 0 / %22 35.9 T g / ︒C661645Table 1 lists the glass stability parameter (ΔT , where ΔT is equal to the value of T c minus T g ), the crystallization peak area (S ), and the crystallization temperature (T p ) determined by DSC. ΔT indicates the stability of the glass phase and re-flects whether it is difficult or easy to form the glass phase. Small ΔT will result in poor stability of the glass phase, therefore contributing to easy crystallization process. Moreover, S reflects the degree of crystallization of the material; a large S value represents a high crystallization ratio [16]. As shown in Table 1, ΔT increases from 240 to 287°C after adding CeO 2. Hence, CeO 2 addition improves the glass stability of foamed glass-ceramics by inhibiting the transformation of the glass phase from unshaped glassy state to crystalline state. Adding CeO 2 also increases the T p from 943 to 1029︒C, indicating that CeO 2 inhibits crystallization. However, the addition of CeO 2 increases S from 1015 to 3246 mJ. This finding reveals that CeO 2 increases the crys-tallization degree of the samples and is consistent with the XRD result. The increased crystallization degree could be attributed to the conversion of the crystallization mechanism from two-dimensional crystallization (surface crystallization) to three-dimensional crystallization (volume crystallization), which was previously studied by Wang et al . [17]. In addi-tion, crystallographic theory shows that a broad crystalliza-tion peak on the DSC curve indicates that the sample as-sumes volume crystallization; meanwhile, a sharp crystalli-zation peak indicates that the sample exhibits surface crys-tallization [18]. Based on this theory, sample A2 with large and blunt crystallization peak is more likely to achieve volume crystallization. In fact, under volume mechanism, crystallization simultaneously occurs on the surface and in-side the material, leading to increased crystallinity.Although the addition of CeO 2 improves the stability of the glass, it changes the crystallization mechanism of foamed glass-ceramics from surface crystallization to vol-ume crystallization and consequently leads to increased crystallinity.3.2. Influence of CeO 2 on the micro-structure of foamed glass-ceramicsFig. 3 shows the micro-structure of the sintered samples added with different amounts of CeO 2. The addition of CeO 2 addition significantly changes the micro-structure, including pore shape, pore size, pore wall thickness, crystal shape, and crystal size. In general, adding a suitable amount of CeO 2 can promote crystallization and optimize the micro-structure of foamed glass-ceramics. Sample A0 possesses evidently inhomogeneous pores, with size of 0.15 to 1.2 mm, con-taining coalesced bubbles. The sample also possesses thin692 Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater ., Vol. 25, No. 6, Jun. 2018cell walls and a few irregular globular crystals distributed in the glass matrix. When the addition is 1.5wt%, CeO 2 acts as a network modifier by cutting off the interconnected spinodal micro-structure after entering the glass mesh [19]; this phenomenon leads to distorted glass mesh structure, in-creased number of “non-bridge oxygen” by forming [CeO 6] or [CeO 8] unit, and decreased glass viscosity relative to sample A0. Hence, sample A1 shows increasing average pore size and decreasing pore roundness compared with sample A0. In addition, the activation energy of ion diffu-sion can be reduced due to the destruction of the glass mesh structure [20], thereby promoting crystallization and in-creasing the crystal size and number. When the amount of CeO 2 added is increased to 2.5wt%, it distorts the glass mesh structure, but the high field strength of Ce 4+ can lead to aggregation effect [19]. This phenomenon results in in-creased strength of the glass network, decreased number of“non-bridge oxygen”, and increased glass viscosity; as such,Fig. 3. SEM micrographs of sintered foamed glass-ceramics: (a) and (a1) A0; (b) and (b1) A1; (c) and (c1) A2; (d) and (d1) A3.H.L. Zhou et al., Influence of CeO 2 addition on the preparation of foamed glass-ceramics …693the surface tension of the system and the internal pressure of the pores reach the equilibrium state. A fine and homogene-ous distribution of pores is obtained accompanied