研究生4篇summary

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武汉大学研究生英语summary写作范文(原文及范文)

WritingDirections: For this part, you are to write a summary of either of two articles that are presented to you in the following. Your summary should be 150-200 words. Remember to write neatly.Science and HumanityThe twentieth century saw more momentous change than any previous century: change for better, change for worse; change that brought enormous benefits to human beings, change that threatens the very existence of the human species. Many factors contributed to this change but—in my opinion—the most important factor was the progress in science.Academic research in the physical and biological sciences has vastly broadened our horizons; it has given us a deep insight into the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous evolution. Technology—the application of science—has made fantastic advances that have affected us beneficially in nearly every aspect of life: better health, more wealth, less drudgery (单调沉闷的工作), greater access to information.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed to the detriment(损害) of mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and manufacture of weapons of mass destruction has created a real threat to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use in combat has so far occurred only in 1945—when two Japanese cities were destroyed—during the four decades of the Cold War, obscenely huge arsenals(武器库) of nuclear weapons were accumulated and made ready for use. The arsenals were so large that if the weapons had actually been detonated (爆炸) the result could have been the complete extinction of the human species, as well as of many animal species.William Shakespeare said: "The web of our life is of a mingled (混合的) yarn, good and ill together. " The above brief review of the application of only one strand of human activities—science—seems to bear out this adage (格言). But does it have to be so? Must ill always accompany good deeds? Are we biologically programmed for aggression and war?I am not an authority in genetics, but from my readings and life-long observation I do not see any evidence that we are genetically condemned to commit evil. On the contrary, on very general grounds I would say that genetically we are destined to do things that are of benefit to the human species, and that the negative aspects are mistakes, transient errors in the process of evolution. In other words, I believe in the inherent goodness of Man.We are thus faced with a daunting (威吓，使胆怯) dilemma. As a process of natural evolution, science should be allowed to develop freely, without restrictions. But can we afford the luxury of uninhibited research in the natural sciences, with its awesome (可怕的) potential of total destruction, in a world in which war is still a recognized social institution?The preservation of the human species and its continuing enhancement demand that we learn to live with one another in peace and harmony. But this learning process has been slow and arduous (费力的), and is not yet complete. Due to the harsh conditions under which primitive man lived, he often had to fight with other human beings for survival. Individual killing and, later, collective killing—war—thus began to be seen as a natural phenomenon.We are still not organized for a war-free world. But in the meantime, the human species may be brought to an end by the use of the tools of destruction, themselves the product of science and technology.In my opinion, the problem has to a large extent arisen from the uneven rate of advance in thedifferent areas of human activities, in particular, between the progress in the natural sciences—which include the physical and biological disciplines, and the various social sciences—economics, sociology, politics (with psychology perhaps at the interface between the two major groups). Undoubtedly, there has been much faster progress in the natural sciences than in the social ones.Why have the natural sciences, especially the physical sciences, advanced so much faster than the social sciences? It is not because physicists are wiser or cleverer than, say, economists. The explanation is simply that physics is easier to master than economics. Although the material world is a highly complex system, for practical purposes it can be described by a few general laws. The laws of physics are immutable (不可改变的). They apply everywhere, on this planet as well as everywhere else in the universe, and are not affected by human reactions and emotions, as the social sciences are.How can we tackle this unevenness in the rate of progress of different.areas of science? Two ways come to mind:one, by accelerating the rate of progress in the social sciences; two, by slowing down the rate of advancement of the natural sciences in some areas, for example, by the imposition of ethical codes of conduct.Clearly, the former is by far the preferable way. What we would like to see is faster progress