大学英语修辞学Chapter 4
语言学第四章chapter4课件
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4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis
• (4) The _____ makes a lot of noise. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
• (5) I heard a _____ yesterday. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
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• (6) _____ makes a lot of noise. (noun phrases: it, the car, a dog, Peter, a new car, the scholar with an American accent)
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4.4.1 Structural analysis
• A descriptive approach studying the distribution of linguistic forms in a language by means of test frames, which can be sentences with empty slots in them.（分布、测试框架、替代、纵聚合关系）
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• (a) You must not split infinitives.
• (b) You must not end a sentence
语言学+chapter+4
AP (Deg程度) + A + (PP)……very handsome, very pessimistic, familiar with, very close to
PP (Deg) + P + (NP)……on the shelf, in the boat, quite near thier
X Head
Complement
Note: The phrase structure rules can be summed up as XP rule shown in the diagram, in which X stands for N, V, A or P.
X’ Theory
heads
More…
Phrase elements
Specifier Head complement
Specifiers
Semantically, specifiers make more precise the meaning of the head;
syntactically, they typically mark a phrase boundary.
Phrase structure: a representation of the set of constituents that an expression contains.
《英语修辞学》第四章2
• 7. The police noticed some discrepancies in his description of the crime and did not believe him. • 8. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake was a catastrophe that destroyed most of the city. • 9. Deep in her book, Nancy was oblivious to the noisy squabbles of her brother and his friends. • 10. Times of economic hardship inevitably encourage the proliferation of countless get-rich-quick schemes. • 11. Freddy was so overwhelmed by the profusion of choices on the menu that he knocked over his wine glass and soaked his host. • 12. For many years an unheralded research, Barbara McClintock gained international renown when she won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. • 13. Because we were running out of time, the lecturer had to abbreviate her speech. • 14. On the castle battlements, an apparition materialized and spoke to Hamlet, warning him of his uncle’s treachery. • 15. Mark refused to concede that she was right.
[专题]英语修辞学知识要点
![[专题]英语修辞学知识要点](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/634ff0362e60ddccda38376baf1ffc4ffe47e265.png)
英语修辞学知识要点Chapter 1 Syntactic Devices1. Long and Short Sentences 长句和短句2. The Simple Sentence 简单句3. The Compound Sentence 复合句4. The Complex Sentence 复杂句5. Simple,Compound and Complex Sentences简单句、复合句和复杂句6. Branching Sentences 分支句（松散句和圆周句）7.The Active and the Passive Voiced Sentences 主动句和被动句8. Syntactic Schemes of Balance平衡句｛排比句(parallelism)；对偶句(antithesis)；逆转反复句(chiasmus)｝9. Syntactic Schemes of Inversion倒装句10. Syntactic Schemes of Omission 句子的省略｛省略句(ellipsis)；局部省略句(fragmentary elliptical sentence)；连词省略/散珠(asyndeton)；跳脱(aposiopesis)｝11. Syntactic Schemes of Addition or Insertion 添加句｛连词叠用(polysyndeton)；修正法/换语(epanorthosis)；注释法(exegesis)；扩充法(exergasis) ；并列法(apposition) ；插入法(parenthesis)｝12.Syntactic Schemes of Repetition 反复句｛二项式(binomials)；三项式(trinomials)；多项式(catalogues)；首语重复(syntactic anaphora)；尾语重复(syntactic epiphorea)；首尾语重复(syntactic framing)｝13. Syntactic Schemes of Climax and Anti-climax 层进和突降14. Rhetorcal Question 修辞问句15. Apodioxis 断然拒绝16. Apostrophe 顿呼17. Syntactic Schemes with "it" it句18. Existential Sentences 存在句Chapter 2 Lexical Devices1.Lexical optionsShort words or long words 长短词Common words or learned words 普通词和书面词Formal,informal or colloquial words 正式词、非正式词和口语词General or specific words 一般词和特殊词Concrete or abstract words 具体词和抽象词Referential or emotive words 指称词和情感词Choice between synonymous words 近义词的选择2.choice of abbreviationsAcronyms 首字母缩略词ClippingsBlends 混合词3.Lexical repetitionImmediate repetition连接反复Lexical anaphora 首语反复Lexical epistrophe 尾语反复Symploce首尾语反复Anadiplosis链形反复distant or intermitten repetition间隔反复root repetition 词根反复ploce换义反复Chapter 3 Phonetic Devices and Prose Rhythm 1. Phonetic Devices语音词格Alliteration头韵Assonance元韵Consonance 辅韵Homeoteleuton谐缀格Onomatopoeia拟声Combined use of Phonetic Devices2. Prose Rhythm散文节奏Stress重音Pitch语调Pause and tempo停顿和语速Chapter 4 Figures of Speech1.Simile明喻2.Metaphor暗喻3.Analogy类比4.Personification\physicalification拟人\拟物5.Metonymy借代6.Synecdoche提喻7.Antonomasia换称8.Syllepsis一笔双叙9.Zeugma轭式搭配10.Paradox隽语11.Oxymoron矛盾修饰法12.Hyperbole夸张13.Understatement低调陈述14.Euphemism委婉语15.Irony反语16.Innuendo讥讽17.Sarcasm讽刺18.Transferred Epithet 移就19.Pun双关（antanaclasis语音双关；paronomasia语义双关)20.Epigram警句21.synesthesia通感22.palindrome 回文Chapter 5 Allusions典故的来源和改引。
英语修辞学Lecture 4
4. 以人体器官代替其功能 The practiced ear can recognize a classic flavour.
