上海市2015届闸北区一模语文试题
2015年上海各区县初三语文一模课内部分汇编
2015年一模课内部分汇编【宝山】一、文言文阅读（39分）（一）默写（15分）1. 欲把西湖比西子，。
（苏轼《饮湖上初晴后雨》）2. ，禅房花木深。
（常建《题破山寺后禅院》）3. 欲说还休，。
（辛弃疾《丑奴儿·书博山道中壁》）4. ，寻向所志……（陶渊明《桃花源记》）5.而或长烟一空，，，。
（欧阳修《岳阳楼记》）（二）阅读下面的诗，完成第6——7题（4分）望岳岱宗夫如何？齐鲁青未了。
造化钟神秀，阴阳割昏晓。
荡胸生层云，决眦入归鸟。
会当凌绝顶，一览众山小。
6. 下列理解不正确的一项是（2分）A．这首诗的作者是唐代著名诗人杜甫。
B．前六句写泰山之景，显其宏伟气势。
C．全诗表达了诗人登上山顶后的畅快。
D．泰山位于今山东境内，为“五岳之首”。
7. “齐鲁青未了”描绘了___________________________景象。
（2分）（三）阅读下文，完成8——10题（8分）伤仲永金溪民方仲永,世隶耕。
仲永生五年．．，A未尝识书具,忽啼求之;父异焉,借旁近与之.B即书诗四句,并自为其名,C其诗以养父母、收族为意，传一乡秀才观之。
自是D指物作诗，立就，其文理皆有可观者。
邑人奇之，稍稍宾客其父；或以钱币乞之。
父利其然也，日扳仲永环谒于邑人，不使学。
余闻之也久。
明道中，从先人还家，于舅家见之，十二三．．．矣。
令作诗，不能称前时之闻。
又．七年．．，还自扬州，复到舅家问焉。
曰：“泯然众人矣！”8.文中最能表现仲永颇具才华的语句是（2分）A．未尝识书具,忽啼求之B．即书诗四句,并自为其名C．其诗以养父母、收族为意D．指物作诗，立就，其文理皆有可观者九年级语文共6页第1页（一）默写（15分）1.淡妆浓抹总相宜2.竹（曲）径通幽处3.却道天凉好个秋4.太守即遣人随其往5.皓月千里浮光跃金静影沉璧（二）古诗词理解（4分）6.（2分）C（诗人尚未登及山顶，他在望的过程中想象登顶后的景和情）7.（2分）泰山山色绵延数千里的壮丽景象（三）阅读下文，完成8--10题（8分）8．（2分）D9．（3分）才华（才能）衰减成年时仲永才华平平10．（3分）神童仲永“泯然众人” 重视后天教育（要不断学习）【崇明】（一）默写（15分）1．酒酣胸胆尚开张，，又何妨？（《江城子·密州出猎》）2．，不耻下问，是以谓之文也。
2015中考语文一模试题及答案
2015中考语文一模试题及答案2015届初中毕业班第一次教学质量监测试题语文（本试卷共23小题，分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷，满分120分，考试时间150分钟）注意：答案一律填写在答题卡，在试题卷上作答无效。
第Ⅰ卷选择题，本卷共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。
请用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
一、积累与运用（1-4小题，每小题3分，共12分）1.下列加点字的字形和读音完全正确的一项是（）A.蹂躏（lìn）剽（biāo）悍箱惬（qiè）恪（kè）尽职守．．．．B.XXX（huì）挑衅（xìn）籍贯（ɡuàn）看风使舵（tuó）．．．．C.沉湎（miǎn）饶（ráo）恕殷（yīn）红断壁残园（yuán）．．．．D.怂恿（yǒnɡ）惘（wǎnɡ）XXX（wéi）幕粗制滥（làn）造．．．．2.下列句子中加点成语使用正确的一项是（）A.XXX春晚把传统高雅的艺术节目与时尚、搞笑等元素圆满地融会在了一起，既充满反差，又相得益彰。
．．．．B.这次学校的庆元旦晚会既然由你全权筹谋，作为你的石友，我自然当鼎力互助。
．．．．C.他最终为自己的腐败堕落付出代价，等待他的将是20年的狱中峥嵘岁月。
．．．．D.对于我们这些平凡普通的芸芸众生来说，生命的光辉也许并不辉煌，但同样可以闪光。
．．．．3.下列句子没有语病的一项是（）A.说起饺子，每一个中国人都不感到陌生，中国的饺子对外国人也充满了难以抗拒的诱惑。
B.建筑基础工程的任何一道工序出了毛病，都会使高楼大厦基础不牢，甚至倒塌的危险。
C.2014年XXX和平奖授予了17岁巴基斯坦女孩XXX，以表彰她在维护儿童权益上所做的贡献。
D.大型文化传承节目《中国成语大会》受到广泛媒体的关注，掀起了一股追捧传统文化的热潮。
4.下列对课文理解正确的一项是（）A.《紫藤萝瀑布》作者宗璞，文章借紫藤萝花的盛开，引出对生命的感慨，对美好生活的追求。
上海市闸北区2015届高三上学期期末考试(一模)英语试卷及答案
闸北区2014学年度第一学期高三英语学科期末练习卷（2014.12.30）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear the conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. On University campus B. in a department storeC. In a Community ServiceD. On a street2. A. Husband and wife B. Headmaster and teacherC. Teacher and parentD. Shop assistant and customers3.A. Spring B. Summer C. Autumn D. Winter4. A. Interesting B. Positive C. Opposite D. Boring5. A. She was terribly sick.B. She arrived for work narrowly.C. She walked to work every day.D. She was always late for work.6. A. The woman shouldn’t let her daughter wear so scary clothes.B. Her daughter’s Halloween dress wasn’t smart enough.C. She couldn’t have spent too much money on the dress.D. She couldn’t encourage her daughter to celebrate Halloween.7. A. Playing tennis.B. Writing term paper.C. Gathering materials.D. Holding a meeting.8. A. Gaby was a good neighbour.B. Gaby didn’t think highly of his neighbours.C. Gaby often told wrong stories.D. Gary often quarrels with his neighbours.9. A. 40. B. 60. C. 80. D. 120.10. A. The woman pretends to be pregnant.B. Men here are not polite enough.C. Men aren’t allowed to smoke here.D. The woman shouldn’t complain about the men here.Section BDirections: in Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which onewould be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. They cooked a meal excellently with given ingredients.B. They were recommended by Manchester restaurant.C. They were asked to replace two former high quality chefs.D. They were selected by the school parents board.12. A. The cost of the meal has risen.B. Some pupils complained about the meal.C. Children get bored with the meals at home.D. The chefs can’t handle so many meals a day.13. A. Because they are from a famous restaurant.B. Because they pay attention to what pupils like.C. Because they are highly paid.D. Because they are good at communicating with parents.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Looking like humans. B. Having two wheels.C. Being mobile and communicative.D. Having essential working ability.15. A. 82. B. 86. C. 273. D. 300.16. A. They got there through a land bridge.B. They got there on foot.C. They got there by the sea.D. They got there following animals’ footprints.Section CDirections:In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you hear.