in the social sciences, leading to the establishment of a social system which would make war not only unnecessary but unthinkable; a system in which the existence of old, or the invention of new, weapons of mass destruction, would not matter, because nobody would dream of using them; a system in which people will be able to say: “nuclear weapons: who cares?”Responsibility for one's actions is, of course, a basic requirement of every citizen, not just of scientists. Each of us must be accountable for our deeds. But the need for such responsibility is particularly imperative for scientists, if only because scientists understand the technical problems better than the average citizen or politician. And knowledge brings responsibility.In any case, scientists do not have a completely free hand. The general public, through elected governments, have the means to control science, either by withholding (抑制) the purse, or by imposing restrictive regulations harmful to science. Clearly it is far better that any control should be exercised by the scientists themselves, through a self-imposed code of conduct. The establishment of an ethical code of conduct for scientists is an idea whose time has come.Summary：Science and HumanityThe twentieth century has made greater change to the world, which was brought by the progress in science, than any previous century. Unfortunately, not all these changes did good to the human society. Some of them have done serious damage to mankind and have been even predicted to destroy the whole world someday if out of control. In fact, mankind is not biologically programmed for violent behaviors like war. People are faced with a dilemma in which we would like to see science develop freely, but cannot afford the result of that. It is a basic instinct that man tends to protect oneself by fighting with others. The progress in the nautral sciences is much faster than that in social sciences because laws in natural sciences are immutable and apply everywhere and are not affected by human reactions and emotions. For even developmemt and for a better future of mankind, imposition of ethical codes is necessary. Everyone should be responsible for his behavior, especially the scientists. (166 words)China Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeUNLIKE America’s leaders, China’s bosses are not much troubled by recalcitrant（顽强的）legislatures. The government has therefore had no difficulty in executing a smart volte face（完全改变）on climate change. Around three years ago its fierce resistance to the notion of any limit on its greenhouse-gas emissions started to soften. It now seems to be making serious efforts to control them.One reason for this change is the country’s growing awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world. The monsoon（季风）seems to be weakening, travelling less far inland and dumping its rainfall on the coasts. As a result China is seeing floods in the south-east and droughts in the north-west. At the same time the country’s leaders are deeply concerned about the melting of the glaciers on the Tibetan plateau, which feed not just the Ganges, the Indus, the Brahmaputra and the Mekong but also the Yangzi and Yellow rivers .A second reason is China’s growing sense of global responsibility. The country is not only the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases; it now regards itself, and is regarded, as one of the w orld’s leading powers, and therefore expects to work with the other big powers to tackle global problems such as the economic crisis, nuclear proliferation（核扩散）and climate change.A third reason is energy security. Although China has large coal reserves, it is also a big importer. Concerns about excessive dependence on foreign fossil fuels sharpened when China’s oil imports rocketed and, in 2005, the attempt by CNOOC（China National Offshore Oil Corporation), China’s largest offshore oil and gas company, to buy America’s Unocal was rebuffed. China’s push into nuclear and renewable energy has been driven by its need to diversify its energy sources.The fourth reason is economic. The Kyoto protocol has given China an incentive to clean up its act. China has received $2 billion through the CDM（Clean Development Mechanism) for cleaning up its industrial processes and building clean-energy capacity—half the money that has flowed through the CDM. That is expected to rise to $8 billion by 2012.But a longer-term economic motive springs from a shift in the way China thinks about growth. In the past, its all-out drive for growth has led it to rebuff pressure to cut emissions. Attempts to control pollution foundered on the performance-assessment system for officials at all levels of government, which prioritises growth. But that has been adjusted to encourage energy efficiency, and at the same time the leadership has started to argue that growth and greenery are compatible.Since Wen Jiabao took over as prime minister, the leadership has tried to define economic