机械毕业设计英文外文翻译588柱塞式液压缸、起重器和柱塞
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译58拆装小车概述
附录附录A英文科技文献Disassembly Automotive OverviewCar shortly after the invention of the automobile repair and then had the industry. In order to convenient maintenance，with jack lifting machine maintenance tools to appear. The early simple columnar foundation type hydraulic lifting machine，is greatly raised than it was still early jack and the function of the test bench，this early lifting machine can rotate function in lifting the car later，rotating 360 °. Maybe you often go to a car maintenance，now still use the lift machine to provide daily vehicle maintenance service，this kind of lifting machine has largely work for 75 years.Along with the development of the car industry，simple columnar type elevator machine design，the limitation of shows up soon. If only in car around for testing maintenance work of words，the lifting machine will be enough，but this lifting machine and the central pillar of the hoist boom would hamper into the bottom of the car most area. For simple columnar type elevator machine of these limitations，engineers have put forward a lot of lifting machine design scheme and a lot of improvement work. Now，lifting machine selection scope of great，have foundation type，spots，cut the type，type of parallel four edges form，portable，simple columnar type，double column type，four-column type，driving type，contact the car battery，symmetric，the symmetric，small trip，big lift，queue，and other various type of lifting machine design. Some lifting machine may also.In the market can see different types of different size，lifting machine，there are some particularly suitable for engaged in special type of maintenance work，there are a few lifting machine for some other maintenance work.Double column spots car battery lifting machine is contact a widespread adoption of lifting machine，in recent years all new sales lifting machine，at least two-thirds are this type. This design is very popular，there are several reasons: one is the lifting machine installation quick，do not need a wide range of excavation，also do not need to enterprise's whole layout some permanent changes. 2 it is the diversity of function，a double column spots car battery lifting machine with almost all can be used for the car maintenance work. The lifting of the machine and contact the layout of cantilever pad，making maintenance technician can easily into the bottom of the car，the car in operation and maintenance. Therefore，almost all major liftingmachine manufacturers to at least one type of production double column spots type elevator machine.In recent years，I had a booming industry，especially the car industry，DuoNian to cars into the ordinary families dream has become a reality. Vehicle repair industry has got to develop，all kinds of maintenance equipment needs rapid expansion. Auto lift machine is necessary maintenance，is also the most important maintenance machinery.Auto lift machine is the role of the need of repair car level to the appropriate height，so that maintenance workers in car chassis of automobile maintenance. Below Auto lift machine such as mentioned above，the main divided into pillar type and shear type two kinds，no matter which kind of，the demand from both sides to car level synchronization up，and can't happen migration. And car chassis below must be empty. To facilitate the maintenance workers homework. This requires auto lift machine lifting device must be on both sides of the separation of both sides，and rise or fall must be synchronous. Because of the weight of the car generally very big，and lift for special smoothly，so auto lift machine typically use the hydraulic drive system. Besides the requirement from a certain range from cars both sides synchronous lifting the decline and car，also requires its can make cars at any height to stop and to keep still，so that different height of the workers in maintenance，at different location can adjust height，the most convenient for repair，so hydraulic system must have positioning keep function. In addition for car weight is very big，once hydraulic system failure，lifting machine for arm in car the force of gravity will decline rapidly to pull off the maintenance workers may be the life security threats，lifting the car on and broke the danger. So in order to prevent this happens，lifting machine must have mechanical locking devices，mechanical locks were installed in by lifting cylinder piston rod and the top and lifting arm connected pin shaft on the two root jagged rack，installation of the oil cylinder to the outside of the rack is stationary. And can the pin shaft do certain Angle，to the swing of the separation of the two root rack and mesh. When lifting arm in positioning state or hydraulic system failure，hydraulic below a certain value，dynamic rack will of its own gravity and spring under the action of forces and still rack meshing，mechanical locked，increased the lifting the security of the machine.Nearly 20 years the world lifting machine industry has changed greatly. RT (off-road tires lifting machine) and AT the whole earth to lifting machine () of the rapid development of products，broke original product and market structure，economic development and market in the fierce competition in the world，the impact of lifting machine market further integration trend. At present the lifting machine years sales has the world around us $7.5 billion. The mainproducers for the United States，Japan，Germany，France，Italy，etc，the world's top companies have more than 10 factories，mainly concentrated in the North America，Japan (Asia) and Europe.The United States is lifting machine main producer countries，it is one of the largest in the world market. But because Japan，Germany lifting machine rapid development of industry and RT and AT the rise of American manufacturers，products have in the s to 70 s，the world leading position in the field of possession is gradually weakened，so as to form the United States，Japan and Germany tripartite balance of power. In recent years the United States economy picks up，market，foreign manufacturers are active to participate in the competition. The strength of the American manufacturers also improved，TeLeiKeSi elevator company that is the rise of examples. TeLeiKeSi elevator company predecessor is the colin lifting depots. Since 1995，through a series of the merger activity，has become one of the world's top companies.Japan from the 1970 s become lifting machine production country，product quality and quantity improve soon，have been exported to European and American markets，annual production ranked first in the world. Since 1992，due to the yen's appreciation，domestic infrastructure investment dropped and the Asian financial crisis，the annual output to drop. At present，the market demand for years for 3000 units or so.Europe is a large market potential，European industrial nations lifting machine is the exporter，but also the important importer. Germany is the largest European market，followed by Britain，France，Italy and other countries. In Germany AT products market share，liebherr accounted for 53%，16%，DE lafugelufu horse) 14%，many fields and TeLeiKeSi each account for 10% and 5%.Lifting machine manufacture the wind of the combined with the auto industry is very similar，in the car industry，general motors，ford，BMW，Mercedes，Renault，public companies are on the way to unite，the two industries has been one of the world market. In the world to mature market for market share and maintain growth，shortcut is to buy rival，the long-term goal is to win the world market dominance. In the elevator industry，in a sense，into the world market means that into North America，Japan (Asia) and Europe market.附录B 文献翻译拆装小车概述汽车发明后不久便有了汽车维修的行业。
