上海杨浦区补习班新王牌初中人气化学步H老师知识点汇总

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初三化学沪教版知识点大全

初三化学沪教版知识点大全

初三化学沪教版知识点大全初三化学沪教版学问点有哪些你知道吗?化学是自然科学的重要组成部分。

义务教育阶段的化学课程,可以帮忙同学理解化学对社会进展的作用,一起来看看初三化学沪教版学问点最新,欢迎查阅!初三化学沪教版学问点1、基本反应类型:化合反应:多变一分解反应:一变多置换反应:一单换一单复分解反应:互换离子2、常见元素的化合价(正价):一价钾钠氢与银,二价钙镁钡与锌,三价金属元素铝;一五七变价氯,二四五氮,硫四六,三五有磷,二四碳;一二铜,二三铁,二四六七锰特殊。

3、试验室制取氧气的步骤:“茶(查)、庄(装)、定、点、收、利(离)、息(熄)”“查”检查装置的气密性“装”盛装药品,连好装置“定”试管固定在铁架台“点”点燃酒精灯进行加热“收”收集气体“离”导管移离水面“熄”熄灭酒精灯,停止加热。

4、用CO还原氧化铜的试验步骤:“一通、二点、三灭、四停、五处理”“一通”先通氢气,“二点”后点燃酒精灯进行加热;“三灭”试验完毕后,先熄灭酒精灯,“四停”等到室温时再停止通氢气;“五处理”处理尾气,防止CO污染环境。

5、电解水的试验现象:“氧正氢负,氧一氢二”:正极放出氧气,负极放出氢气;氧气与氢气的体积比为1:2。

6、组成地壳的元素:养闺女(氧、硅、铝)7、原子最外层与离子及化合价形成的关系:“失阳正,得阴负,值不变”:原子最外层失电子后形成阳离子,元素的化合价为正价;原子最外层得电子后形成阴离子,元素的化合价为负价;得或失电子数=电荷数=化合价数值。

8、化学试验基本操作口诀:固体需匙或纸槽,一送二竖三弹弹;块固还是镊子好,一横二放三慢竖。

液体应盛细口瓶,手贴标签再倾倒。

读数要与切面平,仰视偏低俯视高。

滴管滴加捏胶头,垂直悬空不玷污,不平不倒不乱放,用完清洗莫遗忘。

托盘天平须放平,游码旋螺针对中;左放物来右放码,镊子夹大后夹小。

试纸测液先剪小,玻棒沾液测最好。

试纸测气先潮湿,粘在棒上向气靠。

酒灯加热用外焰,三分之二为界限。

上海补习班初三化学讲义_新王牌教育

上海补习班初三化学讲义_新王牌教育

_____。
精解名题
1.判断哪些属于化学变化(

A. 食物腐败
B. 钢铁生锈
C. 用自来水制蒸馏水
D. 灯泡通电后发光
E. 镁带燃烧
F. 将小麦磨成面粉
G. 粮食酿酒
H. 蒸发食盐水
I. 干冰(固态二氧化碳 ) 汽化
J. 钢铁门窗生锈
K. 木材加工成桌椅
L. 湿衣服经太阳晒干
M. 蜡烛熔化
2.化学变化的本质特征是 (
根据这些变化可以帮助我们判断化学变化,但并不是有 这些现象的变化均是化学变化。如:电灯发光发热就属于物理变化。 【举例说明】木棒折断、酒精擦去油污、自行车爆胎、水变成水蒸气、干冰升华、原子弹爆 炸、焰色反应等均属于物理变化。
钢铁生锈、镁带燃烧、火药爆炸、食品腐败、白磷自燃等均属于化 学变化。 三、物理性质和化学性质 【基本概念】物理性质:不需要化学变化就能表现出来的性质。
D.化工生产中以煤为原料制取甲醇(CH3OH)
12.右图表示封闭在某容器中的少量液态水的微观示意图(该容器的活塞可以左右移动)。煮沸
后,液态水变成水蒸气。在这一过程中,发生的变化是 (
)
巩固练习
1.生活中常见爆炸现象中主要发生化学变化的是(