growth as something broader and longer-term than GDP figures imply: the emphasis has been on a “harmonious society” and “scientific development”. Nobody was sure what the latter meant, but Mr Wen has recently been talking about a more “resource-efficient environmentally friendly society” and Hu Jintao, the president, has referred several times to a “low-carbon economy” and a “green economy”.Local pollution may help to explain the shift. Residents are infuriated by filthy air and water that kills people and damages unborn children. Policies to cut carbon-dioxide emissions—through reducing the energy used to produce goods—can help clean up China’s cities at the same time.More interesting is the idea that clean energy might be a source of growth rather than a constraint on it. China, so the argument goes, missed out on the computer revolution. It makes hardware, but American firms own most of the valuable stuff—the intellectual property for the software. “You can’t get rich making socks and toys,” explains Lin Jiang, director of the China Sustainable Energy Programme at the Energy Foundation in San Francisco. “They’re looking for the next growth industry. Clean energy clearly has huge potential. And no country dominates the industry yet. It’s a wide-open field.” Hu Angang, an economist at Tsinghua University, calls this “a huge opportunity for China. The country will become the largest renewable-energy market, bio-energy market, clean-coal market, nuclear-power market, carbon-exchange market, environmental-technology market, low-carbon economy, exporter of low-carbon products and low-carbon-technology innovator.”The government is giving the economy a shove in that direction. In 2006 the five-year plan set a target for a 20% cut in the energy intensity of GDP by the end of 2010. The start was slow, but by the end of last year it had managed 10% and it now looks on track for its target. According to Mr Lin, that would mean a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tonnes per year by 2010, more than the Waxman-Markey bill’s caps for domestic industry would take out of America’s economy by 2020. China has relatively tight vehicle fuel-efficiency standards . Electric vehicles are being generously subsidised ($8,800 for a car and $73,500 for a bus) and the government plans to build the capacity to produce half a million a year by 2012.The most visible changes have come in renewable energy. In 2005 the National People’s Congress passed legislation to offer subsidies for renewable energy—around twice the amount for coal. For wind energy, the target was set at 20GW of capacity by 2020. The subsidy generated so much building that China now expects to hit that target by the end of this year and is aiming for 150GW by 2020. “It’s like a gold rush right now,” says Mr Lin. The target for solar energy, similarly, has been raised from 1.8GW to 20GW by 2020.To put this in context, wind currently generates only 0.4% of Chinese electricity. Coal generates 80%. And, although China’s government does not have to jump the legislative hurdles faced by America’s president, it sometimes struggles to get policy implemented on the ground. Yet if China’s many layers of government can be persuaded that green means growth, they will cleave （坚持）to this policy; and the leadership seems keen to make that happen.China, thus, is after the same “green jobs” that Americans have been promised as part of their road to economic recovery. America has huge advantages in terms of technology and capital, but China has a couple of things going for it too: cheaper labour and a leadership unconstrained by the need to get re-elected every four years. China can play a long game, which helps when dealing with climate change.SummaryChina Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeIn order to help deal with climate change, Chinese government made a smart change and will make serious efforts to control its greenhouse gas emissions. As a big importer of energy resources, with the raising awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world and the growing sense of global responsibility, with the incentive given by the Kyoto Protocol and $2 billion provided by the CDM for cleaning up its industry processes and building clean-energy capacity, this change is justified for China. Since China's leadership realized that growth and greenery are compatible and advocated to have a "low-carbon" and "green" economy, the government set a target of a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tons per year by 2010 by tightening vehicle-efficiency standards and diversifying its energy sources, such as wind energy. Actually, the practice of "green jobs" is a great opportunity for China to clean up its cities and build clean-energy capacity. In the long run, China will become the largest renewable energy market in the world. With cheaper labours and a stronger leadership, China can play a long game in dealing with climate change. (187 words)。