轴类毕业设计英文翻译、外文文献翻译
ShaftSolid shafts. As a machine component a shaft is commonly a cylindrical bar that supports and rotates with devices for receiving and delivering rotary motion and torque .The crankshaft of a reciprocating engine receive its rotary motion from each of the cranks, via the pistons and connecting roads (the slider-crank mechanisms), and delivers it by means of couplings, gears, chains or belts to the transmission, camshaft, pumps, and other devices. The camshafts, driven by a gear or chain from the crankshaft, has only one receiver or input, but each cam on the shaft delivers rotary motion to the valve-actuating mechanisms.An axle is usually defined as a stationary cylindrical member on which wheels and pulleys can rotate, but the rotating shafts that drive the rear wheels of an automobile are also called axles, no doubt a carryover from horse-and-buggy days. It is common practice to speak short shafts on machines as spindles, especially tool-carrying or work-carrying shafts on machine tools.In the days when all machines in a shop were driven by one large electric motor or prime mover, it was necessary to have long line shafts running length of the shop and supplying power, by belt, to shorter couter shafts, jack shafts, or head shafts. These lineshafts were assembled form separate lengths of shafting clampled together by rigid couplings. Although it is usually more convenient to drive each machine with a separate electric motor, and the present-day trend is in this direction, there are still some oil engine receives its rotary motion from each of the cranks, via the pistons and connecting roads (the slider-crank mechanisms) , and delivers it by means of couplings, gears, chains or belts to the transmission, camshaft, pumps, and other devices. The camshafts, driven by a gear or chain from the crankshaft, has only one receiver or input, but each cam on the shaft delivers rotary motion to the valve-actuating mechanisms.An axle is usually defined as a stationary cylindrical member on which wheels and pulleys can rotate, but the rotating shafts that drive the rear wheels of an automobile are also called axles, no doubt a carryover from horse-and-buggy days. It is common practice to speak short shafts on machines as spindles, especially tool-carrying or work-carrying shafts on machine tools.In the days when all machines in a shop were driven by one large electric motor or prime mover, it was necessary to have long line shafts running length of the shop and supplying power, by belt, to shorter coutershafts, jackshafts, or headshafts. These line shafts were assembled form separatelengths of shafting clampled together by rigid couplings. Although it is usually more convenient to drive each machine with a separate electric motor, and the present-day trend is in this direction, there are still some situation in which a group drive is more economical.A single-throw crankshaft that could be used in a single-cylinder reciprocating engine or pump is shown in Figure 21. The journals A andB rotate in the main bearings,C is the crankpin that fits in a bearing on the end of the connecting rod and moves on a circle of radius R about the main bearings, whileD andE are the cheeks or webs.The throw R is one half the stroks of the piston, which is connected, by the wrist pin, to the other end of the connecting rod and guided so as to move on a straight path passing throw the axis XX. On a multiple-cylinder engine the crankshaft has multiple throws---eight for a straight eight and for a V-8---arranged in a suitable angular relationship.Stress and strains. In operation, shafts are subjected to a shearing stress, whose magnitude depends on the torque and the dimensions of the cross section. This stress is a measure of resistance that the shaft material offers to the applied torque. All shafts that transmit a torque are subjected to torsional shearing stresses.In addition to the shearing stresses, twisted shafts are also subjected to shearing distortions. The distorted state is usually defined by the angle of twist per unit length; i.e., the retation of one cross section of a shaft relative to another cross section at a unit distance from it.Shafts that carry gears and pulleys are bent as well as twisted, and the magniude of the bending stresses, which are tensile on the convex side of the bend and compressive on the concave side, will depend on the load, the distance between the bearings of the shaft cross section.The combination of bending and twisting produces a state of stress in the shaft that is more complex than the state of pure shears produced by torsion alone or the state of tension-compression produced by bending alone.To the designer of shaft it is important to know if the shaft is likely to fail because of an excessive normal stress. If a piece of chalk is twisted, it will invariably rupture on a plane at about 45 degrees to the axis. This is because the maximum tensile stresses act on this plane, and chalk is weak in tension. Steel shafting is usually designed so that the maximum shearing stress produced by bending and torsion is less than a specified maximum.Shafts with circular cross sections are easier to produce in the steel mill, easier to machine, andeasier to support in bearings than shafts with other cross section; there is seldom any need for using noncircular shapes. In addition, the strength and stiffness, both in bending and torsion, are more easily calculated for circular shafts. Lastly, for a given amount of materials the circular shafts has the smallest maximum shearing stress for a given torque, and the highest torsional rigidity.The shearing in a circular shaft is highest at the surface and drops off to zero at the axis. This means that most of the torque is carried by the material on and near the surface.Critical speeds. In the same way that a violin string vibrates when stroked with a bow, a cylindrical shaft suspended between two bearings has a natural frequency of lateral vibration. If the speed of revolution of the shaft coincides with the natural frequency, the shaft experience a whirling critical speed and become noisy. These speeds are more likely to occur with long, flexible shafts than with short, stiff ones. The natural frequency of a shaft can be raised by increasing its stiffness.If a slender rod is fixed to the ceiling ta one end and supports a heavy disk at the other