新编英美概况-许鲁之教学教材
新编英美概况- 许鲁之
Chapter 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources 1. Choose the correct answer
1-8 CDBACBBB
2. fill in the blanks
1. Ca nada\Mexico\the Cuff of Mexico\Atla ntic Ocea n\the Pacific Ocea n
2. The Atla ntic seacoast west to the Appalacha in s\The
Mississippi River Basin\The Rockies west to the Pacific
3. most den sely\flat\fertile
4. productive\fruits\vegetables
5. Louisia na\Texas\Texas\Oklahoma\Califor ni a\i nsufficie nt\4O%
6.little\fresh\12%\richest\productive
Chapter 2 America n Populati on
1. Choose the correct answer
1-8 CBDACDCB
2. fill in the blanks
1. third\250
2.1875\perma nent reside nce\morality\race\nati onal
origi n\n ati onal
origi n\skilled\relatives\270,000\700,000\675,000
3.i nden tured serva nts\slaves\1863
4.South\poverty line
5.i ndustrious'i ntellige nt'modle min ority'twice
I.Why is the US known as a "melting pot"?
An swer:The Un ited States is known as a "melti ng pot",mea ning that it is composed of immigra nts from differe nt n ati ons all over the world. 3.Why do many America ns now migrate from cities to suburbs?
An swer:The widespread use of automobiles and the con struct ion of express highways made it possible for people to live farther away from their jobs.The teleph one reduces the n eed for them to work or live in close proximity to one
another.Besides these economic and techo no logical cha nges, importa nt social factors were invo Ived.Subruba n areas offered more liv ing space tha n cities,lower crime rates,less polluti on,and superior schools .It is gen erally believed that they are a better place for rising childre n.
In dia n Reservati on
Answer:Ever since the discocery of the New World in 1492, the Indians have bee n cruelly treated. They were drive n to barre n desert regi ons, the so-called "Indian Reservations".
The reservati ons usually lack adequate health care facilities, educational opportunities,decent housing,and jobs.
Hispa nics
An swer:They are the Spani sh-speak ing immigra nts from Lat in America n coun tries. The majority traces their roots to Mexico, Pueto Rico,or Cuba.
Chapter3 Discovery and Coloni zati on of the New
World
1. Choose the correct answer
1-8 DABBBCDC
2. fill in the blanks
1. Portuguese\the Cape of Good Hope\Spai n\Atla ntic'the
Cartbbea n\West In dia ns
2. Amerigo Vespueci\America
3. the Virgi nia Coast\pilgrims\Mayflower Compact
4. appo ined by the En glish King'un der proprietors who themselves chose the gover no rs'select gover nors un der self- gover ning charters tobacco'cott on
4. What was the social structure of the 13 coloni es?
Answer:Society in the 13 colonies was like a pytamid.The top was made up of mercha nts and Ian dlords.The base was made up of refugees from Europe, black slaves from Africa, and n ative In dia ns.
5. Why did not the America n In dia ns become slaves duri ng the colonies days? Answer:They could not put up with slaves. If an Indian was enslaved, his fellow tribe men bers would fight to free him.So the colo ni alists soon gave up the attempt to use them as slave labor」n stead they seized the land of the In dia ns and drove them away or killed them.
Mayflower Compact
An swer:It is sig ned by the pilgrims, establishi ng a form of local gover nment in which the colo ni sts agree to stick together,to abide by majority rule,to have the right to choose their leader and cooperate for the gen eral good for the colony. The Compact sets the precede nt for other colonies as they set up gover nmen ts.This was the beg inning of the US democracy.
Than ks-gi ving day
Answer:In 1620,the puritans in the Mayflower came the Rocky coast of what is now Massachusetts.They suffered the first cold wi ter with the help and advice of the native Indians,the Pilgrim Fathers planted corn and other crops.They reaped a good harvest the following year, and in October,1621,to celebrate this good harvest, the Pilgrims held a feast which featured wild turkey.They called this their Thanks-giving Day.It falls on the 4th Thursday of November.。
新编英美概况（许鲁之）Chapter5wordforPPT
新编英美概况（许鲁之）Chapter5wordforPPTChapter 5Confederation and the ConstitutionKey words in this chapter:Articles of ConfederationConstitution ConventionCongressFederalistsAntifederalistsBill of RightsLousiana PurchaseThe War of 1812Kansas Nebraska ActPresident Obama on the Passing of Steve Jobs: "He changed the way each of us sees the world." ?Michelle and I are saddened to learn of the passing of Steve Jobs. Steve was among the greatest of American innovators - brave enough to think differently, bold enough to believe he could change the world, and talented enough to do it.By building one of the planet’s most successful companies from his garage, he exemplified the spirit of American ingenuity 独创力. By making computers personal and putting the internet in our pockets, he made the information revolution not only accessible, but intuitive and fun. And by turning his talents to storytelling, he has brought joy to millions of children and grownups alike. Steve was fond of saying that he lived every day like it was his last. Because he did, he transformed our lives, redefined entire industries, and achieved one of the rarest feats in human history: he changed the way each of us sees the world.The world has lost a visionary有远见卓识者. And there may be no greater tribute to Steve’s success than the fact that much of the world learned of his passing on a device he invented. Michelle and I send our thoughts and prayers to Steve’s wife Laurene, his family, and all those who loved him.Articles of ConfederationAdopted by Congress in Nov. 1777, and sent to the 13 states for ratification.It came into effect in 1781.created a central government by constitutional compact but do not give it power to regulate the conduct of individuals.The Articles of Confederation establisheda fragile league of friendshipa very loose union of states within the framework of a central governmentlittle unity between the statesVery limited power to the central governmentShays' rebellionangry masses got together and stormed prisons to set free prisoners of debt. They attacked government institutions to protest against the unfair treatment.Soon a large part of Massachusetts was involved. Shays tried to interfere with the courts, and some 400 men demonstrated against the state legislature.When the rebels attacked the federal arsenal at Springfield, state troops were called out and quickly put down the rebellion.Shay’s rebellion caused many Americans to se ek a revision of th e Articles. Washinton wrote, ?“We are fast verging to anarchy and confusion.”The Articles were referred to as a “rope of sand.”The Constitutional ConventionIn May 1787, 55 men met in Philadelphia and wrote the Constitution of the United States.These attending included such noteworthy men asWashington,much respected Ben Franklin, now 81, in ill health,James Madison of Virginia, whose meticulous journal is the major source of information on the convention, andAlexander Hamilton, a fiscal genius.They generally approved of a stronger central government than that authorized under the Articles,Virginia Plan: larger states should have a larger representation= expressing the sentiments of the large-state New Jersey Plan: a small state should have the same voting power as a large state, expressing the small states' sentiments The president--- should be made chief executive and that the president would be elected for four-year terms, not for life.a system of presidential electors,The Slave IssueSouth and North compromised by having only three-fifths of the slaves count in Southern representation and by extending the life of the slave trade until 1808.The convention had opened on May 25, and by September 12 the final draft was submitted for approval.RatificationThe Constitution needed nine states to ratify before it became effectiveNew York and VirginiaIn both these states ratification barely carried, requiring theguarantee that a bill of rights would be added to the Constitution.Federalist Papers“Publius” =Pen nameAlexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay85 articles in the New York newspaper between Oct. 1787 and May 1788Puposes:supporting ratification of the Constitution;defending the principles of the Constitutin;dispelling the fears of national authority.The AntifederalistsThe new Constitution betrayed the Revolution and was a step toward monarchy;Not enough powers left to the states;Wanted the constitution to spell out the people’s rights;It did not do away with slavery.Bill of RightsThe Federalists agreed that if the Constitution was accepted, they would support changes to protect the rights of the people.The promised changes include ten important amendments which have been known as the Bill of Rights.The Constitution ensures the protection of private ownership. It makes it almost impossible for any authority to go against the Constitution without being checked by the other authorities.In June 1788, when New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify, the Constitution came into effect.Washington as the first presidentWashington swore in before the assembled members of the Congress and large crowds of cheering people on April 30, 1789 in New York, the then Capital of the United States.The Constitution said nothing about the organization of the administration. Washington had to work out his own plan.Hamilton's proposals:1. Tax on whiskey (1971)2. The National Bank of the United StatesThe angry Jefferson resigned his position as Secretary of State and organized his supporters into a group which was known as the Democratic-Republican Party.3. The location of the US capitalHamilton proposed that the Federal Government take over all the debts the states had incurred during the Revolution.The Southern States wanted to have a new capital located on the Potomac River. ?Compromise led to the solution of the two problems.Washington's achievementeconomic development,neutral policy in foreign affairstransformation of the separate states into a remarkably strong Union.At the end of his second term, Washington decided he would not seek reelection. His refusal established the two-term presidency as a tradition in American politics (which was made into law in 1951 by the twenty-second amendment to the Constitution).The Adams PresidencyJohn Adams was elected to succeed Washington. Thomas Jefferson, who had the second highest number of votes, became the new Vice-President.His cabinet was manipulated by Alexander Hamilton, whohad just returned to private life.And his vice-president was from the opposition party.The split between Adams and Jefferson increased as time went on.Finally, Adams paid less attention to his duties than any of his successors.The election of 1800Jefferson vs vice-president, Aaron Burr,tied in electoral college votes.After 33 ballots in the House of Representatives,Hamilton and a few blank ballot voteson the 36th ballot Thomas Jefferson became America's third president.The Louisiana PurchaseJefferson himself wrote," The cession of Louisiana by Spain to France works most sorely on the United States."a French Louisiana would make France "our natural and habitual enemy' and would compel America to "marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation."Robert Livingston, minister to France offer $2 million to purchase New Orleans and West Florida.Jefferson’s s pecial minister, James Monroe, to join Livingston and to offer $10 million for the same territories.Napoleon was willing to sell all of Louisiana for a total of $25 million.Napoleon