A.气球爆炸
B.高压锅爆炸
C.烟火爆炸 D.轮胎爆炸
2.下列物质的用途,是利用其化学性质的是(
4.观察蜡烛的燃烧过程,先是烛芯周围的蜡熔化(属于
变化),然后熔化的蜡烛再
燃烧(属于
变化),该过程说明

5.化学变化的实质是
,许多化学变化的过程中常伴随着一些
现象如
。有发热发光的变化一定是化
学变化吗?(
);电灯发光是

初中化学知识点总结上海

初中化学知识点总结上海

初中化学知识点总结上海初中化学是学生接触化学科学的起始阶段,它为学生提供了基础的化学知识和实验技能,培养了学生的科学探究能力。

本文将对初中化学的主要知识点进行总结,以上海地区使用的教材为依据。

# 1. 物质的组成- 原子和分子:物质由原子和分子组成,原子是化学反应的基本单位,分子则是由两个或多个原子通过化学键结合而成的。

- 元素:元素是由相同类型的原子组成的纯物质,元素周期表是化学的基础工具,它按照原子序数排列所有已知的元素。

- 化合物:由两种或两种以上不同元素的原子以固定比例结合而成的纯物质,具有与组成它的元素不同的性质。

# 2. 化学反应- 反应类型:包括合成反应、分解反应、置换反应和复分解反应等。

- 化学方程式:用化学符号和化学式表示化学反应的式子,可以表明反应物、生成物和反应条件。

- 守恒定律:在化学反应中,质量守恒、能量守恒和电荷守恒是基本的定律。

# 3. 物质的分类- 纯净物和混合物:纯净物是由单一种类的分子或原子组成的物质,混合物则是由两种或两种以上不同物质混合而成的。

- 酸和碱:酸是能够提供氢离子(H+)的物质,碱是能够提供氢氧根离子(OH-)的物质。

- 氧化物:由氧元素和其他元素结合形成的化合物。

# 4. 物质的性质- 物理性质:如颜色、状态(固态、液态、气态)、密度、熔点、沸点等。

- 化学性质:如氧化性、还原性、酸碱性等。

# 5. 常见物质- 气体:如氧气(O2)、氢气(H2)、二氧化碳(CO2)等。

- 金属和非金属:金属如铁(Fe)、铜(Cu),非金属如碳(C)、硫(S)。

- 盐:如氯化钠(NaCl)、硫酸钠(Na2SO4)等。

# 6. 溶液和溶解- 溶液:一种物质(溶质)分散在另一种物质(溶剂)中形成的均一混合物。

- 饱和溶液:在一定温度下,溶质在溶剂中达到最大溶解度的溶液。

- 溶解度:在一定温度下,特定量的溶剂中能够溶解的溶质的最大量。

# 7. 酸碱与pH值- pH值:表示溶液酸碱性的数值,pH 7为中性,小于7为酸性,大于7为碱性。

杨浦区暑假效果好的补习班 新王牌补习

杨浦区暑假效果好的补习班  新王牌补习

杨浦新王牌卤素复习 氯及其化合物考试大纲要求:1、 掌握氯气的性质、用途和实验室制法。

2、 了解氯的重要化合物的性质复习重点: 氯气的性质、用途和实验室制法一、氯气1.物理性质(1)色、味、态: _______色有_______气味的气体(2)密度: 比空气______(3)水溶性:_____溶于水(常温下,1体积水约能溶解______体积氯气)(4)易液化: 氯气 液氯2.化学性质 (1) 与金属的反应 Na + Cl 2 === 2NaCl (白烟) Cu + Cl 2 === CuCl 2 (_______色烟) 推广: 2Al + 3Cl 2 === 2AlCl 3 (白烟) 2Fe + 3Cl 2 === 2FeCl 3 (____色烟,注意:不生成FeCl 2)结论:氯气能与大多数金属反应,若金属有可变价态,则生成____价氯化物(2) 与非金属的反应点燃H 2 + Cl 2 === 2HCl (______色火焰,工业制HCl 原理)光照H 2 + Cl 2 === 2HCl (爆炸)点燃* 2P + 3Cl 2 === 2PCl 3 (液体)三氯化磷 (现象:白色___________) *PCl 3 + Cl 2 === PCl 5 (固体)五氯化磷结论:氯气能与许多非金属反应,反应中氯气一般作______________剂。