end, the disk will oscillate back and forth around the rod axis like a torsion pendulum if given an initial twist and let go. The frequency of the oscillations will depend on the torsional stiffness of the rod and the weight of the disk; the stiffer the rod and the lighter the disk the higher the frequency. Similar torsional oscillations can occur in the crankshafts of reciprocating engines, particularly those with many crank throws and a heavy flywheel. Each crank throw and part of the associated connecting rod acts like a small flywheel, and for the crankshaft as a whole, there are a number of ways or modes in which there small flywheels can oscillate back and forth around the shaft axis in opposition to one another and to the main flywheel. For each of these modes there corresponds a natural frequency of oscillation.When the engine is operating the torques delivered to the crankshaft by the connecting rods fluctuate, and if the crankshaft speed is such that these fluctuating impulses are delivered at a speed corresponding to one of the natural torsional frequencies of the shaft, torsional oscillations will be superimposed on the rotary motion of the shafts. Such speed are known as torsional critical speeds, and they can cause shaft failures. A number of devices to control the oscillations of crankshafts have been invented.Flexible shafts. A flexible shaft consists of a number of superimposed tightly wound right-and left-hand layers of helically wound wires wrapped about a single center wire or mandrel. The shaft is connected to source of power and the driven member by special fittings attached to the end of theshaft. Flexible easings of metallic or nonmetallic materials, which guide and protect the shaft and retain the lubricant, are also available. Compared with solid shafts, flexible shafts can be bent to much smaller radii without being overstressed.For transmitting power around corners and for considerable distances flexible shafts are usually cheaper and more convenient than belts, chains, or gears. Most speedometers on automobiles are driven by flexible shafts running from the transmission to the dashboard. When a valve, a switch, or other control devices is in a hard-to-reach location, it can be operated by a flexible shaft from a more convenient position. For portable tools such as sanders, grinders, and drilling machines, flexible shafts are practically indispensable.KEY, SPLINES AND PINSKeys, splines, and pins. When power is being transmitted from a machine member such as a coupling, a gear, a flywheel, or a pulley to the shaft on which it is mounted, means must be provided for preventing relative motion between the shaft and the member. On helical and bevel gears, relative movement along the shaft caused by the thrust(axial) loads is prevented by a step in the shaft or by having the gear contact the bearing directly or through a tubular spacer. When axial loads are incidental and of small magnitude, the members are kept from sliding along the shaft by means of a set screw. The primary purpose of keys, splines, and pins is to prevent relative rotary movement.A commonly used type of key has a square cross section and is sunk half in the shaft and half in the hub of the other member. If the key is made of steel(which is commonly the case)of the same strength as the shaft and has a width and depth equal to one fourth of the shaft diameter(this proportion is closely approximated in practice) then it will have the same torque capacity as the solid shaft if its length is 1.57 times that of the shaft diameter. Another common type of key has a rectangular cross section with a depth to width ratio of 0.75. Both of these keys may either be straight or tapered in depth. The straight keys fit snugly on the sides of the key ways only, the tapered keys on all sides. Gib-head keys are tapered keys with a projection on one end to facilitate removal.Woodruff keys are widely used on machine tools and motor vehicles. The key is a segment of adisk and fits in a keyway in the shaft that is with a special milling cutter. Though the extra depth of these keys weakens the shaft considerably, it prevents any tendency of the key to rotate or move axially. Woodruff keys are particularly suitable for tapering shaft ends.Because they weaken the shafts less, keys with straight or tapered circular cross sections are sometimes used in place of square and rectangular keys, but the keyways, half in the shaft and half in the shaft and half in the hub, must be cut with a drill after assembly,and interchangeability of parts is practically impossible. When a large gear blank is made by shrinking a high-strength rim on a cheaper cast center, circular keys, snugly fitted, are frequently used to ensure a permanent connection.Splines are permanent keys integral with the shaft, fitting in keyways cut in the hub. The dimensions of splined fittings are standardized for both permanent (press) fits and sliding fits. The teeth have either straight or involute profiles;the latter are stronger, more easily measured, and have a self-centring action when twisted.Tapered circular pins can be used to restrain shaft-mounted members from both axial and rotary movement. The pin fits snugly in a reamed tapered hole that is perpendicular to the shaft surface. A number of straight pins that grip by deforming elastically or plastically when driven into straight holes are commercially available.All the keys and pins that have been described are standard driving devices. In some cases they inadequate, and unorthodox means must be employed. For driving small gear in which there is no room between the bore and the roots of the teeth for a longitudinal keyway, a transverse radial slot on the end of the gear can be made to fit a radial protuberance on the shaft. For transmitting moderate loads, a cheaper and effective connection can be made by forming a series of longitudinal serrations on the shaft with a knurling tool and pressing the shaft into the hole in the driven member, it will cut grooves in the hole and provide, in effect, a press-fitted splined connection. Press and shrink fits are also used, and they can provide surprisingly firm connections, but the dimensions of the connected member must be closely controlled.轴实心轴轴作为机械零件通常是一根圆柱形杆，用来支撑部件并随部件一起转动以接受和传递转动和扭矩。
【机械专业中文翻译】液压缸
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部：机械工程系专业：机械工程及自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：HYDRAULICS ANDPNEUMATICS TRANSMISSIONPage38--44附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：该同学查阅大量资料，完成翻译。
译文正确地表达了原文的意义、概念描述符合汉语的习惯，语句通畅，层次很清晰。
成绩评定为优。
签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文液压缸3.1 液压缸的分类及基本计算液压缸是液压传动系统中应用最多的执行元件,它将油液的压力能转换为机械能,实现往复直线运动或摆动,输出力或扭矩；其作用方式可分为单作用式和双作用式两种,单作用式液压缸只能实现单用运动,即压力油只是通向液压缸的一腔,而反方向运动则必须依靠外力来实现,如复位弹簧力,自重或其它外部作用；双作用式液压缸在两个方向上的运动都由油压力推动来实现,可实现双向运动。
液压缸可以看作是直线马达(或摆动马达),其单位位移排量即为液压缸的有效面积A ,当液压缸的回油压力为零且不计损失时,输出速度v 等于输入注量q 除以排量A,输出推力F 等于输入压力p 乘以排量A,即输入液压功率pq 等于输入机械功率Fv 。
液压缸有多种结构,但根据其具体结构特点可分为活塞式、柱塞式和摆动式三类基本形式,除此以外,还有在基本形式上发展起来各种特殊用途的组合液压缸,下面分别予以介绍。
