中国石化集团工程师职称英语考试复习资料1

例1: In spite of the strong opposition to new and stricter environmental laws, however it is still possible to attack the problem of chemical pollution; but we must attack it from three directions. First, we need more independent research into the effects of chemicals by scientists who are not paid by the government or by large industrial companies. Second，scientists need to educate the genera1 public and inform them about the dangers of chemicals in the environment．if the public knows that a certain chemical threatens the health of their children，then it will put pressure on politicians in 1oca1 and national governments。If the politicians want to remain in office，they will take action to correct the situation. Third, economists need to educate governments about the long-term economic costs of chemicals. It will be extremely expensive to clean areas of land which are contaminated by chemicals; it will be even more costly to give medical treatment to people who are suffering from serious illnesses after exposure to dangerous chemicals. If governments realize this, the short-term economic benefits of chemicals will seem much less attractive to them.

尽管(有人) 强烈反对新颁布的更严格的环境保护法，然而仍有可能解决化学污染问题。我们必须从三个方面加以解决。首先，我们需要不是由国家或大型工业公司支付工资的科学家们对化学制品的影响进行更多的独立性研究。第二，科学家必须教育公众并且告诉他们自身环境中化学制品的危害。如果公众知道某种化学制品威胁他们孩子健康，那么公众就会向当地政府和国家政府官员施加压力。如果这些官员想保留官职,他们就会采取行动来改变这种形势。第三，经济学家们有必要告诉政府有关化学制品的长期的经济耗费。清洁被化学制品污染了的区域的费用是非常昂贵的；治疗因接触有害的化学制品而患上严重疾病的人需要花更多的钱。如果政府认识到这一点，化学制品的短期经济效益对他们的吸引力似乎就会变小了.

If we can put pressure on governments in these three ways，perhaps they will begin to behave more responsib1y. They wil1 perhaps pass new laws against pollution and enforce them strictly. Perhaps, then，the chemical producers will begin to behave more responsibly.

如果我们从这三个方面向政府施压，也许他们会开始表现的更有责任感。他们可能会通过新的反污染法并严格执行这些法律。那么，也许化学制品生产商也会表现的更有责任心了。

Question：What is the main idea of this passage？

Answer ：Possible solutions to chemical pollution。

例 2 There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling。No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill。There are however，vast1y different ideas about how to teach it，or how much priority it must be given over general language development and writing ability．The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself free1y and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling？

家长们有一个普遍看法,那就是学校不再注重拼写方法了。我所执教过的学校从来没有忽视拼写或作为一种基本技能而认为拼写不重要。然而，在如何教拼写或拼写应在全面的语言发展和写作能力之间占多大的优先权还存在极大的分歧。问题是怎样鼓励孩子通过写作自由并自信地表达自己而不会因复杂的拼写阻止他前进？

If spelling becomes the on1y focal point of his teacher’s interest，clearly a bright child will be likely to“play safe”．He will tend to write only words within his spelling range，choosing to avoid adventurous language。That's why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability。

如果拼写是老师兴趣的唯一焦点，显而易见聪明的孩子将有可能“避开危险”。他会着重使用他拼写范围内的词，并避开冒险的语言。这就是老师们时常鼓励早用字典，注重内容而不是技能的原因。

I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience：“This work is terrible！There are far too many spelling errors and your writing is illegible." It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil's technical abilities in writing，but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay，which contained some beautiful expressions of the child's deep feelings。 The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors，but if his priorities had centered on the child's ideas， an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement。

我曾吃惊地看到一篇有关个人经历的文章,下面有这样一条批语:“这篇文章太糟糕了！有太多的拼写错误，字迹难以辨认。”这可能是对这位学生写作能力的尖锐批评，但也遗憾地反应出那位老师没有认真阅读文章，它优美地表达了学生深厚的感情,老师注意拼写错误并没有错，但是如果他优先考虑学生的思想，然后在流露出失望之情的话，就会给那位学生寻求提高的更多的动力。

Question：The major point discussed in the passage is____

Answer：The relationship between spelling and the content of a composition.

例 3 If you are interested in buying a pair of contact lenses，be prepared to pay＄200 or more。Generally there are three main reasons why people want contact lenses；You may need them because the cornea of your eye is misshaped and ordinary glasses are not satisfactory。If so，you'll be in the group that comprises l to 2 percent of contact lens wearers。You may want them for a sport or a vocation。Perhaps you’re a baseball player，a boxer，a swimmer，an aviator，an actor，If you get your contact lenses for one of these reasons，you are in the same group with about 20 percent of the users。But if for some reason you feel that glasses are handicapping your appearance and you'd rather have invisible glasses，you'll have lots of company。About 79 percent of lens users hope to improve their looks。

如果你对买隐形眼镜感兴趣的话，请准备付200美元或者更多。总的来说人们想要隐形眼镜的原因主要有三点:可能是因为你的眼角膜变形而普通眼镜不能令你满意,你才需要配戴隐形眼镜。如果是这样，你属于隐形眼镜佩戴者中1-2%的群体。你可能是为运动或度假而戴隐形眼镜；也许你是一名棒球运动员、拳击手、游泳员、飞行员或者演员。如果是由于上述任一个原因你配戴眼镜，你就属于20%那一类群体。但如果是由于某种原因你觉得玻璃眼镜妨碍了你的容貌，你宁愿要一付看不见的眼镜，你会有许多同伴。大约79%的配戴隐形眼镜者希望改善相貌。

Question：The majority of contact lens wearers seem to feel that

Answer：contact lenses are more attractive than glasses ／contact lenses can improve their looks

例 4 When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacture’s claim for it , the first step is to present the warranty , or any other records which might help , at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.

当消费者发现他或她购买的物品有缺陷或者在某些方面与厂商的承诺不符。第一步是向购物该商品的商店呈送保单或其它可以帮助你的记录。多数情况下，这种做法会得到结果。然而如果无效的话，还有许多手段，消费者可用来获得满意的答复。

A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the "higher up'' the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer’s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim..

许多消费者采用的简单而常见的方法是直接向商店经理投诉。通常，消费者所投诉的经理级别越高，所希望解决的事情解决速度就越快。在这种情况下，假如他的要求是合理的话，事情的解决对顾客是有利的。

Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.

一旦有可能，消费者应以个人名义投诉，但如果他们不能达到购物地点，也可以打电话或写信投诉。

Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear'' is better than "This stereo does not work."

坚定的有礼貌投诉通常是最有效的。尤其是当消费者能够证明物品存在的具体问题时，如果不能进行这种投诉，消费者可通过具体毛病的信息，而不是做笼统的陈述。例如，“左扬声器完全没有声音，右边发出的声音也不清楚”要比“这个录音机坏了”要好些。

The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers’ rights.

商店经理可能建议消费者向制造商写信。如果这样，消费者应该这么做，尽可能彬彬有礼又态度坚决的投诉。但是如果礼貌的投诉并没有获得预期的结果，消费者可以采取进一步的行动。他或她可威胁卖主把他带到法庭或向保护消费者权益的机关或官方机构告发卖主。

Question: What is the most effective way to make complaint?

Answer: The most effective way to make complaint is to explain exactly what is wrong with the items.

例 5 When，in 1641，King Kristina of Denmark and Norway built the town of Christiansen in his own honor，he had to bribe people to move there by giving them tax exemptions。He picked a choice spot for his new city，a piece of land within a mountain-sheltered bay on Norway's southern coast．He built streets that were wide for their time, laid out blocks of row houses in a grid pattern，and provided every home with a garden, safe from public view and the noise of the street．1ndeed， some of his ideas一starting with the one of putting a town，where there was not any before一are being applied in Europe today。

1641年，当丹麦和挪威的克瑞斯廷国王以个人名义建立克瑞斯桑达城时，他不得不通过免税手段劝说人们搬迁到那儿。他慎重选择新城址，就是位于挪威南部海湾的四面环山的一块陆地上。他设计的街道是当时最宽阔的。成排的房屋都设计在方块街区内，并未设计区的每一家都建了一个花园，这样能避开行人的视线和街道的躁杂声。实际上，他的某些思想—以把一个城镇建在以前从未有过任何城镇的地方为首—今天仍在欧洲延用。

question:Some of King Kristina’s ideas are being applied in Europe today. What does this imp1y？

Answer: King Kristina was far-sighted and had an inventive mind.