研究生英语读写译上下册summary集合

研究⽣英语读写译上下册summary集合上册1. Test A《Recession-proofing your career》To keep a threat awareness in mind and acting for your career are the primary idea of this article. The author develops this text into 2 parts: the necessity for recession-proofing your career and strategies for protecting your career.First, know yourself,including the key skills and the areas of competence. This is the first and a necessary part before embarking on entirely your career. Then, marketing yourself. No one willing to refuse a Mr.right in the career,so do you.Finding right platforms ,you can realize your value. The author also throws out a problem:if you lost main source of income tomorrow ,could you fine an alternate source to replace it? In addition to pursue learning and development opportunities, we also can create a fallback position and stay culturally current to ensure your employability in the future. Moreover,as all we know, we could not hold one career without any obstacle. Rather than being defeated by failure,we must learn from those setbacks and use them to your advantages in the future.Finally ,act type A,think type B, that is thinking and recognizing yourself once again and again. It seems a cycle from knowing yourself to recognize once again in the whole career life.Nowadays, with the fast-shifting of the economic, we are really all living and working in a TempWorld. Preparing before happening never is not a wise idea.2. Test A 《Lies》“Lies”is a typical critical article about whether we can tell lies in our daily life. The author uses abundant examples to convey the existence and necessity for lies and shows his own opinion —mankind must have lies and the bigger the better. To understand this attitude,we must look at the way the author how writes the passage. The author began the essay by telling the fact that although people usually have many negative views about lies,but we tell lies form time to time. Then the body gives us lots of reasons why we need lies sometimes,such as in order to maintain the stabilityof society,ruling the religion etc. I was impressed by the sentence—“Art is a lie that tells the truth”.if someone is not willing to admit he/she have told lies,the facts itself is a lie. People must have told lies for different reasons and in different environments in our past ages. We know the choice between lies and truth decided mainly bases on our purposes. And we prefer to believe lies ,because truth may be frightening. But I just agree the author’s views in a certain degree. Because lies can make the betterment of the world,but can never make the world.下册1. Test B《when goodness isn’t good enough》The author began this essay by telling the characteristics of good person. And throwing out his own perspective—in the modern world, good person suffers. Then the author showed the different about the modern world which is networked, specialized, and filled with impersonal organization whose goals are open-ended. The consequence is that modern people are exposed to various demands our ancestors never could have imagined. In this situation, anyone who tries to fulfill some previous century’s vision of goodness experiences a constant sense of inadequacy. Last, the author suggestion is that each person finds her or his own special passion, makes that the center of a single open-ended commitment and does what is humanly possible.I accept his view of attitude towards good person. Once people could consider themselves among the good if they fulfilled the demands of their roles. But the modern individual belongs to a variety of groups and holds many different roles, each of which attempts to absorb all the energy he or she can muster. We know we are only human that our energy is limit. We must find a way to live within the limits—shamelessly, guiltlessly, with a sense of well being and self-worth. So do what one can and what is humanly possible.2. Test A《the pleasures of ignorance》The author began this essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding a fact that he knew practically nothing about anything. The quantity of thethings he knew was limited except his own experience. However he felt no depress about his ignorance, believing that ignorance would be the greatest help to one. Because sometimes memory is not reliable, ignorance does work at this time, for the ignorant man seldom make inaccurate judgment without making an investigation first. So the ignorance would lead us to learn more.As we know, the author’s attitude is solely and optimistic. But should we feel ashamed or pessimistic while realizing that we are ignorant? Undoubtedly, one’s knowledge can be out at elbows sometimes, but we can look up in a textbook or the encyclopedia etc. The information can be quickly accessed in various means. What’s more, there is no need to remember too much detail things, such as the mathematical formula, names. If we always pay attention on those things, they will never be our prides but burden! So the answer of the question mentioned above is obvious.4. Test A《Rags to rags, riches to riches》From this essay,“American Dream”is gradually fading with the development of economy, rather than opportunity as the crux, especially for the native. The idea that American is exceptional in its material opportunity is deeply lodged in the culture. And this also has brought so much motivation for the poor. But now pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness and the stiffening of America’s economic is worse than the culture. what’s more, America’s dominant position among those western counties is also becoming unobvious, which also lead challenges among peers depend on their parents. So the real focus of an effort to restore social and economic opportunity in America is to get out of poverty. The author’s advice is paying more attention on education.A kind of culture held in esteem has its irreplaceable advantages. Such as American dream, struggle,risk ,self-determination and material progress are its representations. So the sate that rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor can change. However,with the development of the society ,the change of theenvironment, the culture is hard to keep. What we need to do is to look for means to maintain the culture in order to be ladders out of poverty. I agree with the author’s advice——improve education.Because it’s effective although we need several generations.5. Test A《teaching our children about evil》The author began this essay by asking how to understand the definition of “evil”. In the body, creative and destructive potentials wereraised,which would effect people’s behaviors greatly.our creative potential is to enhance and enrich life,but destructive potential has the opposite result.In the end, with such what’s about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children about evil.According to my understanding, on one hand, there is no absolute good or absolute evil. A thing can be good or evil or both at the same time;On the other hand, good and evil have no difference in size. We can’t deny a thing is good just because it’s too small, such as picking up the rubbish on the road. Or we can’t say a thing is not evil just because it is a small thing, such as spitting everywhere. Finally, I think good and evil can be transformed sometimes. We can’t say one is good or evil forever. In a word, good and evil is a complicated term. The relationship between them is so difficult to define.we should regard them from an overall aspect, don’t treat a thing or a person as good or evil too roughly.。