3.1.1 活塞式液压缸活塞式液压缸可分为双杆式和单杆式两种结构形式,其安装方式有缸筒固定和活塞杆固定两种形式。
3.1.1.1 双杆活塞式液压缸图3.1所示为双杆活塞式液压缸的工作原理图,活塞两侧都有活塞杆伸出。
当两活塞杆直径相同,供油压力和流量不变时,活塞式液压缸在两个方向上的运动速度和推力都相等,即 )(422d D q A q v v -==πηην (3.1) ηπm p p d D F ))((42122--= (3.2)图3.1 双杆活塞式液压缸式中 v----液压缸的运动速度)/(s m ；F ----液压缸的推力)(N ；νη----液压缸的容积效率；m η----液压缸的机械效率；q ----液压缸的流量)/(3s m ；A ----液压缸的有效工作面积)(2m ；p 1----进油压力)(Pa ；2p ----回油压力)(Pa ； D ----活塞直径)(m ；d ----活塞杆直径)(m 。
柱塞泵毕业设计外文文献翻译
柱塞泵毕业设计外⽂⽂献翻译利⽤神经⽹络预测轴向柱塞泵的性能Mansour A Karkoub a, Osama E Gad a, Mahmoud G Rabie ba--就读于科威特的科威特⼤学⼯程与⽯油学院b--就读于埃及开罗的军事科技⼤学摘要本⽂推导了应⽤于轴向柱塞泵（斜轴式）的神经⽹络模型。
该模型采⽤的数据是由⼀个实验装置获得的。
这个正在进⾏的研究的⽬的是降低柱塞泵在⾼压下⼯作时的能量损耗。
然⽽，在最初我们要做⼀些研究来预测当前所设计的泵的响应。
神经⽹络模型具有前反馈的结构，并在测验过程中使⽤Levenberg-Marquardt优化技术。
该模型能够准确地预测柱塞泵的动态响应。
1、简介可变排量轴向柱塞泵是在流体动⼒系统中经常要⽤到的重要设备，如液压动⼒供应控制和静液压传动驱动器的控制。
本装置具有变量机制和功率-重量⽐特性，使其最适合于⾼功率电平的控制。
所设计的这种轴向柱塞泵拥有可靠性和简便的特点，然⽽其最重要的特征是可以变量输出。
⼈们在轴向柱塞泵领域已经做了很多研究，但是本⽂将只论述⼀下少数⼏⼈所做的贡献。
Kaliafetis和Costopoulos[5]⽤调压器研究了轴向柱塞变量泵的静态和动态特性。
所提出的模型的精确度依赖于制造商提供的动态运⾏曲线等数据。
他们得出结论，运⾏条件对泵的动态⾏为是⾮常关键的，⽽泵的动态⾏为可以通过减⼩压⼒设定值进⾏改善。
Harris等⼈[4]模拟和测量了轴向柱塞泵的缸体压⼒和进油流量脉动。
Kiyoshi和Masakasu[7]研究了斜盘式变量输送的轴向柱塞泵在运⾏时刻的实验上和理论上的静态和动态特性。
并提出了⼀种新的⽅法来预测泵在运⾏过程中的响应。
也对研究泵特性的新⽅法的有效性进⾏了实验验证，实验中使⽤了⼀个有宽、短⽽深的凹槽的配流盘。
Edge和Darling[2]研究了液压轴向柱塞泵的缸体压⼒和流量。
这个得出的模型经过了实验检验。
对于配流盘、缸体上设计的退⼑槽和泵的流量脉动对泵特性的影响都进⾏了验证。
机械专业中英文对照(完整版)1
机械专业英语词汇陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical—spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination 气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical—electrical integration 气压air pressure pneumatic pressure 稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical—spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheelAssembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs。
DOC-机械专业毕业设计外文翻译--什么是液压-液压系统
DOC-机械专业毕业设计外文翻译--什么是液压-液压系统What is Hydraulic?A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, no parts and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydraulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic valves can be divided into the village of force control valve, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be dividedinto the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set thevalue of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oildollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories.Hydraulic principleIt consists of two cylinders of different sizes and composition of fluid in the fluid full of water or oil. Water is called "hydraulic press"; the said oil-filled "hydraulic machine." Each of the two liquida sliding piston, if the increase in the small piston on the pressure of a certain value, according to Pascal's law, small piston to the pressure of the pressure through the liquid passed to the large piston, pistontop will go a long way to go. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. Thus, a small piston on the liquid pressure to P = F1/SI, Can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of liquid. "By the large piston is also equivalent to the inevitable pressure P. If the large piston is the cross-sectional area S2, the pressure P on the piston in the upward pressure generated F2 = PxS2Cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known to add in a small piston of asmaller force, the piston will be in great force, for which thehydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil, extract heavy objects, such as forging steel.History of the development of hydraulicAnd air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascal's principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of theworld's first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced byoil-water and further improved.World War I (1914-1918) after the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, especially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century Constantine (G • Constantimsco) fluctuations of the ener gy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic transmission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of development.The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan thanEurope and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in1955, the rapid development of Japan's hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, "Hydraulic Industry." Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japan's fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader.Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general workers. Plastic processing industry, machinery, pressure machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel industry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil waterprojects with flood control the dam gates and devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship deck crane (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valves, such as the sternthruster ; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measurement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military-industrial control devices used in artillery, ship anti-rolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devices.什么是液压,一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成，即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、无件和液压油。
汽车起重机毕业设计外文翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译译文题目：使用智能液压缸增加起重机的稳定性学院：机电学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名：XXX学号：**********指导教师：XXX完成时间：2017年3月12日From：Hitchcox, Alan. Smart cylinders stabilize cranes[J]. Hydraulics & Pneumatics; Cleveland (Sep 12, 2013): n/a.Smart cylinders stabilize cranesHitchcox, Alan.ASM International, Penton Media, OTP Industrial Solutions(formerly Ohio Transmission & Pump Co)Abstract：It's not unusual for cranes to reach 100 ft or more into the air at major construction sites. Traditionally, cranes are transported to a work area and assembled on-site. More recently, as truck-mounted cranes become bigger and more powerful, they have found favor because they are quicker to set up than traditional cranes. Truck-mounted cranes have a telescoping hydraulic boom mounted on commercial truck chassis. Their portability and lower setup costs have led to their widespread use at construction and utility sites around the world. But as loads get heavier and lifting distances become higher, designers of truck-mounted cranes must provide the stability to ensure that safety remains the top priority.Truck-mounted cranes use outrigger systems to ensure stable operation. The outriggers extend from the main body of the truck and contact the ground several feet away from the truck. This distributes the crane's load over a much larger area, thereby increasing stability. Manitowoc Company Inc., Manitowoc, Wis., takes this a step further by using smart cylinders in the A-frame outrigger systems of its National Crane line of truck-mounted cranes. The crane's hydraulic system is driven from a power takeoff on the truck's transmission. The crane operator then runs all crane functions through a series of lever-operated valves at a control station.The ELA is an externally mounted LDT that uses Hall-effect technology to