(3)与水的反应氯气溶于水得黄绿色的溶液----氯水。

在氯水中有少部分氯分子与水反应,大部分是以Cl 2分子状态存在于水中。

Cl 2 + H 2O === HCl + HClO (次氯酸)注意:(1)在新制的氯水中存在的微粒有:_____________________________;久置氯水则几乎是________________溶液①一元弱酸,酸性比H 2CO 3________②不稳定,见光分解:HClO ______________点燃 点燃 点燃 点燃点燃 常压,-34.6 C(2)HClO的基本性质③强氧化性;④漂白、杀菌能力,使有色布条、品红溶液等褪色,故氯水可用作_____________。

沪教版初中化学中考必背基础知识点整理归纳

沪教版初中化学中考必背基础知识点整理归纳

沪教版初中化学中考必背基础知识点整理归纳下面是沪教版初中化学中考必背基础知识点的整理归纳:1.原子结构:-原子是物质的基本单位,由质子、中子和电子组成。

-原子核由质子和中子组成,负电子围绕原子核运动。

-质子和中子的质量接近,电子质量远小于质子和中子。

2.元素和化合物:-元素是由相同类型的原子组成的物质。

-化合物是由不同类型的原子结合而成的物质。

3.元素周期表:-元素周期表按照元素的原子序数排列,由周期和族组成。

- 元素周期表左侧是金属,右侧是非金属和金属loid元素。

4.化学符号和化学式:-化学符号是表示元素的缩写,如H表示氢,O表示氧。

-化学式是表示化合物的符号和数字的组合,如H2O表示水。

5.实验室常用仪器和试剂:-测量体积的仪器有容量瓶、烧瓶、试管等。

-酸、碱和盐是实验室中常见的试剂。

6.反应方程式:-化学方程式表示化学反应的反应物和生成物,如H2+O2→H2O表示氢气和氧气生成水。

- 化学方程式中可以包含状态符号表示物质状态,如(g)表示气体,(s)表示固体,(l)表示液体,(aq)表示溶液。

7.质量守恒定律:-化学反应中,反应物的质量总和等于生成物的质量总和。

8.电子的移动和物质的导电性:-电子在导体中的自由移动导致了物质的导电性。

9.电解和离子:-电解是利用电能将化合物分解成离子的过程。

-离子是带有正电荷或负电荷的原子或原子团。

10.酸碱中和反应:-酸碱中和是指酸和碱反应生成盐和水的反应。

-酸通常以H开头,如盐酸(HCl)、硫酸(H2SO4)。

-碱通常以OH结尾,如氢氧化钠(NaOH)、氢氧化钾(KOH)。

-中和反应常用指示剂来判断反应的终点,如酸碱指示剂酚酞、溴酚蓝等。

11.化学能:-化学反应中产生或吸收的能量称为化学能。

12.氧化和还原:-氧化是指物质失去电子或增加氧原子的过程。

-还原是指物质获得电子或减少氧原子的过程。

-氧化还原反应是指氧化和还原同时进行的反应。

13.燃烧反应:-燃烧是指物质与氧气发生剧烈反应产生火焰、光、热等现象的过程。

上海九年级化学全部知识点(史上最全)

上海九年级化学全部知识点(史上最全)