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation:Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation:II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Read the following two passages. Fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word. For the other blanks, fill in each blank with one proper word. Make sure that your answers are grammatically correct.(A)Are you on a diet? Then maybe you should consider (25)_________(sit) by the window the next time you eat out.A new book claims that (26)________ you sit in a restaurant can affect how many you consume.A New research found that people sitting farthest from the front door ate the fewest salads and were 73 percent (27)________(likely) to order dessert.Those seated at a dark table ate heavier food and ordered more of it (28)______ diners seated at bright bar tables ordered more salads and fewer desserts.According to the researchers, the darker it is, the more invisible you (29)______ feel, the less easy it is to see how much you’re eating and the less guilty you are when you eat more.In contrast, (30) ________(see) the sunlight, people or trees outside might make you more conscious of (31)________ you look, might make you think about walking or might make you want a green salad.The researchers also noted that slim diners chewed around 15 times per mouthful, three chews more than heavier diners. By eating more slowly, the diner consumes less in the time (32)_________ takes for the brain to register satisfaction.(B)Beijing’s annoying smog(雾) seems to have hurt the city’s appeal to tourists. Last year, Beijing Youth Daily reported that the number of visitors to Beijing (33)_________(fall) 50 percent since January. It’s said that the city’s bad air quality was to blame for the decline. It’s also more difficult (34) _______(attract) high-end employees to work in Beijing, especially those with children.However, the blanket of poisonous smog hasn’t hurt Beijing’s office market, (35)_______ has jumped up quickly on a global ranking to become the fourth-most-expensive location to rent office space in the world. According to a recent research, office space in Beijing’s Central Business District costs (36)________ average $1,412 per square meter per year.That’s more expensive than No.5-rankes central Tokyo or No.6-rangked Madison & Fifth Avenues in New York. The research took into consideration both (37)________ (publish) rental rates and “additional costs,” which include agent fees and (38)_________costs to make the deal happen.London (39)_________ (remain) the world’s most expensive city in which to rent office space. Hong Kong, home to the priciest office space in Asia, comes in second globally. The cities (40)___________(experience) the highest annual growth in office rental rates are both in South Africa with 40 percent rate rise for Durban and 44 percent for Sandton.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Music has been playing a major role in the lives of teenagers for decades and today’s teens are no ____41_____. Teens listen to over 2.5 hours of music per day. Earbuds, Mp3players, and smartphones make it easy for teens to listen to music while they go about much of their daily lives.The digital world also means that parents must face new challenges when it comes to a teen’s music. In the past---when music was ___42_____ through audio tape or CD, it was much easier for parents to be aware of a teen’s musical ___43_____. But mow that teens have free access to millions of songs and music videos through the internet, parents are less likely to be ____44____ of what their teens are listening to.Today, it’s hard to believe that today’s over-50-years people used to be ___45_____ against Elvis Presley’s dance moves. Fast-forward to the present day and the society has certainly become more ____46____ of many strange forms of art.As for parents, music is a powerful tool and certainly music with pro-social or warm lyrics(歌词) can be a(n)___47_____ influence in teens. It’s important to take an active approach when ____48_____ your teen’s musical interests. Get your teen to talk to you. Ask questions without passing ___49_____. Always be curious and inquire about what your teen looks for in music and talk about what ____50____ can be found in certain songs.