sense the location of a magnet embedded in the cylinder's piston through the cylinder's carbon steel barrel. A microprocessor then assigns an analog voltage to the magnet's corresponding absolute position. For example, when the cylinder is fully retracted; the voltage may be 0.55 V. As the cylinder extends, the voltage gradually increases until 4.5 V is reached at full extension.Accuracy of the transducer is typically +-0.5 mm (0.02 in.) - more than adequate for most mobile equipment. That position is then sent to the ECM and compared to the known maximum horizontal extension. After this, an indication is given to the operator about the outrigger state. The position update happens within milliseconds.Full TextIt's not unusual for cranes to reach 100 ft or more into the air at major construction sites. Traditionally, cranes are transported to a work area and assembled on-site. More recently, as truck-mounted cranes become bigger and more powerful, they have found favor because they are quicker to set up than traditional cranes. Truck-mounted cranes have a telescoping hydraulic boom mounted on commercial truck chassis. Their portability and lower setup costs have led to their widespread use at construction and utility sites around the world. But as loads get heavier and lifting distances become higher, designers of truck-mounted cranes must provide the stability to ensure that safety remains the top priority.Truck-mounted cranes use outrigger systems to ensure stable operation. The outriggers extend from the main body of the truck and contact the ground several feet away from the truck. This distributes the crane's load over a much larger area, thereby increasing stability. Manitowoc Company Inc., Manitowoc, Wis., takes this a step further by using smart cylinders in the A-frame outrigger systems of its National Crane line of truck-mounted cranes. The crane's hydraulic system is driven from a power takeoff on the truck's transmission. The crane operator then runs all crane functions through a series of lever-operated valves at a control station.An important function for lifting, moving, and lowering heavy loads is to ensure that outrigger beams are properly positioned. The outriggers are attached to the truck frame and are extended downward by hydraulic cylinders at an angle to create an A-frame structure that is wider at its base than at the top. This provides a stable framework to level and support the loaded and extended crane.Adding smarts to outriggersFor the past several years, National Crane has added outrigger-monitoring systems (OMSs) to its cranes. With the OMS, operators monitor the horizontal extension of the crane's outriggers at a control station. The OMS used with A-frame model cranes includes an ELAposition-sensing linear-displacement transducer (LDT) from Rota Engineering, Dallas, an electronic control module (ECM), and bicolor indication LEDs at each station.The ELA is an externally mounted LDT that uses Hall-effect technology to sense the location of a magnet embedded in the cylinder's piston through the cylinder's carbon steel barrel. A microprocessor then assigns an analog voltage to the magnet's corresponding absolute position. For example, when the cylinder is fully retracted; the voltage may be 0.55 V. As the cylinder extends, the voltage gradually increases until 4.5 V is reached at full extension. Accuracy of the transducer is typically +-0.5 mm (0.02 in.) - more than adequate for most mobile equipment. That position is then sent to the ECM and compared to the known maximum horizontal extension. After this, an indication is given to the operator about the outrigger state. The position update happens within milliseconds.Mark Hoffman, of Rota Engineering, pointed out that because mobile equipment has a human operator, position feedback from cylinders generally only needs to be within hundredths of an inch. Put simply, he says that magnetostrictive LDTs are overkill for most mobile-equipment applications. He suggests that an LDT with slightly less precision, but substantially lower cost, would enable designers to provide cylinder position feedback more often - not just for the most critical applications that justify high cost.Simple electronic displayThe electronic control module on the A-frame units serves only to monitor the position of the outriggers and provide feedback to the operator. As the analog voltage from the ELA transducer is read into the ECM, it sends a signal to a set of bicolor LEDs - one set per operator's station. The indications available are:Red for system error (sensor out of range, electrical short, etc.).Blinking red to indicate the operator is not at a valid working position as directed by the operation manual.Green to inform the operator that full horizontal extension has been accomplished. The ECM can be configured through the use of a service tool to also help diagnose any issues related to the OMS.Made for mobileDesigned for use with mobile equipment, the ELA transducer matches this application well because of several physical and intrinsic attributes. The most important of these is theability to mount the sensor along the exterior of the hydraulic outrigger-cylinder barrel. Although the cylinder gains added functionality, in many cases it retains the same form and fit as the original cylinder; the smart cylinder is essentially a drop-in replacement. The envelope in which the cylinder is mounted does not change. Only additional harnessing and the ECM are added - plus there are minor physical changes to the rear stabilizers.The cylinder bores used in A-frame outriggers range from 3 to 4.5 in. Strokes may be as long as of 66.9 in., depending on lifting capacity. According to Hoffman added, "Eliminating the expense of gun-drilling the piston rod and machining the end cap reduces the cost of creating this smart cylinder. The cylinder's structural integrity remains the same, and it is easier to assemble, install, and service than cylinders with magnetostrictive sensors."Other positive attributes: the Hall-effect sensor is noncontact for long service life, its temperature rating is high, it performs well in high shock and vibration applications, and its aluminum housing resists damage from impact and corrosion. The external transducer can be replaced in the field without difficulty.Cylinders can be supplied with magnets already fitted, so that if the stroke-sensing function is required later, the transducer can easily be added. The magnet assembly for the EL transducer is designed to match the bore of the cylinder. A slot is milled into the piston to accommodate the magnet assembly. Service life is not a factor because the magnet assembly is made of the same quality as piston-wear rings.A different kind of linear sensorModel ELA linear-displacement transducers (LDTs) use Hall-effect technology and mount externally to mobile hydraulic cylinders. Unlike other types of in-cylinder LDTs, they can be used in double-ended cylinders. They can also be used effectively in steering and long-stroke cylinders, where gun drilling