上海九年级化学全部知识点(史上最全)初三化学总复知识点汇总变化与性质化学是一门研究物质组成、结构、性质以及变化规律的自然科学。

化学变化和物理变化的根本区别是是否产生新物质。

化学变化伴随着一些现象,如放热、发光、变色、放出气体、生成沉淀等。

物质有物理性质和化学性质。

物理性质包括状态、气味、熔沸点、硬度、密度、延展性、溶解性、挥发性、导电性、吸附性等。

化学性质包括氧化性、还原性、金属活动性、活泼性、稳定性、腐蚀性、毒性等。

我国的某些化学工艺,如造纸、制火药、烧瓷器,发明很早,对世界文明作出过巨大贡献。

组成与结构分子是保持物质化学性质的一种微粒。

原子是化学变化中的最小微粒。

例如,氯气是由氯气分子构成的,保持氯气化学性质的微粒就是氯气分子(Cl2)。

金属镁是由镁原子直接构成的,保持金属镁化学性质的微粒就是镁原子(Mg)。

由同种元素组成的纯净物叫单质。

由同种微粒构成的物质一定是纯净物。

纯净物与混合物的区别是物质的种类不同;单质和化合物的区别是元素的种类不同。

由两种元素组成的,其中一种是氧元素的化合物叫氧化物。

质量守恒定律在一切化学反应中,反应前后原子的种类没有改变,原子的数目没有增减,原子的质量也没有变化,因此反应前后各物质的质量总和相等。

书写化学方程式应遵守的两个原则是必须以客观事实为基础,要遵守质量守恒定律,“箭头”两边各原子的数目必须相等。

溶液溶液是均一稳定的混合物。

加水和升温可以增加溶质的溶解度,降温和蒸发溶剂可以使饱和溶液变成不饱和溶液。

熟石灰的温度变化恰好相反,饱和石灰水变成不饱和的石灰水的方法是加水和降温。

对于同一种溶质的溶液来说,在同一温度下,饱和溶液的浓度相同。

在20℃时,易溶物质的溶解度大于10g,可溶物质的溶解度在1g-10g之间,微溶物质的溶解度在0.01g-1g之间,难溶物质的溶解度小于0.01g。

混合物可以通过过滤(固液不溶)和结晶(固液互溶)分离。

溶解度受温度变化不大的物质可以通过蒸发溶剂的方法得到晶体,如NaCl。

上海初中化学知识点总结

上海初中化学知识点总结

上海初中化学知识点总结2022上海初中化学知识点总结一、水的组成1、水的组成:水是纯净物,是一种化合物。

从宏观分析,水是由氢、氧元素组成的,水是化合物。

从微观分析,水是由水分子构成的,水分子是由氢原子、氧原子构成的。

2、水的性质(1)物理性质:无色无味、没有味道的液体,沸点是100℃,凝固点是0℃,密度为1g/cm3,能溶解多种物质形成溶液。

(2)化学性质:水在通电的条件下可分解为氢气和氧气,水还可以与许多单质(金属、非金属)、氧化物(金属氧化物、非金属氧化物)、盐等多种物质反应。

二、氢气1、物理性质:无色无味的气体,难溶于水,密度比空气小,是相同条件下密度最小的气体。

2、化学性质——可燃性。

在空气(或氧气)中燃烧时放出大量的热,火焰呈淡蓝色,唯一的生成物是水。

注意:氢气与空气(或氧气)的混合气体遇明火可能发生爆炸,因此点燃氢气前,一定要先验纯。

(验纯的方法:收集一试管的氢气,用拇指堵住试管口,瓶口向下移进酒精灯火焰,松开拇指点火,若发出尖锐的爆鸣声表明氢气不纯,需再收集,再检验;声音很小则表示氢气较纯。