himself declared,"We helped them to be free; now let us help them to be great."After some haggling, the American ministers reduced the price to $15 million. This was a great bargain: the US acquiredtitle to 2.6 million square kilometers of land for about three cents per acre, doubling the US land area and made possible further expansion westwards by pushing American frontier west far beyond the Middle West.Livingston wrote, "We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our lives."The Louisiana Purchase encompassed portions of 14 current U.S. states and 2 Canadian Provinces. The land purchased contained all of present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, parts of Minnesota that were west of the Mississippi River, most of North Dakota, nearly all of South Dakota, northeastern New Mexico, the portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide, and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, including the city of New Orleans.The land included in the purchase comprises around 23% of the territory of the United States today.Napoleon Bonaparte, upon completion of the agreement, stated,"This accession of territory affirms forever the power of the United States, and I have given England a maritime rival who sooner or later will humble her pride."James MadisonFather of the Constitution; as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, he took a leading part in the fight for a strong central government, and his notes are the only full record of the constitutional debates.As a member of the first House of Representatives, he was largely responsible for drafting the Bill of Rights.The Louisiana Purchase was Madison's greatest personalsuccess.The War of 1812Direct cause of the war:Britain impressed great number of sailors from seized American ships to become crews of its large navy.Oregon Question:a dispute (1840's) over the western part of the boundary, left undetermined by the Anglo-American boundary Commission of 1818 between the U.S. and Canada. The dispute was settled (1846) by a treaty expanding the boundary along 49 parallel from the Rocky Mtn to the Pacific coast. This gave the present states of Oregon, Idaho and Washington to the U.S.A. while Britain obtained Vancouver Island.Kansas-Nebraska Act: a law (30 May 1850) which provided that settlers in the newly created territories of Kansas and Nebraska should decide whether to have slavery or not. It nullified the Missouri Compromise and greatly increased the tension which led to the American Civil War.Both Adams and Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, 50 years after the acceptance of the Declaration of Independence by Congress.Changes caused by the war:1. Antiwar movement in New England;2. Tarnished James Madison’s image as a creative statesman;3. Strengthened the national unity and patriotism.。
新编英美概况(许鲁之)Chapter 3 word for PPT
Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization1American Indians and Great Discoveries☐From 40,000 to 10,000 B. C. a land bridge existed between Asia and Alaska.☐when the glaciers of the last Ice Age were at their peak which caused the level of the Bering Sea to lower more than 300 feet. It was across this land bridge, which may have measured more than 1000 miles wide, that the Asian hunters traveled in search of food.☐The first known inhabitants of modern-day United States territory are believed to have arrived over a period of several thousand years beginning sometime prior to 15,000 - 50,000 years ago from eastern Siberia by crossing Beringia into Alaska.☐Solid evidence of these cultures settling in what would become the US is dated to around 14,000 years ago.They might belong to the Mongoloid peoples.☐all land travel ended between 10,000 and 9000 B. C.☐They were divided into a great number of tribes who spoke different languges. By the 15th C there erer 15 to 20 million ingabitants in Americas.☐It is plausible that a Japanese of Chinese fishing craft, or even a Polynesian outrigger舷外支架canoe, may have drifted across the Pacific to the New World.☐There is some evidence that Irish or Welsh monks may have been the first non-Indian discoverers of the New World.☐between the years A.D. 450 and 500 Buddhist monks under the leadership of Hwui Shan traveled eastward from China to a land they called Fu-Sang.☐The origin of the California redwood or Monterey cypress(大果柏).☐They also tried to convert local Indians to Buddhism but failed and returned home.☐About A.D. 985 Eric the Red visited and colonized Greenland. About 1000 A.D. Leif Ericson, the son of Eric, driven by adventure and strong winds, sailed again the arrived at land in the West. Although the Norse indeed may have reached the east coast of the United States, they were forced to abandon their settlements.Factors Led to the European Discovery1.Renaissance and Reformation = the great spirit of adventure and enthusiasm whichswept Europe. The Renaissancesecularized the way people thought.2.The rise of Nation-Sates. By the 1400s France, England, and Spain were ruledby ambitious kings and queens. For one thing, Venice had built a monopoly on eh Mediterranean trade and kept others from sharing this wealth. Eastern goods were in great demand in Europe, and Venice, being the chief source of supply, could charge high prices in this trade. As England, France, Spain and Portugal emerged as nations, they want ed to break through Venice’s hold on the profitable trade and to get their fair share of it. Their ships could not compete in the Mediterranean so they sent out explorarers to sek other route to the East.3.Sailors deared to take long ocean voyages because of the improvements in navigationand naval architecture.4.Life on land was hard and uncertain.Christopher Columbus☐born in Genoa☐worked on Portuguese ships for nearly nine years.☐Columbus believed Europeans would arrive at the riches of the Orient--- referred to as the "Indies."☐The Portuguese king, relying on advisers who reported that the world was much larger than Columbus believed, rejected his plan.☐Columbus then approached Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain,☐The commission given to him made him "Admiral to the Ocean Sea" and "Viceroy and Governor总督" of any islands or countries --- excluding Japan and China --- that he might occupy or possess.☐He was also to receive 10 percent of all wealth. He even carried letters of introduction to the Chinese emperors, a Latin passport, and sailors who could speak and write Arabic.☐He crossed the Atlantic, and after six long weeks, his ship arrived at San Salvador in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492.☐Just before his death he revised his geography and said that the earth "had the form of a pear ... upon one pat of which is a prominence like a woman's nipple." Ferdinand MagellanIn 1499, Amerigo Vespucci, also under the Spanish flag, sailed west and reached the continent of South America. It was he who showed that the land they arrived was a whole new continent lay between Europe and Asia. Before long it was named after him, America. ☐Portuguese navigator, set out from Spain in 1519.☐They reached the Philippines where Magellan was killed by the natives. They finally went back to Spain after 3 years.☐They proved that India could be reached by sailing west.Spanish Exploration☐After Columbus the Spanish expanded from the Caribbean islands to the mainland. ☐In the Spanish realm exploration soon was followed by settlement. From Florida to California the Spanish Empire in the United States emerged.French Exploration☐Jacques Cartier made the first of his three expeditions to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in search of the Northwest Passage.☐He opened the St. Lawrence to eventual settlement and paved the way for future expansion down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, as well as westward to the Great Lakes.☐Samuel de Champlain pioneered the French empire.☐He made 11 trips of exploration to America.☐In 1608 he created a fort at Quebec, which soon became the permanent center of a French trapping and trading empire.English Exploration☐In 1497 John Cabot sailed west to try to discover the Northwest Passage.☐Drake was one of the most famous "seadogs," or pirates. On one trip in 1577 he traveled as far north in the Pacific and the present American-Canadian border and was then driven by weather to a bay just north of San Francisco, now referred to as Drake's Bay, where he left a plate as evidence of discovery.2Colonization of the New WorldThe ruling class of Europe fell upon this rich land greedily. Only fifty years after Columbus’s first voyage, the Spanish and Portuguses had overrun the vast land of what is now called Latin America.English Settlement☐during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the English in growing numbers concluded that the New World was their best opportunity.☐The Enclosure Movement of the 1500s. "Hark, hark, the dogs do bark, the beggars are coming to town."☐"Why man, all their cooking pans are pure gold."☐In 1578 Humphrey Gilbert acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth to settle "remote heathen and barbarous land.“☐Walter Raleigh sent out 117 men, women, and children to establish a colony on Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina.☐☐Jamestown: In 1607, Jamestown was founded on the lower reaches of the ChesapeakeBay on a low swampy island.☐Within the first 6 months the population of 104 was cut in half.☐“dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold” but no gold was to be found.☐Great famine: man ate his wife.New England Colonies☐The Pilgrim Fathers built their first settlement which was named Plymouth.☐They came in 1620 in a tiny ship called the “Mayflower”. There were 102 people. During the trip the Mayflower was blown off the course and they finally lnded, far to the north of Virginia, in what is now Massachusetts. The Pilprims decided to to set up their own government. They wrote a now famous agreement called the “Mayflower Compact”. In this Compact they agreed to stick together, to abide by majority rule, and to have a right to shoose their own leader. This was the beginning of the American democracy.☐During the first icy winter in the dwelling place called Plymouth, the Pilgrims suffered much hardship and aout half of them died. When spring came, the Indians began to help them. The Indians showed them how to hunt, jish, and plant. The Pilgrims had a fine harvest of corn in fall. They were thankful. They made a feast and invited the Indians who helped them. This was the first Thanksgiving in North America.☐Boston☐Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, After America won its independence, two other states were created in their proximity with the names of Maine and Vermont☐The Other colonies of New England also were established by Puritans.☐New Hampshire and Maine were settled by devout Puritans who began to move north from Massachusetts.☐Rhode Island and Connecticut were established by dissatisfied Puritans. Maryland☐Maryland was granted by Charles I to his friend Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics.Lord Baltimore acquired a charter from him for land in northern Virginia. The King's lack of geographic knowledge was revealed in the charter that granted Baltimore theentire Potomac river (both banks). This ignorant decision led to the oldest local dispute in American history. The charter given to Baltimore made him the proprietor, or controller, of the colony; he had almost absolute power, with only two limitations -- that two Indian arrows were to be given yearly to the King and that laws passed had to be approved by the people living there.The first Lord Baltimore died before actual settlement; it was the second Lord Baltimore that sent the vessels Ark and Dove to found Maryland in 1633.