by thick cell walls. The average pore size decreases to 0.4 mm, and the crystal shape grows into needle-like. With further CeO 2 addition (3.5wt%), Ce 4+ aggregation aggravates and the glass structure becomes denser, resulting in increased vis-cosity, reduced pore size, and decreased size of crystals with irregular shape.It can be seen from the micro-structure of the crystals, three-dimensional crystals precipitate in samples A1, A2, and A3, but only a crystal layer appears on the surface of sample A0. Hence, samples added with CeO 2 present vol-ume crystallization, and sample without CeO 2 presents sur-face crystallization. This finding verifies the conclusions in Section 3.1.3.3. Influence of CeO 2 on the properties of foamed glass-ceramicsThe changes in the bulk density, porosity, water absorp-tion, and thermal conductivity of samples added with dif-ferent amounts of CeO 2 are shown in Figs. 4(a) and 4(b). The properties of samples added with CeO 2 are better than that of sample without CeO 2. As the amount of CeO 2 added increases from 1.5wt% to 3.5wt%, the porosity and water absorption decrease, the bulk density increases, and the thermal conductivity first decreases and then increases. These properties are directly associated with pore structure. Sample A1 shows higher porosity, higher water absorption, lower bulk density, and lower thermal conductivity due to the larger pore size and thicker cell wall compared with sample A0. When increasing the CeO 2 content to 2.5wt%, the average pore size decreases, the uniformity of the holes increases, and the grains grow compared with sample A1. As a result, the bulk density increases to 0.83 g/cm 3, the po-rosity decreases to 70.3%, the water absorption decreases to 4.29%, and the thermal conductivity further decreases to 0.38 W/mK. The glass melt added with 3.5wt% CeO 2 pos-sesses a higher viscosity, and the bubbles cannot easily grow. In this regard, the bulk density and thermal conductivity rapidly increase, but the porosity and water absorption rap-idly decrease.Bernardo and Albertini [4] reported that the pore struc-ture including pore size, pore shape, and pore wall thickness plays an important role in compressive strength. Moreover, compressive strength is influenced by the crystalline phase [21]. As shown in Fig. 4(c), CeO 2 addition signifi-cantly affects the compressive strength. The compressiveFig. 4. Physical and mechanical prop-erties of foamed glass-ceramics with different CeO 2 contents: (a) bulk densi-ty and porosity; (b) water absorption and thermal conductivity; (c) compres-sive strength.694 Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., Vol. 25, No. 6, Jun. 2018strength of samples added with CeO2is higher than that of sample without CeO2. Adding CeO2 to foamed glass-ceramics can promote crystallization and optimize the micro-structure as described in Sections 3.1 and 3.2, thereby increasing the compressive strength. When the CeO2content increases to 2.5wt%, the compressive strength of foamed glass-ceramics evidently increases, but the compressive strength presents an obviously lower trend when sample added with higher amount of CeO2 (3.5wt%). Sample A0 possesses low com-pressive strength owing to the thin-walled structure, hetero-geneously distributed pores, and presence of few crystals. The compressive strength of sample A1 increases because of the thicker cell walls compared with sample A0. Sample A2 displays high compressive strength (14.9 MPa) because it contains round, homogeneously distributed pores with uni-form size. In addition, a large number of crystals interweave with each other, leading to the passivation of the crack tip and increase in compressive strength. With further CeO2 ad-dition (3.5wt%), the compressive strength decreases sharply owing to the decline in the uniformity and roundness of pores. Moreover, pony-size radial crystals that are incom-pletely developed in sample A3 might break the sequence of the glass phase, which may decrease the compressive strength.Overall, CeO2 addition significantly influences the crys-talline phase, micro-structure, and properties of foamed glass-ceramics. In particular, foamed glass-ceramics added with 2.5wt% CeO2 shows optimal properties, namely, bulk density (0.83 g/cm3) that is similar to and compressive strength (14.9 