研究生学术英语summary

In his article “Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Autonomous Systems”, Austin Modine puts forward that the autonomous systems may rise ethical, legal and social issues. People’s reactions to these technologies may be negative because autonomous systems are inherently outside of their control. However, autonomous systems may be trusted more than human operators in some special situations in which humans may make bad choice as a result of panic. As we all know, all technologies are liable to failure, and autonomous systems will be no exception. Then, who will be responsible for the failure? There is still not a legal framework covering autonomous systems currently. As it is almost inevitable that autonomous systems will experience failures, actions must be taken to address these issues. Therefore, these kinds of social, legal and ethical questions need to be debated so that autonomous systems can be developed in a way that is legally and socially acceptable.In his article “Why do Things Become More Complex?”Carrington,S. puts forward that complexity tends to increase as functions and modifications are added to a system to break through limitations, handle exceptional circumstances or adapt to a world itself more complex. Fifty years ago, things are simpler. But lately, things are getting more complicated as time passes. Taking jet engines for example, they were beautifully simple at first, but they steadily become more complicated over the years. However, there is nothing wrong with the increase in complexity, not only jet engines, but also higher organisms. Sometimes the results of growing complexity are not so streamlined, our lives are also in this way. Interestingly, there is hope even when a system gets lumbered down with complications because growing complexity is often followed by renewed simplicity in a slow back-and-forth dance, with complication usually gaining a net edge over time. It is true that the secret of well-being is simplicity. Thus, we can’t seek complexity as an end or allow it to go unchecked. It is then that we need to discover the new modes and the bold strokes which bring fresh simplicity to our organizations, our technology, our government and our lives.。

安徽大学研究生英语上册summary—原创

安大研究生英语上册summaryUNIT1Josph Brosky puts himself very clearly in the text.how to read a book.Many books are less limited than ourselves,many writers write a good book through all their lives.therefore,in literature good is defined by its distinction from bad.our readers ought to pick up good books that bring the human predicament into its sharpest possibly focus.the man so called literary criticism all have their limit.the writer accounts poem an a way to develop good taste in literature. he think it as the supreme form of human locution .for it isconcise and offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation.A man who used to read poetry may have no interest in bad prose.The writer explain his opinion clearly in the text lies.the text can be divided into three parts.Although we all be taught not tu tell lies since our childhood.we can not deny the fact that people tell lies from time to time for different reason.People may tell white lies ro protect their friend, their friend,their family,or even just for themselves.Religions always tell lies to offer people the hope of life. the government may tell lies to ensure their manipulate of encomy .Lies around us everywhere ,it directs our thoughts and actions everyday and we may never doubt big lies to comfort ourselves.most people want sth moreconsoling than terrible facts.peopleneed big lies because lying disguses our morlatity,our indueques ,our fears and anxiety ,our loneliness in the midst of crowd ,we can nor live without lies. John F. kennedy is the 35th president of America.He gave this speech on his inaugural day.I think this exciting inaugural address can be divided into three parts.In the first part,K commit to do what the oath said although the world is different.Heshou his comfidence to maintain human rights and the sucdess of liberty.He speaks to many kinds of people in the second part.he pledge the loyality offairhful friend,shouws whlcome to the new states ,and pledge them besr efforts to help the struggling national,he offers a special pledge to the south of America that he hopes to convent good words into good deeds.he renews his pledge of support to the United Nations.he even speaks to their hostile state for peace.In the third pare,he calls for citizen to do sth”Ask not what Amer ica will do for you,but whar together we can do for the freedom of man”In the article ,the writer light the necessity for recession-proofing our career and gives his stratergies for recession proofing our career.he thinks our world as a TempWorle .everyone of us may be influenced by it,so all of us should be a career activist .The first strategy is to ensure our employability.he adviced us to currency ability,then create a fallback position in case we have to change our mind-set.knowing our key skills will help us to know ourselves well.being prepared for areas of competence will shorten the time we stepping in a new filed .he also advice us to build a knowledge netork and market ourselves in an opporiate way.As for our thought,we should learn to feel good about ourselves and to act ambitiousResilience is very important for every of us .At last,saty culturally current will benefits us a lot no matter in what case.。

研究生英语summary万能模板

研究生英语summary万能模板第一段：介绍第一句：As is symbolically depicted by the cartoon,there is sb doing sth, doing sth, with sb doing sth.斜线区域可以替换为：with sb doing sth/with sth in front of/behind sp.第二句：This picture reveals a phenomenon that people in growing numbers are paying attention to the value of sth, ignoring the necessity of sth.斜线区域可以替换为：an undeniable truth that the virture/quality of being XXX perform an indispensable role in our life.第二段：内涵+原因角度段落不能公开了，确实大多数不是我自己写的，只是我考研的时候从各个地方整理的，分享出来只是希望能够希望为大家节省一下整理的时间。