☐Pennsylvania☐founded by another group of English Puritans called Quakers, or the Society of Friends.☐In 1682 William Penn arrived in America on the ship Welcome and soon established one of the most liberal colonies, Pennsylvania, with its Quaker emphasis on religious and civil liberty.They believed in the idea of peace through brotherly love and wanted no formal pattern of worship. This was against the established rule of the Church of England. For this reason they suffered much persecution in England. Hundreds of Quakers were arrested, including William Penn, who spent two years in jail.William Pen was a Quaker. His father had been a close friend of Charles II and the king owed him much money. After his father's death, William Penn asked the king to give him some land in America and the king agreed.In 1682 William Penn arrived in America on on the ship Welcome and soon established one of the most liberal colonies, Pennsylvania, with its Quaker emphasis on religious and civil liberty.Penn then set up a colony on the land and called it Pennsylvania. Penn adopted a rather tolerant policy which welcomed any settlers who worshiped God. The result was the fast development of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, its capital town which was built according to Penn's careful plan, became one of the thriving centers of colonial America.His promotional literature brought such a diverse population from Europe that his settlement was known as "the melting pot,". Although the colony prospered, Penn himself did not, and he returned to England where he died in a debtor'sprison --- an institution that stimulated the founding of the last English colony, Georgia.☐New York, New Jersey and Delaware☐were not started by the English colonists. New York and New Jersey were first colonized by the Dutch, while Delaware was founded by the Swedish.But the English would never tolerate any intruder at their door. So they started a contest of strength and defeated their enemy. As a result, all these colonies were given to the English colonists.South Carolina and North Carolina☐were originally given by Charles II to eight of his close supporters.☐Georgia was the last of the thirteen English American colonies.☐A charter was obtained from King George II, and in 1733 Georgia, the criminal colony, was settled.In the 1700s England was becoming much more aware of the growing power in America of the Spanish Empire in the south and of the French Empire in the north. A barrier was needed between the colony of South Carolina and the Spanish settlement of Florida; such barrier also could satisfy a social need in England itself. A common practice at this time was to imprison a person for debt. These debtors' prisons were disease-ridden places where •Šstatistic jailers applied thumbscrews and strangled prisoners until blood flowed from their noses and ears. James Oglethorpe, a reformer and idealist, was moved deeply when one of his friends died in such a jail. He decided to organize a group of English •Šphilanthropists to form a colony in America that would serve as a barrier against the Spanish; the colony would be populated by prisoners.A charter was obtained from King George II, and in 1733 Georgia, the criminal colony, was settled. This Noble Experiment was both to noble and too restrictive. If you had lived in early Georgia you would have found no Catholics, no self-government, little private property, a price-wage freeze, no slavery, no hard liquor, mandatory military service, and a curfew. The goals of Oglethorpe and his friendswere high minded, but not too realistic . Gradually the restrictions were lessened, and the king took control of the colony.☐The Slave Trade☐triangular trade: because ship passage initially went from the colonies to the African coast and then to the West Indies or the South in shape of a triangle.☐The sixty-day voyage, or "middle passage," from Africa , which ended in the West Indies or the American mainland, was a living hell for the slaves and one of the cruelest aspects of colonial slavery.☐Mouth opener,☐suicide,☐revolt insurance,☐to keep the hands of the dead slaves to receive damages.☐There were instances where more than two-thirds of the slaves on a ship were dead by the time it arrive at the West Indies;☐the loss of half was not at all unusual.☐Some 50 million Africans died in transit. Ten million did survive to make it to Europe and to America.triangular trade: because ship passage initially went from the colonies to the African coast and then to the West Indies or the South in shape of a triangle. With rum, guns and gunpowder, utensils, textiles, and food, the trader left Boston, Salem, Providence. or Newport -- the leading slave ports of North America --- and arrived at a trading post in Africa. There he contacted the chief trader, who discussed price and arranged for an auction to be held.The sixty-day voyage, or "middle passage," from Africa , which ended in the West Indies or the American mainland, was a living hell for the slaves and one of the cruelest aspects of colonial slavery. The human cargo was packed aboard ship andchained together by twos, with hardly any room to stand, lie, or sit down. There between decks unbelievable atrocities occurred. One captain wrote, "The Negroes are so incident to the smallpox that few ships that carry them can escape without it."Mouth opener, suicide, revolt insurance, to keep the hands of the dead slaves to receive damages. There were instances where more than two-thirds of the slaves on a ship were dead by the time it arrive at the West Indies; the loss of half was not at all unusual. Some 50 million Africans died in transit. Ten million did survive to make it to Europe and to America. The trade system was a profit-making enterprise. Profits varied from 20 to 30 cents for every dollar invested.3Governmental and Social Structures of the 13 ColoniesThe 13 colonial governments presented a varied stucture.1.Royal colonies (8): the governments were appointed by the English King.2.Proprietary colonies业主殖民地, 特许殖民地(3): the governments wereunder proprietors who themselves chose the governors. (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware)3.Self-governing colonies(2): elected their governors under felf-governing charters.(Connecticut and Rhode Island)Due to geographical economic and social factors, the 13 colonies developed in different diretions. The New England colonies, where the soil was thin and poor, were difficult of farming. So the Yankee farmers in New England were forced to become jack-of-all-trades. So industry developed quickly here.The middle colonies known as the breadbasket had a more favorable climate and soil and thus became the most productive area for general farming. The southern colonies developed a olantation system, the the exploitation of slave labor. Tobacco, cotton, were major crops.。
新编英美概况-许鲁之教学教材
新编英美概况-许鲁之Chapter 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1.Choose the correct answer1-8 CDBACBBB2.fill in the blanks1.Canada\Mexico\the Cuff of Mexico\Atlantic Ocean\the Pacific Ocean2.The Atlantic seacoast west to the Appalachains\The Mississippi River Basin\The Rockies west to the Pacific3.most densely\flat\fertile4.productive\fruits\vegetables5.Louisiana\Texas\Texas\Oklahoma\California\insufficient\40%6.little\fresh\12%\richest\productiveChapter 2 American Population1.Choose the correct answer1-8 CBDACDCB2.fill in the blanks1.third\2502.1875\permanent residence\morality\race\nationalorigin\nationalorigin\skilled\relatives\270,000\700,000\675,0003.indentured servants\slaves\18634.South\poverty line5.industrious\intelligent\modle minority\twice3.Question for discussion1.Why is the US known as a "melting pot"?Answer:The United States is known as a "melting pot",meaning that it is composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world. 3.Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs?Answer:The widespread use of automobiles and the construction of express highways made it possible for people to live farther away from their jobs.The telephone reduces the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another.Besides these economic and techonological changes, important social factors wereinvolved.Subruban areas offered more living space than cities,lower crime rates,less pollution,and superior schools.It is generally believed that they are a better place for rising children.Indian ReservationAnswer:Ever since the discocery of the New World in 1492, the Indians have been cruelly treated. They were driven to barren desert regions, the so-called "Indian Reservations".The reservations usually lack adequate health care facilities, educational opportunities,decent housing,and jobs.HispanicsAnswer:They are the Spanish-speaking immigrants from Latin American countries. The majority traces their roots to Mexico, Pueto Rico,or Cuba.Chapter3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World1.Choose the correct answer1-8 DABBBCDC2.fill in the blanks1.Portuguese\the Cape of Good Hope\Spain\Atlantic\the Cartbbean\West Indians2.Amerigo Vespueci\America3.the Virginia Coast\pilgrims\Mayflower Compact4.appoined by the English King\under proprietors who themselves chose the governors\select governors under self-governing charters5.fishing\shipbuilding\breadbasket\wheat\potatoes\plantation\ tobacco\cotton3.Question for discussion4.What was the social structure of the 13 colonies?Answer:Society in the 13 colonies was like a pytamid.The top was made up of merchants and landlords.The base was made up of refugees from Europe, black slaves from Africa,and native Indians.5.Why did not the American Indians become slaves during thecolonies days?Answer:They could not put up with slaves. If an Indian was enslaved, his fellow tribe menbers would fight to free him.So the colonialists soon gave up the attempt to use themas slave labor.Instead they seized the land of the Indiansand drove them away or killed them.Mayflower CompactAnswer:It is signed by the pilgrims, establishing a form oflocal government in which the colonists agree to stick together,to abide by majority rule,to have the right to choose their leader and cooperate for the general good for the colony. The Compact sets the precedent for other colonies as they set up governments.This was the beginningof the US democracy.Thanks-giving dayAnswer:In 1620,the puritans in the Mayflower came the Rocky coast of what is now Massachusetts.They suffered the first cold ter with the help and advice of the native Indians,the Pilgrim Fathers planted corn and other crops.They reaped a good harvest the following year, and in October,1621,to celebrate this good harvest, the Pilgrims held a feast which featured wild turkey.They called this their Thanks-giving Day.It falls on the 4th Thursday of November.。
新编英美概况许鲁之（第四版）Unit1-7课后习题简答题答案
Chapter 4 American Revolu on
2. What happened on the evening of March 5, 1770? A clash between American colonies and Bri sh soldiers took place in Boston.
①The people of the US are predominantly white. ②The second most numerous minority in the US were the black people whose forefathers came from
Africa.
from La n American countries.
⑤The Chinese American have proved to be industrious and intelligent.