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Gallup used to conduct a poll(投票) that asked students to name the school subject that they considered to be the most difficult. Not ____51____, mathematics came out on top of the difficulty chart. So what is it about math that makes it difficult? defines the word “difficult”as “not easily or readily done; requiring much ____52___ or planning to be performed successfully.”This definition gets to the point of the problem when it comes to math. What makes math difficult is that it takes patience and persistence. For many students, math is not something that comes ___53_____. It takes effort. It is a subject that sometimes requires students to devote lots and lots of time and ___54_____.This means, for many, the problem has little to do with brain power; it is mostly a matter of staying power. And since students don’t make their own timelines, they can ___55____ the time as the teacher moves on to the next topic.In fact, there is also an element of brain style in the big picture, according to many scientists. They believe that people are born with ___56____math understanding skills. Logical, left-brain thinkers tend to understand things in sequential bits, while artistic, intuitive, right-brainers are more ___57____. They take in a lot of information at one time and allow time to let it “sink in”. so left-brain students may grasp concepts __58____ while right-brain students don’t. To the right brainstudent, time loss can make them feel confused and behind. Unfortunately in busy classrooms with too many students, students are mot always ___59____ enough time. We have to move on, ready or not.Math know-how is also cumulative(积累), which means it works much like a pile of building blocks. You have to gain enough ___60___ in one area before you can effectively go on to “build upon” another area. Our first mathematical building blocks are established in primary school, when we learn ____61___ for addition and multiplication, and those first concepts become our ___62__. These mathematical concepts or knowledge has to sink in and become ___63___ before students can move on to challenge the next stage of new concepts. However, teachers don’t have time to ensure that every single student understands every single concept. So some students move to the next level with really shaky knowledge system. ___64____, as they climb the ladder, they may meet with more and more difficulties and might ___65_____ complete failure at some point.51. A. surprisingly B. interestingly C. necessarily D. similarly52. A. emotion B. labor C. curiosity D. money53. A. regularly B. possibly C. automatically D. secretly54. A. space B. confidence C. character D. energy55. A. make up for B. run out of C. take advantage of D. add up to56. A. steady B. abstract C. different D. sharp57. A. negative B. global C. simple D. specific58. A. quickly B. typically C. patiently D. strangely59. A. reminded about B. exposed to C. blessed with D. accused of60. A. praises B. scores C. material D. blocks61. A. conditions B. rules C. aims D. choices62. A. thought B. attitude C. foundation D. source63. A. native B. accessible C. firm D. superior64. A. In addition B. In contrast C. For example D. In result65. A. realize B. acknowledge C. suffer D. regretSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.(A)October 17, 1989 is a day San Francisco will never forget. On that day, an uncommon number of tragedies took place. It was also a day when total strangers became linked. The story of Jim Betts and Julio Berumen is a moving example of one such meeting.On that day, Petra Berumen took her daughter Cathy to the dentist. Also in the car was her son six-year-old Julio and their family friend Yolanda. Soon after Petra drove onto the highway, disaster struck. Without warning, the earth began to shake.The damage was terrible. Hugh trees bent as if they were made of rubber. Streets cracked and buildings collapsed. At least a stretch of the highway had crashed onto the lower level.Then as quickly as it started, the earthquake stopped. The Berumens’s car had been crushedbe the steel. Petra and Yolanda were killed instantly. Cathy escaped unhurt but Julio, though still alive, was