例 6 The invention of light bulb by Thomas A。 Edison in l879 created a demand for a cheap，readily available fuel with which to generate large amounts of electric power。Coal seemed to fit the bill, and it fueled the earliest power stations. Since the First World War, coal-fired power plants have accounted for about half of the electricity produced in the United States each year.1n 1986 such plants had a combined generating capacity of 289,000 megawatts and consumed 83 percent of the nearly 9000 million tons of coal mined in the country that year. Given the uncertainty in the future growth of nuclear power and in the supply of oil and natural gas, coal-fired power plants could well provide up to 70 percent of the electric power in the United States by the end of the century。

1879年托马斯-艾迪生对灯泡的发明产生了一种价廉的而且使用方便的燃料的需求。用这种燃料可以释放大量的典礼，煤似乎能解决这一问题。她为最早的发电站提供了燃料。第一次世界大战以来，以煤为燃料的发电厂占美国每年发电总量的一半。1986年这些的发电厂的发电亮总和是289000兆瓦并消耗掉当年美国采煤总量90亿吨的83%。由于将来核电增长以及石油天然气供应的不稳定，到本世纪末，以煤为燃料的发电厂能够提供美国所需电力总量的70%之巨。

Question: According to the passage, why did coal become the principal source of electricity in the United States?

Answer: Because it was comparatively plentiful and inexpensive.

例7 Receiving an“A'' on her history exam in the morning, getting her drive’s license in the afternoon, and coming home to a surprise birthday

party made Sue ecstatic .

Question : What does the word "ecstatic'' mean？

Answer: The word ecstatic means very happy.

苏上午历史考试得了A，下午得了驾照，回家后别人为她准备了令她惊喜的生日晚会，这一切使得苏欣喜若狂。

例8 Figures released by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare tell one of the most dramatic stories in the history of medicine. In the past ten years the reported cases of polio in the United States has been cut by 93 percent. One of the most dreaded diseases has been brought under control by a single vaccination.

卫生部、教育部和福利部公布的数据报道了一个医疗史上最激动人心的故事，在过去十年内，美国的小儿麻痹发病率已降低了93%。这种最令人恐惧的疾病已被简单的疫苗注射控制住了。

Question: What does the author refer to by "vaccination''?

Answer: The word vaccination refers to the protection against a disease by vaccine injections.

例9 There was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day。We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem。People tend to be over trusting of computers and are reluctant to challenge their authority。Indeed，they behave as if they were hard1y aware that wrong buttons may be pushed，or that a computer may simply malfunction。People should rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.

人们普遍关注的是：有一天计算机将会从人类手中接管这个世界，我们面对的是一个既不乐观也不可预知的问题。人们渐渐的过分依赖计算机，不愿意向他们的权威挑战。深知，他们表现得好象他们几乎不知道可能会按错健或者计算机本身也会出故障。人们应当依靠自己的“内部计算机”，一旦觉得电脑出现故障是检查机器。

Questioning and routine double-checks must continue to be as much a part of good business as they were in pre-computer days。Maybe each computer should come with the warning：for all the help this computer may provide，it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills 。

疑问与常规型的双重检查和先前计算机时代一样，仍然是景气商业的一部分。或许每一台计算机都应携带着警告：纵然为了得到电脑可能提供的所有帮助，它也不能被视为基本思维和推理技能的替代物。

Question ：It can be inferred from the passage that the author would disapprove of...

Answer：complete dependence on computers for decision-making/a mental1y lazy attitude towards computers。

例10 1t remains to be seen whether the reserves of raw materials would be sufficient to supp1y a world economy which would have grown by 500 per cent.If the underdeveloped countries started using up petrol at the same rate as the industrialized areas，then world reserves would already be exhausted by l985。

原材料储备是否能满足供给将要增长500%的世界经济仍有待观察，如果那些欠发达国家开始以和工业发达地区同样的速率使用石油的话，那么到1985年世界储备原料将会耗光。

All this on1y goes to show just how important it is to set up a plan to conserve and divide up fairly natural resources on a world-wide scale。

所有这些只能表明：制定一个世界规模性的保存并合理使用自然资源的计划是多么重要。

This is a matter of life and death because world population is exploding at an incredible rate，In the southern poor parts of the globe，the figures are enough to make your hair stand on end。

这是一个生死攸关的问题，因为世界人口正以难以置信的速度增加。在世界南部的贫瘠地区，人口增长的数字足令你毛骨悚然，

By the year 2000，the southern parts of the world would then have a population greater than the total world population today. SO we should start acting right now to bring births under control within fifteen years so that population levels off.

到2000年，世界南部地区的人口要比今天世界总人口数还要大。因此，我们应当马上采取措施，在十五年控制人口出生率，以使使人口增长速度稳定下来。

Question：What is the pl1rpose of the author in writing this passage？

Answer：To Urge people to start taking action right away／To urge people to divide up fairly natural resources and bring births under control。

P14-25 P109-112阅读下列短文并用英语回答问题

Passage 1

Sleep is something we generally associate with living persons or animals. Of course, it is true that a lot of animals sleep, but zoologists are not certain that primitive forms of animal life, like worms ever really sleep. On the other hand, animals such as bears sleep for 4 or 5 months every year .

我们一般认为睡眠与活着的人和动物联系在一起。当然，许多动物都睡觉是事实，但是动物学家还不能确定原始种类的动物，例如蠕虫是否真正地睡眠。而另一方面，像熊这样的动物每年睡4-5个月。

The amount of sleep human beings need varies with people of different ages, habits and possibly races. For example, doctors think that pre-school children need between 10 and 12 hours a night ; school children between 9 and 1l hours; and adults between 7 and 9 hours. There are rare cases of old people who only sleep between 2 and 3 hours a day and continue to be active and healthy. The sleep requirements of different races also appear to be different. Japanese people ,for example, sleep fewer hours than Europeans.

人类需要的睡眠量随年龄、习惯，也许还有人种的不同而不同。例如，医生认为学前儿童一夜需要10-12小时的睡眠，学龄儿童要9-11小时，成人需要7-9小时，很少有老人一天只睡2-3小时，并且一直充满活力而又健康的这种事例。不同人种要求的睡眠量也似乎不同，例如日本人比欧洲人睡得少。

It is not known for certain if the activity of a man's mind (besides dreaming) occurs when he is asleep. However, it is certainly true that some people can wake up at a pre-determined time . There are also stories about some maths professors who solve difficult problems during sleep, because their subconscious minds continue working on the problem.

我们还不能确切地知道，当人类睡眠时（除了做梦之外），大脑是否会发生思维活动。然而，某些人能在一个预定的时间醒来是确凿的事实。也有一些关于某些数学教授在睡眠中解决难题的故事，因为他们潜意识的思维还在继续研究这个问题。

Questions :

l . What is the passage mainly a bout ?

2 . According to zoologists, primitive forms of animal life .

3 . What does the writer try to show in the second paragraph?

4 . What is true about Europeans when talking about sleep?

5 . When a man is asleep, what is subconscious mind probably doing?

(1) Sleep and the activity of a man's mind during his sleep.

(2) might not sleep,

(3) The amount of sleep human beings need varies with different people.

(4) They sleep more than the Japanese

(5)It may still be working

Passage 2 .

The energy crisis has been with us for a long time and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so breakable a base. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time , and in any case , the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.

能源危机已经困扰我们很长时间了，并且将来还会困扰我们更长的时间。不管阿拉伯石油蕴藏丰富还是不丰富。每个人都明白不能允许世界工业依赖如此脆弱的基础。油的供应随时都会突然的中断，无论如何，以现在的耗油速率来看，油井将会在未来三十年左右枯竭。

New sources of energy must be found, but it is not likely to result in any situation which will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past.

必须找到新能源，再也不可能出现能恢复我们过去的那种感觉的情形了：那就是我们所拥有的那种能源量大、价廉的感觉。

To make the situation worse there is as vet no sign that any slowing of the world's population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion as the twenty-first century opens .

情况更糟糕的是，至今还没有看到任何世界人口增长缓慢的迹象。尽管，包括美国在内的一些国家的人口出生率已经下降了，但是，当二十一世纪到来之时，世界人口似乎肯定要超过六十亿了。

Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001 ?

考虑到所有这些情况时，我们可以合理地估计一下2001年的超级市场会时个什么样子。？

To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years even here in the United States. By 200i , the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. This will be particularly true since energy shortage will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.

首先，在未来三十年内世界食品供应也会日趋紧张，甚至在美国也不例外。到2001年，美国人口至少是2亿5千万人，国家会发现很难扩大食品生产量来填饱新增人口的肚子。尤其这一点将成为事实，因为能源短缺将会使得美国高能生产模式的农业维持下去很困难，而这种模式能够使少量的农民获得高产。

It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that , if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.

几乎可以肯定到2001年为止，美国将不再是食品出口大国。如果必须输出，在国内，价格上就要实行紧缩政策

In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety , people will have to accept more “unnatural food ” .

事实上，由于食品的质量将日趋下降和花样种类将日趋减少。人们将不得不接受更多的“非天然”食品。

Questions :

1 . What is the passage mainly concerned with?

2 . What is the present situation of the world's population?

3 . Why does the writer mention “supermarkets” in the passage?

4 . What will happen if the U. S has to export foods by 2001?

5 . Why must people eat more “unnatural food” in the future？

( 1 ) It is concerned with the world's problems like energy , population and food supply in the near future .