2. What factors cause the Americans to move frequently within the United States?
3. Why do many Americans now migrate from ci es to suburbs?
①The widespread uses of automobiles and the construc on of express highways made it possible for
新编英美概况教程第二版教学设计
新编英美概况教程第二版教学设计前言本文档是针对新编英美概况教程第二版的课程教学设计。
本文将从教学目的、教学内容、教学资源、教学方法等方面进行详细介绍，以此作为教师参考，为学生提供高质量的教育资源。
教学目的本课程旨在让学生掌握英美概况，包括历史、地理、政治、经济、文化等方面，并培养学生的跨文化交流能力，增强对英美社会和文化的认知、理解和应用能力。
同时，也希望通过本门课程的学习，学生能够对英美概况有一个整体、系统的了解。
教学内容本课程的教学内容主要包括以下几个方面：1. 英美的历史本章节将介绍英美的历史，包括古代英国和美国的殖民化时期、独立战争、内战、二战等历史事件及其影响。
2. 英美的地理本章节将介绍英美的地理和自然环境，涉及英美的地形、气候、生物群落等。
3. 英美的政治本章节将介绍英美的政治制度和政治文化，包括英美的政府组织、政治体系、选举制度、党派政治等。
4. 英美的经济本章节将介绍英美的经济制度和经济发展情况，包括英美的市场经济、金融体系、环境政策等。
5. 英美的文化本章节将介绍英美的文化，包括英美的文学、艺术、音乐、电影、体育等。
教学资源为了帮助学生更好地学习英美概况，我们将提供以下教学资源：1. 教材和参考书本课程的教材是《新编英美概况》第二版，并提供相关参考书籍。
2. 网络资源我们将为学生提供相关的网络资源，包括案例分析、视频资料、学术论文等。
3. 课堂活动我们将在课堂上设置多种形式的教学活动，如课堂讲演、讨论、案例分析、演示等。
教学方法本门课程将采用多种教学方法，如讲解、讨论、案例分析、课外阅读等，以促进学生全面、深入地了解英美概况。
同时，我们还将借助现代技术手段，如网络课堂、微课堂、在线交流等，以方便学生及时获取教学资源和互动交流。
总结通过本门课程的学习，学生可以更好地了解英美的历史、地理、政治、经济和文化，培养跨文化交流能力，增强对英美社会和文化的认知、理解和应用能力。
希望通过本门课程的学习，能够为学生未来的人生和职业发展提供更多的帮助和支持。
新编英美概况许鲁之（第四版）Unit1-7课后习题简答题答案.
新编英美概况许鲁之（第四版）Unit1-7课后习题简答题答案.Unit 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1. How many states are there in the United States? And which two states are geographically separated from the others? (50, Alaska, Hawaii)2. What are the general characters of the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.1) To the west of Atlantic coastal plain lie the Appalachian Mountains that begin in Canada and reach all the way to Georgia and Alabama. These are old mountains with rounded tops and wooded hills, usually not exceeding 800m in height. The highest point is only 2000m above the sea. Most of the mountain ridges are low enough to be easily crossed by modern highways. The Appalachians have much beautiful scenery and many tourist resorts. The Ohio and the Tennessee Rivers flow down the western slopes of the Appalachians to the great Mississippi River, deep in the heart of America.2) To the west of the Great Plains lie the Rocky Mountains, “the backbone of the continent”. These high mountains stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic and form what is known as Continental Divide, or Great Divide, the most important watershed on the continent. The Rockies are more than twice as high as the Appalachians and high enough to receive more rain than the surrounding plains and plateaus. Consequently, they are mostly forested. The striking and varied scenery of the Rockies has given rise to the establishment of many national parks here. The other natural wonders include roaming herds of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope and sheep, as well as the famous grizzly bear.Chapter 2 American Population1.Why is the United States known as a “melting pot”?It means that the US is composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world.①The people of the US are predominantly white.②The second most numerous minority in the US were the black people whose forefathers came fromAfrica.③American Indians were the original inhabitants on the continent.④Ther e were about 50.5 million Hispanics in 2010 in the US. They are the Spanish-speaking immigrantsfrom Latin American countries.⑤The Chinese American have proved to be industrious and intelligent.2.What factors cause the Americans to move frequently within the United States?①The desire for economic betterment is generally the most important force inducing migration.②Geographic difference in economic opportunity, as reflected by such factors as differences inemployment opportunities and earning power for workers and differences in the availability and the price of land for farmers.③Noneconomic factors. Such as climate, racial attitudes, and family tires, influencing migration.3.Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs?①The widespread use s of automobiles and the construction of express highways made it possible forpeople to live farther away from their jobs.②The telephone reduced the need for them to work or livein close proximity to one another.③Suburban areas offered more living spac e than cities, lower crime rates, less pollution, and superiorschools. It is generally believed that they are better place for raising children.Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World1. Discuss the pre-Columbian cultures in the Americas.1) The Aztecs of Mexico2) The Incas of Peru3) The Indians of North America4) Indian contributions to European culture: Foods, Drugs and Utilitarian objects2. Why did the discoveries of New World before Columbus not exert great influence in the world at that time?Because Europe was then poor and politically fragmented, It was beset by local wars and civil disorder and largely illiterate. In short, Europe was then incapable of responding to the Norse discoveries.3.Why did so many English people move to the New World in the 17th century?1) The New World was a great and rich land. In the New World there were all those resources necessary for agricultural and industrial development.2)During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1588-1603), the English in growing numbers realized that the New World was their best place to make their fortunes, and to worship and live according to their beliefs.3)Some of them might move to America to leave oppressive political institutions, to escape burdensome church duties, to acquire large landholdings or merely to change their generalpattern of living. Of course, material gain was a common factor.4. What was the social structure of the 13 colonies?Society in the l3 colonies was like a pyramid.①The top was made up of merchant s and landlords.②The base was made up of refugees from Europe, black slaves from Africa. And native Indians.5.Why did not the American Indians become slaves during the colonial days?As for Indians, they could not put up with slavery. If an Indian was enslaved, his fellow tribe members would fight to free him. So the colonialists soon gave up the attempt to use them as slave labor. Instead they seized the land of the Indians and drove them away or killed them.Chapter 4 American Revolution2. What happened on the evening of March 5, 1770?A clash between American colonies and British soldiers took place in Boston.①A group of unemployed laborer attacked a British sentry stationed at the Boston customhouse.②When the British soldiers dispatched to he lp the sentry arrived, they met a rapidly growing, angry crowd.③Someone gave the command for the soldiers to fire.④Three colonies were killed and several were wounded, two of whom later died.3. How did the colonies react to the Townshend Act?The colonies, however, still rejected the idea that the Parliament in Britain had the right to tax them without consent and reacted to these new duties by refusing to import any of the taxed goods.4. What were the main contents of the Declaration ofIndependence?①The Preamble, which explains why the Declaration was issued.②A statement of principles of government to which the American people were committed③A list of injustices suffered by the colonists.④A summary of efforts the colonies had made to avoid a break with the mother country.⑤The proclamation is that the “Colonies are Free and Independent States”5. What was the importance of the victory at Saratoga?The victory and Saratoga wa s a turning point of the war. It further heightened the spirit of the Americans, but more importantly it caused action abroad. It was after this battle that the French agreed to join the war against Britain. Later Spain and Holland joined France while most of the other European powers formed an Armed Neutrality to protect their commerce from Britain’s naval powe r.Chapter 5 the Confederation and the Constitution1. What is confederation?A confederation is a government in which the constituent governments, called states in the US, create a central government by constitutional compact but do not give it power to regulate the conduct ofindividuals.2. Compare the powers of the governments under the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.3. What does the “check and balance” mean?It means that each branch of government-executive, legislative, or judicial-must exercise distinct powers and beselected in a distinct way, and that each branch must be able to “check and balance” the others if one branch grew too powerful and sought to dominate the others.4. What was the Bill of Rights?It guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, peaceful assembly, and the press; the right to bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search; and the right to the protection of certain legal procedures known as the due process of law.5. What were the chief causes of the War of 1812?①The British were not reconciled to the loss of their thirteen colonies. Using Canada as the base, they always challenged to battle with the young Republic.②This anger reaches its peak in 1807 when one British warship attached and boarded in American ship, killing and wounding 21men and impressing four sailors.③Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass an Embargo Act, which forbade all ships, except foreign ones without charge, to leave American ports.Chapter 6 American Expansion and the Civil War1. What was the importance of the Monroe Doctrine?The essence was” America for Americans”, which later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy. As the New world developed in the years ahead this Doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a broader interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.2. What were the basic causes of the Civil War?Two different social-economic systems existed side by side in the United States.In the South slavery was the foundation of the economic system while in the North industry and commerce were the maincharacter of its economy. The swiftly growing industries in the North required the restriction of slavery as well as an expanding territory in order to provide capitalist production with raw materials, markets and abundant labor supply.The slave economy in the South was an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion. This economic antagonism led to increased conflicts between the North and the South.3. What was the doctrine of the “popular sovereignty”?This doctrine means that the inhabitants of the new territories can decide the question of slavery for themselves. In appearance, it seemed fair, but in actual practice, as far as slavery was concerned, the doctrine did not work.4. How do you comment on the American Civil War?The outcome of the war placed the northern capitalists in solid control of the federal government of the US capitalism. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which freed all slaves throughout the United States.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of US Imperialism1. What is the 10 percent plan?The plan provided that as soon as 10 percent of voters in any state had taken the oath of loyalty, they could form their own government and would be entitled to the recognition of their state by the president of the United States.2. Why was Andrew Johnson impeached by the House?In March 1867, Congress passed two Acts that took away two presidential prerogatives: the right to remove Cabinet members and the right to remove army officers under his command.To test the constitutionality of the Act, President Andrew Johnson removes Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretaryof War, from office in1869, who was the only remainingRadical in Johnson’s Cabinet.He thus walked into troubles with the radicals. Later the House voted to impeach the President.3. After the Reconstruction, how were the civil rights of the Blacks in the South?①Voters must be able to read and write;②Voting taxes were introduced;③The whites also took steps to segregate the blacks and two separate societies emerged in the South.4. Why did the US have a rapid industrial growth after the Civil War?①The vast industrial development began with the opening the West.②Speeding this process of western settlement were the railroads.③Science and technology were also greatly marching forward.④The basic industry of the nation, iron and steel, also developed rapidly after the Civil War.⑤The oil industry also developed rapidly.⑥During the latter part of the 19th industry, industrial expansion in America went ahead rapidly.⑦There was a clear indication of rapid concentration of capital.6. What was the “Open Door Policy”?。
最新新编英美概况 许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-12课后习题选择填空名师精心制作教学资料
