机械专业毕业设计外文翻译

本科毕业设计外文翻译

装载机

Loader Overview

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Loader Overview

The main function of the loader shovel of loose material and short-distance transport operations. It is the fastest growing engineering machinery, machine production and sales and market demand one. We usually see the largest wheel loaders, it is acrawler loaders. Crawler than it has good mobility, does not destroy the road surface, easy to operate, etc.. Wheel loaders has been widely used.

A loader (also known as: bucket loader, front loader, front end loader, payloader, scoop loader,shovel, skip loader, and/or wheel loader) is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on tracks, that has a front-mounted square wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (arms) to scoop up loose material from the ground, such as dirt, sand or gravel, and move it from one place to another without pushing the material across the ground. A loader is commonly used to move a stockpiled material from ground level and deposit it into an awaiting dump truck or into an open trench excavation.

Loaders in general by the chassis, powertrain, running gear, working device, steeringbrake, hydraulic system and operating system.

The basis of the loader classification is the Society of Automotive Engineers of America (SAE) rated capacity of the bucket. The classification is based on the largest general purpose bucket offered by the manufacturer or the bucket size adopted by the Contractor, whichever is the lesser.The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools—for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper. The bucket can also be augmented with devices like a bale grappler for handling large bales of hay or straw.

Large loaders, such as the Kawasaki 95ZV-2, John Deere 844K, Caterpillar 950H, V olvo L120E, Case 921E, or Hitachi ZW310 usually have only a front bucket and are called Front Loaders, whereas small loader tractors are often also equipped with a small backhoe and are called backhoe loaders or loader backhoes or JCBs, after the company that first invented them.

The largest loader in the world is LeTourneau L-2350. Currently these large loaders are in production in the Longview, Texas facility. The L-2350 uses a diesel electric propulsion system similar to that used in a locomotive. Each rubber tired wheel is driven by its own independent electric motor.

Komatsu-integrated design offers the best value, reliability, and versatility. Hydraulics,

powertrain, frame, and all other major components are engineered by Komatsu. You get a 18machine whose components are designed to work together for higher production, greater reliability, and more versatility. Komatsu’s highly productive, innovative technology, environmentally friendly machines built for the 21st century.

Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoecan. The capacity of a loader bucket can be anywhere from 0.5 to 36 m3 depending upon the size of the machine and its application. The front loader's bucket capacity is generally much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader.

Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp edged materials in construction debris would damage rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks, but provide less traction.

In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials - such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances.

Front loaders are commonly used to remove snow especially from sidewalks, parking lots, and other areas too small for using snowplows and other heavy equipment. They are sometimes used as snowplows with a snowplow attachment but commonly have a bucket or snowbasket, which can also be used to load snow into the rear compartment of a snowplow or dump truck.

High-tip buckets are suitable for light materials such as chip, peat and light gravel and when the bucket is emptied from a height.

Loaders bucket characteristics

1.Bucket edge for super-hard wear resistant steel plate up to 500 Brinell hardnessfor long

life.

2.Bucket shell and side Brinell hardness of 400 to resist abrasive

wear. Installed bythe enhanced treatment of attachment hinge points to reduce Wear and tear.

3.bucket cutting blade for resistance to abrasive wear of steel, Brinell hardness of

500. Resistant liner installed in the bucket on the floor by

The bolt may be replaced, the Brinell hardness of 500.

4. bolt and the edge of savings and staging to prevent unnecessary wear of thecutting

edge.

5. V olvo bucket tooth system is equipped with a bolt or weld type connector, theBrinell

hardness of 515, with best interpolation into the depth and the smaller the wear and tear.

Skid-steer Loader Features

1. The round-back bucket design is stronger with no angled corners. This configuration

makes it easier to fill and dump —improving productivity.

2. The ROPS/FOPS structure protects and shields the operator.

3. A total of four exterior lights help to illuminate any job site day or night.

4. A safety system locks lift, tilt and drive systems when the operator leaves the seat,

raises the seat bar, or turns off the ignition switch. The brakes are wet-type multiple discs that require no maintenance.