(2) The world's population keeps increasing fast.

(3 ) To demonstrate the tightening relation between food supply and population increase.

(4) The food supply will be more serious and tighter for its own people.

(5 ) Because the great demand for better food cannot be supplied.

Passage 3

Television now plays such an important part in so many people's lives that it is essential for us to try to decide whether it is a blessing or a curse. Obviously television has both advantages and disadvantages. But do the former outweigh （胜过）the latter?

现在电视在许多人的生活中起如此重要的作用，以至于我们有必要决定一下它是一件幸事，还是祸事。显然电视既有优点又有缺点。但前者大于后者吗？

In the first place, television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a comparatively cheap one. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home , with practically unlimited entertainment available , than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. There is no transport to arrange. 1"hey do not have to find a baby-sitter. They do not have to pay for expensive seats at the theater, the cinema, the opera, or the ballet, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is a rotten one. All they have to do is to turn a knob, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. Some people, however, maintain that this is precisely where the danger lies. The television viewer need do nothing. He does not even use his legs. He takes no initiative. He makes no choice and exercises no judgment. He is completely passive and has everything presented to him without any effort on his part.

首先，电视不仅是一种方便的娱乐来源，而且也是比较便宜的一种。例如，对一个四口之家来说。舒适地坐在家中，实际上毫无限制地享受娱乐，比到别的地方寻找其他方式的娱乐活动更方便，更便宜。不必安排交通工具，不必找保姆。不必支付在戏院，电影院，歌剧院或芭蕾舞院的昂贵的票座而也许最终发现这场表演是低劣的。他们所必须做的只是扭开旋钮，就能看到戏剧，电影，歌剧和各种表演，更不必说政治讨论和最新的令人激动的足球赛了。然而，某些人认为这恰是危险所在。看电视的人不需做任何事，甚至不用腿。他不主动。他不做选择不做判断。他完全被动，不做任何努力什么都能呈现在他面前。

Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and stimulating. The most distant countries and the strangest customs are brought right into one's sitting-room. It could be argued that the radio performs this service just as well,` but on television everything is much more living, much more real. Yet here again there is a danger. The television screen itself has a terrible, almost physical fascination (强力吸引力) for us. We get so used to looking at its movements, so dependent on its flickering pictures, that it begins to dominate our lives. A friend of mine told me the other day that his television set had broken down and that he and his family had suddenly found that they had far more time to do things, and that they had actually begun to talk to each other again. It makes one think ,doesn't it ?

人们常说，电视，可连续向人报导当前的事件。使人能关注最新的科学和政治动态。提供无限的有教育和激励作用的节目。可把最遥远的国家和最陌生的习俗带入人们的家中。有争议的事无线电广播也能提供这种服务，但通过电视每件东西都变得更生动，更真实。而这又存在一种危险，电视屏幕本身对我们有强大的吸引力。我们变得如此习惯于电视的活动，如此依赖它的闪烁的画面，以至于电视开始支配我们的生活，我的一个朋友告诉我有一天他的电机坏了，他和他的家人发现他们有那么多的时间做事，事实上他们又开始彼此交谈了。这难道不令人反思吗？

There are many other arguments for and against television. The poor quality of its programs is often criticized . But it is undoubtedly a great comfort to many lonely elderly people. And does it corrupt or instruct our children ? I think we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which ii is put that determine its value to society.

还有许多其他反对和赞成电视的争论，低质量的节目常常受到批评。但毫无疑问对许多孤独的老人来说电视是极大的安慰。那么它到底是腐蚀我们的孩子还是教育我们的孩子呢？我认为我们必须认识到电视本身既不好也不坏。电视的使用决定着它对社会的价值。

Questions :

l . What are the advantages of television mentioned by the writer?

2. What does the writer imply in the second paragraph?

3. What is the harm of television mentioned in the second and the third paragraph?

4.What did he and his family realize when the television set of the writer's friend broke down ?

5 . What does the writer think of television on the whole?

(1) It is an inexpensive form of entertainment, amuses people in the comfort of their own homes , keeps people well informed about current events and is a great comfort to many lonely old people

(2) Television is both useful and harmful for the same reason.

(3) Television dominates people's lives so greatly that people do nothing without their efforts

(4) They realized that they had much to do without the television .

(5) It is neither good nor bad in itself, but has great value to the society.

Passage 4

Most teachers agree that the best way to learn a language is to immerse yourself in the environment and culture of that language. One way to do is to live with your teacher during your course. The obvious advantage of homestay (在当地居民家居住) is that, through the course, you only speak English and you do not meet other students who speak your native language. Also, total immersion in an English-speaking environment helps you avoid picking up common mistakes and ‘ bad ‘ language habits front fellow learners.

大多数教师一致认为学习一门语言的最佳方法就是让你自己沉浸在该语言的环境和文化中。此举方法之一就是在学习中和教师住在一起。Homestay（在当地居民家居住）的明显优势就是在学习过程中你只说英语，不去接触说母语的其他同学，而且完全沉浸在说英语的氛围中，能帮你避免跟同学犯相同的错误，帮你避免从同学那染上不良习惯。

For most students, however, it is the tailor-made teaching that homestay provides which makes them decide to choose these courses.“People like homestay because it allows them to concentrate on their own weakness. if you have a pronunciation problem, for example, you don't want to sit in a class with 20 other students discussing how to pronounce a particular word '' .

然而对大多数学生来说，Homestay所提供的就是这种能使他们决定选择这些课程的教学方法。人们喜欢Homestay因为它允许他们专攻自己的弱点。例如，如果你有发音问题，你就不想坐在班里和其他20名同学讨论如何发音某个单词的。

At a more personal level, living with the teachers and their families can help you learn about British life and culture.

就个人而言，与老师及其家人生活在一起能够帮助你了解英国的生活方式及文化习惯。

To make sure the environment is right for the individual, it is very important that each student be matched. with the right host family. This is the job of homestay organizations, which act as intermediaries between teachers and students through interviews and surveys.

为了确保学习环境适合每个人，把每个学生和合适的主家安排在一起是非常重要的。这就是Homestay机构的工作，这些机构通过面试和审查，充当教师和学生之间的中介人。

The disadvantage to homestay is, obviously , the cost. A two-week course, including full board and 15 hours of classes per week, will cost about $ 1000 . And prices are higher when English for Special Purposes is needed. ; This means that homestay programs are generally more popular with older students, particularly professionals. The average age is between 17 and 35 , and most organizations specially make mature students the targets .

显然，Homestay的缺点就是费用高。两周的课程包括全部膳宿和每周十五个学时的上课将花费大约1000美元。当你需要专门用途的英语时，价格更高。这就意味着Homestay 教育工程一般来说比较受大龄学生的欢迎，特别是专业人员。他们的平均年龄在17-35岁之间，而且大多数机构专门把成熟的学生作为服务对象。

At present, homestay programs do not come under any quality guarantee schemes. The British Council and other inspection groups expect that, by the end of 1995 , homestay programs will have their own quality scheme. But, as yet, no methods of monitoring and inspection have been agreed upon .This is likely to be a major logistical (后勤的) problem as many operators have hundreds of teachers running course all over the country。

目前，Homestay工程不受质量保证制度的约束。英国理事会和其它的检查团体预计：到1995年，Homestay工程将会拥有自己的质量体系。但是，至今还没有商定出一致的监视和检查方法。这可能是比较大的后勤问题，因为许多该工程的执行单位在全国有数百名老师上课。

Questions :

l .What is homestay program？

2 . If a person takes the homestay program, he will .

3 . What does the author suggest?

4 . In order to make sure of the quality of the programs, they must .

5 . What is the main idea of the passage ？

(1) Living with the teacher (to get immersed in the English environment and culture) to learn English better

(2) Learn English better / be immersed in the English culture. .

(3 )If students want to learn English better they should take home stay programs.

(4 ) be inspected .

(5) How to learn English better. / Homestay programs.

Passage 5

We are not about to enter the information Age, but instead are rather well into it. Present predictions are that by 1990 , about thirty million jobs in the United State, or about thirty percent of the job market, will be computerized. In 1980, 'only twenty-one percent of all United States schools owned one or more computers for student use. And now educational experts, administrators , and even the general public are demanding that all students become “computer literate'' . And by the year of 2000 knowledge of computers will be necessary in over eighty percent of all occupations. Soon those people not educated in computer use will be compared to those who are print illiterate today.

我们并不是即将进入信息时代，相反，我们已经完全进入了信息时代。目前人们预测到1990年美国大约3千万个工作或大约30%的工作市场将要计算机化。1980年全美国只有21%的学校拥有一台或多台计算机供学生使用。现在教育专家、行政官员甚至全体民众都要求所有的学生精通计算机。到2000年，所有职业中80%多都需要计算机知识。将来那些没学会使用计算机的人就好比是今天的文盲。

What is “computer literacy'' then ? The term itself seems to imply some extent of “knowing'' about computers, but knowing what ? The current opinion seems to be that this should include a general knowledge of what computers are , plus a little of their history and something of how they operate .