Chapter1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1.In area, the United States is the 4th largest country in the world.2.The Midwest in the US refers to the region around the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi Valley.3.The Backbone of North America refers to the Rocky Mountains4.Death Valley is on the western edge of the Great Basin.5.The Great Plains might have a dust storm in summer.6.The western part of Washington State has the highest rainfall in the US.7.The US primary suppliers of foreign oil are the following countries except Japan8.The US largest open-pit copper-mining center is in Utah.1. The United States is bordered on the north by Canada, on the south by Mexico and the Guff of Mexico, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.2. The large territory of the continental US is divided into three basic areas:A. the Atlantic seacoast west to the AppalachiansB. the Mississippi River BasinC. the Rockies west to the Pacific3. The Middle Atlantic States are the most densely populated region in the US, where the land is flat and fertile.4. The Central Valley of California is a highly productive area, which produced enormous amounts of fruits and vegetables.5. Most production of oil and natural gas in the US comes from offshore areas of Louisiana and Texas, and from onshore areas of Texas, Oklahoma and California. Her big consumption of energy now has made America insufficient in oil supply. The US reliance of foreign oil has reminded consistently in the 40% ranges.6. The United States has little trouble caused by the shortage of fresh water. Farmlands in the US making up about 12% of the arable lands in the world, and they are among the richest and most productive.Chapter 2 American Population1.The over 3 million of early Americans in 1790 were mostly of British ancestry.2.About 700,000 immigrants were legally received by the US each year during the 1980s.3.The official racial segregation continued to be the law of the US until 1954.4.American Indians now mainly live in the South.5.The majority of American Hispanics are from the following countries except Spain.6.The West now leads in percentage increase in population.7.According to the 1994 US census, the second most populous state in the US is Taxes.8.The trend in migration from cities to suburbs now prevailed in all regions except the South.1.The United States is the third most populous nation in the world.2.Prior to 1875 anyone from any country could enter the US freely and take up permanent residence there. Later the US Congress passed laws restricting immigration on the basis of morality, race, and national origin. The 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act reaffirmed national origin as the chief criterion for eligibility and established a preferential system for skilled workers and for relatives of the US citizens. For many years the US restricted to total number of immigrants to 270,000 each year, although the real immigrants numbered much greater than the limit. The 1990 Immigration Act limits the total number of immigrants to 700,000 from 1992 to 1995 and 675,000 thereafter.3.The first blacks arrived in Jamestown in 1619 as indentured servants, but soon[ after 1619 they were brought to colonies as slaves. The blacks were formally freed in1863, but continued to suffer the institutionalized segregation for about a century. Today many blacks still live in the South, some have entered the middle class, but one-third of all black families still live below the poverty line.4.The Chinese-Americans have proved to be industrious and intelligent. They are now viewed as a “model minority” in the US. According to the 2010 US census, there were about 3.8 million Chinese-Americans living in the US. The figure was more than twice what it was in 1990.Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World1. The ancestors of the present American Indians came from Asia.2.“The ambition for the vast lands”is not correct to explain the reasons for the sudden daring exploration of the unknown in the mid-15th century.3. On his voyage of 1492, Columbus expected to reach India.4. Vasco da Gama discovered the route to India.5. John Cabot was sent by the English King to explore the new way to the east.6. New York was not founded first by the English.7. The breadbasket colonies include the following ones except Virginia. (New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland)8. The last one of the 13 colonies was Georgia, which was established in 1733.1. In 1488 Bartholomew Diaz, sailing under the Portuguese flag, went to the Cape of Good Hope at the southern Africa. In 1492 Christopher Columbus, financed by rulers of Spain sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the islands of the Caribbean. He was convinced that he had found the continent of Asia.2. The South Africa was discovered by Amerigo Vespucci who showed the land he arrived in was a new continent. Before long the land was named America after his name.3. Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, was founded in 1607. In 1620, Pilgrims and others arrived in Plymouth, Massach usetts. They drew up “Mayflower Compact”4. By 1775, the 13 colonies in North America could be classified as the following three kinds. Specify how the governors were chosen in each.a. Royal: appointed by the English Kingb. Proprietary: chosen by proprietorsc. Self-governing: elected by residents5. Because the New England colonies were difficult of farming, they become a center for fishing and shipbuilding. The middle colonies were known as the breadbasket, which produced wheat and potatoes as the major staple. The southern colonies developed a plantation system. The main crop in the South was tobacco. Much later, cotton became important crop.Chapter 4 American Revolution1. There was a great change in policy towards the 13 colonies after 1763.2. The Stamp Act of 1765 first set a large scale of opposition in the colonies.3. The Tea Act of 1773 was passed by the British Parliament in order to help the British East India Company.4. The First Continental Congress was attended by the representatives from all the colonies except Georgia.5. The first shot of the American War of Independence was fired in Lexington.6. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense urged the American colonists to declare their in dependence.7. The principal author of the Declaration of Independence was Thomas Jefferson.8. The victory at Saratoga was considered as the turning point of the War of Independence.1. During the colonial days the English ruling class did everything they could to control the development of the colonial economy. The colonies in North America were supposed to complement and not compete with English industry.2. Within the five years from 1763 to 1767 after the war with France, the British government adopted several measures to extract more money from colonies. The Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765, for example, laid taxes on certain imports and numerous articles in America to help pay for the costs of British government in the colonies.3. The Sons of Liberty was formed in 1765 to organize the opposition to the Stamp Act. They favored to take violent action to the stamp collectors.4. The first Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia in Sep.1774. The majority of the representatives still favor to take peaceful means to settle the quarrel with the British. They agreed to refuse to buy English goods, hoping in this way to force the British government to give in to their demands. This united action could be called boycott.5. The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776. Karl Marx once called it “the first declaration of the rights of the individual”.6. The American War of Independence lasted 7 years. The fighting was actually ended in 1781, but the final treaty between Britain and the United States was signed in Paris in 1783. The boundaries of the United States were fixed roughly from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River on the west and from the Great Lakes on the north to Spanish Florida on the south. The direct social change brought about by the American Revolution was the emancipation of slaves who fought against the British.Chapter 5 the Confederation and the Constitution1. The confederation created in 1781 was a very loose union of states.2. James Madison was called the Father of the US Constitution.3. The Constitution was frames on the following ideals except that the new government should impose its authority on the people through states.4. Those who supported the Constitution and preferred a strong national government were called Federalists.5. Nine States were needed to ratify the Constitution.6. “They spell out the people’s right” is incorrect to comment on the Federalist Papers.7. The amendment of the Constitution requires the approval of at least three-fourths of the states.8. When the Second War of Independence broke out in 1812, the US president was James Madison.1. Under the Articles of Confederation the national government consisted of only a legislature; it had no separate executive and judicial divisions. The state government was left the exclusive powers to regulate commerce and to tax their citizens.2. The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787. Fifty-five delegates from all states except Rhode Island attended the opening session. The president of the convention was George Washington.3. The Antifederalists opposed the constitution and preferred a more decentralized federal system of government.4. George Washington was elected unanimously as the first US President in 1788. The first Vice-President was John Adams, and the first Secretary of Treasury was Alexander Hamilton, and the first Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson.5. the most glorious achievement of Jefferson as President was the Louisiana Purchase, which was about 828,000 square miles. This Purchase doubled the area of the then United States.6. The War of 1812 is also called the Second War of Independence. This war lasted three years and ended in another American victory. An important result of the war was the strengthening of national unity and patriotism. And it was after this war that the US was able to make the change of a semi-colonial economy into a really independent national economy.Chapter 6 American Expansion and the Civil War1. The Monroe Doctrine had the following features or ideas except Latin America for Europeans.2. The US continental expansion was almost complete by 1848.3. Cotton became the most profitable crop in the South mainly because of the Whitney’s cotton gin.4. In 1854, the Republican Party was founded by some abolitionists.5. In his inaugural address in 1861, Lincoln showed clearly that he would not abolish slavery immediately but to preserve the Union.6. “It immediately freed all slaves living in the United States” about the Emancipation Proclamation is not accurate.7. the most important advantage the North had over the South in the Civil War was its industrial superiority.8. An advantage the South had over the North was its superior military leadership.1. The essence of the Monroe Doctrine was “America for Americans” which later became the cornerstone of the US foreign policy.2. The US expansion to the west may be treated in three stages;A. the settlement of the region between seaboard states and the Mississippi RiverB. the settlement of the Louisiana Territoryc. the occupation of the far Southwest.3. The great majority of dwellers in Louisiana Territory were the descendants of the French pioneers. They settled mainly in two cities: St. Louis and New Orleans.4. Oregon Territory was settled between Britain and the United States in 1846. Its boundary on the north was fixed at the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude.5. Under Missouri Compromise, Missouri was admitted as a slave state, but the balance of political power maintained by admission of Maine as a free state. In addition, slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line36°30’ parallel.6. In 1862, the federal government took two revolutionary measures: (1) Homestead Act and (2) Emancipation proclamation.7. In July 1863 came the turning point of the war at Gettysburg. Here the Confederate army under the general Robert E. Lee was defeated. The battlefield was made a national cemetery, where Lincoln gave his famous speech, the Gettysburg Address, on November 19, 1863.8. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which abolished slavery throughout the United States.