in danger. Not only was his right leg pinned down by the steel, he was also squeezed between the dead bodies of his mother and Yolanda.Rescuers had calmed Julio by the time Jim Betts, a doctor from Oakland Hospital, arrived. For two hours, Jim tried to free Julio with two bare hands. He did not stop to worry about the fact that aftershocks could send the highway to the ground. As soon as Julio was breathing, Jim kept working. However, Julio was languishing. Jim realized that he had only one choice. He would have to cut the boy’s right leg at the knee. Conditions were far from ideal. It was hot inside the car. Darkness had fallen outside.With great care, Jim started the operation. He had to try risky methods. Finally Julio was free.Those hours on the highway were like a nightmare. Jim said: “If my family members were up there badly hurt, they would urgently need help like that.” Though the day the earthquake tore many things apart, it also brought brave people together.66. The San Francisco earthquake was an uncommon event for Julio and Jim because _________.A. the earth shook violently and suddenlyB. they became linked unexpectedlyC. they neither could see the broken highwayD. they both lost their family members67. In the fifth paragraph, Julio was languishing, which means that he was _________.A. about to dieB. complaining about the painC. losing his voiceD. crying68. According to the passage, Jim _________.A. successfully performed the operationB. had necessary equipment to rescue JulioC. was able to save Julio’s right legD. had one family member operated on69. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. The Berumens were trying to leave the dangerous city when the earthquake struck.B. Two people of the Berumen family finally survived from the earthquake.C. Knowing aftershocks would come soon, Jim tried to rescue Julio from the car.D. The conditions were agreeable enough for Jim to perform the operation.(B)At the end of the year, our magazine is revealing our annual food and shopping predictions based on our research.Grazing Golden-Agers:Ninety-one percent of people say they snack daily, according to Nielsen. While snacking is on the rise among all ages and genders, research shows that snacking among consumers over the age of 65 could contribute to additional years with a higher quality of life. We’ll see more boomers-those raised in the “three square meals a day” period-employ a “grazing” approach to eating foods rich in nutrients like protein, fiber and Omega3 that can help promote bone health.Same-Day Delivery Not Just for City Clickers:Online grocery shopping and delivery has become a crowded space, with a host of services competing for consumer attention. This trend allows everyone who sells food to be in the same-daydelivery business without having to add additional operational facilities. Look for Google Shopping Express to put every supermarket in the same day delivery business and change consumer behavior to shop online for food to be delivered to homes fresh for each meal. You now can throw your refrigerator away!The Rise of Fermented Foods:The next year will be the year when fermented (发酵的) foods-foods like yogurt, pickles(泡菜) take center stage. These foods contain live cultures, or are preserved in liquid so their sugars and other seasonings can become bacteria-promoting agents. In fact, a survey has found that nearly 50 percent of Americans have shown interest in fermented foods, who, especially those over 60s, have improved a lot in digestion. However, if treated inappropriately, the bacteria hidden in these foods might have our hospitals full of sick dinners. Therefore make sure to study the cooking skills well before you these foods.Supermarkets change into Socializing Spaces:Supermarkets have evolved from straightforward centers where consumers could buy groceries to providers of lifestyle. Supermarkets are developing a variety of services that help to establish each outlet as a show case of lifestyle trends. A desire to be “all things food” to their customers, young and old, is positioning the supermarkets as head to head competitors with chain and local restaurants. Cooking classes, and online home-made recipes are also giving consumers reasons beyond a grocery list to step inside their