MPa) that is more than twice of foamed glass-ceramics without CeO2.4. Conclusions(1) Foamed glass-ceramics were prepared by one-step sintering at 1050 C. CeO2 addition significantly affects the crystalline phases, microstructure, and properties of the foamed glass-ceramics. CeO2 improves the stability of the glass phase and changes the crystallization mechanism from two dimensional to three dimensional. The XRD re-sult indicates that diopside Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6and augite Ca(Ti,Mg,Al)(Si,Al)2O6 are the main crystal phases that pre-cipitated in all sintered samples. Moreover, CeO2addition leads to precipitation of TiCeO4 and increased crystallinity.(2) The thickness of cell walls and the uniformity of pores increase in samples added with CeO2 compared with sample without CeO2. As the amount of CeO2added in-creases from 1.5wt% to 3.5wt%, the average pore size first increases and then decreases; moreover, the shape of crys-tals changes from particulate into columnar, and then to ir-regular.(3) The comprehensive properties of samples added with CeO2are better than those of sample without CeO2. Upon addition of 2.5wt% CeO2, the sample exhibits optimal com-prehensive properties, namely, bulk density (0.83 g/cm3) that is similar to and compressive strength (14.9 MPa) that is more than twice of foamed glass-ceramics without CeO2. AcknowledgementsThe authors gratefully acknowledge the Science and Technology Support Projects of Sichuan (No.2014GZ0011) and the Industry Promotion Projects of Panzhihua in China (No.2013CY-C-2) for their financial support. References[1] J. König, R.R. Petersen, and Y.Z. Yue, Fabrication of highlyinsulating foam glass made from CRT panel glass, Ceram.Int., 41(2015), No. 8, p. 9793.[2] M. Reben, M. Kosmal, M. Ziąbka, P. Pichniarczyk, and I.Grelowska, The influence of TiO2and ZrO2on microstruc-ture and crystallization behavior of CRT glass, J. Non-Cryst.Solids,425(2015), p. 118.[3] M.G. Zhu, R. Ji, Z.M. Li, H. Wang, L.L. Liu, and Z.T.Zhang, Preparation of glass ceramic foams for thermal insu-lation applications from coal fly ash and waste glass, Constr.Build. Mater., 112(2016), p. 398.[4] E. Bernardo and F. Albertini, Glass foams from dismantledcathode ray tubes, Ceram. Int., 32 (2006), No. 6, p. 603. [5] J.G. Bai, X.H. Yang, S.C. Xu, W.J. Jing, and J.F. Yang,Preparation of foam glass from waste glass and fly ash, Mater. Lett., 136(2014), p. 52.[6] Z. Liu, N.N. Shao, D.M. Wang, J.F. Qin, T.Y. Huang, W.Song, M.X. Lin, J.S. Yuan, and Z. Wang, Fabrication and properties of foam geopolymer using circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 21(2014), No. 1, p. 89.[7] H. Sazegaran, A.R. Kiani-Rashid, and J.V. Khaki, Effects ofsphere size on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ductile iron-steel hollow sphere syntactic foams, Int. J.Miner. Metall. Mater., 23(2016), No. 6, p. 676.[8] S. Kapoor, A. Goel, A.F. Correia, M.J. Pascual, H.Y. Lee,H.W. Kim, and J.M. Ferreira, Influence of ZnO/MgO substi-tution on sintering, crystallisation, and bio-activity of alka-li-free glass-ceramics, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 53(2015), p. 252. [9] Y. Zhao, D.F. Chen, Y.Y. Bi, and M.J. Long, Preparation oflow cost glass-ceramics from molten blast furnace slag, Ceram. Int., 38(2012), No. 3, p. 2495.[10] H. Shi, K.Q. Feng, H.B. Wang, C.H. Chen, and H.L. Zhou,Influence of aluminium nitride as a foaming agent on the preparation of foam glass-ceramics from high-titanium blast furnace slag, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. , 23(2016), No. 5,H.L. Zhou et al., Influence of CeO2 addition on the preparation of foamed glass-ceramics (695)p. 595.[11] C.H. Chen, K.Q. Feng, Y. Zhou, and H.L. Zhou, Effect ofsintering temperature on the microstructure and properties of foamed glass-ceramics prepared from high-titanium blast furnace slag and waste glass, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 24(2017), No. 8, p. 931.[12] W.H. Zheng, J.S. Cheng, L.Y. Tang, J. Quan, and X. Cao,Effect of Y2O3 addition on viscosity and crystallization of the lithium aluminosilicate glasses, Thermochim. Acta, 456(2007), No. 1, p. 69.[13] F. Soleimani and M. Rezvani, The effects of CeO2 additionon crystallization behavior and pore size in microporous cal-cium titanium phosphate glass ceramics, Mater. Res. Bull., 47(2012), No. 6, p. 1362.