)三、分子1、定义:分子是保持物质化学性质的最小粒子。

2、分子的特征:(1)分子很小,质量和体积都很小(2)分子总是在不停地运动着,并且温度越高,分子的能量越大,运动速度也就越快。

(3)分子间有作用力和间隔。

不同的液体混合后的总体积通常不等于几种液体的体积简单相加,就是因为分子间有一定的作用力和间隔。

(热胀冷缩)四、原子1、定义:原子是化学变化中的最小粒子2、化学变化的实质:分子的分化和原子的重新组合。

3、分子与原子的比较:(1)原子是化学变化中的最小粒子;分子保持物质化学性质的最小粒子。

(2)同种原子性质相同;不同种原子性质不同。

(3)同种分子性质相同;不同种分子性质不同。

(4)原子在化学反应中不能再分。

在化学反应中,分子分裂成原子,由原子重新组合成新的分子。

初中化学考点知识化合反应1、镁在空气中燃烧:2Mg+O2点燃2MgO2、铁在氧气中燃烧:3Fe+2O2点燃Fe3O43、铝在空气中燃烧:4Al+3O2点燃2Al2O34、氢气在空气中燃烧:2H2+O2点燃2H2O5、红磷在空气中燃烧:4P+5O2点燃2P2O56、硫粉在空气中燃烧:S+O2点燃SO27、碳在氧气中充分燃烧:C+O2点燃CO28、碳在氧气中不充分燃烧:2C+O2点燃2CO9、二氧化碳通过灼热碳层:C+CO2高温2CO10、一氧化碳在氧气中燃烧:2CO+O2点燃2CO211、二氧化碳和水反应(二氧化碳通入紫色石蕊试液):CO2+H2O=H2CO312、生石灰溶于水:CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)213、无水硫酸铜作干燥剂:CuSO4+5H2O=CuSO4?5H2O14、钠在氯气中燃烧:2Na+Cl2点燃2NaCl分解反应15、实验室用双氧水制氧气:2H2O2 MnO2 2H2O+O2↑16、加热高锰酸钾:2KMnO4加热K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑17、水在直流电的作用下分解:2H2O通电2H2↑+O2↑18、碳酸不稳定而分解:H2CO3=H2O+CO2↑19、高温煅烧石灰石(二氧化碳工业制法):CaCO3高温CaO+CO2↑置换反应20、铁和硫酸铜溶液反应:Fe+CuSO4=FeSO4+Cu21、锌和稀硫酸反应(实验室制氢气):Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2↑22、镁和稀盐酸反应:Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2↑23、氢气还原氧化铜:H2+CuO加热Cu+H2O24、木炭还原氧化铜:C+2CuO高温2Cu+CO2↑25、甲烷在空气中燃烧:CH4+2O2点燃CO2+2H2O26、水蒸气通过灼热碳层:H2O+C高温H2+CO初三化学知识点总结1、分子是保持化学性质的最小微粒。