但终究会涉及与其他付费的模版相同的情况，为了别人的付费利益（人家都找到我了····），以及为了尊重版权，所以已经将相同的部分删除。

祝大家考研顺利！Part1第一句套话：It can be inferred that the author of the picture is drawing our attention to the value/necessity/harm of sth.Part2从以下角度中选择2个来谈一下，加入on the one/other hand或in the first/second place来隔开构成分层（前8个的为最通用最基础角度）：个人-->个人品质：XXX很重要：影响一生+获得竞争优势XXX很重要：保持积极向上的心态个人-->社会公德：XXX很重要：帮你成为一个真正的人例：As the world becomes materially rich, wealth accumulation and pursuit of comfort have become a fashion trend. Many young adults influenced have become spendthrift/dependent on sth, they intentionally or unintentionally deny the detrimental effect of pollution on environment.XXX很重要：随着物质丰富，人们忽视可XXX的影响第二段补充：如果发现第二段感觉字数不够，可以用以下“套话”嵌入增加字数。

研究生英语summary

“The End of Something" is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it. Hemingway uses this story to convey how this change happens all the time, and however desperately you cling to the "present"This article uses the broken mill, the fish's not striking,and the characters in themselves to tell us a story far beyond what we read.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship. Once,their relationship flourished.now they cannot relate as much to each other anymore.Nick has lost interest; the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore. The love is there, but it has ceased to appeal to Nick. The good old past simply isn't good enough anymore. Marjorie, on the other hand, clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.For what was, was, and what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow. It is as Hemingway conveys through this story: the present will not remain present for long, and one must look beyond what was and look at what is in order to be truly happy.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything. The author think his conviction of ignorance was sane ,happy,and irrefutable.which did not depress he,for thinking that he is better as he is.At first, apart from the immediate personal experiences, he has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world. Secondly,the acquisition of this store has cost he long years and much money,compared with all that he do not know,it seems,an inadequate terurn.And the reasons may be that ignorance seems to do him no harm in his daily life, and his inadequate memory of knowledge may deceive him and even cause severe mistakes of misquoting. Just as he write “the happy ignorant man ,the man aware of his own ignorance,and perfectly content with it.”However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone may harbor the same psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person.For several decades we have known about one effect of exercise on the brain,the “endorphin high”that make us feel good dueing and right after exercise. And “a sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind. In this way, exercise is a state of mind.In this article the auther uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has great effects on people’s mind health. Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety,improves sleep,improves resilience in the face of stress and raises self-esteem.and they come from alterations inside your head. Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories. On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control. Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise. In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.and continuing exercise and motivation is the keys to good health.“Opportunity is what the new world has always represengted:struggle,risk,self-determination,and the hope of spiritual and progress.” But is America any longer a land of opportunity for the people born here?the answer is:no,not especially.And in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged.The writer Clive Crook holds that that phase America is exceptional in its material opportunity has ended.pessimism vies with vitality for command of the national consciousness.Most important of all,the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country. America insist a kind of bargain,but it is false advertising.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor. And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get outof poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which cannot do everything ,but dismal school performance is the biggest problem that policy makers concerned with opportunity in American can fix. which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.As we all known, every language has its words to express good and evil,for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? The purpose this article is to propose a preliminary outline for a view of evil.and his basic assumption is that there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Moral relativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, c ustom, or prejudice. Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.The author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”. Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author give us a path which tell how should we teach our children.the path combines self-awareness,empathy,learning,creative compensation and good works.。