neighborhood supermarkets instead of a local restaurant.70. The passage advises readers to give up refrigerator because_____A. people eat more snacks which don’t have to be put in refrigeratorsB. the refrigerators has become useless operational facilities for food sellersC. food can be sent to customers within short time and freezing is not neededD. Fermented foods can be kept in normal temperature for much more time.71. For fermented foods, people must guarantee that______A. live cultures should be introduced while eating themB. these help in digestion should be introduced to the publicC. bacteria should be killed before being put into the foodsD. cooking should be conducted carefully to avoid disease72. It is implied in the last paragraph that______A. supermarkets sell recipes for trendy lifestyle to customersB. supermarkets used to be friends of chain and local restaurantsC. people can apply for cooking classes and obtain recipes in supermarketsD. Cooking classes encourage people to make food rather than dine out73. The two trends that are particularly good for the elderly are_____A. eating snacks and fermented foodsB. eating snacks and one-day deliveryC. one-day delivery and socializing supermarketsD. fermented foods and socializing supermarkets(C)Today, home-ownership has reached extremely high levels. Modern generations tend to believe there is something wrong with them if they rent. However, is high home-ownership really as people imagine? Staring at data first, we realize that the most successful, stable, attractive country in the Western world is Switzerland. It has tiny unemployment; wealth; high happiness and mental-health scores. Does it have high home-ownership rates? Absolutely not. In Switzerland, about seven in ten of the population are renters. Yet, with Europe’s lowest home-ownership rate, the nation thrives. Now go to the other end of the misery distribution. Spain has approximately the highest home-ownership rate in Europe (at more than 80%). But one-quarter of its population are unemployed.A likely reason is that high levels of home-ownership mess up the labour market. In a sensibly functioning economy it is easy for people to move around to drop into the vibrant job slots thrown up by technological change. With a high degree of owner-occupation, everything slows. Folk get stuck. Renters can go to new jobs. In that way they do the economy a favours. As Friedman said, the rate of unemployment depends on the flexibility of the housing market.Next we come to economic breakdown. Most analysts accept that at heart it was the housing market-obsessive pursuit of homes, the engendered mortgage(房贷) lending and an unavoidable house-price crash-that sank the Western world. Germany, say, with its more efficient rental market, had a far smoother ride through trouble.As for the monetary system, in the past few decades, in the hope of getting untaxed capital gains way above their true labour earnings, many people threw their spare cash into buying larger houses or building extra bedrooms. TV programmes about how to make easy money, beautiful rising house prices, and most importantly, our faulty tax system encouraged that. When at some point market broke down, everyone suffered. Our countries ought, instead, to design tax systems that encourage people to invest in productive real activities and in innovation. Renting leaves money free for better purposes.That also points to the role of sensible budgeting over a person’s lifetime. Why should we think that when we die it is necessary to have paid off an entire house? Our children do not deserve it. Let them pay for themselves. We should rent-and enjoy our lives with the money saved.Finally, moderation usually pays off. Our scientific understanding of how economies function is horribly limited. This suggests that the golden rule should be to avoid extremes. A50-50mix of home-ownership and renting, not the 70-30 split that is now observed in so many Western nations, makes sense.74. The cases of Switzerland and Spain prove that_____A. low home-ownership rate at about 30% is most favourable for economyB. home-ownership mainly decides a country’s citizens’ mental healthC. home-ownership has a lot to do with a country’s technological developmentD. low home-ownership increases the mobility of job market and economy75. The main reason to make people invest in housing market is____A. the problematic taxing approach favouring house buyingB. people’s desire to avoid their money from devaluingC. easy channels to obtain methods to make easy moneyD. people’s wishes to live in large and more comfortable houses76. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Switzerland suffers the worse unemployment in EuropeB. Renting allows more money into more creative economic activitesC. Germany’s effective mortgage system saw it through the western economic crisisD. Our children have the right to enjoy the housing property we have paid off77. What opinion does the author agree with most?A. People should learn the workings of housing marketB. Laws should be set up to stop people from buying housesC. An adequate rate of home-ownership should be keptD. People should follow the good example of Europe in housing investmentSection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.The herds of bulls and horses depicted running along the walls of the Lascaux caves in France are among the most magnificent examples of prehistoric art ever discovered.But rather than displaying hunting scenes, new evidence suggests that the images actually represent the frightening sounds which came from the mouths of the caves.US researcher Steven Waller believes that the echoes(回声) of clapping outside the cave would have sounded like hundreds of animal feet drumming on the ground. He proposes that the caves were preserved for their sound properties, which prehistoric peoples mistook for supernatural noises.Ancient stories explained echoes from the mouths of certain giant caves as replies from spirits, so our ancestors chose to decorate these caves with paintings believing that they were inhabited by spirits and gods.Beside animal sounds, many ancient cultures attributed thunder in the sky to ‘thunder gods,’ so it makes sense that some lasting echoes within the caves were interpreted as thunder and inspired paintings of those thunder gods on cave walls.The idea is also supported by audio theory, which shows statistically significant similarities between the rock are sites and modern sound reflection equipment.As for the presence of the famous Stonehenge(巨石阵) in Britain, Mr. Walker also suggests it may have been the sound of the prehistoric monument, rather than the sight, that inspired its creation.He claims that its architects may have been trying to recreate a sound-effect similar to the ritual sound made during religious dancing.People taking part in a religious dance around a pair of pipes would have heard the music grow quieter as they moved past certain pipes due to a natural phenomenon known as an ‘interference pattern.’ If they were blindfold, it woul d have created the illusion that the sound was intermittently being reduced by invisible gods as they danced. According to Dr. Walker, the effects became so impressive that ancient people attempted to capture it in store. Therefore the Stonehenge appeared.However some British experts said that it was clear that Stonehenge had been created over several centuries rather than being ‘thrown up overnight.’They claimed that there was no question in the traditional view that lining up along the mid-summer sunrise and mid-winter sunset was the ultimate purpose for its building.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. According to ancient people, who lived in the big caves?79. Modern sound science finds that ____ and _____ have much in common.80. According to Walker, how was the sound made weaker during religious dancing?81. The traditional view believes that Stonehenge was built in order to ______.II卷（共47分）I．Translation(22分)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 玛丽的表演从来没有这样令人印象深刻。
闸北区2015年高三语文一模试题附答案
闸北区2015年高三语文一模试题(2015.1)考生注意：1.答案一律写在答题纸上，否则不给分；2. 150分钟内完成，总分150分。
一、阅读80分（一）阅读下文，完成1---6题。
（18分）①国有国格，人有人格，艺术也有自己的品格。
品格层次的高下决定着艺术的精神价值和历史地位的高下。
艺无格不立。
艺术品格是艺术作品屹立于艺术之林的脊骨。
艺术品格的内涵至少包括口口品格、口口品格和口口品格。
②中国艺术有“解衣盘礴”的优秀传统。
专注痴迷于创造的沉酣而不作世故的权衡和功利的算计，是进入最佳创作状态和确保艺术神圣与纯洁的前提。
前人早巳发现：人多一分世故即少一分高雅；利多心急者其艺必不工。
③艺术品格的滑坡往往是经不住非艺术的种种诱惑而造成艺术本身相对独立性的丧失。
诱于名，艺术降格为自我吹胀的钩誉虫；诱于利，艺术堕落为满身铜臭的摇钱树；诱于权，艺术奴化为察颜观色的登龙符。
④艺术是艺术家在泥泞思路上频频滑倒的激情与感悟，它往往能跌出灵感带血的伤口和心灵震颤的歌吟；而在舒适坦途上装作跌倒，则只能跌出滑稽的丑态和矫情的喊叫。