5. Heavy-duty tires are standard —matching the durability of the skid-steer.

6. The rugged all-welded unitized frame is constructed of .375-inch gauge steel for years

of productivity. Step bushings are placed in all key pivot areas to increase strength and reduce stress.

7. A wider wheelbase provides for a smooth ride and more balance for stability with

heavier loads. A 9-inch ground clearance allows easy maneuverability through mud and other terrain.

8. Hydraulic lines are protected within the loader arm.

9. Mustang features a self-leveling vertical lift.

10. The advanced hydraulic system affords longer service intervals and comes with a sight glass for quick and easy fluid level inspections.

11. A drop-down step makes it convenient to check engine and maintenance Points.

This wheel loader offers two selectable engine operating modes —Normal and Power. The operator can adjust the machine’s engine performance to match the condition requirements. This system is controlled with a dial on the right side control panel.

（1）Normal Mode: provides maximum fuel efficiency for most general loading conditions.

（2）Power Mode: provides maximum power output for hard digging conditions or hill climb

operations.

2 Automatic Transmission with Four Mode Select System

This operator controlled system allows the selection of manual shifting or three levels of automatic shifting modes (low, medium, and high). The operator can match the machine’s operating requirements with optimum performance efficiency. This system is controlled with a dial on the right side of the control panel.

（1）Manual: The transmission is fixed to the gear speed and selected with the gear shift lever.

（2）Auto Low: Low mode provides smooth gear shifting at low engine speeds

suitable for general excavating and loading while offering reduced fuel consumption.

（3）Auto Medium: Medium mode provides gear shifting at mid-range engine speeds required for more aggressive conditions.

（4）Auto High: High mode provides maximum rim pull and fast cycle times by

shifting the transmission at high engine speeds. This mode is suitable for hill-climb and load and carry operations..

Unlike backhoes or standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to "steer" his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which can be useful. The tradeoff is that when the machine is "twisted" to one side and a heavy load is lifted high, it has a greater risk of turning over to the "wide" side.

Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in urban engineering projects and small earthmoving works. Heavy equipment manufacturers offer a wide range of loader sizes and duties.The term "loader" is also used in the debris removal field to describe the boom on a grapple truck.

The Israeli Combat Engineering Corps use armored Caterpillar 966 wheel loader for construction and combat engineeringmissions in hostile territories such as the West Bank. They are often seen building or removing road blocks, building bases and fortifications and starting in 2005, demolishing small houses. The IDF added armor plating for the loader, protecting it against rocks, stones, molotov cocktails, and light gunfire.

Rio de Janeiro's police elite squad BOPE have recently acquired one wheel loader of military purposes to open routes and make way for the police in Rio de Janeiro's slums, which are controlled, and blocked, by drug dealers.

These loaders are a popular addition to tractors from 50 to 200 hp. Its current 'drive-in' form was originally designed and developed in 1958 by a company called Quicke. They were developed to perform a multitude of farming tasks, and are popular due to their relatively low cost (compared toTelehandler) and high versatility. Tractor loaders can be fitted with many attachments such as hydraulic grabs and spikes to assist with bale and silagehandling, forks for pallet work, and buckets for more general farm activities.

Popular additions to compact utility tractors and farm tractors are Front End Loaders, also referred to as a FEL. Compact utility tractors, also called CUTs are small tractors, typically with 18 to 50 horsepower (37 kW) and used primarily for grounds maintenance and landscape chores. There are 2 primary designs of compact tractor FELs, the traditional dogleg designed style and the curved arm style.

John Deere Tractor manufactures a semi-curved loader design that does not feature the one piece curved arm, but also is not of the traditional two piece design. New Holland Ag introduced a compact loader with a one piece curved arm on its compact utility tractors, similar one piece curved arm loaders are now available on compact tractors on many brands including Case/Farmall, and some Montana and Kioti tractors. Kubota markets traditional loader designs on most of its compact tractors but now features a semi-curved loader design similar to the John Deere loader design on several of its small tractors.