杨浦区初中补习班 最好的补习班 五角场新王牌

杨浦区初中补习班 最好的补习班 五角场新王牌

张老师秋季辅导材料八Part1Listening(第一部分听力)Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false.1.A new way to spend holidays is travel study.2.When you have a travel study,you only can see many beautiful sights.3.During the study travel,you have to speak English every day and almost everywhere.4.Traveling can help you make a lot of new friends.5.You can read all books of the past during the study travel.6.English-speaking teachers alone can help you improve English.7.You can get a chance to learn how to live by yourself during the travel study.Part2Vocabulary(第二部分词汇)I.根据音标写出单词,词性及中文词义1./'ækjurit/2./ə'meiziŋ/3./'kælkjuleit/4./kə'mju:nikeit/5./kəm'pli:t/6./di'veləp/7./in'vent/8./'liviŋ/9./'ləukəl/10./'nesisəri/11./pə'lait/12./'pauəful/13./sɔ:lt/14./'sə:vis/15./sɔlv/16./'ʃuəli/II.写出所给单词的词性及中文词义1.chain2.charge3.check4.course5.custom6.culture7.especially8.lecture9.lightning10.pack11.program12.response13.snack14.system15.wholeplete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms(用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成下列句子)1.With the(develop)of economy,China is becoming stronger and stronger.2.Who first(invention)the systems of numbers from1to9?3.On the(four)day,the sick boy came to life.4.The computer is such a machine that it can do a within seconds (calculator).5.There’s(little)than ten minutes left.Hurry up.6.It’s(near)eleven clock.You’d better go to bed.7.Scientists from all around the world want to know why all(live)things died at the end of the Cretaceous period(白垩纪).8.Children are not allowed to use some of the(electricity)appliances.9.Please tell Jane that a classmate of is going to visit her.(she)10.The skillful of a computer is hard to learn.(operate)11.The TV news reported the celebration of the old man’s birthday.(hundred)12.Wang Damin enjoys with his big birds.(fish)13.Do you need the of a lawyer?(serve)14.I’ll have two cups of tomato cups for.(start)15.Many after-class activities make our school life much more.(enjoy)plete the following sentences.The first letter has been given.(完成下列句子,首字母已给)1.It is r to see a man over160years old.2.The store sells big ones,small ones,m ones,or what have you.3.Let’s go Dutch.We’ll both pay half of the b.4.The restaurant has a service c of ten per cent.5.The moon sank b the hills.6.She took three c:reading,writing and mathematics.7.There are only a few days1before I’m going to face mid-term examination.8.She is very f of Chinese classical literature and has spent some time reading Tang and Song poetry.Part3Writing(第三部分写作)1.Write a passage of at least60words about“Computer and My Life”.The following questions are for your reference.●What do you usually do on the computer?●Do you think the computer is becoming more and more important in your life?●Why do you think so2.Write at least60words about the topic"My Favorite Dinner Party"(以“我最喜欢的宴会”为题,写一篇不少于60词的短文)Part4Reading(第四部分阅读)1.A.energeticB.endsC.eveningD.lowE.cycleF.highG.fitH.betterI.riseDo you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it’s painful?This might be called laziness,but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation.He has proved that everyone has a daily energy1During the hours when you labor through your work,you may say that you’re“hot”.That’s true.The time of day when you feel most2is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak.For some people the peak comes during the forenoon.For others it comes in the afternoon or evening.No one has discovered why this is so,but it leads to such familiar monologues as,“Get up,John!You’ll be late for work again!”The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the3Much family quarrelling4when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean,and which cycle each member of the family has.You can’t change your energy cycle,but you can learn to make your life5it better.Habit can help, Dr.Kleitman believes.Maybe you’re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway.Counteract(对抗)your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to.If your energy is6in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day,7before your usual hour.This won’t change your cycle,but you’ll get up steam and work8at your low point.Get off to a slow start which saves your energy.Get up with a leisurely yawn and stretch.Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor.Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before.Whenever possible,do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.2.Once,there was an old granny who was living alone in the mountains.She never felt lonely because she would go to the forests to see1there were any wounded animals every day.One day,she found a big tiger2on the ground shedding a lot of blood.The old granny thought:“I should do something quickly to rescue it.”So she went home to fetch medicine3Although the tiger was fatally wounded,after the careful treatment,the tiger recovered soon.The tiger decided to find a chance torepay the old lady4her kindness.One night,it had a heavy rain.The tiger came to the granny’s house5to hint(示意)with his head to ask the old granny to ride on his back.After that,the tiger ran away with the granny on his back.The old lady queered:“What is the matter?”But when she looked back,she found her house had collapsed6the erosion of the rain.She knew the tiger had come to rescue her.Later,the tiger asked many animals who had been treated by the old granny to build a big,solid house by a river.The old granny continued to rescue the wounded animals,and many animals had become her assistants.1.A.where B.why C.if D.asying B.lying C.dying D.waiting3.A.for the first time B.for the time being C.now and then D.in a hurry4.A.like B.with C.for D.from5.A.slowly B.suddenly C.frighteningly D.excitedly6.A.based on B.because of e to an end D.consist of3.The Japanese pay much attention to the lucky meanings of telephone numbers.The bathhouses,for example, like