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of US Imperialism1. The first US president who faced impeachment proceedings was Andrew Johnson.2. The radical Reconstruction was ended under the President Rutherford B. Hays3. Gold was discovered in California in 1848.4. The first transcontinental railroad in the US was completed in 1869.5. Telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander D. Bell.6. The value of manufactured goods in the US was worth twice as that of her agricultural products by 1900.7. The first imperialist war, the US—Spanish War, broke out in 1898.8. After the US—Spanish War, the US acquired all the following areas except Cuba (Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines)1. The Reconstruction Acts divided all the former Confederate states, except Tennessee, into five military districts and each was put under the control of a Northern army officer. The officer had the power to keep order and to enforce martial law if necessary.2. During the Reconstruction period many Northerners moved to the south .Whatever their motives, these Northerners came to be called carpetbaggers because they were said to have brought all their belongings to the South in a small, cheap suitcase made out of a carpet like material.3. During the Reconstruction the Southern whites who supported the radical reconstruction and joined the Republican Party were called scalawags. They were considered as traitors by the Southern Democrats.4. The KKK, founded in Tennessee in 1866, was a secret society for restoring white supremacy and driving blacks out of politics.5. During Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency the US got control of Panama Canal.Chapter 8 World War I and the Depression1. By the beginning of the 20th century the country that took the first place in economy in Europe was Germany.2. When the First World War began, President Wilson immediately called upon the American people to observe strict neutrality.3. The US joined the First World War in 1917.4. Wilson’s Fourteen Points did not include the point of creation of an international peacekeeping force.5. “Only the rich could afford new consumer goods” about the US in 1920s is not true.6. In responding to the Depression, President Hoover thought that the basic role of the Government was to “create conditions favorable to the development of private enterprises”.7. The agricultural Adjustment Act was an attempt to deal with the farmers’ problem of overproduction.8. “It reduced the commodity prices by limiting production and devaluing the dollar” is not right to comment on the New Deal.1. The First World War was waged between two groups of imperialist powers: the Allies and the Central European Power.2. The direct cause that made the US declare war on Germany in 1917was the Germany’s unlimited campaign.3. The major triumph for Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference was the formation of the League of Nations.4. The United States didn’t join the League of Nations because t he US Senate refused to approve the Treaty of Versailles.5. Three major treaties were concluded at the Washington Conference:(1) The Four-Power Treaty, respecting the status quo in the Pacific.(2) The Five-Power Treaty, on naval arms apportionment.(3) The Nine-Power Treaty, guaranteeing the independence and integrity of China in appearance, but actually a public international affirmation of the Open Door policy.6. The Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted in 1920, which granted women the right to vote.7. The Great Depression started with the sudden collapse of the Stock Market in New York in October, 1929. This economic distress extended to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.Chapter 9 American During and After World War II1. Between 1935 and 1939, American foreign policy included all of the following except active intervention to prevent aggression.2. The US formally entered the Second World War in 1941.3. Normandy Landing took place on June 6, 1944.4. At Yalta Conference, in Feb. 1945 did Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agree to call a conference of all the United Nations in San Francisco in April 1945.5. The post-World War II program of economic assistance to Western Europe was known as Marshall Plan.6. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., advocated the philosophy of nonviolence.7. Thousands of American soldiers were sent to Vietnam under the President Lyndon B. Johnson.8. The formal diplomatic relation at the ambassadorial rank between China and the US was established under the President Carter.1. The cash-and-carry policy allowed US citizens to sell certain no prohibited goods to belligerent nations as long as thosegoods were not transported on American ships.2. Lend-Lease Act enabled any country whose defense the President considered vital to that of the US to receive arms and other equipment and supplies by sale, transfer, exchange, or lease. F.D. Roosevelt explained the Act would make the US the arsenal of world democracy.3. Civil rights involve government protection of individuals against discrimination based on their race,religion nation origin, gender, age, and other factors. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was honored for his effort to fight discrimination. In 1964, he won the Nobel Prize for peace.4. Star Wars program was proposed by President Reagan in 1983. The program seeks to construct a defensive “shield” against incoming missiles. The shield would be made of laser and electronic devices that would destroy such missiles launched to attack the US.5. In 1990, President Bush ordered Operation Desert Storm to punish Iraq, more than 200000 US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia, and the US navy blocked all oil exports from Iraq and all imports except food.6. Under Clinton, the US enjoyed an economic growth for nine consecutive years. This phenomenon, hardly seen before, has been termed the “new economy” by some. The fundamental reason for it is that American economic structure went through essential changes because of the promotion of scientific and technological progress.Chapter 10 the Federal System and Congress1. The power of the state in the US is actually from both B and C. (the state constitution, the US Constitution)2. The supreme law of the United States includes all the above three.3. The terms of the senator and representative are six and two years respectively.4.”The 17th Amendment (1913)” provided for the direct election of senators.5. Certain presidential appointments must be approved by a majority vote in the Senate.6. All revenue or tax bills must be originated in the House.7. The Speaker of the House is second in line in presidential succession.8. In the House, the power to decide when the full House will hear the bill is vested in the Rules Committee.1. Federalism means the division of powers by a constitution between the central government and state government. It operates only on two levels, the national and the states. Units of government within a state enjoy no independent existence.2. Separation of powers in the United States means not only allocating legislative power to Congress, executive power to President and judicial power to the Supreme Court, but also giving each branch constitutional and political independence and checks and balances that ensure each of the three branches a sufficient role in the actions of the others.3. According to the Constitution, members of the House of Representatives must be25years old and must have been citizens for 7 years. Senators must be at least 30 and must have been citizens for 9 years.4. The Vice President is officially the presiding officer and is called the president of the Senate. In fact he seldom appears in the Senate chamber in this role unless it appears that there might be tie vote in the Senate. In such instances, he casts the tiebreaking vote. To deal with day-to-day business, the Senate chooses the president pro tempore.5. A senator who wants to delay action on a bill or kill it altogether may use a tactic called a filibuster. It can be cut off only through cloture.6. Lobbying i s part of the citizen’s right to petition government in the US. Now there are thousands of lobbyists in Washington D.C. Their influence in making the US policy is so great that some people call them “the third house”.Chapter 11 The President and the Judiciary1. The 22nd Amendment in following limits the President to two successive terms only.2. The American President has all the following powers except declaring war on another country.3. The president’s major appointments should be approved by the Senate.4. “It requires the approval of Congress” is not correct to explain the executive agreement.5. The President’s veto can be overridden by two-third votes in both houses.6. The federal courts that regularly employ grand and petit juries are the district courts.7. The highest authority of the Supreme Court is to interpret the US constitution.8. The case involving copyright, trademark, counterfeiting, and bank robbery are usually first tried in the federal district courts.1.By law any natural-born American citizen of and over 35 years of age and of being a resident within the United States for 14years can run for the President. The duly elected and duly qualified president-elect takes office on the20th of January following his election.2.The war powers resolution (1973) requires the President to consult congress and withdraw troops after sixty days unless Congress specifically approves the continued deployment of troops.3.A federal law gave President an item veto in 1996, which is an authority to reject specific sections of a bill without having to veto the entire bill.4.The Supreme Court has the power to examine the bills passed by Congress and policies made by President, and declare them unconstitutional and thus abolish them. John Marshall, the most famous chief justice in American history called this power of interpretation judicial review5.There are three federal court levels: 1) the district courts 2) the courts of appeal 3) the Supreme Court. All the judges of federal courts are appointed by President with the consent of the Senate. The state court system also has a hierarchy of three levels: 1) superior courts, 2) appellate courts, 3) a state supreme court. The state court judges are usually elected. The term of the country court judges is usually four years. And the judges in higher state courts usually sever eight or twelve years for one termChapter 12 Political Parties and Elections1. The emblem of the Democratic Party is donkey.2. The first Democratic President was Thomas Jefferson.3. The first Republican President was Abraham Lincoln.4. The only Democratic President who served two separate terms between the end of Civil War and 1912 was Grover Cleveland.5. The presidential candidate of the major party is nominated at the national convention.6. In the presidential election year the American voters vote on the Tues, after the 1st Mon.7. The number of the presidential electors in each state is equal to the number of its senators and Representatives.8. The American President is actually elected by presidential electors.1. Two factions emerged during the ratification of the US Constitution. One group was called Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton. They favored business development, a strong national government, and a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Another group led by Thomas Jefferson was called Democratic-Republicans. They called for a society based on small farms, a relatively weak central government, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. The roots of today’s Republican Party lie in the Federalists, while the Democrats can trace their beginnings back to Antifederalists or Democratic-Republicans.2. In general, Democrats traditionally have supported workers and minorities, while the Republicans are known for known for their support of business and conservative positions on social issues.3. Before 1971 the only state that gave 18-year-old the right to vote was Georgia; all other states set the age at 21. In 1971 the 26th Amendment to the Constitution lowered the voting age to 18.4. The voting percentage now is very low in the United States. In general older people with more education and high income tend to vote, while the youth, especially aged 18 to 21, has the lowest voting percentage in the Unites States.5. The c andidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’s electoral votes. This is known as the “winner-take-all” principle. The candidate who wins the majority of the 538 Electoral College votes will be the US President in the next four years.。
新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-12课后习题选择填空