那么什么又是“计算机通”呢？这个词似乎本身就意味着在某种程度上了解计算机，但是了解什么才算呢？现在的看法似乎是“计算机通”应该包括计算机到底是什么的

一般知道再加上计算机的一些历史以及计算机操作的上一些知识。

Therefore, it is very important that educators everywhere take a careful look not only at what is being done, but also at what should be done in the field of computer education. today, most adults are capable of utilizing a motor vehicle without the slightest knowledge of how the internal combustion engine works. We effectively use all types of electrical equipment without being able to tell their histories or to explain how they work. Business people for Years have made good use of typewriters and adding machines, yet few have ever known how to repair them. Why, then, attempt to teach computer use by teaching how or why they work?

因此，各地的教育工作者不仅要仔细看看在计算机教育领域正做些什么，还要看看该领域应该做些什么，这一点非常重要。今天大多数成年人在一点都不懂内燃机的工作原理的情况下能使用汽车。我们也不能讲出电器的发展历史及其工作原理却能有效地使用它们。多年来，商人们充分利用打字机及其附机，然而几乎没有人知道如何修理它们。那么我们为什么试图通过教授计算机如何工作或为何工作这种方法来教授使用计算机呢？

Rather, we first must concentrate on teaching the effective use of the computer as the tool is .

相反，我们首先得着重教授有效地使用计算机如同它是工具一样。

Questions :

1 . What does ``computer literate'' mean`7

2. What should be done for educators in computer education?

3 . What does the passage mainly deal with ? .

4 . By the year of 2000 , much fewer people will.

5 . What does the last sentence of this passage imply ?

( 1 ) Knowing how to use a computer.

(2) Teaching computer use to students / Educators should teach students how to use computers

(3 ) The Importance of Teaching Computer Use.

(4 ) become computer illiterate.

(5) Teaching of ( effective ) computer use is the most important.

Passage 6

Industrial pollution is not only a problem for the countries of Europe and North America. It is an extremely serious problem in some developing countries. For these countries, economic growth is a very important goal. They want to attract new industries, and so they put few controls on industries which cause pollution.

工业污染不仅对欧洲和北美洲国家来说是个问题，而且也是一些发展中国家极其严重的问题。对于这些国家来说，发展经济是非常重要的目标。他们想吸引新工业所以他们几乎不控制造成污染的工业。

Cubatao , an industrial town of 85000 people in Brazil, is an example of the connection between industrial development and pollution. In 1954, Cubatao had no industry. Today it has more than twenty large factories, which produce many pollutants. The people of the town are exposed to a large number of poisonous substances in their environment , and the consequences of this exposure can be clearly seen. Birth defects are extremely common. Among children and adults , lung problems are sometimes twelve times more common in Cubatao than in other places.

巴西的一个拥有85000人口的工业城镇Cubatao就是工业发展和污染相结合的例子。1954年，Cubatao根本没有什么工业。现在该城镇拥有20多个大工厂，这些工厂产生了许多污染物质。该镇的人们受到环境中大量有害物质的影响，这些影响的结果可清清楚楚地看到：出生缺陷极其普遍，Cubatao镇的儿童和成年人当中，肺部疾病比其他地区高12倍之多。

It is true that Brazil, like many other countries, has laws against pollution, but these laws are not enforced strictly enough. It is cheaper for companies to ignore the laws and pay the fines than to buy the expensive equipment that will reduce the pollution. It is clear, therefore that economic growth is more important to the government than to the health of the workers. However ,the responsibility does not completely lie with the Brazilian government` The example of Cubatao shows that international companies are not acting in a responsible way either. A number of the factories in the town are owned by large companies from France, Italy, and the U. S. . They are doing things in Brazil that they would not be able to do at home. If they caused the same amount of pollution at home, they would be severely punished or even put out of business.

像许多其它国家一样巴西也有抵制污染的法律，这一点是事实，但是这些法律没有得到严格的执行。公司因忽视法律而交纳的罚款比购买减少污染的昂贵设备要便宜的多，因此很清楚经济发展对政府来说比工人的健康更重要。不过，这个责任不能全部由巴西政府来承担。Cubatao这一事例表明跨国公司也表现得不负责任。该镇中的许多工厂是法国、意大利和美国的大公司的，它们正在做着在自己国内不能做的事情。如果他们在国内造成了同等程度的污染的话，他们就会受到严重的处罚甚至被逐出商界。

Questions :

1 . Why don't developing countries have strict pollution controls?

2.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Cubatao?

3 . How is the health of the population of Cubaiao`1

4. Why do some foreign companies like to set up their plant in Brazil ?

5 . How to reduce the pollution in Brazil ?

(1) If they put stricter controls on industry, fewer companies would build new plants in their countries.

(2) To show that industrial growth can cause pollution problems for developing countries.

(3) More people suffer from lung diseases because of poisonous substances.

(4) They will not be severely punished if they cause pollution in Brazil.

(5) Laws should be strictly enforced and the government should put strong controls on the industries which cause pollution.

Passage 7

The long years of food shortage in this country have suddenly given way to apparent abundance. Stores and shops are choked with food. Rationing is virtually suspended, and overseas suppliers have been asked to hold back deliveries. Yet, instead of joy, there is wide-spread uneasiness and confusion. Why do food prices keep on rising , when there seems to be so much more food about? Is the abundance only temporary, or has it come to stay? Does it mean that we need to think less now about producing more food at home? No one knows what to expect.

我国长期的食品短缺已被明显的食品过剩突然取代。大大小小的商店都塞满了食品。定额供给实际上已经停止，已要求海外供应商停止供货。然而却出现了普遍的不安和混乱而不是欢喜。为什么似乎到处都有这么多食品而其价格却持续上涨呢？这种过剩只是暂现象还是将成为永久性的？它是不是意味着我们需要对在国内生产更多食品这个问题少作些考虑，没有人知道结果会是什么样子。

The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly been unexpectedly great , partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests in North America is now being followed by a third. Most of Britain’s overseas suppliers of meat, too, are offering more this year and home production has also risen.

近来世界食品市场出口过剩的增长速度出乎意料的快，部分原因是北美洲奇特地连续两次出现了粮食大丰收而现在又紧跟着正在出现第三次大丰收。大多数英国海外肉类供应商也于今年提供更多的货物且国内生产也已增加。

But the effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by a simultaneous rise in food prices. due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food . The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available , but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.

但是食品价格的同时上涨使得上述因素对我国食品行情的影响更为严重了，食品价格同时上涨主要是因为政府正逐步减少对食品业的支持。商店里塞满了食品不仅是因为现有更多的食品，而且还因为人们恐于其高价而买得更少了。

Moreover, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world prices have begun to fall. The imported food, with the exception of grain, is often cheaper than the home-produced variety. And now grain prices, too, are falling. Consumers are beginning to ask why they `should not be enabled to benefit from this trend. .

再者，国内价格已涨到了世界价格开始下跌的时候了。进口食品，除粮食之外，常常比国内生产的品种要便宜，而且现在的世界粮食价格也在下跌。顾客开始质问为什么他们不能从这种趋势中获得好处呢？

The significance of these developments is not lost on farmers. The older generation have seen it all happened before. Despite the present price and market guarantees, farmers fear they are about to be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market. Presently, production is running at 51 percent above pre-war levels, and the government has called for an expansion to 60 percent by 1956 ; but repeated ministerial advice is carrying little weight and the expansion program is not working very well.

对农民来说并没有失去这些发展的重要性。老一代人从前都目睹过此类事情的发生。尽管现在食品价格和食品市场得到保证，农民们还是害怕他们马上就会处在廉价的食品进口和皮软的国内市场的夹缝中。目前，生产总值已超出战前水平51%，政府已号召到1956年超出60%，但政府的三令五申不起多大作用，食品发展工程运行得不怎么好。

Questions :

l . Why is there `` widespread uneasiness and confusion'' about the food situation in Britain?

2. What is the main reason for the rise in food prices?

3 . Why didn't different government expansion program work very well?

4 . The decrease in world food prices was a result of.

5 . What did the future look like for Britain's food production at the time this article was written ?

(1) Food prices keep rising despite the abundance.

(2) The main reason is that the government is providing less support for agriculture.

(3) Because the farmers were uncertain about the benefits of expanding production

(4) the over-production on the part of the main food-exporting countries

(5) It looks depressing despite government guarantees.

Passage 8

In one year the world uses as much energy as that contained in 21 billion barrels of oil . And the amount of fuel needed is growing rapidly. The supplies of fossil fuels-coal, oil, and gas- are limited. They may not last for a century. Then what will take their place?