can become cost prohibitive and are easily field replaceable.Hall-effect LDTs can be manufactured for strokes exceeding 50 ft and for use 20,000 ft below the surface of the ocean and other demanding environments.Hall-effect technologyLDTs from Rota Engineering use a microprocessor that transmits and receives signals from Hall-effect chips mounted to a printed-circuit board. The circuit board is contained within a stainless-steel or aluminum housing, depending on application requirements. Apiston-mounted magnet causes a voltage drop when it passes over the Hall-effect chip. The microprocessor calculates the position of the Hall-effect chip and correlates the voltage drop to a proportional voltage, current, PWM, or CANbus output.Hoffman explains, "Hall-effect sensors do not have as high a resolution as magnetostrictive sensors, which can achieve resolution measured in ten-thousandths of an inch. Hall-effect LDTs, however, generally have resolution of 0.012 to 0.020 in. The tighter resolution of magnetostrictive LDTs is needed for many process applications, such as a rolling mill. Most of the time, though, 0.020-in. resolution is more than sufficient for mobile hydraulic applications."An additional benefit of the Hall-effect technology is small size. In most instances, the pin-to-pin dimension of a cylinder need not be increased to accommodate a Hall-effect LDT. Also, the surface-mount technology tolerates high levels of vibration, and potting can provide additional vibration resistance.For more information, contact Rota Engineering at (972) 359-1041, or visit . For information on Manitowoc's truck-mounted cranes and other products, visit www.manitowoc.译自：希契科克斯，艾伦. 使用智能液压缸增加起重机的稳定性[J]. 液压与气动技术；克利夫兰（2013年9月12日）：n/a使用智能液压缸增加起重机的稳定性希契科克斯，艾伦ASM国际片通媒体,OTP工业解决方案(以前俄亥俄州传输和泵有限公司)摘要:在大型的建筑工地上起重机将重物举至空中100英尺及以上的情况并不罕见。
机械设计专业英语
机械设计专业英语机械设计专业英语圆柱螺旋扭转弹簧cylindroid helical-coil torsion spring圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧cylindroid helical-coil compression spring 圆柱凸轮cylindrical cam圆柱蜗杆cylindrical worm圆柱坐标操作器cylindrical coordinate manipulator圆锥螺旋扭转弹簧conoid helical-coil compression spring 圆锥滚子tapered roller圆锥滚子轴承tapered roller bearing圆锥齿轮机构bevel gears圆锥角cone angle原动件driving link约束constraint约束条件constraint condition约束反力constraining force跃度jerk跃度曲线jerk diagram运动倒置kinematic inversion运动方案设计kinematic precept design运动分析kinematic analysis运动副kinematic pair运动构件moving link运动简图kinematic sketch运动链kinematic chain运动失真undercutting运动设计kinematic design运动周期cycle of motion运动综合kinematic synthesis运转不均匀系数coefficient of velocity fluctuation运动粘度kenematic viscosity载荷load载荷—变形曲线load—deformation curve 载荷—变形图load—deformation diagram 窄V 带narrow V belt毡圈密封felt ring seal展成法generating张紧力tension 张紧轮tension pulley振动vibration振动力矩shaking couple振动频率frequency of vibration振幅amplitude of vibration正切机构tangent mechanism正向运动学direct (forward) kinematics正弦机构sine generator, scotch yoke织布机loom正应力、法向应力normal stress制动器brake直齿圆柱齿轮spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear直角三角形right triangle直角坐标操作器Cartesian coordinate manipulator直径系数diametral quotient直径系列diameter series直廓环面蜗杆hindley worm直线运动linear motion直轴straight shaft质量mass质心center of mass执行构件executive link; working link质径积mass-radius product智能化设计intelligent design, ID中间平面mid-plane中心距center distance中心距变动center distance change中心轮central gear中径mean diameter终止啮合点final contact, end of contact周节pitch周期性速度波动periodic speed fluctuation 周转轮系epicyclic gear train肘形机构toggle mechanism轴shaft轴承盖bearing cup轴承合金bearing alloy轴承座bearing block轴承高度bearing height轴承宽度bearing width轴承内径bearing bore diameter轴承寿命bearing life轴承套圈bearing ring轴承外径bearing outside diameter轴颈journal轴瓦、轴承衬bearing bush轴端挡圈shaft end ring轴环shaft collar轴肩shaft shoulder轴角shaft angle轴向axial direction轴向齿廓axial tooth profile轴向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent axial load轴向当量静载荷static equivalent axial load 轴向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic axial load rating轴向基本额定静载荷basic static axial load rating轴向接触轴承axial contact bearing轴向平面axial plane轴向游隙axial internal clearance轴向载荷axial load轴向载荷系数axial load factor轴向分力axial thrust load主动件driving link主动齿轮driving gear主动带轮driving pulley转动导杆机构whitworth mechanism转动副revolute (turning) pair转速swiveling speed ; rotating speed转动关节revolute joint转轴revolving shaft转子rotor转子平衡balance of rotor装配条件assembly condition锥齿轮bevel gear锥顶common apex of cone锥距cone distance锥轮bevel pulley; bevel wheel锥齿轮的当量直齿轮equivalent spur gear of the bevel gear 锥面包络圆柱蜗杆milled helicoids worm准双曲面齿轮hypoid gear子程序subroutine 子机构sub-mechanism自动化automation自锁self-locking自锁条件condition of self-locking自由度degree of freedom, mobility总重合度total contact ratio总反力resultant force总效率combined efficiency; overall efficiency组成原理theory of constitution组合齿形composite tooth form组合安装stack mounting组合机构combined mechanism阻抗力resistance最大盈亏功maximum difference work between plus and minus work纵向重合度overlap contact ratio纵坐标ordinate组合机构combined mechanism最少齿数minimum teeth number最小向径minimum radius作用力applied force坐标系coordinate frame行星轮变速装置planetary speed changing devices行星轮系planetary gear train形封闭凸轮机构positive-drive (or form-closed) cam mechanism虚拟现实virtual reality虚拟现实技术virtual reality technology, VRT虚拟现实设计virtual reality design, VRD虚约束redundant (or passive) constraint许用不平衡量allowable amount of unbalance许用压力角allowable pressure angle许用应力allowable stress; permissible stress 悬臂结构cantilever structure悬臂梁cantilever beam循环功率流circulating power load旋转力矩running torque旋转式密封rotating seal旋转运动rotary motion选型type selection压力pressure压力中心center of pressure压缩机compressor压应力compressive stress压力角pressure angle牙嵌式联轴器jaw (teeth) positive-contact coupling雅可比矩阵Jacobi matrix摇杆rocker液力传动hydrodynamic drive液力耦合器hydraulic couplers液体弹簧liquid spring液压无级变速hydraulic stepless speed changes液压机构hydraulic mechanism一般化运动链generalized kinematic chain 移动从动件reciprocating follower移动副prismatic pair, sliding pair移动关节prismatic joint移动凸轮wedge cam盈亏功increment or decrement work应力幅stress amplitude应力集中stress concentration应力集中系数factor of stress concentration 应力图stressdiagram应力—应变图stress-strain diagram优化设计optimal design油杯oil bottle油壶oil can油沟密封oily ditch seal有害阻力useless resistance有益阻力useful resistance有效拉力effective tension有效圆周力effective circle force有害阻力detrimental resistance余弦加速度运动cosine acceleration (or simple harmonic) motion预紧力preload原动机primer mover圆带round belt圆带传动round belt drive圆弧齿厚circular thickness 圆弧圆柱蜗杆hollow flank worm 圆角半径fillet radius圆盘摩擦离合器disc friction clutch圆盘制动器disc brake原动机prime mover原始机构original mechanism圆形齿轮circular gear圆柱滚子cylindrical roller圆柱滚子轴承cylindrical roller bearing圆柱副cylindric pair圆柱式凸轮步进运动机构barrel (cylindric) cam圆柱螺旋拉伸弹簧cylindroid helical-coil extension spring凸轮cam凸轮倒置机构inverse cam mechanism凸轮机构cam , cam mechanism凸轮廓线cam profile凸轮廓线绘制layout of cam profile凸轮理论廓线pitch curve凸缘联轴器flange coupling图册、图谱atlas图解法graphical method推程rise推力球轴承thrust ball bearing推力轴承thrust bearing退刀槽tool withdrawal groove退火anneal陀螺仪gyroscopeV 带V belt外力external force外圈outer ring外形尺寸boundary dimension万向联轴器Hooks coupling ; universal coupling外齿轮external gear弯曲应力beading stress弯矩bending moment腕部wrist往复移动reciprocating motion往复式密封reciprocating seal网上设计on-net