While the Front End Loaders on CUT size tractors are capable of many tasks, given their relatively small size and low capacities when compared to commercial loaders, the compact loaders can be made more useful with some simple options. A Toothbar is commonly added to the front edge of a loader bucket to aid with digging. Some loaders are equipped with a quick coupler, otherwise known as a Quick Attach (QA) system, the QA system allows the bucket to be removed easily and other tools to be added in its place. Common additions would include a set of Pallet Forks for lifting pallets of goods or a Bale Spear for lifting hay bales.

A skid loader is a small loader utilizing four wheels with hydraulic drive that directs power to either, or both, sides of the vehicle. Very similar in appearance and design is the track loader, which utilizes a continuous track on either side of the vehicle instead of the wheels. Since the expiration of Bobcat's patent on its quick-connect system, newer tractor models are standardizing on that popular format for front end attachments.

A swing loader is a rigid frame loader with a swinging boom. The boom can swing 180 degrees or more. Swingloaders are primarily used by the railroad industry to lay rail. Like other loaders many attachments can be attached to the boom such as magnets, forks, and buckets. Smaller swingloaders are used in farming applications for loading out. A swinging boom is advantageous where space is limited. The loader is able to lift on all sides and dump off on all sides.

At present, foreign multi-functional logistics equipment and related technologies are increasingly improved, and development series, large-scale, miniaturization, multi-purpose and other direction. Internationally renowned manufacturers (such as Lynx, Case, Caterpillar, Komatsu, liebherr, V olvo, etc.) widely used in microelectronics and information technology, and improve computer-aided driving systems, information management systems, such as the application of electronic monitoring and automatic alarm system, materials used for precision fitted, upload, GPS positioning and weight of the operation of industry automatic weighing device; the use of special noise reduction materials, noise suppression to eliminate or reduce machine noise in the loader work; through continuous improvement EFI devices to further reduce exhaust emissions of diesel engines, non-polluting, economical, environmentally friendly power plant; optimize the structural design of the working device, such as a single "Z"-type linkage evolution of the eight parallel institutions, TP linkage and ERASLINK "institutions (single-action arm cast steel structure), and O & K is designed

specifically for small multi-function loader LEAR linkage in order to improve the operating productivity of the loader, have developed many of the features ultra- strong systems, such as: power electronics control / management system automatically adjusts the engine output power; engine automatic control system, when the loader in a non-working condition, automatically reduces engine speed, reducing fuel consumption and engine noise; key information display systemand so on. Loader industry leading products are basically developed in the early 1970s Liugong ZL50-based development, an international technical level of the 1960s. In the 1980's digestion and absorption of advanced technology in the United States, Caterpillar, Komatsu of Japan, and gradually the successful development of the second generation wheel loader. Compared to China's second-generation products with international advanced products in the mechanical and electrical integration, manipulation of comfort, operating efficiency, a wide gap between the biggest gap is the product reliability, domestic multi-function loader machine reliability (average time between failures is less than 400 hours), lack of core technology and key components are imported, and products a single, low-grade products. Although domestic loaders and related technical work started late, but soon the pace of development, such as multi-function loader sales have accounted for half of the loader market in the world, China has become the world's multi-function loader production and marketing power.

China Loader Industry has the third-generation products. The third-generationmachine reliability is greatly improved, the main performance indicators largely withthe international advanced level. However, in reliability, comfort, operational efficiency and manufacturing levels of baking and foreign advanced level there is a considerable gap. Fourth-generation product in the third generation on the basis offurther optimization of the overall performance and configuration, the electric control box, wet brake technology has been applied, and formed a proprietary technologyand patented technologies in enterprises, so that product with a new face to the market. These will further promote the technological progress of China's loader industry.