to use4626,because when read1Japanese,it has the same pronunciation as“having a good bath”.Both the clothes shops and the butcher’s like4129better than any other numbers because this number can 2be read as“good meat”or“nice clothes”.Since these numbers are3with something nice,people can remember them very easily.So they have become advertisements for the shops.4,there are also telephone numbers which are regarded as forbidden by the Japanese people.1564,for example,has the sound of“kill people”while the number4219has the5of“people die”.At present,there are about44million telephones in Japan,yet it is almost6for everyone to get a lucky number.So these numbers have become valuable and can be sold as goods.The price can reach as high as 222thousand Japanese yen.1.A.with B.about C.in D.along2.A.not B.never C.either D.even3.A.dealt B.designed C.connected D.consisted4.A.On one hand B.On the other handC.In my opinionD.In short5.A.voice B.sound C.noise D.ring6.A.possible B.changeable C.responsible D.impossible4.In almost all western restaurants you must find1table.Do not sit at a table where other people are already sitting.2there are no empty tables,wait in the area provided.It is not polite to stand behind people who are eating while you wait for them to finish.Sometimes you3wait a short time in the lobby when you first arrive,before a table is4The waiter will ask you if you prefer to sit in an area where smoking is allowed(允许)or not.Many public places in the West forbid(禁止)smoking altogether,others allow it only in one area.When you invite foreigners to dinner,always remember that foreigners do not eat the viscera(内脏),heads and feet of pigs or chickens.Usually the waitress will5the bill when you finish,but if you want to have it quickly,do not6 or you can call softly,Miss or Sir.You can put up your hand.If one person invites the others to a restaurant,he or she will pay.Otherwise people usually divide the cost.1.A.empty B.a empty C.the empty D.an empty2.A.Since B.If C.Why D.Though3.A.have to B.can C.may D.must4.A.clean B.dirty C.busy D.free5.A.take B.bring C.carry D.put6.A.speak B.cry C.shout D.call5.We all have three people within us.One of them is a parent,the other is an adult and the third is a child.The parent:when the parent in our head controls us we c1people,we tell them how to behave as our parents told us to behave.The good side of the parent is caring for people and passing on the traditions ofs2The bad sideof the parent is giving more importance to traditions and rules than to the needs of the individual.The adult:the adult in our head looks carefully at information and tries to think of sensible ideas.Our adult is open-minded to new situations and to o3people and their feelings and opinions.The good side of the adult is thoughtfulness and openness to new ideas.The bad side of the adult is not making d4quickly and not giving importance to enjoyment,etc.The child:everybody has a child within them.The child in e5person is perhaps more important than the parent and the adult!The child gives us joy,openness,i6and activity,just like a child in a family.Unfortunately the child inside us is often not healthy and we are“childish,and silly and not“child-like”and joyful,open and creative.The good side of the child is joy,excitement,openness to new e7and creative energy.The bad side of the child is being silly,selfish,spoilt and conceited(自负的).It is important that there is a balance of the good aspects of the parent,the adult and the child within us.In this way we can be caring,thoughtful and joyous.6.Mind Those Manners on the SubwaySo,there you are,just sitting there in the subway car,enjoying the book you just bought.Suddenly,you feel someone leaning over your shoulder reading along with you.Or,the person sitting next to you takes out a nail clipper(指甲刀)and begins cutting his or her nails.Annoying?Many of us have to spend some time every day on public transportation.We all know that some behaviors are s1unacceptable.So,to make the trip more pleasant,we suggest the following:Let passengers get off the bus or subway car before you can get on.Getting off and on in an orderlym2can save time for all.S3away from the doors when they are closing.Don’t talk loudly on a bus or subway.Chatting loudly with your friends can be annoying to o4Don’t shout into your mobile phone on a bus or subway.Don’t think your bags and suitcases(手提箱)deserve a seat of their e a tissue whenever you cough or sneeze(打喷嚏).An uncovered sneeze can s6germs(细菌),especially in crowded places.Don’t cut your nails or pick your nose on public transportation.Don’t read over other people’s shoulder.Many people do this on subways,but it’s r7annoying.It can make people uncomfortable.They might think you’re too stingy(小气的)even to buy a newspaper.Or theymight think you’re judging their behavior.7.John Chapman was born in Massachusetts about1774.He grew up to be a gardener.He planted apple trees in New York and Pennsylvania.In the e11800s,he carried apple seeds west.He walked the wilderness that would later become Michigan,Ohio,Indiana,and Illinois.When he found a good place for apple trees,he cleared the brush.He planted the seeds in rows.Then he fenced them in.At first he went back e2for more ter he got seeds from the t3he grew.He roamed through the wilderness,tending to his orchards.He traveled on f4often without shoes.He carried with him a cooking pot.When the first settlers came,Chapman sold his trees for pennies.Sometimes he traded them for used clothes. The settlers called him Johnny Appleseed.Those who moved on west told of the man who sold them the trees. The tale p5down through the generations.More tales were a6to the legend.In one tale, Johnny Appleseed slept through a storm with a bear.In another,a rattlesnake(响尾蛇)tried to bite his foot,but his skin was too tough.In books,he might be shown in clothes that are too big,wearing his pot as a hat.Some of the trees he planted still b7fruit today.。