She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful.
I have an opinion of you, sir, to which it is not easy to give the mouth.
Jarajan had ruled his august orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic- of which he had been named conductor for life in 1955- with a brilliant ear and an iron fist. 卡拉扬在1955 年被任命为柏林交响乐团终生指 挥，从此他就以敏锐的听觉和硬的手腕控制着这 个尊严的乐队。
A figure of speech in which an attribute of a thing closely related to it is substituted for the thing itself. It expresses an association between what is spoken and what is meant.
And as he plucked the cursed steel away,…
英语修辞学forSs Chapter 4 Figures of Speech2
4.3 The Tropes / Figures of Speech4.3.1 IntroductionBy figures of speech we refer here to those rhetorical devices termed tropes in classical rhetoric. Tropes have to do with the way words are made to mean other than what they would normally imply, and therefore involve deviation from the ordinary and literal meaning of words. They are ways of making our language figurative.•We are said to be speaking or writing figuratively when we use words in non-literal senses to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create atmosphere. For example, it is more vivid and colorful to say that stars "twinkle like diamonds" in the sky, than to say simply that they "shine brightly" in the sky. Similarly, "Imperialism is a paper tiger" is an expression more suggestive of outward ferocity and inner weakness than the literal statement "Imperialism appears to be strong but inwardly it is weak."•Like a diamond is a simile, and paper tiger is a metaphor, and with metonymy, hyperbole, personification, paradox they make up a score or more of figures of speech most commonly used today. Each figure has its own form and characteristics, and its own way of achieving effect. Sometimes two or more figures can be used together for greater impact.A knowledge of these figures, and of how they are best used will, therefore, be of help to us not only in deepening our understanding of what we read, but also in appreciating more fully the finer points of a writer's style. In the process, we might even learn to write better ourselves.It is difficult to be precise about how many figures existed in classical times. The numbers range from 65 to 200 or more. Many of these figures, however, were over-subtle distinctions of one type or another , and such hair-splitting refinement is not essential in our age of fast high-tech communication. In this chapter only those that are of most universal appeal, and of the greatest practical value have been chosen for discussion.4.3.2 Common Tropes / Figures of Speech1. SimileA simile makes a comparison, but is different from an ordinary, literal comparison. When we say "Jim looks like his brother Billy", we are making an ordinary literal comparison, fora) we are comparing two like elements -- Jim and Billy are both human beings; andb) we mean Jim is literally like his brother in appearance.But when we say ―Jim and Billy are as like as two peas’’ we are using a simile, fora) We are comparing two unlike elements -- human beings and peas; andb) we don't mean Jim and Billy are literally like peas, but only that they have one thing in common with peas: great similarity in appearance.• A simile, then, is a figure of speech, which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.The comparison is purely imaginative, that is, the resemblance between the two unlike things in that one particular aspect exists only in our minds, in our "inward eye" and not in the nature of the things themselves. To make the comparison, words like as,as … so, and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.•Sometimes the association is between unfamiliar and familiar things, or between abstract and concrete images. The stronger the association that is felt, the greater the force of the comparison, the stronger the power of suggestion and the sharper the image produced.simile (明喻) 用like等喻词联结两类不同的事物(主体和喻体)，以表明相似关系的比喻.主体和喻体: See 李鑫华，pp8-9。
英语修辞学大纲(新版)
《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码020259课程中文名称英语修辞学课程英文名称English Rhetoric课程性质专业必修学分/学时 2/36适用专业英语专业先修课程无推荐教材（参考书）《英语辞格导论》, 张金泉、周丹主编，华中科技大学出版社，2013年版二、课程简介本课程在吸收、借鉴修辞研究的新方法、新成果的基础上，比较系统的介绍了英语修辞理论及常用修辞手法，使学生掌握英语修辞学及修辞手法的基本知识，提高英语语言素养，作为英语专业高年级课程，本课程具有实践性和实用性。
三、教学目的与基本要求通过本课程，提高学生英语口、笔表达的得体性和艺术性，使之对词语的选用更加贴切、句子表义更加清晰和生动；并通过对经典修辞实例的分析和品读，使学生更准确地理解作者的写作意图、文体风格和写作技巧，从而提高阅读能力和文学欣赏水平。