Microelectronics and information technology will be widely used, further improve thecomputer-aided driving systems, information management systems and fault diagnosis system; single sound-absorbing material, the noise suppression methodsto eliminate or reduce machine noise; through continuous improvement of the fuel injection device further reduce exhaust emissions of diesel engines. In addition tothese, but: multifunctional bucket, ripper, liquid Village hammer, snow, etc. a variety of devices, small size, power, lightweight and flexible, and better fuel economy, increased cab size and glazing area, improve the indoor air pressure to the dust, to improve the control system and the joystick position to improve the operating environment of comfort, reduce the operator's labor intensity, and beautify theappearance. Particular because of China's mining loader started late, whether it isproduct variety, performance parameters, or the use of reliability, after-sales serviceand so on, and abroad there is a considerable gap. Therefore, the trend of its development is the

introduction of foreign advanced technology to develop high-quality, multi-functional, multi-species, multi-standard range of products to increase market competitiveness; strengthen basic components, parts production and quality, in particular, is to improve the hydraulic the quality of the components, in order to achieve to meet the requirements of the premise of the product reliability,reduce product cost; improve the quality of service products.

Half of the market, China has become the world's multi-function loader production and marketing power.

装载机

装载机是一个通常用于建筑的重型设备，主要用于将材料（等asasphalt，拆除杂物，灰尘，雪，饲料，砾石，原木，矿物原料，再生材料，岩石，沙，木屑）装入另一种类型的机械（如自卸车，输送带，进料斗，或车厢）。它对于减轻劳动强度，加快工程建设速度，提高工程质量起着重要的作用。

装载机的主要功能是对松散物料进行铲装及短距离运输作业。它是工程机械中发展最快、产销量及市场需求最大的机种之一。我们平时看到最多的是轮式装载机，与它相对的是履带式的装载机。与履带式的相比它具有机动性能好，不破坏路面，操作方便等优点。所以轮式装载机得到广泛的应用。

装载机（又称：斗装载机，前装载机，前端装载机，铲装载机，铲，翻斗，或轮式装载机）是一种类型的拖拉机，通常采用轮式，有时使用轨道，有正面安装方方形宽斗，连接到两个繁荣（武器），从地上收集松散材料，如灰尘，沙子或砂砾，并从一个地方移动到另一个。装载机常被用来移动堆存物料,从地面,把堆存物料倒进一个等待中的自卸汽车或倒进一个开放的挖掘中的坑道。

装载机一般由车架、动力传动系统、行走装置、工作装置、转向制动装置、液压系统和操纵系统等组成。

装载机分类是根据美国机动工程协会认定的存储桶量来分类的。无论是小容积的，

分类是根据制造商提供最大容存储桶量或者承包商采用的存储桶量来制定的。

装载机装配可能是一个可拆卸的附件，也可以是永久性安装。往往斗可以与其他设备互相更换，例如，许多装载机可以增加装载叉来举升很沉重的托盘或者船运集装箱，并且一个液压开放式的“翻盖”斗允许装载机作为轻型推土机或刮刀。铲斗也可以向处理大捆干草或秸秆捆抓斗设备扩充。

大型装载机，例如川崎95ZV-2，844K约翰迪尔，卡特彼勒950H，沃尔沃L120E，凯斯921E，或日立ZW310，通常只有前斗，被称为推土机，而小型装载机拖拉机往往还配备了一个小的反向铲，被称为挖土机和挖掘装载机，或者装载挖土机， JCBs公司首先发明的。

小松集成设计可获得最大的价值、最高的可靠性与多功能性。液压系统、传动装置、机

架等主要部件均由小松制造。机械部件通过设计使其共同协调工作，以获得更大的生产能力、更高的可靠性和更多的功能。小松的高生产率、技术创新与环境友好型机械产品为21世纪而制造。

世界上最大的装载机是莱图尔诺L - 2350。目前，这些大型装载机在得克萨斯州的朗维尤工厂生产。L-2350采用类似机车使用的柴油电力推进系统。每个的橡胶轮胎由它自己独立的电动马达驱动。