全世界一年使用的能量相当于210亿桶油所蕴含的能量。而且人类对燃料需求量越来越大。煤、油和天然气等化石燃料的供应量是有限的，它们可能不会再持续一个世纪了。那么什么会来取代它们呢？

For the answer, let’s look to the sky. Each day the sun showers the world with several thousand times as much energy as man uses. Here, in a sense, energy is unlimited. The sun's energy is free for the taking. If man could capture even a small part of the surfs energy at low cost, no one would worry about running out of nonrenewable fuels.

为了这个答案，咱们留意一下天空吧。每天太阳供给的能量是人类使用的数千倍之多。从某种意义上说，这种能量是无限的。但太阳的能量是取之不尽的。如果人类能获得甚至一小部分廉价的太阳能的话，谁都不会为不可更新的化石燃料的用尽而担忧了。

If scientists succeed in making use of the power of the sun, this new energy will have many different uses. The surfs energy can be used in your own house for heating and cooking.

如果科学家们能成功地利用太阳能的话，这种新能源将有多种不同的用途。太阳可能在住宅里取暖和做饭。

Then the sun can also be used as a source of fuel for power plants. Solar energy can be used in telephone communication , in space travel, and in farming.

其次太阳能还可用作发电站的燃料，太阳能可用于电话通信、太空旅行和农业活动中。

One of the practical problems in controlling solar energy is making it continuous. What can be done when the sun is not shining on the heating system? if you were using a solar pump for irrigation, the interruption would not matter, since plants do not need a continuous supply of water in the night time. But suppose you were heating your house by solar energy` A number of experimental houses that are heated in this way use storage tanks to hold the heat for night time and rainy spells, or they must have supplementary heating supplied by ordinary fuels.

控制太阳能的一个实际问题就是使它延续不断。当阳光照不到供暖设施时该怎么办呢？如果你用太阳泵来进行灌溉，阳光中断没什么关系，因为庄稼在晚上不需要连续供水。但是假如你用太阳能加热住宅呢？许多用这种方法加热的实验大楼使用储存罐来储存热量以供晚间和阴雨天没阳光时使用，或者他们必须有普通燃料来供应无阳光时的补充热量。

Once the sun's energy is captured, the supply of energy will be endless. No wonder those who look to the sky see there great changes in our future way of life.

一旦我们取得了太阳能，该能量的供应将是无穷无尽的。那么那些留意天空的人们会在那里看到我们未来生活的巨大变化就不足为奇的了。

Questions : .

1 . What is this passage mainly about?

2. What will replace fossil fuels in the future?

3 . What problem may arise when solar energy is used to heat the house?

4 . How can solar energy be stored for continuous use?

5 . What can be expected of our life in the future if the sun’s energy is widely used?

(1) The sun’s energy is unlimited and free for taking.

(2 ) Solar energy.

(3) During night time and rainy spells, the sun is not available.

(4) Use storage tanks to hold energy. .

(5) There will be a lot of great changes.

Passage 9

In the early part of the eighteen hundred, the Americans made use of natural rubber for the first time. First they made overshoes to keep their feet dry. Then came a certain Mr. Mackintosh, who made coats of cloth covered with natural rubber. But these first rubber overshoes and raincoats were all soft and sticky in summer, and hard and unelastic in the winter when it was cold. The rubber we have today is not sticky, but soft and elastic, though very strong even in the warmest summer and the coldest winter. There would be no automobiles such as we have today without it. But at that time every attempt to make rubber hard and strong came to nothing. The early overshoes and raincoats were simply not good enough, and their makers went out of business .

在十八世纪早期，美国人率先使用了天然橡胶。开始他们制作套鞋以保持他们的脚干燥。后来出现了叫Mackintosh的先生，他用外涂天然橡胶的布料做上衣。但这些早期的橡胶套鞋和雨衣在夏季都变得又软又粘，而在冬天冷的时候又变得坚硬和缺乏弹性。我们今天所用的橡胶既不粘，又柔软而富有弹性，还非常结实。-即使在最热的夏季和最冷的冬天也是这样。如果没有橡胶就不会有我们今天所有的汽车了。但是当时想使橡胶变得坚硬和结实的尝试都失败了。早期的套鞋和雨衣确实不够好，并且使得它们的制造商都失业了。

Goodyear was living near some of these poor men and he got to work on this question of making rubber hard and strong` Once he started on this work, he was the sort of man who simply had to go on till he had overcome the trouble. First came the discovery that nitric acid made the rubber much better, and in a short time he was doing a small business in rubber shoes produced in this way.

当时Goodyear正住在一些这样的穷人附近，他开始着手研究使橡胶坚硬和结实的问题。一旦他开始工作，他就是那种必须坚持做下去直到解决问题的那种人。首先发现硝酸能使橡胶更好，在短时间内，他采用这种方式制作胶鞋做起了小生意。

Later, a friend of his had the idea. that rubber might be made hard and strong if mixed with sulphur and put in the sun. Goodyear put his idea to the test, and saw that it did have more or less the desired effect, but only on the outside of the rubber. It is common knowledge now that the way to make rubber hard and strong ——to “vulcanize”(硫化) it , as we say is by heating it with sulphur . Goodyear spent another four years, in which things went very badly with him。before he made the discovery how to vulcanize rubber completely. When at last he did it , he had nothing left at all. Everything of the smallest value had been used to get money, even his children’s school-books .

后来，他的一个朋友认为如果橡胶混合硫磺并放在太阳底下晒，橡胶可能变得坚硬而结实。Goodyear把他的想法付诸于实验，并且发现它确实或多或少的达到了预期的效果，但只是在橡胶的外表。现在人们都知道使橡胶坚硬而结实的方法是硫化，正如我们所说的-通过掺入硫磺来加热得到的，Goodyear又花了四年的时间，在这四年中，在他发现如何完全硫化橡胶之前，他的情形很糟糕。当最后他成功时，他已没剩下任何东西。最不值钱的东西都用来换钱了，甚至他孩子的课本。

Almost every discovery or invention has some sort of story behind it , though they are not all quite such unhappy stories.

几乎每一个发现或发明背后都有某种故事，尽管他们并不都是这样伤感的故事。

Questions :

1 . When and by whom was natural rubber made use of for the first time?

2. What are the properties of the rubber we use today?

3. What was the first discovery made by Goodyear?

4 . How did things go with Goodyear in the four years before he at last found the way to vulcanize rubber completely?

5. Does every discovery or invention have a story like Goodyear’s?

(1) It was made use of for the first time in the early part of the eighteen hundreds by Americans .

(2) It was not sticky, but soft and elastic, though very strong--even in the warmest summer and the coldest winter. .

(3) The first discovery made by Goodyear was that nitric acid made the rubber much better.

(4) In the last four years of his work things went very badly with him. Everything of the smallest value was used to get money, even his children’s school-books.

(5) Yes, almost every discovery or invention has some sort of story behind it , though they are not all quite such unhappy stories.

Passage 10

How often do you sit still and do absolutely nothing? The usual answer these days is “ never” , or “ hardly ever.” As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down and unwind. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body .

你多久才有一次是只坐着而什么也不干的时候？这个时代通常的回答是“从来没有”或“几乎没有”。由于生活的节奏逐渐加快，我们正快速失去休闲的艺术，一旦你在生活中养成忙碌的习惯，总是早出晚归，很难放慢节奏放松一下，但是休闲对身心健康极重要的。

Stress is a natural part of everyday life. There is no way to avoid it, since it takes many and varied forms driving in traffic, problems with personal relationships, burning your finger ,are all different forms of stress.

压力是日常生活中自然的一部分。无法回避，因为它表现为许多不同的形式-交通驾驶、人际关系问题、烧伤手指都是各种紧张的形式。

Stress, in fact, is not what it is often thought to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to level performance and ill health.

事实上，压力并不象人们常认为的那样。一定程度的压力对于生活提供动力和目的是必不可少的。只有当压力失去控制它才能导致并发的行为和病态。

The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people thrive on stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others crumple at the first signs of unusual difficulties.

一个人的所能承受的压力的程度，极大地取决于自己的情况，有些人面对压力精力旺盛，这样的人物显然是适合责任管理的重要人材，而另一些人在异常的困难一出现时就崩溃了。

When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact, we invoke ( 行使) the “flight or fight'' mechanism which in more primitive days made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however minimal the stress , it involves the same response. All the energy is directed to cope with the stress, with the result that other functions, such as digestion, are neglected.

当受到压力时，无论是什么形式的压力，我们就会作出化学和物理两方面的反应。事实上，我们会做出逃走或面对的机械行为，而这种行为在原始时期就决定了生存与死亡。今天我们遇到的危机不可能是这样极端。但是无论压力多么小，它也包括同样的反应。所有的能量（精力）都直接用来对付压力。结果他的功能例如消化功能就被忽略。

It is when such a reaction is prolonged, through continued exposure to stress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure , heart disease all have established links with stress. The way stress affects a person also varies with the individual. Stress in some people produces stomach disorders, while others succumb to tension headaches.