研究生英语教材下summary

“The End of Something", written by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.Firstly, the essay describes a town which once very prosperous due to the lumbering, then as time goes by, there were no more logs to make lumber, the mill almost become ruins. Secondly, two lovers, Nick and Marjorie row along the shore. They watch the view, talk and fish to eat. Their relationship used to be flourished. But in the present of the story, Nick and Marjorie have grown apart, they cannot relate as much to each other anymore. At last, Marjorie left; leaving Nick alone, thus led to the theme “the end of something”.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship. All what has happened due to the time, things can be changed by the time while we are not aware of. So what should we do? In my opinion, we should cherish all the things around us and make the most used of them. It is not empty words, but must into action, and only in this way can we not regret it when the things leave away from us.The author began the article by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything. The author felt pitiable yet not necessarily so depressed about his current store of knowledge .He began to count what he knows and what he is ignorant of. However, it suddenly occurred to him that he is not the only one who is ignorant because no one can know everything, and it is no need for doing that. He is happy that he may be the only one who can face up to the ignorance.Being ignorant is not so much a shame, as being unwilling to learn, and it is the ignorance that leads us to learn more. As it is said that he must be very ignorant for he answers every questions he is asked.，so we should continue to learn to compensate for our ignorance instead of being overwhelmed by it.Unit 3 Exercise is a state of mind “A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but full description of a happy state in this world”. Nowadays research suggests that there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.The author used scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health. Regular exercise can improve mood, decrease anxiety and relieve depression. On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control. Genes can influence people’s responses to exercise. In the end, the author advises us to form the habit of exercise. And you needn’t speed too much time on it. Continuing exercise is good to your body and mind health.From the article, we all learn that only a person with regular exercise can have a physical and spiritual health and can overcome pressure and make himself perfection. Whoever finds the starter motor, the genetic wellspring of motivation, he will have found a key to good health. So, just do it from now on.Summary and Comment （unit4）The article begins with the faith that people in American used to believe that “opportunity is the crux of the American ideal”, which makes people think that with hard work and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams. But in recent yearsthe traditional doctrine of “American dream”is seriously challenged, with regard to the economic development. Most important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country. At last, the rich people stay rich while poor people stay poor, and the effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.It is no doubt that America is a developed country, with its developed economy and service business, but it has many problems together, even more serious than the developing country, so we may not only see its prosperity but also should realize its defect. Everything has two sides, and we should not be confused by its surface.Summary and Comment （unit5）The article firstly questioned how to define the “evil”, and what’s the humanist understand about “evil”. Then the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials. In the end, with such what’s aboutevil, the author concludes the text by offering some how as to teaching our children about evil.It is probably safe to say that language has a pair of words expressing good and evil. But what really is good, and what really is evil? The answer may vary from people to people, and culture to culture. Actually, the evil and good are relative, they could not exist without each other, there is no absolutely bad man, and also no saint. As boys and girls, we are taught to do good, not evil. To prevent evil, we cannot only attend to our self, but also think about others’feeling, always put yourself into other’s shoes, if it hurt you, it may hurt other person, too. So we should turn our destructive impulse into creativity, to help others in need.。