挖掘装载机主要用于往卡车上搬运物料，铺设管道，清理废墟。装载机不是最有效的挖掘机械，因为它挖不了太深。装载机铲斗的容量可以从0.5至36 m3 不等，这取决于装载机的型号及其应用。前装载机的斗容量是一般远远比挖掘装载机铲斗容量更大。

不同于大多数推土机，大多数装载机轮式，没有履带，尽管最常见的还是履带式装载机。它们在处理建筑垃圾中的锐边材料很有效，因为这些建筑垃圾材料会割坏橡

胶轮，或是用在地面是软的，泥泞的地方。车轮提供更好的机动性和速度，比履带对铺设的道路造成的损害要小，但提供的牵引力也小。

在建筑领域的装载机也可用于在短距离内运输建筑材料，如砖，管道，金属条，挖掘工具。

推土通常用来去除雪，特别是从人行道，停车场，和其他使用扫雪机和其他重型设备作用小的地方。他们有时被用来作为扫雪机的附件，但通常有一个水桶或乘雪筐，这也可以用来加载到扫雪机或自卸卡车车厢后部。

高尖端铲斗适用于轻质材料，如芯片，泥炭和轻砾石和水桶从高处被清空。

装载机铲斗特点

1.铲斗棱边为超硬耐磨钢板，布氏硬度达到500，具有较长的使用寿命。

2.铲斗壳体与侧板的布氏硬度达400,以抵抗磨料磨损。经强化处理的附件安装铰点减少了磨损。

3.铲斗切削刀刃为抗磨料磨损钢材，布氏硬度达500。铲斗底板上安装有耐磨衬板，由螺栓紧固可更换，布氏硬度为500。

4.螺栓紧固的边缘节省块和分段防止了切削刃的不必要磨损。

5.沃尔沃斗齿系统配备有螺栓紧固型或焊接型连接器，布氏硬度达515，具有最佳的插入深度和较小的磨损。

轮式装载机特点

1. 圆弧底铲斗设计更加坚固，没有死角。这种结构使铲斗更加容易装载和

倾卸物料，从而提高了生产率。

2. 防倾翻/防落物驾驶室结构保护了驾驶员的安全。

3.四个外部照明灯设置可在白天或夜晚照亮施工现场。

4.当驾驶员离开座椅、提起座椅横杆或者关闭启动开关时，安全系统将锁定

提升、倾翻和驱动系统。

5. 使用重型标准轮胎，适应滑移转向的耐久性要求。

6. 全焊接整体车架由0.375英寸工具钢建造，坚固耐用，满足长期生产能力

要求。重要枢轴均采用阶梯衬套，以便增加强度和减小应力。

7. 较宽的轴距保证了平稳行驶，重载作业更加稳定。

8.液压管路设置于装载机动臂内部受到保护。

9. 野马牌装载机的特点是具有自找平垂直提升特性。

10. 先进的液压系统可提供较长的工作时间，并配置了玻璃液面计，以便于

检查液压油面高度。

11. 下落式台阶设置便于发动机和保养点的检查。

小松集成设计可获得最大的价值、最高的可靠性与多功能性。液压系统、传动装置、机架等主要部件均由小松制造。机械部件通过设计使其共同协调工作以获得更大的生产能力、更高的可靠性和更多的功能。小松的高生产率、技术创新与环境友好型机械产品为21世纪而制造。

本轮式装载机设置了两个可选发动机工作模式——正常与动力工作模

式。驾驶员可以调节机器发动机特性，使其与工况要求相匹配。这一调节系统用

右控制台上的旋钮进行控制。

（1）正常工作模式：在大多数负载条件下提供最大的燃油效率。

（2）动力工作模式：在坚硬土壤挖掘条件下或在爬坡行驶时提供最大的动

力输出。

四工作模式自动变速箱

这一由驾驶员控制的系统允许其进行人力换挡或三级（低、中、高）自动

换挡模式选择。驾驶员能够使作业要求与最佳性能相匹配。这一系统由控制台上