[14] Q.F. Shu, Z. Wang, J.L. Klug, K. Chou, and P.R. Scheller,Effects of B2O3 and TiO2 on crystallization behavior of some slags in Al2O3–CaO–MgO–Na2O–SiO2system, Steel Res.Int., 84(2013), No. 11, p. 1138.[15] Y.F. Lu, Y.G. Du, J.Y. Xiao, C.Y. Zhang, W.J. Zhang, andR.M. Yin, Quantitative analysis of crystal phases in glass-ceramics by X-ray diffraction method, J. Chin. Cream.Soc., 33(2005), No. 12, p. 1488. [16] S.J. Gao, Preparation and Heat-treatment Schedules ofGlass-ceramics with Nickel Smelting De-iron Slag [Disserta-tion], University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 2015.[17] J. Wang, C. Liu, G.K. Zhang, J. Xie, J.J. Han, and X.J. Zhao,Crystallization properties of magnesium aluminosilicate glass-ceramics with and without rare-earth oxides, J.Non-Cryst. Solids, 419(2015), p. 1.[18] T. Ozawa, Kinetics of non-isothermal crystallization,Polymer, 12(1971), No. 3, p. 150.[19] J. Cheng, G.H. Chen, X.Y. Liu, and H.R. Xu, Effect of ceriaon sintering and properties of CaO–A12O3–SiO2system glass-ceramics, Chin. J. Nonferrous. Met., 20(2010), No. 3, p.534.[20] T.Y. Liu, G.H. Chen, J. Song, and C.L. Yuan, Crystallizationkinetics and dielectric characterization of CeO2–added BaO–SrO–Nb2O5–B2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramics, Ceram. Int., 39(2013), No. 5, p. 5553.[21] H.B. Wang, K.Q. Feng, Y. Zhou, Q.Z. Sun, and H. Shi, Ef-fects of Na2B4O7∙5H2O on the properties of foam glass from waste glass and titania-bearing blast furnace slag, Mater.Lett., 132(2014), p. 176.。
选矿学英语(名词解释)
矿物：Existing in the earth's crust of natural compounds and a few natural elements, have relatively fixed chemical composition and properties.矿石：All the minerals in the earth's crust natural aggregation, in modern technology level of economic conditions, can with the industrial scale to extract the national economy required metal or other mineral products is the ore.品位：Refers to the ore elements or compounds useful it the percentage of content、、、Ore grade unit volume or unit weight to ore useful components or valuable mineral content.精矿品位: Concentrate the content of the main useful components says concentrate grade.尾矿品位: Tailings of main content of useful components called tailings grade.回收率：Refers to concentrate the metal (useful components) the amount and undressed ore metal (useful components) number of percentage精矿：Concentrate is dressing in one of the products of the sorting operation, is one of the highest content of the target useful component parts.尾矿：The homework in dressing sorting one of the products, the products in this work, the useful ingredient content of minimum.中矿：Between concentrate grade and tailings between, the need to further processing of products processing.富集比：Set than (enrichment ratio) concentrate grade and gives the ore grade than, say again than rich deposits.选矿比：Refers to the weight and in the crude ore concentrate of the weight of the elected than, or an average of one ton elected to concentrate the undressedore weight.产率：In beneficiation process flow, a product of the weight of the percentage of the crude ore in weight.重选：By sorting by mineral grains relative density and grain size, between the shape of the differences and their in medium (air, water or other relative density large liquid) movement rate and the direction of different, make separate processing method.磁选：Refers to the uneven in magnetic field, use different mineral between the difference at the separation of magnetic minerals choose don't method.浮选：Flotation is according to the mineral grains chemical and physical properties of different surface, from ore mineral separation useful technique.粒度：According to the material through and couldn't get through the sieve pores, according to the material into different level of particle size of homework.粒级：In some classification methods (such as the screening) will size range of particle swarm into wide ore size range of narrow several levels, these levels called grain grade.破碎比：The crusher is broken the size of materials and broken than after the ratio of the particle size. It said after the extent of raw material brokendecrease.