就是只有当连续受到压力，这种反应延长时，健康就会受到危害。像高血压、心脏病这样严重情况都已确定与紧张有关。压力影响人的方式也因人而异。某些人的压力会导致胃功能紊乱，而另一些人死于紧张性头痛。

Since we cannot remove stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do so even if we could) ,we need to find ways to cope it

因为我们不能摆脱生活中的压力（即使能这样做也是不明智的），我们需要找到妥善处理的方法。

Questions :

1 . Why do many people find it hard to relax recently?

2. Why do people under stress often have problems with their digestion?

3. Stress can lead to ill health if `

4 . What is the writer’s attitude to stress?

5 . How do you understand the expression “flight or fight'' ( Para. 5 )

(1) They are suffering from the effects of stress.

(2) Their stomach muscles are too tense.

(3) you are exposed to it for too long.

(4) It produces both positive and negative effects.

(5) It may refer to the situation in which you may avoid and escape from it or you may face up with it and fight against it.

Passage 11

Young people in Britain tend to stay with their family longer these days as accommodation is expensive but, when they move away to `a job or college, they rent a room in someone's house. They can also get a bed-sitting room. They can share a rented flat or house with a group of young people. When young people get married or have a steady income, they often buy a house. They do this by taking out a mortgage （抵押） with a building society or bank. They are the official owners and the mortgage is a financial loan for anything up to 100% of the value of the house ,repayable over twenty to forty years. People can find it difficult to repay their mortgage, but at least they know that in the end the house will be theirs.

最近大不列颠的年青人与家人呆在一起的时间逐渐地延长了。因为膳宿供应太贵了。但当他们离家去上学或工作时，他们会在某人的家里租一个房间。他们也能得到一间卧室兼起居室。他们还能和一群年轻人一起共同租用一间公寓或住宅。当年轻人结婚了或者有了稳定的收，他们常常买房子，他们通过和建筑机构或银行一起作抵押来购买，他们是法定的业主，而抵押是相当房屋100%价值的任何东西所换取的金融贷款，在20年-30年内应偿还的。人们会发现很难赎回抵押，但至少他们知道最终房子将是他们的。

If people cannot afford to buy their own house, they can rent property from a private landlord. In city areas the problem has been made worse by the bad condition that a lot of council property is in. High-rise flats, for example, have developed structural faults

如果人们不能负担得起购买自己的房子的费用，他们也能从私有业主那里租到地产。在市区，许多地方当局所营造的地产所处的糟糕的条件使得问题变得更坏。例如所建造的高层公寓楼已经产生了建筑缺陷。

Unfortunately,homelessness is an increasingly serious problem all over Britain. It affects all ages : single people , couples with children , even old-age pensioners. In 1984 , 83190 households , a term that covers families and single people, were officially listed as homeless. In one year,170190 households applied to be put on the list, but thousands were turned down although they were probably living in overcrowded conditions or in housing that badly needed repairing and improving .

不幸的是，无房居住的是整个不列颠日益严重的问题，它影响了各个年龄层的人：单身的，有孩子的夫妇，甚至领养老金的老年人。在1984年，83190家庭，指的是有家室的和单身的。被官方列为无家者。一年后，170190家庭申请列入该名单，但数千个家庭被拒绝，尽管他们可能正住在过分拥挤的环境中或者住在需要修理和改造的房屋中。

Questions :

l . Wha t conditions are new blocks of council flats in?

2. What does the number of homeless people listed show?

3 .What do young people these days often do in order to have a place to live in?

4. If one has a mortgage, what does the company he borrowed money from do to him?

5. Why does the author think homelessness is an increasingly serious problem all over Britain ?

(1) They are in bad state of repair.

(2) It shows a small proportion of the people without a home.

(3) They often rent a room or share a house with a group of young people.

(4) It owns his house.

(5) The author thinks homelessness is an increasingly serious problem all over Britain because it affects all kinds of people, old and young, single or coupled.

Passage 12

The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature-and-energy is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. Much family quarreling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.

一天中当你觉得精力最旺盛的时候就是你身体的体温和体能的周期处于高峰的时候。对某些人来说高峰出现在上午，对另一些人来说出现在下午或晚上。当丈夫和妻子们认识到这些能量周期意味着什么，家庭里的每一个成员具有哪种周期时，许多争吵的家庭结束了争执。

You can't change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up later any way. Counteract（调整） your cycle to some extent, by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day , rise before your usual hour. This won’t change your cycle, but you'll get up steam and work better at your low point ."

你不能改变你的体能周期，但你能学会使你的生活更好的适应它。习惯能帮助你，也许到了晚上你就打瞌睡，但又觉得无论如何你必须坚持到更晚一点，习惯上通过比你所想睡的时间再晚一点睡觉来调整你的周期。如果你的体能在早晨处于低谷，但那天早上你有重要的工作要做。在你平常起床的时间之前起来。这不会改变你的周期，而你将积蓄精力并在你的低谷点工作得更好。

Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hour.

以一种能节省你的体能的起床方式开始。从容地打着呵欠，慢慢地伸着懒腰起床。在把脚放在地板上之前在床边坐一会儿。头天晚上就摆好干净的衣服以避免找衣服的麻烦。无论何时，只要有可能，在下午做日常的工作，而把需要更多精力和注意力的工作留在你精力旺盛的时候做。

Questions :

1 . What may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?

2. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, what should he do then ?

3 . Why are you advised to rise with a yawn and stretch?

4. What’s the main idea of the second paragraph?

5 . What is one's “sharp hour'' ?

(1) It is unawareness of energy cycle that may lead to family quarrels.

(2) One should get up earlier than usual if he wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning.

(3) Because it will help to keep your energy for the days work.

(4) The main idea of the second paragraph is that habit can help you make your life fit your energy cycle better.

(5) One's “sharp hour'' is one's temperature-and-energy peak.

Passage 13

Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, summed up the four chief qualities of money some 2 , 000 years ago. It must be lasting and easy to recognize, to divide, and to carry about . When we think of money today, we picture it either as round, flat pieces of metal which we call coins, or as printed paper notes.

大约2000多年前，希腊哲学家亚里士多德，总结了货币的四个主要特点。货币必须要耐用，易认，能划分和易携带。今天，我们想到货币时，或者把它描述成圆的、扁平的金属片，称为硬币或者是印刷的纸币。

Among isolated peoples, who are not often reached by traders from outside, commerce usually means barter （物物交换） . There is a direct exchange of goods. Perhaps it is fish for vegetables, or meat for grain. For this kind of simple trading, money is not needed, but there is often something that everyone wants and everybody can use, such as salt to flavor food , shells for ornaments, or iron and copper to make into tools and vessels. These things salt, shells or metal——are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world today. Salt may seem rather a strange substance to use as money, but in countries where the food of the people is mainly vegetable, it is often an absolute necessity. Cakes of salt were used as money in Tibet until recent times, and cakes of salt will still buy goods in Borneo （波尼欧） and parts of Africa. Sea shells have been used as money at some time or another over the greater part of the old World. Metal, valued by weight , preceded coins in many parts of the world.

在不常与外来的商人打交道的孤立的人群中，贸易通常只意味着物物交换。这是直接的货物交换。也许是用鱼换蔬菜，或是用肉换谷物。因为这种贸易简单，所以不需要钱，但仍有一些东西是每个人都想要和每个人都能用的。例如调味的盐，装饰用的贝壳，制造工具和容器的铁和铜。今天这些东西-盐，贝壳或金属-在世界偏僻的地区依然用作货币。盐作为货币可能似乎是相当奇特的物质，但在人们的食物主要是蔬菜的国家，它常是一种绝对的必需品。直到近代，在西藏盐块才有用作货币，而在波尼欧和非洲的一些地区，盐块仍可买货物，在东半球更大的区域内，还时不时地把海贝壳当作货币来用。由重量决定其价值的金属，在世界的许多地区比硬币有优先权。

Nowadays, coins and notes have replaced nearly all the more picturesque （古代） forms of money, and although in one or two of the more remote countries people still store it for future use on ceremonial occasions such as weddings and funerals.

现在，硬币和钞票已取代了几乎所有的古老的货币形式。尽管，在两个很遥远的国家人们仍然收藏它为了将来在婚礼或葬礼仪式上使用。

Questions :

1 . What do we think of money is made of nowadays?

2. Where does barter usually take the place of money transactions?

3 . When are primitive types of money sometimes used nowadays?

4. What are the chief qualities of money summed up by Aristotle?

5. What has happened to the primitive money nowadays ?

(1) The money nowadays is made of either metal or paper.

(2) Barter usually takes the place of money transactions where the people's trading needs are fairly simple .

(3) Primitive types of money are used on occasions like wedding ceremonies and funerals.

(4) The chief qualities of money summed up by Aristotle are lasting, distinct , divisible and portable .