四、教学进度表讲（章）次各讲标题名称讲授学时教学周安排备注第一讲绪论 2 1第二讲音韵修辞格 4 2-3第三讲语义修辞格 22 4-15 期中考试占2学时第四讲句法修辞格 4 16-17第五讲总结 2 18（注：以讲或章为单位对教学内容做出学时要求安排。
）五、考核方式和成绩评定办法1、考核方式：闭卷考；2、成绩评定办法：平时成绩（包括课堂表现、提交作业、考勤）占30%，期中考试占10%，期末考试占60%六、内容提要第一周英语修辞学概述教学目的：1）了解修辞学定义及修辞学研究的历史；2）了解修辞学学习的意义及课程设置教学重点：修辞学研究的对象及意义教学难点：修辞的定义教学方法：讲授为主，结合学生讨论教学内容：1）修辞学定义2）修辞学研究历史概述3）英语辞格介绍4）英语修辞学学习的意义5）本门课程考核方式课后思考题：英专学生学习英语修辞学的意义授课时数:2第二周音韵修辞格（头韵、元韵）教学目的：理解并掌握头韵、元韵概念与具体运用教学重点：头韵教学难点：头韵、元韵的具体运用教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合教学内容：1）头韵定义及修辞实例赏析2）元韵定义及修辞实例赏析授课时数：2第三周音韵修辞格（押韵、拟声）教学目的：理解并掌握押韵、拟声的概念与具体运用教学重点：押韵教学难点：押韵、拟声的具体运用教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合教学内容：1）押韵定义及修辞实例赏析2）拟声定义及修辞实例赏析授课时数：2第四周语义修辞格（摹色）教学目的：理解并掌握摹色的概念与具体运用教学重点：颜色词教学难点：摹色具体运用教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合教学内容：摹色定义及修辞实例赏析授课时数：2第五周语义修辞格（明喻）教学目的：1）掌握明喻的概念2）掌握明喻的几种常见形式3）了解as...as...类明喻的翻译教学重点：明喻的几种常见形式教学难点：as...as...类明喻的特征及文化内涵教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合授课时数：2第六周语义修辞格（隐喻）教学目的：1）掌握隐喻的定义2）掌握隐喻的分类3）了解延伸式隐喻的定义教学难点：隐喻的分类教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合授课时数：2第七周语义层面的修辞格（拟人、双关）教学目的：1）掌握拟人的概念、分类、修辞效果。
英语修辞学第四章
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complex sentence: contains one main clause and at least one dependent clause, with a connective word denoting the relation between them. E.g. Although he wanted the job more than anything else in the world, he knew he had little chance of getting it.
English Rhetoric
Chapter Four The Three Levels of Rhetorical Operations: Choice of Sentences
By Song Pingfeng
Contents of This Chapter
• 1. Classification of sentences • 2. Types of Sentences
Page 3
1.2 Different standards of classification (4 standards):
grammar, function, rhetoric and length
(1) Grammatical classification groups sentences according to how many and what types of clauses they contain.
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4.2 Denotations and connotations
• Denotation (外延): the specific, direct meaning of a word
• Connotation (内涵): the associative suggestive meaning of a word
Chapter 4 Choice of Words
4.1 Use suitable words
• Human thought is communicated through words. • All similar words have shades of meaning. • A slight alteration in wording can subtly shift the
meaning. Example:
• Fascinating variety of words:
• Walk—march, pace, patrol, stalk, stride, tread, tramp, step out, toddle, prance, strut, prowl, plod, stroll, shuffle, stagger, sidle, trudge, ramble, roam, saunter, meander, lounge, loiter, creep …
• Words with similar denotations often have different connotations.
• activists, agitators, supporters
• These activists built a symbolic shanty on the green.
• miser, radical, monster, reactionary: unfavorable associations Personal Connotation
• People differ in their experiences; their emotional responses to a word may also be different.
4.3 General words and specific words
• A general word 泛指 refers to a group or a class; a specific word特指, refers to a member of that
class. • tree -- general • oak, elm, poplar -- specific • general or specific are relative, not absolute: • Tell the order of the following words: • garment – coat—fur coat—patched fur coat • animal, cat animal, tiger, north-east China tiger, • Lao Li, men, human beings, living thing, object
• Connotations vary with the context.
• the Gang of Four
• “Let’s get the gang together for a party tonight.” • 家伙
• Denotation of a word can be found in the dictionary, but its connotation can be acquired only by carefully observing how the word is used.
• snake , dog, seaside
• The connotations change:
• propaganda--‘a reliable and trustworthy source of information’– slanting, deception
• Sly – skillful-- tricky • 枳勾来巢，空穴来风。小姐
• Fireside: warmth, cheerfulness, good companionship
• General connotations: connotations shared by most people
• mother, home, peace, liberty, angel: favorable associations,
• These agitators threw up an eyesore right on the green.
• These supporters of human rights challenged the university’s investment.
• A word acquires its connotations by its historical or social associations, and by its habitual use:
• The specific word tends to give color and tang气味.
• fruit—apple, banana, pear, water melon
• man—beggar, young man, middle-aged man, tall man, short man
– “I saw ________ on the horizon.”
• an object → a ship → a warship, a liner, a
submarine, a tanker, etc.