选矿效率：In the process of mineral processing said useful mineral or metal ore concentrate the growth of the best and the false under the condition ofgrowth than筛分：According to the material through and couldn't get through the sieve pores, according to the material into different level of particle size of homework.分级：According to solid particle size for different with different subsidence in medium speed principle, particle group is divided into two or more grain size level of process.筛析：According to the particle size of the screen with classification method, known weight materials in size screen hole in a set of diminishing in a sieve, screen move after certain hours, and the material according to the size of theparticles were in each layer on a sieve, divided into several levels.解离：Borrow broken or ground effect, make the symbiosis between the components of the monomer separation phenomenon.解离度：A solution called from degrees, is the mineral monomer disintegrate particles with the number of particles of the mineral even had particles number andthe mineral of particles from the number of particles of monomer solutionto the ratio of the单体解离：The composition of the ore mineral separation of each other, become monomer disintegrate网目：The so-called mesh is 2.54 cm (1 inch) in length screen hole number, and referred to as "the eyebrows.捕收剂：Variable mineral surface hydrophobicity, make the phytoplankton ore lands on the bubbles of flotation reagents.活化剂：Change the inhibition of the surface mine hydrophobic flotation agents.起泡剂：Promote have bubbles, maintain foam stability of flotation agents.抑制剂：Reduce some of the ore surface hydrophobicity, make them not easy to float to the top of the flotation agents.调整剂：Adjust the coal slurry and the nature of the surface mine grain, improve the efficiency of a flotation agents or eliminate harmful impurities in therole of the flotation agents.。
煤型稀有金属矿床中有害微量元素富集机理
煤型稀有金属矿床中有害微量元素富集机理Coal is widely regarded as a valuable energy resource due to its abundance and affordability. However, it is also known for containing various trace elements that can be harmful to human health and the environment. These harmful trace elements, including rare metals, often accumulate in coal deposits, forming coal-type rare metal ore deposits.煤炭被广泛认为是一种宝贵的能源资源，因为它的丰富和经济性。
然而，煤炭中也含有各种对人类健康和环境具有危害作用的微量元素。
其中包括稀有金属等微量元素通常会在煤矿沉积物中富集形成稀土金属型的矿床。
The enrichment mechanism of harmful trace elements in coal-type rare metal ore deposits involves complex geological processes. One important process is the hydrothermal activity associated with magmatic intrusions. During this process, hot fluids rich in various metals infiltrate into the surrounding rocks and deposit materials such as sulfides or oxides of rare metals.在煤与更常见的金属之间互补性方面，有些金属作为同位素进入琥珀色树脂、硬木材料及岩壁内组合体化学锔—62，这些树脂被称为公家受抨击最强烈的岩壁树脂类型之一。
原花青素对铁超载大鼠脑内二价矿物质元素、氧化应激及CREB、 GLUT-1基因表达的影响
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黄精炮制前后化学成分变化研究
第1期陈婷，等:黄精炮制前后化学成分变化研究•103 •黄精炮制前后化学成分变化研究陈婷"，黄斌##，杨超"，钟金萍"，宋敏1(1.贵州健康职业学院，贵州铜仁554300;2.湖南医药学院，湖南怀化418000)摘要:黄精主要分布在中国南方，在中医临床中使用了数千年，具有补肾益精、滋阴润燥的功效。
为了更好地认识和应用黄精，主要对黄精化学成分的研究进展进行综述。
通过综述采用不同炮制方法后化学成分发生的改变，为不同产地黄精炮制和质量标准制订提供理论依据。
关键词:黄精;炮制;化学成分;研究中图分类号:TQ460.7 文献标识码！A文章编号：1008-021X(2021 #01-0103-02Study on Chemical Composition Changes of Polygonatum SilbiricumBefore and After ProcessingChen Ting1，Huang Bin2#，Yang Chao1，Zhong Jinping1，Song Min1(1.G u izhou Health Vocatipnal College，To n g r e n554300,C h i n a；2.H u n a n University of M e d i c i n e，Huailiua 418000,China)Abstract&Poly g o n a t u m sibiricum is widely distributed in the south of Chi n a a n d has b e e n m e d i c i n e，w h i c h has the f unctions of tonifying K idneyessence a n d nourishing Y i n to moisten dryness.In order to better understanda n d apply Poly g o n a t u m sibiricum，this study mainly s u m m a r i z e d the research advances o n chemicasibiricum. T o study the changes of chemical constituents in different processing m e t h o d s of P oly g o n a t u m sibiricum，a n d reference for the development of processing technology of Polygonati rhizoma from diferent producing areas a n d the quality standard of different processing products.K e y words:polygonatum sibiricum;processing;chemical constituents;research黄精（Polygonati R h i z o m a )为百合科植物滇黄精P o l y g o n a t u m kingianumColl.et H e m s l.、黄精P o l y g o n a t u m sibiricum R e d.或多花黄精Poly g o n a t u m cyrtonema H u a的干燥根莲。