⑤任何有健康恬力的艺术都构成自己纯真的氛围。
游离于情节和性格的床头、拳头，噱头，是甩卖发馊肉汤的胡椒、掩盖灵魂的膏药、装扮卖笑丑妇的胭脂。
⑥优秀艺术总要在前人的基础上增加一些属于的东西。
吴昌硕的厚度、齐白石的醇度、潘天寿的力度、傅抱石的速度，都以不与人苟同的艺术个性的戛戛独造在艺术史上留下闪光的篇页。
雪地上的第一排脚印最易诱人放弃寻找自己最佳路线的选择。
缺乏创造性的模仿艺术已流于下品，没有出息的倒爷艺术更无品格可言。
⑦艺术家的品格是由艺术家的人格决定的。
艺术家不是完人，艺术创造所必须的素质偏离也常常给他们带来不可避免的缺点和怪癖，所以艺术人格与道德人格既有重叠又有一定的错位。
⑧艺术人格有它的标准，那就是以严肃的艺术创造为轴心的文化使命感和文化献身精神。
⑨艺术家是文化的先知。
他的追求是未来。
他的任务是创造。
2015年上海市初中毕业统一学业考试语文-试卷
2015年上海市初中毕业统一学业考试语文试卷（满分150分，考试时间100分钟）考生注意：1 本试卷共26题。
2 请将所有答案做在答题纸的指定位置上，做在试卷上一律不计分。
一、文言文（39分）（一）默写（15分）1.夜来城外一尺雪，＿＿＿。
（《卖炭翁》）2.＿＿＿，脉脉不得语。
（《迢迢牵牛星》）3.＿＿＿，芳草萋萋鹦鹉洲（《黄鹤楼》）4.衣带渐宽终不悔，＿＿＿（《蝶恋花》）5.山水之乐，＿＿＿。
（《醉翁亭记》）（二）阅读下面的诗句，完成第6-7题（4分）【甲】欲说还休，却道天凉好个秋。
（《丑奴儿·书博山道中壁》）【乙】会挽雕弓如满月，西北望，射天狼。
（《江城子·密州出猎》）【丙】会当凌绝顶，一览众山小。
（《望岳》）6.以上三句诗均为诗词的末句，都抒写了作者心中的渴望，请分别写出渴望的内容。
（2分）甲句：渴望能直接抒发心中的忧愁乙句：＿＿＿丙句：＿＿＿7.下列对诗句理解错误的一项是：（2分）A以上三句都在感情高潮时结束。
B以上三句或写现在或写将来。
C三句都与诗人的个人经历有关。
D三句都与标题有直接关系。
（三）阅读下面两篇选文，完成第8-9题（8分）明有奇巧人曰王叔远，能以径寸之木为宫室、器皿、人物，以至鸟兽、木石，罔不因势象形，各具情态。
尝贻余核舟一，盖大苏泛赤壁云。
舟首尾长约八分有奇，高可二黍许。
中轩敞者为舱，箬篷覆之。
旁开小窗，左右各四，共八扇。
启窗而观，雕栏相望焉。
闭之，则右刻"山高月小，水落石出"，左刻"清风徐来，水波不兴"，石青糁之。
8.请按要求完成下面的基础积累表。
（6分）文学常识词语解释句子翻译大苏泛赤壁大苏指＿＿＿（人名）水波不兴兴：＿＿＿尝贻余核舟一译句＿＿＿9.下列不能体现核舟雕刻技艺精巧的一项是（6分）A覆盖在船舱上的箬篷清晰可见。
B船舱有八扇窗，且都可启可闭。
C能用直径一寸的材料刻成核舟。
D左窗和右窗共刻有十六个文字。
高三作文之闸北区高三语文一模卷2015作文
闸北区高三语文一模卷2015作文【篇一：闸北区2015年高三语文一模及答案】闸北区2015年高三语文一模试题(2015.1)考生注意：1.答案一律写在答题纸上，否则不给分；2. 150分钟内完成，总分150分。
一、阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成1---6题。
（18分）①国有国格，人有人格，艺术也有自己的品格。
品格层次的高下决定着艺术的精神价值和历史地位的高下。
艺无格不立。
艺术品格是艺术作品屹立于艺术之林的脊骨。
艺术品格的内涵至少包括口口品格、口口品格和口口品格。
②中国艺术有?解衣盘礴?的优秀传统。
专注痴迷于创造的沉酣而不作世故的权衡和功利的算计，是进入最佳创作状态和确保艺术神圣与纯洁的前提。
前人早巳发现：人多一分世故即少一分高雅；利多心急者其艺必不工。
③艺术品格的滑坡往往是经不住非艺术的种种诱惑而造成艺术本身相对独立性的丧失。
诱于名，艺术降格为自我吹胀的钩誉虫；诱于利，艺术堕落为满身铜臭的摇钱树；诱于权，艺术奴化为察颜观色的登龙符。
④艺术是艺术家在泥泞思路上频频滑倒的激情与感悟，它往往能跌出灵感带血的伤口和心灵震颤的歌吟；而在舒适坦途上装作跌倒，则只能跌出滑稽的丑态和矫情的喊叫。
⑤任何有健康恬力的艺术都构成自己纯真的氛围。
游离于情节和性格的床头、拳头，噱头，是甩卖发馊肉汤的胡椒、掩盖灵魂的膏药、装扮卖笑丑妇的胭脂。
⑥优秀艺术总要在前人的基础上增加一些属于的东西。
吴昌硕的厚度、齐白石的醇度、潘天寿的力度、傅抱石的速度，都以不与人苟同的艺术个性的戛戛独造在艺术史上留下闪光的篇页。
雪地上的第一排脚印最易诱人放弃寻找自己最佳路线的选择。
缺乏创造性的模仿艺术已流于下品，没有出息的倒爷艺术更无品格可言。
⑦艺术家的品格是由艺术家的人格决定的。
艺术家不是完人，艺术创造所必须的素质偏离也常常给他们带来不可避免的缺点和怪癖，所以艺术人格与道德人格既有重叠又有一定的错位。
⑧艺术人格有它的标准，那就是以严肃的艺术创造为轴心的文化使命感和文化献身精神。
2015年高考模拟试题_2015届上海市闸北区高三下学期二模：语文试题
2015年闸北区第二学期模拟考试高三年级语文试卷（满分120分，考试时间150分钟）一、阅读下文，完成1—6题。
（15分）人生逆境罗兰①每个人都可能有环境不好，遭遇坎坷，工作辛苦的时候。
说得严重一点，几乎可以说，在我们每个人降生到这个世界以前，就被注定了要背负起经历各种困难折磨的命运。
②但这并不是说，因此就该认定人间没有乐趣，或生命没有价值。
我们( )被注定了要靠劳力、靠工作来维持自己的生活，( )被注定了有七情六欲来品尝人间各种各样的离合悲欢；( )在另一方面，我们却有机会欣赏这鸟语花香的世界，我们还有智慧可以体味人间苦乐的真谛，我们也还有心情来领略人间的爱心、善良和同情是何等的珍贵。
总而言之，和我们所付出的代价比起来，我们的收获是值得的。
③我常把人生比做一次旅行，辛劳和苦难算做是我们所不能不花的旅费。
而在这一趟旅程中，我们可以得到各种各样五色缤纷的经验。
当我们痛苦的时候，可以当做那是我们在旅途中的涉水跋山、走狭路、过险桥。
而当我们快乐的时候，那是我们到达了风光明媚的处所，卸下了行装，洗去了风尘，在欣赏留连。
也正如旅行一样，不在某一处风景区永远停留，而只能在驻足一阵之后，就又该背起行囊去寻觅另一处佳境。
④因此，人间的苦苦乐乐，我们都该把它看做理所当然。
做生意顺利的时候，财源滚滚而来，取之不尽，用之不竭，那是顺境。
一旦遇上风险，逆境来临，就又要过一过节衣缩食的苦日子，不够坚强的人当逆境来临时，就难免会匆匆结束这次旅行，到那．渺茫不可知的地方去；而假如我们够坚强，就该明白，我们就是为经历这些．．风险而来。
⑤作为一个像样的旅行家需要勇气，也唯有有勇气承担旅途风险的人才可以到达人生的胜境，才可以领略到一般人所领略不到的“化险为夷”，“夜尽天明”，“腊尽春回”等等的乐趣。
因此，逢到逆境时，我们要忍一忍、熬一熬、再多拿出一份勇气和信心；不要只看旅途的艰苦，而要把希望的灯光点亮，去照见那你所想要去的地方。
⑥我们每一个人都有受到环境压力的时候；但在这时候，你与其悲伤流泪，就不如将自己既有的条件去慢慢耕耘，等一旦机会来临，自己也有了足够的条件去应付了，境遇就好转了。
上海市2015各区一模考古诗词理解题目2汇总整理版(2016年一模)
2015学年第一学期末各区“课内文言文”模拟考题汇总班级：学号：姓名：（一）单篇11(静安)、阅读下面这首作品，完成（1）～（2）题（4分）丑奴儿（辛弃疾）少年不识愁滋味，爱上层楼。
爱上层楼，为赋新词强说愁。
（1）以下内容中与辛弃疾无关．．的一项是（2分）A.南宋B.豪放派代表词人C.班超投笔从戎D.与陈亮志同道合（2）根据作品内容，以下关联词语填入空格后与原意不符．．的一项是（2分）A.因为……所以……B. 虽然……但是……C.只有……才……D. 即使……也……2(普陀)、阅读下面的小令，完成（1）-（2）题（4分）四块玉·别情（元关汉卿）自送别，心难舍，一点相思几时绝？凭阑袖拂杨花雪。
溪又斜，山又遮，人去也！（1）“绝”在文中的意思是。
（2分）（2）下列理解正确的一项是。
（2分）A.“自送别，心难舍”体现送别时心中难舍。
B.“一点相思”特别强调相思之情并不多。
C.“杨花雪”语出苏轼《少年游》，暗含别离之味。
D.这首小令以游子口吻描写离3（长宁）、阅读下面的词，完成第（1）～（2）题。
（4分）水仙子•咏江南（元张养浩）一江烟水照晴岚，两岸人家接画檐，艾荷丛一段秋光淡。
看沙鸥舞再三，卷香风十里珠帘。
画船儿天边至，酒旗儿风外飐。
爱杀江南！（1）“卷香风十里珠帘”是倒装句，其正常语序是________ (2分)（2）对本曲理解不正的一项是（）(2分)A．全曲前七句写景，最后一句抒情，并点明主旨。
B．抓住江南多水的特点，写出了美丽的水乡风光。
C．采用远近结合、动静结合的方式，描绘了江南美景。
D．“一、两、再三、十”等数词，表现了江南景色的雄奇阔大。
4（浦东）、阅读下面的词，完成第（1）～（2）题（4分）诉衷情（陆游）当年万里觅封侯，匹马戍梁州。
关河梦断何处，尘暗旧貂裘。
胡未灭，鬓先秋，泪空流。
此生谁料，心在天山，身老沧洲。
（1）“梁州”和“天山”都代指。
（2分）（2）下列理解不正确．．．的一项是（）（2分）A．“觅封侯”写出了词人当年建功立业的抱负。
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上海市闸北区2015届高三一模语文试题一、阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成1---6题。
（18分）①国有国格，人有人格，艺术也有自己的品格。
品格层次的高下决定着艺术的精神价值和历史地位的高下。
艺无格不立。
艺术品格是艺术作品屹立于艺术之林的脊骨。
艺术品格的内涵至少包括口口品格、口口品格和口口品格。
②中国艺术有‚解衣盘礴‛的优秀传统。
专注痴迷于创造的沉酣而不作世故的权衡和功利的算计，是进入最佳创作状态和确保艺术神圣与纯洁的前提。
前人早巳发现：人多一分世故即少一分高雅；利多心急者其艺必不工。