Chapter1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1.In area, the United States is the 4th largest country in the world.2.The Midwest in the US refers to the region around the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi Valley.3.The Backbone of North America refers to the Rocky Mountains4.Death Valley is on the western edge of the Great Basin.5.The Great Plains might have a dust storm in summer.6.The western part of Washington State has the highest rainfall in the US.7.The US primary suppliers of foreign oil are the following countries except Japan8.The US largest open-pit copper-mining center is in Utah.1. The United States is bordered on the north by Canada, on the south by Mexico and the Guff of Mexico,on the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.2.The large territory of the continental US is divided into three basic areas:A. the Atlantic seacoast west to the AppalachiansB. the Mississippi River BasinC. the Rockies west to the Pacific3. The Middle Atlantic States are the most densely populated region in the US, where the land is flat and fertile.4. The Central Valley of California is a highly productive area, which produced enormous amounts of fruits and vegetables.5. Most production of oil and natural gas in the US comes from offshore areas of Louisiana and Texas, and from onshore areas of Texas, Oklahoma and California. Her big consumption of energy now has made America insufficient in oil supply. The US reliance of foreign oil has reminded consistently in the 40% ranges.6. The United States has little trouble caused by the shortage of fresh water. Farmlands in the US making up about 12% of the arable lands in the world, and they are among the richest and most productive.Chapter 2 American Population1.The over 3 million of early Americans in 1790 were mostly of British ancestry.2.About 700,000 immigrants were legally received by the US each year during the 1980s.3.The official racial segregation continued to be the law of the US until 1954.4.American Indians now mainly live in the South .5.The majority of American Hispanics are from the following countries except Spain.6.The West now leads in percentage increase in population.7.According to the 1994 US census, the second most populous state in the US is Taxes.8.The trend in migration from cities to suburbs now prevailed in all regions except the South .1.The United States is the third most populous nation in the world.2.Prior to 1875 anyone from any country could enter the US freely and take up permanent residence there. Later the US Congress passed laws restricting immigration on the basis of morality, race , and national origin. The 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act reaffirmed national origin as the chief criterion for eligibility and established a preferential system for skilled workers and for relatives of the US citizens. For many years the US restricted to total number of immigrants to 270,000 each year, although the real immigrants numbered much greater than the limit. The 1990 Immigration Act limitsthe total number of immigrants to 700,000 from 1992 to 1995 and 675,000 thereafter.3.The first blacks arrived in Jamestown in 1619 as indentured servants, but soon[ after 1619 they were brought to coloniesas slaves. The blacks were formally freed in 1863, but continued to suffer the institutionalized segregation for about a century. Today many blacks still live in the South, some have entered the middle class, but one-third of all black familiesstill live below the poverty line .4.The Chinese-Americans have proved to be industrious and intelligent. They are now viewed as a model“minority ” in the US. According to the 2010 US census, there were about 3.8 million Chinese-Americans living in the US. The figure was more than twice what it was in 1990.Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World1. The ancestors of the present American Indians came from Asia.2.“ Theambition for the vast lands”is not correct to explain the reasons for the sudden daring exploration of the unknown inthe mid-15 th century.3.On his voyage of 1492, Columbus expected to reach India .4.Vasco da Gama discovered the route to India.5.John Cabot was sent by the English King to explore the new way to the east.6. New York was not founded first by the English.7. The breadbasket colonies include the following ones except Virginia . (New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland)8. The last one of the 13 colonies was Georgia, which was established in 1733.1. In 1488 Bartholomew Diaz, sailing under the Portuguese flag, went to the Cape of Good Hope at the southern Africa. In 1492 Christopher Columbus, financed by rulers of Spain sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the islands of the Caribbean . He was convinced that he had found the continent of Asia.2.The South Africa was discovered by Amerigo Vespucci who showed the land he arrived in was a new continent. Before long the land was named America after his name.3.Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, was founded in 1607 . In 1620, Pilgrims and others arrived in4.By 1775, the 13 colonies in North America could be classified as the following three kinds. Specify how the governorswere chosen in each.a. Royal: appointed by the English Kingb. Proprietary: chosen by proprietorsc. Self-governing: elected by residents5. Because the New England colonies were difficult of farming, they become a center for fishing and shipbuilding . The middle colonies were known as the breadbasket , which produced wheat and potatoes as the major staple. The southern colonies developed a plantation system. The main crop in the South was tobacco. Much later, cotton became important crop.Chapter 4 American Revolution1. There was a great change in policy towards the 13 colonies after1763.2.The Stamp Act of 1765 first set a large scale of opposition in the colonies.3.The Tea Act of 1773 was passed by the British Parliament in order to help the British East India Company .4. The First Continental Congress was attended by the representatives from all the colonies except Georgia .5. The first shot of the American War of Independence was fired in Lexington .6. Thomas Paine ’ s Common Sense urged the American colonistsdeclareto their in dependence .7. The principal author of the Declaration of Independence was Thomas Jefferson .8. The victory at Saratoga was considered as the turning point of the War of Independence.1. During the colonial days the English ruling class did everything they could to control the development of the colonial economy. The colonies in North America were supposed to complement and not compete with English industry.2. Within the five years from 1763 to 1767 after the war with France, the British government adopted several measures to extract more money from colonies. The Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765, for example, laid taxes on certain imports and numerous articles in America to help pay for the costs of British government in the colonies.3. The Sons of Liberty was formed in 1765 to organize the opposition to the Stamp Act. They favored to take violent action to the stamp collectors.4.The first Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia in Sep.1774. The majority of the representatives still favor to take peaceful means to settle the quarrel with the British. They agreed to refuse to buy English goods, hoping in this way toforce the British government to give in to their demands. This united action could be called boycott .5. The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776 . Karl Marx once called it the first declaration“ of the rightsof the individual ”.6. The American War of Independence lasted 7 years. The fighting was actually ended in 1781, but the final treaty between Britain and the United States was signed in Paris in 1783. The boundaries of the United States were fixed roughly from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River on the west and from the Great Lakes on the north to Spanish Florida on the south.The direct social change brought about by the American Revolution was the emancipation of slaves who fought against the British.Chapter 5 the Confederation and the Constitution1.The confederation created in 1781 was a very loose union of states .2.James Madison was called the Father of the US Constitution.3. The Constitution was frames on the following ideals except that the new government should impose its authority on the people through states.4. Those who supported the Constitution and preferred a strong national government were called Federalists.5. Nine States were needed to ratify the Constitution.6. They“ spell out the people ”’ isr i ncorrectght to comment on the Federalist Papers.7. The amendment of the Constitution requires the approval of at least three-fourths of the states.8. When the Second War of Independence broke out in 1812, the US president was James Madison.1. Under the Articles of Confederation the national government consisted of only a legislature ; it had no separate executive and judicial divisions. The state government was left the exclusive powers to regulate commerce and to tax their citizens.2. The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787. Fifty-five delegates from all states except Rhode Island attended the opening session. The president of the convention was George Washington .3. The Antifederalists opposed the constitution and preferred a more decentralized federal system of government.4. George Washington was elected unanimously as the first US President in 1788 . The first Vice-President was John Adams, and the first Secretary of Treasury was Alexander Hamilton , and the first Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson .5. the most glorious achievement of Jefferson as President was the Louisiana Purchase , which was about 828,000 square miles. This Purchase doubled the area of the then United States.6. The War of 1812 is also called the Second War of Independence . This war lasted three years and ended in another American victory. An important result of the war was the strengthening of national unity and patriotism . And it was after this war that the US was able to make the change of a semi-colonial economy into a really independent national economy.Chapter 6 American Expansion and the Civil War1. The Monroe Doctrine had the following features or ideas except Latin America for Europeans .2. The US continental expansion was almost complete by 1848.3. Cotton became the most profitable crop in the South mainly because of the Whitney ’ s cotton gin.4. In 1854, the Republican Party was founded by some abolitionists .5. In his inaugural address in 1861, Lincoln showed clearly that he would not abolish slavery immediately but to preservethe Union .6. It“immediately freed all slaves living in the United States ” about the Emancipation Proclamation is not accurate.7. the most important advantage the North had over the South in the Civil War was its industrial superiority .8. An advantage the South had over the North was its superior military leadership .1.The essence of the Monroe Doctrine was “America for Americans ”which later became the cornerstone of the US foreign policy.2.The US expansion to the west may be treated in three stages;A. the settlement of the region between seaboard states and the Mississippi RiverB. the settlement of the Louisiana Territoryc. the occupation of the far Southwest.3. The great majority of dwellers in Louisiana Territory were the descendants of the French pioneers. They settled mainly in two cities: St. Louis and New Orleans .4. Oregon Territory was settled between Britain and the United States in1846. Its boundary on the north was fixed at the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude.5. Under Missouri Compromise, Missouri was admitted as a slave state, but the balance of political power maintained by admission of Maine as a free state. In addition, slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of theline 36° 30parallel’.6.In 1862, the federal government took two revolutionary measures: (1) Homestead Act and (2) Emancipation proclamation.7. In July 1863 came the turning point of the war at Gettysburg . Here the Confederate army under the general Robert E. Lee was defeated. The battlefield was made a national cemetery , where Lincoln gave his famous speech, the Gettysburg Address, on November 19, 1863.8. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which abolished slavery throughout the United States.