design, OND微动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism 位移displacement 位移曲线displacement diagram位姿pose , position and orientation稳定运转阶段steady motion period稳健设计robust design蜗杆worm蜗杆传动机构worm gearing蜗杆头数number of threads蜗杆直径系数diametral quotient蜗杆蜗轮机构worm and worm gear蜗杆形凸轮步进机构worm cam interval mechanism蜗杆旋向hands of worm蜗轮worm gear涡圈形盘簧power spring无级变速装置stepless speed changes devices无穷大infinite系杆crank arm, planet carrier现场平衡field balancing向心轴承radial bearing向心力centrifugal force相对速度relative velocity相对运动relative motion相对间隙relative gap象限quadrant橡皮泥plasticine细牙螺纹fine threads销pin消耗consumption小齿轮pinion小径minor diameter橡胶弹簧balata spring修正梯形加速度运动规律modified trapezoidal acceleration motion修正正弦加速度运动规律modified sine acceleration motion斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gear斜键、钩头楔键taper key泄漏leakage谐波齿轮harmonic gear谐波传动harmonic driving谐波发生器harmonic generator 斜齿轮的当量直齿轮equivalent spur gear of the helical gear心轴spindle行程速度变化系数coefficient of travel speed variation行程速比系数advance-to return-time ratio 行星齿轮装置planetary transmission行星轮planet gear平衡机balancing machine平衡品质balancing quality平衡平面correcting plane平衡质量balancing mass平衡重counterweight平衡转速balancing speed平面副planar pair, flat pair平面机构planar mechanism平面运动副planar kinematic pair平面连杆机构planar linkage平面凸轮planar cam平面凸轮机构planar cam mechanism平面轴斜齿轮parallel helical gears普通平键parallel key其他常用机构other mechanism in common use起动阶段starting period启动力矩starting torque气动机构pneumatic mechanism奇异位置singular position起始啮合点initial contact , beginning of contact气体轴承gas bearing千斤顶jack嵌入键sunk key强迫振动forced vibration切齿深度depth of cut曲柄crank曲柄存在条件Grashoff`s law曲柄导杆机构crank shaper (guide-bar) mechanism曲柄滑块机构slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 曲柄摇杆机构crank-rocker mechanism曲齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gear曲率curvature曲率半径radius of curvature曲面从动件curved-shoe follower曲线拼接curve matching曲线运动curvilinear motion曲轴crank shaft驱动力driving force驱动力矩driving moment (torque)全齿高whole depth权重集weight sets球ball球面滚子convex roller球轴承ball bearing球面副spheric pair球面渐开线spherical involute球面运动spherical motion球销副sphere-pin pair球坐标操作器polar coordinate manipulator 燃点spontaneous ignition热平衡heat balance; thermal equilibrium人字齿轮herringbone gear冗余自由度redundant degree of freedom柔轮flexspline柔性冲击flexible impulse; soft shock柔性制造系统flexible manufacturing system; FMS柔性自动化flexible automation润滑油膜lubricant film润滑装置lubrication device润滑lubrication润滑剂lubricant三角形花键serration spline三角形螺纹V thread screw三维凸轮three-dimensional cam三心定理Kennedy`s theorem砂轮越程槽grinding wheel groove砂漏hour-glass少齿差行星传动planetary drive with small teeth difference设计方法学design methodology设计变量design variable设计约束design constraints深沟球轴承deep groove ball bearing生产阻力productive resistance 升程rise升距lift螺旋角helix angle螺旋线helix ,helical line绿色设计green design ; design for environment马耳他机构Geneva wheel ; Geneva gear马耳他十字Maltese cross脉动无级变速pulsating stepless speed changes脉动循环应力fluctuating circulating stress 脉动载荷fluctuating load铆钉rivet迷宫密封labyrinth seal密封seal密封带seal belt密封胶seal gum密封元件potted component密封装置sealing arrangement面对面安装face-to-face arrangement面向产品生命周期设计design for product`s life cycle, DPLC 名义应力、公称应力nominal stress模块化设计modular design, MD模块式传动系统modular system模幅箱morphology box模糊集fuzzy set模糊评价fuzzy evaluation模数module摩擦friction摩擦角friction angle摩擦力friction force摩擦学设计tribology design, TD摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦力矩friction moment摩擦系数coefficient of friction摩擦圆friction circle磨损abrasion ;wear; scratching末端执行器end-effector目标函数objective function耐腐蚀性corrosion resistance耐磨性wear resistance挠性机构mechanism with flexible elements挠性转子flexible rotor内齿轮internal gear内齿圈ring gear内力internal force内圈inner ring能量energy能量指示图viscosity逆时针counterclockwise (or anticlockwise) 啮出engaging-out 啮合engagement, mesh, gearing啮合点contact points啮合角working pressure angle啮合线line of action啮合线长度length of line of action啮入engaging-in牛头刨床shaper凝固点freezing point; solidifying point扭转应力torsion stress扭矩moment of torque扭簧helical torsion spring诺模图NomogramO 形密封圈密封O ring seal盘形凸轮disk cam盘形转子disk-like rotor抛物线运动parabolic motion疲劳极限fatigue limit疲劳强度fatigue strength偏置式offset偏( 心) 距offset distance偏心率eccentricity ratio偏心质量eccentric mass偏距圆offset circle偏心盘eccentric偏置滚子从动件offset roller follower偏置尖底从动件offset knife-edge follower 偏置曲柄滑块机构offset slider-crank mechanism拼接matching评价与决策evaluation and decision频率frequency平带flat belt平带传动flat belt driving平底从动件flat-face follower平底宽度face width 平分线bisector平均应力average stress平均中径mean screw diameter平均速度average velocity平衡balance可靠度degree of reliability可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam空间运动副spatial kinematic pair空间运动链spatial kinematic chain空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺方程Reynolds‘s equation离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism力矩moment力平衡equilibrium力偶couple力偶矩moment of couple连杆connecting rod, coupler连杆机构linkage连杆曲线coupler-curve连心线line of centers链chain链传动装置chain gearing链轮sprocket ; sprocket-wheel ; sprocket gear ; chain wheel 联组V 带tight-up V belt联轴器coupling ; shaft coupling两维凸轮two-dimensional cam临界转速critical speed六杆机构six-bar linkage龙门刨床double Haas planer轮坯blank轮系gear train螺杆screw螺距thread pitch螺母screw nut螺旋锥齿轮helical bevel gear螺钉screws螺栓bolts螺纹导程lead螺纹效率screw efficiency螺旋传动power screw螺旋密封spiral seal螺纹thread (of a screw)螺旋副helical pair螺旋机构screw mechanism基本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-based design,CBD 基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿距base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle 基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechanism急回特性quick-return characteristics急回系数advance-to return-time ratio 急回运动quick-return motion棘轮ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions 计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS计算力矩factored moment; calculation moment 计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient加速度acceleration加速度分析acceleration analysis加速度曲线acceleration diagram尖点pointing; cusp尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile渐开线齿轮involute gear渐开线发生线generating line of involute渐开线方程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm渐开线压力角pressure angle of involute渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic motion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears胶合scoring角加速度angular acceleration角速度angular velocity角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing 角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing角接触轴承angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线pitch line节圆pitch circle节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load 径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact bearing径向平面radial plane径向游隙radial internal clearance径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load factor径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded form锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity 均衡装置load balancing mechanism抗压强度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive开式链open kinematic chain开链机构open chain mechanism高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design共轭齿廓conjugate profiles共轭凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipulator惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of inertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanism广义坐标generalized coordinate轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling 滚珠丝杆ball screw 滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator函数生成function generation含油轴承oil bearing耗油量oil consumption耗油量系数oil consumption factor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation合成弯矩resultant bending moment合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of force黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable gears花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing滑动率sliding ratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear train积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design机构mechanism 机构分析analysis of mechanism机构平衡balance of mechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechanism机构组成constitution of mechanism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation技术系统technique system机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery 机械动力学dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计modern machine design机械系统mechanical system机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machinery机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mechanical design 机械特性mechanical behavior机械调速mechanical speed governors机械效率mechanical efficiency机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构fundamental mechanism端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD 防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非周期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone 分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train 复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism 复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed 变速speed change变速齿轮change gear ; change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism 并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism 差速器differential 常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter 齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation ; creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping 带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing 单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear 当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion 等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia 等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine 动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design 动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load。
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附录A译文(一) 柱塞式液压缸、起重器和柱塞液压缸、起重器和柱塞的基本术语可以被看作为同义词。
通常首先描述的是其基本质特征，“jack”通常用来描述，应用于起重器中的液压缸，而且在大多数应用驱动器的特定工业场合来提供起重装置，“ram”经常被应用于高输出力的大型、重型液压缸，其它一些权威书籍可能将“ram”定义为活塞和杆是相同直径的液压缸，尽管这种液压缸更准确的应该被叫做柱塞式油缸，或置换式液压缸，这些形式的液压缸单一作用式并有其相对的应用局限。
液压缸可为单作用式，在单作用液压缸情况下，运动由弹簧或某种外力或重力使活塞返回到起始位置时释放压力来完成，在这种情况下弹簧返回，再液压条件下可获得的输出力可以被弹簧抗力所减轻。
双作用液压缸再普通应用场合是最常用的，液流上被安装液压缸两端，被选择器交替实现输入口，输出口作用。
最大的可获得的输出的仅比单作用液压缸所获得的输出稍小些，因为当液体压力被反向加压时组织泄露，因而增加了摩擦力抵抗运动。
在反向运动时，可获得的力会由于活塞和杆面积的不同而降低了活塞作用面积减少，反向压力也是存在的，这种性能损失也许会很小，但在实际中明显地减少理论性能，而且液压缸的理论性能是有一定规格的，允许的公称公差以适应摩擦损失。
大多数的液压缸是单杆式的，双杆式的液压缸可能被应用在要求特高刚度下。
对于双作用式液压缸，冲压力在伸出和缩回是相等的，这里可以估计到相比在相同直径的液压缸由于杆的封闭作用，摩擦力也会两端的密封杆和密封轴承而增大。
液压缸被广泛用于工业液体系统中，这些液压缸也别称为线性原动机或往复原动机。
通常液压缸由循环管，活塞和杆运动处两侧的密封组织，活塞杆可被设计在液压缸的一侧或两侧，围绕活塞杆向液压缸外的液体温度可以由正确设计的还有密封垫用途的应用。
再这当中我们将学习各种类型的液压缸以及它们是如何应用的液压缸的用途会对工业水利学的学习有很大帮助。
(二) 液压动力钳的发展近年来，随着我国国民经济的持续快速发展，我国的石油消费量逐年增加。
2002年达到2．457亿吨，排名已超过日本，成为继美国之后的第二大石油消费国。
相比之下，我国石油机械制造生产增长比较缓慢，供需矛盾日益突出。
而现在人类的机械创新的不断进步，使机械代替了人。
以前在油田修井时或者下油管时，管与管连接时是用管钳来上扣和卸扣，现在使用这种液压钳，就给人类带来很多方便，使工作效率和安全系数提高，也减少了很多井口的工作人员，因此这是油田经常使用的卸管工具。
针对修井作业中人力上卸抽油杆螺纹效率低,劳动强度大,又不能保证不同规格抽油杆所要求的上扣扭矩等问题,研制了液压抽油杆钳,这种抽油杆钳由主钳,手动换向阀,液压马达,底钳,弹簧吊筒和调节弹簧等组成,在设计中省掉了转速换挡机构,同时通过改变制动板上压簧螺栓的结构,解决了制动板减薄时颚板滚子爬坡力量不足这一技术难题，介绍了这种抽油杆钳的工作原理!主要技术参数和室内试验情况，现场应用结果表明,采用液压抽油杆钳可大大减少抽油杆脱扣次数,提高修井质量和修井速度。
但液压元件的制造精度和密封性能要求高，加工和安装都比较困难。
泄漏难以避免，并且油液有一定的可压缩性，因此，传动比不能恒定，不适用于传动比要求严格的场合。
泄漏引起的能量损失（称容积损失），是液压传动中主要的能量损失，此外油液在管道中受到的阻力及机械摩擦等也引起一定的能量损失，致使液压传动的效率较低。
油液的黏度随温度而变化，当油温变化时，会直接影响传动机构的工作性能。
此外，在低温条件或高温条件下采用液压传动有较大的困难。
油液中渗入空气时，会产生噪声，容易引起振动和爬行（运动速度不均匀），影响传动的平稳。
维修保养较困难，工作量大。
当液压系统产生故障时，故障原因不易查找，排除困难等通过设计优化减少负影响。
目前，国外钻杆动力钳的种类很多，而且产品性能及质量都相对稳定，特别是他们产品的体积与输出扭矩不会成比例变化，即使动力钳输出扭矩相当大时，其产品的体积也不会增加多少，因而适用于现场需要。
而国内产品还处在研发和改进阶段，产品性能及质量都有待进一步提高，国内产品的体积和重量都随输出扭矩的增大而增大，从而导致无法适用于某些大型钻管。
近10年来，中国国内生产动力钳有所增长，但相比国外我国动力钳结构复杂不方便使用与维护，使用期短等缺点，所以我国正大力发展动力钳设计改造，达到世界水平。
(三) 钻井设备与技术钻井设备第一需要是配备扭矩为三十万ft/lbs的电力装置，安装在直径21米的海上平台上，是两年前印尼研制的项目。
这个安装交叉生产线项目范围其中包括建筑连接10万多FT配对扭矩和20多万配对液压扭矩。
这些新型的螺纹连接是专为生产海上平台和输出扭矩建设的。
新型螺纹的生产极力用于海上浮动平台管道连接，当面临巨大的海浪的力量，并夹杂着水流不断的冲击，可起着稳固平台的艰巨任务。
这些参数是完全按照设计要求和建设需求去做的。
21-300型钳子也是为设计而生产的配套产品。
以上产品在不到12个月里，完成设计、建造、测试实验室，可迅速完成建设投入使用。
在新产品中包括新概念的液压马达系统，以液压马达启动和组合泵、工程液压系统内都具有独立转子堂.这些都成功用在海上平台。
这种新概念马达的体积和重量是以前没有过的可带动旋转。
在其它一些项目中也应用了包括专门设计框架伺服支持的框架。
而且装置都提供了遥控和完全的电子计算机操作。
技术要求扭矩输出力所需螺纹生产建筑连接的技术要求包括大型辐射干扰，并且之间有内在联系。
大扭矩要求"预先装载"的扭矩后线干扰,能顶住了动力海洋和抗压力。
这种事先装配的装置叫做三角扭矩，它有着全功能的重要通道,是决定性的机械方面的机械摩擦装置，缓冲、解压等功能，可使几何扭矩高达输出扭矩的2至3倍。
而且有其共同点就是扭矩输出最小15万余FT/，最大高达30万FT。
这些典型参数都是技术上所必须的，很好的利用在建筑上是很容易解决综合技术所需的理论。
综合扭矩抗压反应则需重新设计新概念，找住典型的生产建筑技术是必要的，设计不可缺少的因素。
发展构想对这些概念进行讨论,以便找出最佳设计方案. 常规力量经常用动力钳凸轮曲线的形状进行系统内容的分析. 优点是依靠着力量直接应用输出的扭矩上,这是特别重要的，而且外壳和管道连接所需最大扭矩值三十万FT/配对,但需要相当高的输出扭矩系统提供比凸轮曲线，以便解决利用液压系统带动动力钳夹紧管箍，并按标准规定设计。
这些技术可用在有<系统启动水压调节式独立液压驱动的汽车电路上，还可以用在液压钳弹簧转子上。
然后是马达、泵股(在备份和堂)由水压驱动的汽车上,塘房的活塞泵装上塘生产转子液压筒的冲击，活塞泵的活塞上装有6门的装置运动，两个活塞泵供应压力增大每个液压缸.这可确保每个铣镗得到同样数量的油量,确保完成整个工作过程。
动力安排它把两种不同的装备系统,可以把行星减速器装置的运行模式两个(外壳和建筑模式)和液压装置,总共将包括轮换速度从0.2-16分钟.三个平行驱动液压汽车外壳堂位于轮换分起床,从西三面部队驾驶系统.大型工具扶轮成绩封闭和轮换的建筑-听着. 机械动力传递的液压马达将加强扶轮来往.扶轮是一具大直径装置已分三节,关键在于构件和机制. 小扶轮起开放部分渔具建筑包围,然后设法接近工作的同时,门闩建筑国内直径的地面装备有加的打击部队,这是一个单独的驱动马达/泵股之上的情况下,确保液压堂在轮换.该装置由三个液压汽车列车装在一个单独的行星变速器堂扶轮社的房屋. 每个液压马达直接带动了鸟羽,进而扶轮驱动装置.自由浮动自由浮动的备份在钳子之下克制它从行动在管道附近当扭矩是应用的。
会导致可能的安全危险在高扭矩值钳子可能提供的备用线路不必需。
它并且包含三个水力夹紧的磁道提供肯定的字符串夹子以最大扣人心弦的强制。
自由浮动的类型回应系统消灭所有剪和弯曲的负荷横跨工具联接, 服从联接只对扭力负荷和因此使残损的线程数侧面或肩膀减到最小风险由擦伤。
可分开的自由浮动的备份(通过水喉) 与钳子机械上和水力被链接和对连接数线程数差旅自已补偿在构成和包围突破方向。
压电池(扭矩磁道) 适合在钳子和备份之间和, 由选择, 可能被使用记录构成或包围突破扭矩。
三个下颌提供夹住的平均值。
一个扣人心弦的系统相似和在钳子(还以分开的水力电路) 保证水力夹紧的磁道的一个中心夹紧的活动。
备用夹紧的范围被设计容纳在衣领直径上所有变化在他们有名无实的范围范围之内从通过最大24米直径。
扭矩评定弯曲的和剪切力被自由浮动的备用系统消灭当这些强制对称地被分配入扭矩过帐, 允许应用的扭矩的评定非常准确地被做。
扭矩评定的系统与力量钳子被结合以自由浮动的备份消灭动摆和额外干涉的强制。
结果, 构成和包围突破扭矩可能被评定以同样准确性。
扭矩负荷被评定以一个有效的压缩类型压电池。
强制直接地被评定在自由浮动的备份的扭矩回应系统之内。
如果需要, 构成或包围突破与造反者钳子21-300 可能是受控的使用记录扭矩轮图形当化妆的torque/turn 系统(或中断) 连接数。
那止步不前构成进程当被预先选定的最佳扭矩值被到达。
许多生产造反者连接今天被使用外部被担负和要求"预先输入" 那些肩膀保证他们将承受弯曲的重音由环境造成当不取消。
这由申请达到"三角洲扭矩" 向连接数在连接数担负了之后。
制造商要求, 这三角洲扭矩是应用和受控的在非常紧的容差之内。
新建私有的软件被设计分析连接数torque/turn 数据在实时, 然后运用被预先决定的相当数量三角洲扭矩或三角洲轮向连接数为最终构成。
钳子操纵造液压钳子21-300型被设计了以各种各样的类型船具在头脑里。
钳子可能或者被暂停从推力磁道和被操作到/从好的中心以Weatherford 力量范围, 或另一选项将集成造反者钳子21-300 Weatherford 轨行力量框架和伺服框架系统。
取决于申请, 所有钳子的功能可能被控制或直接地从水力控制面板在钳子的边或通过一个遥控盘区。
遥控可能是成功的通过航空在水力控制或电子与钳子是电子控制系统的整体部分。
在这种情况下, 钳子和钳子承运人设备可能被连接到船的区域管理系统防止碰撞在不同的设备譬如力量框架, 顶层驱动器, 或管道操作系统之间。
案件历史记录一、21-300型钳子被传送了为西方Seno 紧张行程平台(TLP) 由管理在海峡在印度尼西亚。
挑战被存在对Weatherford 将运行大3,000 ft 13 3/8钢框(在泥线路之下), 钛逐渐变细的重音联接(天桥联接), 和大约3,000 ft 生产造反者(在泥线路之上) 如同一个字符串在一个严重地偏离的未结漏洞。
生产者包括了联接以焊接在连接在要求得超过的高重音面积100,000 ft/lbs 做输出扭矩, 并且专门研究穿线的和耦合的连接为字符串的余数在泥之上排行。