③艺术品格的滑坡往往是经不住非艺术的种种诱惑而造成艺术本身相对独立性的丧失。
诱于名，艺术降格为自我吹胀的钩誉虫；诱于利，艺术堕落为满身铜臭的摇钱树；诱于权，艺术奴化为察颜观色的登龙符。
④艺术是艺术家在泥泞思路上频频滑倒的激情与感悟，它往往能跌出灵感带血的伤口和心灵震颤的歌吟；而在舒适坦途上装作跌倒，则只能跌出滑稽的丑态和矫情的喊叫。
⑤任何有健康活力的艺术都构成自己纯真的氛围。
_____________________________游离于情节和性格的床头、拳头、噱头，是甩卖发馊肉汤的胡椒、掩盖灵魂的膏药、装扮卖笑丑妇的胭脂。
⑥优秀艺术总要在前人的基础上增加一些属于自己的东西。
吴昌硕的厚度、齐白石的醇度、潘天寿的力度、傅抱石的速度，都以不与人苟同的艺术个性的戛戛独造在艺术史上留下闪光的篇页。
雪地上的第一排脚印最易诱人放弃寻找自己最佳路线的选择。
缺乏创造性的模仿艺术已流于下品，没有出息的倒爷艺术更无品格可言。
⑦艺术家的品格是由艺术家的人格决定的。
艺术家不是完人，艺术创造所必须的素质偏离也常常给他们带来不可避免的缺点和怪癖，所以艺术人格与道德人格既有重叠又有一定的错位。
⑧艺术人格有它的标准，那就是以严肃的艺术创造为轴心的文化使命感和文化献身精神。
⑨艺术家是文化的先知。
他的追求是未来。
他的任务是创造。
为了人类进步及真理，他甘愿做艺术的探险者和殉道者。
他想的不是名利，而是争取更多的时间燃烧自己，付出自己。
⑩我们期待艺术品格和艺术人格在新的高度和层次上趋于统一。
我们期待创作出优秀艺术品的艺术家同时也创造出优秀的自己。
（选自翟墨《艺术的品格》 ,有改动）1．联系下文，填写第①段空缺处的词语。
（2分）独立真诚（或纯真）创造（或独创）（对一处1分）2．“解衣盘礴”是个成语，原本指解开上衣，盘腿而坐；文中的意思是_神闲气定，不拘一格（或摈弃杂念，气定神凝）（意思对即可，超过字数扣1分）（不得超过10字）。
（3分）3．从修辞的角度，分析第③段画线句的表达效果。
（4分）运用了排比、比喻的辞格，（1分）从名、利、权三个角度全面地诠释了艺术丧失独立品格的原因和世俗之态。
(1分)用比喻，形象生动；（1分）用排比，内容集中，剖析全面，且句式整齐，铿锵有力。
（1分）4．第⑤段空白处有以下三句话，正确的排序是：( 丁 )（2分）a．戏不够，“三头”凑，常常是伪劣艺术的特征。
b．它们不能以浩浩正气、铮铮铁骨、绵绵深情等人格力量撼人心魄，便以色情、暴力、笑料等低级趣味迷己惑人。
c．它容不得肮脏泥沙的迷跟、虚矫赘瘤的附身、冒名伪作的蒙混。
甲．cba 乙．abc 丙．bca 丁．cab5.对第⑥段画线句所论证的观点分析正确的一项是( C )（3分）A．艺术家备有不与人苟同的艺术个性。
B．艺术家的戛戛独造在艺术史匕留下闪光的篇页。
C．优秀艺术总要在前人的基础上增加些真正属于自己的东西。
D．艺术家不能泥古，应各有自己的艺术个性的新的内容。
6．作为一篇社科类文章，本文在语言运用上有一定特色，请举例简析。
（4分）提示：(1)将抽象的概念具象化，避免了议论文体说理性过强、形象性不足，有可读性；(2)简洁含蓄，生动形象；(3)深入浅出，言简意赅。
（择取一点即可；例子1分，分析2分，表达1分）（二）阅读下文，完成7 -- 12题。
(19分)热爱生命（节选）【美】杰克〃伦敦①他闭上眼睛，极其小心地让自己镇静下去。
疲倦象涨潮一样，从他身体的各处涌上来，但是他刚强地打起精神，绝不让这种令人窒息的疲倦把他淹没。
这种要命的疲倦，很像涨潮的大海，一浪高过一浪，一点点地淹没他的感觉和意识。
有时候，他几乎完全给淹没了，他只能用无力的双手划着，漂游过那黑茫茫的一片；可是，有时候，他又会凭着一种奇怪的心灵作用，另外找到一丝毅力，更坚强地划着。
②他一动不动地仰面躺着，现在，他能够听到病狼一呼一吸地喘着气，慢慢地向他逼近。
它愈来愈近，总是在向他逼近，好像经过了无穷的时间，但是他始终不动。
它已经到了他耳边。
那条粗糙的干舌头正像砂纸一样地磨擦着他的两腮。
他那两只手一下子伸了出来——或者，至少也是他凭着毅力要它们伸出来的。
他的指头弯得象鹰爪一样，可是抓了个空。
敏捷和准确是需要力气的，他没有这种力气。
③那只狼的耐心真是可怕；这个人的耐心也一样可怕。
④这一天，有一半时间他一直躺着不动，尽力和昏迷斗争，等着那个要把他吃掉、而他也希望能吃掉的东西。
有时候，疲倦的浪潮涌上来，淹没了他，他会做起很长的梦；然而在整个过程中，不论醒着或是做梦，他都在等着那种喘息和那条粗糙的舌头来舐他。
⑤他并没有听到这种喘息，他只是从梦里慢慢苏醒过来，觉得有条舌头在顺着他的一只手舐去。
他静静地等着。
狼牙轻轻地扣在他手上了；扣紧了；狼正在尽最后一点力量把牙齿咬进它等了很久的东西里面。
可是这个人也等了很久，那只给咬破了的手也抓住了狼的牙床。
于是，慢慢地，就在狼无力地挣扎着，他的手无力地掐着的时候，他的另一只手已经慢慢摸过来，一下把狼抓住五分钟之后，这个人已经把全身的重量都压在狼的身上。
他的手的力量虽然还不足以把狼掐死，可是他的脸已经紧紧地压住了狼的咽喉，嘴里已经满是狼毛。
半小时后，这个人感到一小股暖和的液体慢慢流进他的喉咙。
这东西并不好吃，就像硬灌到他胃里的铅液，而且是纯粹凭着意志硬灌下去的。
后来，这个人翻了一个身，仰面睡着了。
⑥捕鲸船‚白德福号‛上，有几个科学考察队的人员。
他们从甲板上望见岸上有一个奇怪的东西。
它正在向沙滩下面的水面挪动。
他们没法分清它是哪一类动物，但是，因为他们都是研究科学的人，他们就乘了船旁边的一条捕鲸艇，到岸上去察看。
接着，他们发现-个活着的动物，可是很难把它称作人。
它已经瞎了，失去了知觉。
它就像一条大虫子在地上蠕动着前进。
它用的力气大半都不起作用．但是它老不停，它一面摇晃，一面向前扭动，照它这样，一个钟头大概可以爬上二十尺。
⑦三星期以后，这个人躺在捕鲸船‚白德福号‛的一个铺位上，眼泪顺着他的削瘦的面颊往下淌，他说出他是谁和他经过的一切。
同时，他又含含糊糊地、不连贯地谈到了他的母亲，谈到了阳光灿烂的南加利福尼亚，以及桔树和花丛中的他的家园。
7.联系上下文，分析第③段的作用。
（4分）一，承上启下，用“画外音”式的阐述凸现更紧张的氛围。
(2分)二，突出人与狼的生死对峙，强调“耐心”所起的决定作用。
(2分)8.赏析第⑤段中加点词“硬灌”的精妙之处。
（3分）“硬灌”有两层含意：一是指在外力作用下的被动行为；二是非常难受。
（1分）这表明狼血流入“他”的体内并非有意为之，而是自然结果。
尽管恶心与不适，由于虚弱无力却无法抗拒。
(1分)这两个字，表现了“他”在特定环境中韵特有状态与感受。
内涵丰富，精确传神。
(1分)9.第⑥段中，作者为什么改称主人公“他”为“它”？请说说理由。
（2分）这是因为发现者距离较远，更由于“他”在“挪动”(已经无法使人辨别出是“人”) ，所以被误以为是“东西”，是某种动物。
（1分）将“他”改称“它”既展现了被发现的真实情形，更呈现出“他”当时的“非人”状态。
（1分）10.对第⑦段内容的理解恰当的一项是( B )（2分）A．“三星期以后”，说明“他”复苏时间之长：流泪，说明“他”仍处在痛苦之中。
B．母亲及家园，既是“他”“热爱生命”的缘由，也是“他”战胜厄运与死亡的精神力量。
C．“含含糊糊地、不连贯地”谈活，是“他”劫后余生后的激动所致。
D．交代“他”的来历与故事的结局，证明其真实性，更加令人信服。
11.请自选一例，简析本文的细节描写。
（4分）示例：第②段中“他的指头弯得像鹰爪一样，可是抓了个空”，是一处细节描写。
“抓”字精准；这是“他”的反击方式。
由于无力，“他”无法用拳或其他更有效的方式；由于虚弱，没有“抓”到！生死关头却“抓了个空”！令人窒息，令人心惊胆战。
（实例1分；分析2分；文字1分）12.请结合“他”这一人物形象，谈淡你对“热爱生命”的看法。
（4分）提示：（1）热爱生命要有坚定的求生信念。
（2）热爱生命要善用智慧，善于同艰险环境作斗争，不丧气，不放弃。
（3）热爱生命要有顽强的毅力，百折不饶，战斗到生命的最后一刻。
（答对2点即可；观点2分，阐述2分）（三）默写（6分）【任选6空作答；超过6空，按前6空评分；】13．(1)山水之乐，得之心而寓之酒也。
（欧阳修《醉翁亭记》）(2)塞上长城空自许，镜中衰鬓已先斑。
（陆游《书愤》）(3)今者项庄拔剑舞，其意常在沛公。
（司马迁《鸿门宴》）(4)哀吾生之须臾，羡长江之无穷。
（苏轼《前赤壁赋》）(5)善始者实繁，克终者盖寡。
（魏征《谏太宗十思疏》）(6)故兵无常势，水无常形。
（《孙子〃虚实篇》）(7)失之东隅，收之桑榆。
（《后汉书〃冯异传》）(8)独学而无友，则孤陋而寡闻。
（汉．《礼旧》）（四）阅读下面的作品，完成14-16题。
（8分）鹧鸪天（宋）苏轼①林断山明竹隐墙，乱蝉衰草小池塘。
②翻空白鸟时时见，照水红蕖细细香。
③村舍外，古城旁，杖藜徐步转斜阳。
④殷勤昨夜三更雨，又得浮生一日凉。
注：此作写于被贬黄州期脚。
14．第__2__句对仗工整严密，颇有诗情画意，营造了一种_清新淡雅（或明丽生趣、天朗气清）_的氛围。
（2分）15.对作品分析不正确的一项是( D )。
（2分）A．上片写景，写的是夏末秋初之景。
B．下片写人，通过人物的外部形象显示其内心世界。
C．纵观全词，作品中的人物是一个身闲心苦的不得志者。
D . 尽管人物形象抑郁不得志，但字里行间仍不失豪放风格。
16．结合作品，赏析第④句。
（4分）本句是词的画龙点睛之笔（1分）。
“殷勤”是拟人化的手法；天公有情义，昨夜下了一场好雨，使人度过了凉爽的一天。
（1分）但细细品味，这个“凉”字，却含有自嘲的辛酸，隐藏着作者的人生感慨。
（2分）（五）阅读下文，完成17-21题。
（17分）修始在滁州，号醉翁，晚更号六一居士。
天资刚劲，见义勇为，虽机阱在前，触发之不顾。
放逐流离，至于再三，志气自若也。
方贬夷陵时，无以自遣，因取旧案反覆观之，见其枉直乖错不可胜数，于是仰天叹曰：‚以荒远小邑，且如此，天下固可知。
‛自尔，遇事不敢忽也。
学者求见，所与言，未尝及文章，惟谈吏事，谓文章止于润身，政事可以及物。