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中国地质大学研究生课程论文封面课程名称研究生英语教师姓名何霜研究生姓名刘改宁研究生学号**********研究生专业数学所在院系数理学院类别: A.博士 B.硕士 C.进修生日期: 2016 年 4 月15 日Summary1. The summary of “From Competence to Commitment”.In this article, “From Competence to Commitment”, Ernest Boyer argues that it is not enough to merely teach undergraduates the specialized skills needed to do a particular job. Rather, students need “a large vision.” He argues that they need to become familiar with issues far beyond the simple concerns of a narrow academic field, and gain an appreciation of the values and philosophy of their own culture as well as the issues shaping nations far from the university campus. In addition to learning specialized facts and skills, students should examine larger issues of right and wrong, so that each student may develop the intellectual sophistication required to make wise decision for themselves and their society. Therefore Ernest Boyer states that the undergraduate education should move the student from competence to commitment.At first, the author reveals a common phenomenon that many college students are confused about where to put their belief. In order to work out this problem, undergraduate education should reflect in loyalties that rise above self.Next, college graduates should fulfill civic obligations. The imperative measures should be taken to narrow the gap between public policy and public understanding in American teaching today.The complicated public life requires more participation of citizens, notonly specialists. Democratic process also needs some citizens who are well-educated, care for the society. Undergraduate college has a greater responsibility than any other institution to provide the wise leadership which is needed by nation.According to this, college graduates also fulfill obligation from the global perspective. The planet has become more crowed, more interconnected, more unstable in the past half century, a new generation of college students need to adapt this change. They should know about culture other than their own, understand the interdependent nature of the world, and eventually realize what obligations they should take. In the capacity-building aspects, credits and completed course that can prove student to deal successfully with discrete problems is highly prized. On the contrary, some important capacities are ignored by people. The quality of college education should be measured by the integrated performance in classroom and the performance of the graduate in the workplace and further education.In the end, college should encourage students to enlarge the scope of vision and discover patterns through the knowledge they have acquired, and eventually take their responsibility effectively.2. The summary of “what will be”.This article mainly talks about some discoveries about the information marketplace, a place where people and their computers willbuy, sell, and freely exchange information. Then analysis what will be the future of it. The author discusses the interaction between some fundamental ancient human forces and the Information Marketplace suggests that we should consider the greatest transformation of it.The first discovery was that the Information Marketplace is built on an information infrastructure, where we should concern more. It is a wide and rich terrain that full of challenges where almost every supplier and consumer can be a winner.The second discovery was that the Information Marketplace will affect people and organizations on a broad scale. All kinds of organizations of human beings, from a small company to the government of a nation can benefit a lot because of their information work. Two major new forces in information market: electronic bulldozers and electronic proximity both have broad influence for society. The former one will increase. Human productivity is important in both our personal lives and the workplace while the latter can bridge the distance between people since they can communicate through information in a more convenient way. In other words, Information Marketplace can help us understand others better and stay peaceful. Besides, the author also take some harmful factors into account such as the huge amount of info-junk and the gap between rich and poor nations that will become more serious if we don’t take some measure.Another discovery was that the Information Marketplace is capable of customizing information to individual human and organizational needs. Since there’s almost no event or action that is not related to information, people will make use of the Information Marketplace to accomplish their wishes and preference, no matter who they are.The author is confident about the future of the Information Marketplace, which is regarded as the Third Revolution in modern human history. He calls us to embrace and welcome the coming of this big, exciting, and awesome revolution and believe it will liberate the total human potential within each of us and lead us move towards a new age. 3. The Summary of “The Virtues of Ambition”.Although for a long time ambition has come under heavy attack and has been given a bad name, it is by no means illegal and will exist forever. As one of those Rorschach words, when you define the ambition, you instantly reveal a great deal about yourself. Webster defines ambition as “an ardent desire for rank, fame, or power.” But ardent immediately assumes a heat incommensurate with good sense and stability.Surely ambition is behind dreams of glory, of wealth, of love, of distinction, of accomplishment, of pleasure, of goodness. What life does with our dreams and expectations cannot be predicted. As drunks have done to alcohol, the single-minded have done to ambition -given it a bad name. What is the worst that can be said about ambition? Here is a surelypartial list: ambition often means antisocial, and indeed is now out of date. What is worse, ambition means Jesuitical.If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared, and especially must be esteemed by people who are educated. People are still interested in success and its accoutrements now. And then we are treated to fine pharisaical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply. The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angle. As a result, ambition is driven underground, or made sly, or perverse.Many people are naturally distrustful of ambition, feeling that it represents something intractable in human nature. Ambition should be underscored in a new view that it is morally a two-sided street. To discourage ambition is to discourage dreams of grandeur and greatness. Ambition is the linchpin of society. If people remove ambition, the essential elements of society seem to fly apart. It is not difficult to imagine a world shorn of ambition. It would probably be a kinder world, without demands, without abrasions, and without disappointments. How unbelievable boring the life would be!4. The summary of “The Harm That Good Men Do”.In a general way, the first paragraph mainly tells us ideally good men’s good life behaviors, their ways of thinking, and briefly shows us what they will or won't do in all aspects. The coming paragraphs areconclusion of the passage.In order to avoid being suspected, good men are often used by politicians because of their goodness of never suspecting shady actions of their friends and being suspected by the public. In the aspect of politics, good men are also usually used to protect some important men’s political career. Sometimes, good men are grateful. They maybe kill themselves to achieve some goals, which good for people close to them or even to those they don’t know at all. However, the generally so called goodness doesn’t good to the world actually and make it a better place because of all kinds of reasons. Two most important of which are tradition and the unjust power of dominant classes. Currently, our ethic is a curious mixture of superstition and rationalism. In social practice, what determines a good man is not insisting in doing right but in not doing wrong. And what’s worse, the world is full of injustice, and those who profit by injustice are in a position to administer rewards and punishments. Good men are usually hurt or punished by the authority because injustice. Someone even murdered, like Jean Jaures, the best citizen of France.We all know traditional morality is far from being perfect. Holding the idea for the greatest happiness of the greatest number, good men will try to change and improve traditional morality. In the process, they try to lead the oppressed and harm the profits of the power. Of course, they finally achieve nothing but failure. Superstition won't bring us happiness. Wehave to instill a rational attitude towards ethical questions and that's our only way to achieve justice.By setting examples above, the author raises the conclusion in the last paragraph that reason may be a small force, but it is constant and the only true friends of humanity.。