(5) It has been nearly all replaced by coins and notes

Passage 14

Even a century ago, the harmful effects of mercury were felt , though not recognized, in industrial work. At that time fur hats were in fashion, and mercury was used in the manufacturing process. When workers became sick and exhibited strange symptoms, they were described with a new expression: “mad as a hatter'' . What one didn’t realize was that the illness was caused by the mercury .

即使一个世纪以前，尽管还没有确认，人们已经意识到工业化生产中汞的危害了。那时，正流行毛皮帽子，在生产过程已使用了汞。工人开始生病并表现出奇怪的症状，用一个新的词来描述他们就是“像制帽者一样疯狂”。人们没有认识到病是由汞引起的。

In its natural form, mercury is not highly poisonous. It becomes deadly when various compounds are formed from the basic metal. They can cause tremors, brain damage, birth defects ,and blindness .

天然状态的汞并不是十分有害的，当原始的金属形成各种化合物时，它就变成致命的物质了。这些化合物能引起战栗，损坏大脑，造成畸形儿和致盲。

What kinds of industries are still involved with the use of mercury? industries that produce mildew—killers (除雾剂) , and germproofing sprays （防菌喷剂） . Mercury is also used in the production of paints, electrical fixtures and certain drugs. It is used in the production of some plastic products. Industries that manufacture dry cell batteries and devices like thermometers and pressure gauges （压力计）also use mercury.

哪种工业仍然要用到汞呢？生产除霉剂和防菌喷剂的工业。油漆，电气设备以及某些药品的生产也用到汞。汞用于生产某些塑料制品，生产干电池和诸如温度计和压力计的设备的工业也用到汞。

The safety of industrial workers is one cause for immediate concern. The safety of the general public is another concern. Industries have dumped literally millions of pounds of wastes , including mercury, into the waterways. Mercury-contaminated fish is one of the results of this .People who have eaten such fish have been poisoned by the mercury, and have died.

工人的安全是需要立刻关注的一件事情，另一件事是要关心普通的公众的安全。工业上至少把数百万吨的包括汞在内的废物倾到了水域。汞污染的鱼就是这种结果之一。吃到这种鱼的人已经受到汞的毒害，导致了死亡。

Questions :

1 . When did the expression “mad as a hatter” arise?

2 . When is mercury poisonous？

3 . What harmful effects can mercury compounds bring about？

4 . What is the main idea of the third paragraph？

5 . What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph？

(1) The expression ``mad as a hatter'' arose when the workers felt sick in manufacturing fur hats a century ago .

(2) It is poisonous when the basic metal forms various compounds. .

(3) Mercury compounds can bring about blindness, brain damage, tremors and birth defects .

(4) The main idea of the third paragraph is that mercury is used widely in industries.

(5) The main idea of the fourth paragraph is that the safety of people should be concerned right now

Passage 15

Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale , faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. Banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So' companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institutions , both at home and overseas .

大公司需要一种能得到大额得公众的存款的方式，每一个试图开发新产品和创造新的工作的公司在某种程度上都面临同样的问题，银行愿意提供短期借款，他们一般不愿意为一个长期的工程项目提供固定的资金。所以公司把注意力转向公众，邀请人们供给他们钱，或购买企业的股份来换取将来的股利。这些公司是通过证券交易所来发行股票和证券的。这样做他们能使个人和公共机构的存款在国内外流通起来。

When the saver needs his money back , he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead , he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.

当储户需要用钱时，他不必去最初他所投资的公司，他只需通过证券商把他的股票给正寻找投资的储户。

Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government , local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange .

政府或地方当局要支持许多工业及我们每一个人都需要的服务设施。没有医院、公路、电力、电话、铁路，国家就不能运行。要让他们尽可能地为我们提供服务。就要不断地对新的设备和新的研究进行投资。而且它们所需要的钱比只通过税收筹集的钱要多。因此，政府，地方当局和国有工业企业为筹措大额基本建设资金会频繁地借钱，他们也要去证券交易所。

Questions :

1 . What must almost all companies involved in new production and development depend on according to the passage?

2. How is the money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects raised?

3 . What do the savers do when they want their money back?

4. In what conditions are all the essential services on which we depend ?

5. Why do companies invite people to lend money to them or take a share in the business?

(1) They must depend on the population as a whole for finance.

(2) It is raised by the selling of shares in the companies.

(3) They put their shares in the company back on the market.

(4) They are in constant need of financial support.

(5) Because banks are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long term projects .

Passage 16

If you live in a large city, you are quite familiar with some of the problems of noise, but, because of some of its harmful effects, you may not be aware of the extent of its influence on human behavior. In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the effects of noise on human behavior, and concepts such as “noise pollution” have arisen.

如果你住在一个大城市，你会对某些噪音问题很熟悉，但是因为它的有害的影响，你可能没认识到它对人行为影响的程度。最近几年，人们已经对噪音对人行为的影响产生了极大的兴趣，出现了诸如“噪音污染”这样的概念。

Exposure to loud noises can definitely produce a partial or complete loss of hearing, depending on the intensity, duration, and frequency composition of the noise. Many jobs present noise hazards, such as working in factories and. around jet aircraft, driving farm tractors, and working (or sitting) in music halls where rock bands are playing. In general, continuous exposure to sounds of over 80 decibels can be considered dangerous. If exposure is for a sufficient period of time, it may produce significant hearing loss.

强噪音确实能使听力部分或全部丧失，这取决于噪音的强度、时间和频率的综合情况。许多工作存在噪音危险，例如，在工厂中或在喷气式飞机周围工作，驾驶农用拖拉机，以及在正在演奏摇音乐厅工作（或坐着）。一般来说，认为持续暴露在超过80分贝的声音环境下是危险的，如果暴露足够长的时间就会导致极大的听力丧失。

Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks, for instance, if one is performing a watch keeping task that requires vigilance （高度警惕） , in which he is responsible for detecting weak signals of some kind .

在执行某些任务时，噪音会产生意想不到的有害影响，例如，如果一个正在执行需要高度警惕的监视任务，在执行过程中，他要负责捕捉某种微弱的信号。

Communicating with other people is unfavorably affected by noise. If you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport, you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversation at first, and that, eventually, you adjusted the loudness of your speech to compensate for the effect. The problem is noise.

由于噪音的影响，与其他人通话使不能令人满意的。如果你坐在喷气式飞机的尾部，首先你会发现很难进行对话，最后，你要调节你说话的音量来补受到的影响，问题就是噪音。

Questions :

1 . What is the purpose of the passage?

2 . What jobs can bring noise problems?

3 . Why is it difficult to carry on a conversation in the rear of a jet transport at first?

4 . Where are there generally more problems of noise?

5 . What is noise pollution?

(1) The purpose of the passage is to define the effects of noise on human behavior.

(2) Jobs such as working in factories and around jet aircraft, driving farm tractors, and working (or sitting) in music halls where rock bands are playing can bring noise problems.

(3) Because it is very noisy there.

(4) There are generally more problems of noise in large cities.

(5) Noise pollution is the harmful influence of noise on human behavior.

英译汉

P26 1、t hope all these possibilities will enable us to round the corner.我希望所有这些可能的办法会使我们度过困境。

2、I trust simplicity snd avoidance of fancy frilling will be sedulously sought for.我相信大家一定会力求简单，避免花哨的。

3、One of the first acts of Parliament to counter pollution was the Clean Air Act,which opened the way to smokeless zones in large towns and cities.国会最早通过的反污染法案中包括《清洁空气法》，这项法案维在大城市设立无烟区铺平了道路。

4、Christmas tree is an assembly which contains aontrol values,pressure gauges and chokes assemblid at the top of the well to control the flow of oil and gas after the well has been drilled and completed.采油树十一中装载井口的，带有控制阀、压力计和油嘴的装置，用来在钻井和完钻后控制室油和天然气的产量。

P28 一、转译法

（一）转译成动词

1．During the half hour talk，the two sides exchanged views on the choices of terms of payment，but they made no mention of the mode of transportation。

在半小时的商谈中，双方就付款方式交换了意见，但没提到运输方式。

2．This is an argument for， not against， an institutional approach to international problems·这是表示赞成在处理国际问题时应由一套机构来商讨的论据，它不是表示反对这种做法的。

3．Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible。

科学家们深信一切物质是不灭的。

4．Be through with the oiling of the parts before the machine is operated

在开动机器之前，要把部件的上油工作做完。

（二）转译咸名词

1．Gases differ from solids in that the former has greater compressibility than the latter·气体和固体的区别，在于前者比后者有更大的压缩性。（2． At constant temperature，the pressure of a gas is inverse1y proportional to its volume。温度不变，则气体压力和其体积成反比例。

3．Peop1e in enterprises must be mathematical1y informed，if they are to make wise decision。企业管理人员要想作出明智的决策就必须懂得数学。

（三）转译成形容词

1．He noticed a very c1ose agreement between the two countries on the Berlin problem。他注意到两国在柏林问题上的意见是非常一致的。