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杨浦新王牌
新王牌初中化学步H老师知识点整理
1、酸+ 碱→盐+ 水(复分解反应)
2、酸+ 盐→新酸 + 新盐(复分解反应)
条件:生成物中有沉淀或气体或水
3、酸+ 碱性氧化物→盐 + 水(复分解反应)
4、酸+ 活泼金属→盐 + 氢气↑(置换反应)
条件:金属在金属活动性顺序表中排在氢元素的前面
5、可溶性碱+ 酸性氧化物→盐 + 水(不属于任何基本反应类型)
条件:碱必须可溶
6、可溶性碱+ 可溶性盐→新碱 + 新盐(复分解反应)
条件:a、碱和盐必须可溶
b、生成物中有沉淀或气体或水
7、金属+ 可溶性盐→新金属 + 新盐(置换反应)
条件:a、金属比盐中金属元素活泼
b、盐必须可溶
8、可溶性盐+ 可溶性盐→新盐 + 新盐(复分解反应)
条件:a、盐必须都可溶
b、生成物中有沉淀或气体或水
H 2SO4 + Zn→H2SO4+ Ba(NO3)2→K2SO4 + BaSO4→HNO3+ Ca(OH)2→Ca(OH)2 + CO2→NaOH + (NH4)2SO4→MgO + HCl→Ba(OH)2 + MgSO4→Mg + FeCl2→KNO3+ BaCl 2→
1、酸+ 碱→盐+ 水(复分解反应)
2、酸+ 盐→新酸 + 新盐(复分解反应)
条件:生成物中有沉淀或气体或水
3、酸+ 碱性氧化物→盐 + 水(复分解反应)
4、酸+ 活泼金属→盐 + 氢气↑(置换反应)
条件:金属在金属活动性顺序表中排在氢元素的前面
5、可溶性碱+ 酸性氧化物→盐 + 水(不属于任何基本反应类型)
条件:碱必须可溶
6、可溶性碱+ 可溶性盐→新碱 + 新盐(复分解反应)
条件:a、碱和盐必须可溶
b、生成物中有沉淀或气体或水
7、金属+ 可溶性盐→新金属 + 新盐(置换反应)
条件:a、金属比盐中金属元素活泼
b、盐必须可溶
8、可溶性盐+ 可溶性盐→新盐 + 新盐(复分解反应)
条件:a、盐必须都可溶
b、生成物中有沉淀或气体或水
HCl + Al(OH)3→Al2O3+ H2SO4→HCl + AgNO3→H 2SO4+ Mg→
Ba(OH)2+ CO2→NaOH + NH4NO3→K + CaCO3→NaCl+ MgCl2→
H2SO4+ K2CO3→Ag + HCl→
1、酸+ 碱→盐+ 水(复分解反应)
2、酸+ 盐→新酸 + 新盐(复分解反应)
条件:生成物中有沉淀或气体或水
3、酸+ 碱性氧化物→盐 + 水(复分解反应)
4、酸+ 活泼金属→盐 + 氢气↑(置换反应)
条件:金属在金属活动性顺序表中排在氢元素的前面
5、可溶性碱+ 酸性氧化物→盐 + 水(不属于任何基本反应类型)
条件:碱必须可溶
6、可溶性碱+ 可溶性盐→新碱 + 新盐(复分解反应)
条件:a、碱和盐必须可溶
b、生成物中有沉淀或气体或水
7、金属+ 可溶性盐→新金属 + 新盐(置换反应)
条件:a、金属比盐中金属元素活泼
b、盐必须可溶
8、可溶性盐+ 可溶性盐→新盐 + 新盐(复分解反应)
条件:a、盐必须都可溶
b、生成物中有沉淀或气体或水
HCl + Al→Fe + AgCl→
NaCl+ Na2SO4→HCl + Na2CO3→NaOH + CO2→KOH + NH4Cl→CuO + H2SO4→NaOH + MgSO4→Mg + ZnCl2→Ba(NO3)2 + MgSO4→。

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