2．The e1ectmnic computer is chiefly characterized by accuracy and quick computation·电子计算机的主要特点是正确和迅速计算。

（四）转译成副词

1．1t is our great pleasure to note that our shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously。我们很高兴地看到，我国造船工业正在蓬勃发展。

2．He said，if this was the case， he would be tempted to try·

他说，如果情况是这样，他颇有跃跃欲试之感。

3．We have made a careful study of the properties of these chemical elements。我们仔细地研究了这些元素的特性。

二、增译法

1． We have hand1ed textiles for more than 30 years。我公司经营各种纺织品已有三十多年。

2．The major prob1em in fabrication is the control of contamination and foreign materials，e ．g．that of drugs。制造过程中的主要问题是如何控制污染和杂质，例如，药品的制造。

3．some processes，such as oi1 refining，may be complete1y automated from start to finish。有些生产过程，例如提炼石油，可以自始至终全部自动化。

4．Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electronic computers。速度快、可靠性高是电子计算机的主要优点。

5．Note again that considerab1e simplification in solving the above can be achieved if the data are made symmetrica1。还要注意，在解决上述问题时，如果使数据对称，就能得到很大程度的简化。

6．A designer must have a good foundation in statics， kinematics， dynamics and strength of materials。一个设计人员必须在静力学、运动学、动力学和材料力学这四个方面有很好的基础。

三、省译法

1． We can not See sound waves as they travel through air。声波在空气中传播时是看不见的。

2．Our associated export cooperation was founded in l990 and our lines are mainly arts and crafts。 1990年我们联营出口公司成立，我们主要经营工艺品。

3．This laser beam covers a very narrow range of frequencies。这个激光柬的频率范围很窄。

4．If l had known it，I would not have joined in it。早知如此，我就不参加了。

5．The applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference in getting the position over those who had not。有工作经验的人将优先录用。

练习一

(一)

l . There is an increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country . 我国各地对各种消费品的需求量正大大增加

2. We also realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectors of the economy . 我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门工业化

3 . They are deeply convinced of the correctness of this policy and firmly determined to pursue it . 他们深信这一政策是正确的，并有坚定的决心继续奉行这一政策

4 .We seek a deep-rooted understanding through the multiplication of our economic , cultural , scientific , technical and human ties. 我们要通过加强我们之间的经济、文化、科学、技术和人员等方面的交流来加深彼此的了解。

5 . Rockets have found applications for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

6. If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics . 如果我们不知道原子的结构，我们就不可能研究核子物理学。

7. Electronic control techniques can be designed to take full advantage of quick response inherent in a gas turbine propulsion system. 电子控制技术可以充分地利用燃气轮机推进系统固有的反应快的优点。

8. His treatise aims at discussing the properties of the newly discovered elements. 他这篇论文的目的是讨论新发现元素的特征

9. These pumps are featured by their simple operation, easy maintenance, low power consumption and durable service. 这些水泵的特点是操作简便，维护容易，耗电量少，经久耐用。

10 . No one has ever seen a single atom or molecule even with the most powerful microscope. 即使用倍数最高的显微镜，也没有人看到过一个单个的原子或分子.

( 二 )

用增译法将下列各句译成汉语

l . Cargo insurance is to protect the trade from losses that many dangers may cause.货物保险就是保护贸易商免受许多风险所可能造成的种种损失。

2. English is the language of commerce and second language of many countries which formerly had French or German in that position. 英语是国际贸易中通用的语言，在许多国家已取代法语或德语成为第二语言。

3. Reading makes a full man,` conference a ready man,` and writing an exact man. 阅读使人充实，会话使人敏捷，写作使人精确。

4. The problem of acquiring, tracking and discriminating all the targets needs the full capability of the phased array radar. 解决捕获、跟踪和识别所有目标的问题，要求发挥相控阵雷达的全部能力

5. The principal function that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification, amplification, oscillation , modulation and detection. 真空管的五大主要功能是：整流、放大、振荡、调制和检波。

6. A key is a piece inserted between a shaft and a hub to prevent relative rotation. 键是一种装在轴和轮毂之间的零件，用以防止相对转动

7. My work , my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time. 我干工作，我做家务，我有朋友来往，这些占用了我的全部时间。

8. The former is more common in adult, the latter in children. 前者在成年人中较常见，后者在儿重中较常见。

9. Tighter tolerances are possible, but with lower yield and greater cost. 使公差再小一些是可能的，但这会降低成品率，使成本增加。

10. This experience has been obtained in the realm of far less stringent operational requirements and conditions, particularly in regard to power dissipation. 这种经验是在极不严格的工作要求和工作环境下取得的，特别在功耗方面更是如此。

( 三 )

用省译法将下列各句译成汉语：

1 . The experience has told us that this kind of material is of good quality. 经验告诉我们这种材料的质量很好。

2. The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory. 产品在出厂之前应该进行质量抽样检查。

3. They have fitted themselves to the land and the rhythm of its seasons. 他们已经适应了当地的水土和季节。

4 . Physics is the study of heat , sound , magnetism , electricity, light , the properties of matter and what it is composed of. 物理学研究的是热、声、磁、电、光、物质的性质和成份。

5. We have solved the problem and have arrived at the same conclusion as they arrived at . 我们已经解决了这个问题，并且得出了和他们相同的结论。

6. Edison and his men were very much excited as the first electric light sent out its glow. 当第一盏灯放光时，爱迪生和他的工作人员非常兴奋。

7. It is to increase the friction that the surfaces of automobile tyres are made with projections . 正是为了增加摩擦，才把汽车胎的表面做成有许多突起的小块。

8. When we want to move a body of great mass, we must apply a great force. 要移动质量大的物体，就要用大力。

9. The high temperature and high rotational speeds at which the gas turbine operates present difficulties in manufacture. 燃气轮机工作时的高温与高转速使制造产生了一些困难。

10 . Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. 实际上一切物质都是热胀冷缩的。

第三节句子的翻译方法与技巧（一）

一、名词性从句的翻译

1．Yet ，What we say here wil1 not be long remembered． What we do here can change the world。不过，我们在这里所讲的（话），人们不会长久地记住。我们在这里所做的（事）却能改变世界。

2．How energy and matter behave（1），how they interact one with the other (2），and how we control them to serve the people（3）make up the substance of physics and chemistry. 能和物质怎样发生作用（1），它们怎样彼此起作用（2），我们怎样控制它们以服务于人类(3)，这些问题构成物理学和化学的内容（4）。

3．That substances expand when heated and contract when cooled is a common physical phenomenon . 物质热胀冷缩是普通的物理现象。

4．It is certain that the time has come when man can travel in the outer space？

人们能到字宙空间旅行的时代已经到来，（这）是肯定的。

5．It is We11 known that e1ectricity can be transmitted from where it is produced to where it is needed. 大家知道，电可以从发电的地方输送到需要的地方。

（二）宾语从句

1.Through experiment they have seen how a resistor in a circuit opposes the flow of current through the circuit。通过实验，他们已经看到电路中的电阻器是怎样阻碍电流通过电路的。

2．I made it c1ear to them that they must hand in their papers before l0 o’clock in the morning. 我向他们讲清楚了，他们必须在上午十点前交卷。

3．I regard it as an honor that l am chosen to attend the meeting。

我被选去参加会议，感到很荣幸。

（三）表语从句

1．The reality wel1 worth serious consideration is that the existing road systems of many large towns cannot cope with modern traffic requirements。

值得认真考虑的现实是，许多大城市的现有道路系统不能满足现代交通的需要。

2．Medicine is what we are badly in need of。我们极其需要的是医药。

（四）同位语从句

1．We had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good。我们不得不正视这样的事实：我们的前景不妙。

2 The prob1em whether the quality of the products is up to requirement has not been settled. 产品质量是否合乎要求这个问题尚未解决。

二、定语从句的翻译

1．Air moves from p1aces where the pressure is high to places where the pressure is low。空气从压力高的地方向压力低的地方流动。

2．After dinner ,the four key negotiators resumed their talks ,which continued well into the night . 饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进讨会谈，一直谈到深夜。

3．Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries,who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective government.

中国派了贸易代表团的前往非洲各国，以便与有关政府商谈贸易协定。

4．To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235 ,in which all the atoms are available for fission。制造原子弹必须用铀235，因为它的所有原子都可以裂变。

5．Men become desperate for work , any work ,which will help them to keep alive their families. 人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。

6．My assistant , who had carejul1y read through he instructions before doing his experiment ，could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically. 虽然我的助手在做试验之前己从头至尾仔细阅读过说明书，但由于他死搬硬套，所以不能得到满意的结果.

三、状语从句的翻译

（一）时间状语从句

1．When you are in trouble ,visit this man。遇到困难时，就去找这个人

2．The earth turns round its axis as it travels around the sun . 地球一面绕太阳运行，一向绕地轴自转.