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of US Imperialism1. The first US president who faced impeachment proceedings was Andrew Johnson .2. The radical Reconstruction was ended under the President Rutherford B. Hays3. Gold was discovered in California in 1848 .4. The first transcontinental railroad in the US was completed in 1869 .5. Telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander D. Bell .6. The value of manufactured goods in the US was worth twice as that of her agricultural products by 1900 .7.The first imperialist war, the US —Spanish War, broke out in 1898 .8.After the US —Spanish War, the US acquired all the following areas except Cuba (Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines)1. The Reconstruction Acts divided all the former Confederate states, except Tennessee, into five military districts and each was put under the control of a Northern army officer. The officer had the power to keep order and to enforce martial law if necessary.2. During the Reconstruction period many Northerners moved to the south .Whatever their motives, these Northernerscame to be called carpetbaggers because they were said to have brought all their belongings to the South in a small, cheap suitcase made out of a carpet like material.3.During the Reconstruction the Southern whites who supported the radical reconstruction and joined the Republican Party were called scalawags. They were considered as traitors by the Southern Democrats.4. The KKK, founded in Tennessee in 1866, was a secret society for restoring white supremacy and driving blacks out of politics .5. During Theodore Roosevelt ’ s presidency the US got control ofPanama Canal.Chapter 8 World War I and the Depression1. By the beginning of the 20 th century the country that took the first place in economy in Europe was Germany .2.When the First World War began, President Wilson immediately called upon the American people to observe strict neutrality .3.The US joined the First World War in 1917.4. Wilson’ s Fourteen Points did not include the point creationof of an international peacekeeping force.5.Only“ the rich could afford new consumer goods ” about the US in 1920s is not true.6.In responding to the Depression, President Hoover thou ght that the basic role of the Government was to “create conditions favorable to the development of private enterprises ”.7. The agricultural Adjustment Act was an attempt to deal with the farmers overproduction’problem. of8. It“reduced the commodity prices by limiting production and devaluing the dollar ” is not right to comment on the New Deal.1. The First World War was waged between two groups of imperialist powers: the Allies and the Central European Power .2. The direct cause that made the US declare war on Germany in 1917 was the Germany unlimited’s campaign.3. The major triumph for Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference was the formation of the League of Nations .4. The United States didn ’ t join the League of Nations becauseSenatetheUSrefused to approve the Treaty of Versailles.5. Three major treaties were concluded at the Washington Conference:(1)The Four-Power Treaty, respecting the status quo in the Pacific.(2)The Five-Power Treaty, on naval arms apportionment .(3)The Nine-Power Treaty, guaranteeing the independence and integrity of China in appearance, but actually a public international affirmation of the Open Door policy.6. The Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted in 1920, which granted women the right to vote .7. The Great Depression started with the sudden collapse of the Stock Market in New York in October, 1929. This economic distress extended to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.Chapter 9 American During and After World War II1. Between 1935 and 1939, American foreign policy included all of the following except active intervention to prevent aggression.2.The US formally entered the Second World War in 1941.3.Normandy Landing took place on June 6, 1944.4.At Yalta Conference , in Feb. 1945 did Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agree to call a conference of all the UnitedNations in San Francisco in April 1945.5. The post-World War II program of economic assistance to Western Europe was known as Marshall Plan .6. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., advocated the philosophy of nonviolence .7. Thousands of American soldiers were sent to Vietnam under the President Lyndon B. Johnson.8.The formal diplomatic relation at the ambassadorial rank between China and the US was established under the President Carter .1. The cash-and-carry policy allowed US citizens to sell certain no prohibited goods to belligerent nations as long as thosegoods were not transported on American ships.2. Lend-Lease Act enabled any country whose defense the President considered vital to that of the US to receive arms and other equipment and supplies by sale, transfer, exchange, or lease. F.D. Roosevelt explained the Act would make the USthe arsenal of world democracy.3. Civil rights involve government protection of individuals against discrimination based on their race, religion nation origin, gender, age, and other factors. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was honored for his effort to fight discrimination . In 1964, he won the Nobel Prize for peace.4. Star Wars program was proposed by President Reagan in 1983 . The program seeks to construct a defensive “ shield ”against incoming missiles . The shield would be made of laser and electronic devices that would destroy such missiles launched to attack the US.5. In 1990, President Bush ordered Operation Desert Storm to punish Iraq , more than 200000 US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia, and the US navy blocked all oil exports from Iraq and all imports except food .6. Under Clinton, the US enjoyed an economic growth for nine consecutive years. This phenomenon, hardly seen before,has been termed the new“economy ” by some. The fundamental reason for it is that American economic structure went through essential changes because of the promotion of scientific and technological progress.Chapter 10 the Federal System and Congress1.The power of the state in the US is actually from both B and C. (the state constitution, the US Constitution)2.The supreme law of the United States includes all the above three.3. The terms of the senator and representative are six and two years respectively.4. ”The 17th Amendment (1913)” provided for the direct election of senators.5. Certain presidential appointments must be approved by a majority vote in the Senate .6. All revenue or tax bills must be originated in the House .7. The Speaker of the House is second in line in presidential succession.8. In the House, the power to decide when the full House will hear the bill is vested in the Rules Committee .1. Federalism means the division of powers by a constitution between the central government and state government. It operates only on two levels, the national and the states. Units of government within a state enjoy no independent existence.2. Separation of powers in the United States means not only allocating legislative power to Congress, executive power to President and judicial power to the Supreme Court, but also giving each branch constitutional and political independenceand checks and balances that ensure each of the three branches a sufficient role in the actions of the others.3.According to the Constitution, members of the House of Representatives must be 25 years old and must have been citizensfor 7 years. Senators must be at least 30 and must have been citizens for 9 years.4. The Vice President is officially the presiding officer and is called the president of the Senate. In fact he seldom appearsin the Senate chamber in this role unless it appears that there might be tie vote in the Senate. In such instances, he caststhe tiebreaking vote. To deal with day-to-day business, the Senate chooses the president pro tempore .5. A senator who wants to delay action on a bill or kill it altogether may use a tactic called a filibuster. It can be cut off only through cloture .6. Lobbying is part of the citizen right’s to petition government in the US. Now there are thousands of lobbyists in Washington D.C. Their influence in making the US policy is so great that some people call them the third house ”.“Chapter 11 The President and the Judiciary1. The 22nd Amendment in following limits the President to two successive terms only.2. The American President has all the following powers except declaring war on another country .3.The president’ s major appointments should be approvedthebySenate.4.It“requires the approval of Congress ” is not correct to explain the executive agreement.5.The President’ s veto can be overridden by-thirdtwovotes in both houses.6. The federal courts that regularly employ grand and petit juries are the district courts.7. The highest authority of the Supreme Court is to interpret the US constitution .8. The case involving copyright, trademark, counterfeiting, and bank robbery are usually first tried in the federal district courts.1. By law any natural-born American citizen of and over 35 years of age and of being a resident within the United Statesfor 14 years can run for the President. The duly elected and duly qualified president-elect takes office on the 20th of January following his election.2.The war powers resolution (1973) requires the President to consult congress and withdraw troops after sixty days unless Congress specifically approves the continued deployment of troops.3. A federal law gave President an item veto in 1996, which is an authority to reject specific sections of a bill without having to veto the entire bill.4. The Supreme Court has the power to examine the bills passed by Congress and policies made by President, and declare them unconstitutional and thus abolish them. John Marshall, the most famous chief justice in American history called this power of interpretation judicial review5. There are three federal court levels: 1) the district courts 2) the courts of appeal 3) the Supreme Court . All the judges of federal courts are appointed by President with the consent of the Senate. The state court system also has a hierarchy of three levels: 1) superior courts , 2) appellate courts , 3) a state supreme court . The state court judges are usually elected . The term of the country court judges is usually four years. And the judges in higher state courts usually sever eight or twelve years for one termChapter 12 Political Parties and Elections1.The emblem of the Democratic Party is donkey .2.The first Democratic President was Thomas Jefferson .3.The first Republican President was Abraham Lincoln.4.The only Democratic President who served two separate terms between the end of Civil War and 1912 was Grover Cleveland .5. The presidential candidate of the major party is nominated at the national convention .6. In the presidential election year the American voters vote on the Tues, after the 1st Mon .7. The number of the presidential electors in each state is equal to the number of its senators and Representatives .8. The American President is actually elected by presidential electors .1. Two factions emerged during the ratification of the US Constitution. One group was called Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton. They favored business development, a strong national government, and a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Another group led by Thomas Jefferson was called Democratic-Republicans. They called for a society based on small farms, a relatively weak central government, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. The roots of today Republican Party lie in the Federalists, while the Democrats can trace their beginnings back to Antifederalists or Democratic-Republicans .2. In general, Democrats traditionally have supported workers and minorities , while the Republicans are known for known for their support of business and conservative positions on social issues.3. Before 1971 the only state that gave 18-year-old the right to vote was Georgia; all other states set the age at 21. In 1971 the 26th Amendment to the Constitution lowered the voting age to 18.4. The voting percentage now is very low in the United States. In general older people with more education and high income tend to vote, while the youth, especially aged 18 to 21, has the lowest voting percentage in the Unites States.5. The candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state ’electorals votes. This is known as the “winner-take-all”principle. The candidate who wins the majority of the 538 Electoral College votes will be the US President in the next four years.。
新编英美概况课程设计
新编英美概况课程设计课程背景随着全球化的发展，学生们需要更好地了解世界各国的历史、文化和社会制度，以更好地适应未来的挑战。
英美作为世界上最具代表性的两个发达国家，其政治、经济、文化等方面的特点也影响到了全球的发展。
因此，新编英美概况课程旨在帮助学生们更好地了解英美的发展历程和特点，以及其对全球化进程的影响。
课程设计课程目标本课程旨在帮助学生：1.了解英美的历史和文化2.掌握英美政治体制的特点和演变过程3.分析英美经济的发展情况和特点4.了解英美的社会制度和文化5.探究英美对全球发展的影响及其现状课程安排第一讲：英美的历史和文化本讲将介绍英美的历史和文化，包括其发展过程、重要事件和人物，以及对全球文化的贡献。
第二讲：英美政治体制的特点和演变过程本讲将介绍英美政治体制的演变历程和特点，包括宪政、议会制度、选举制度等，以及与其他国家政治体制的比较分析。
第三讲：英美经济的发展情况和特点本讲将介绍英美经济的发展历程、特点和优劣，包括工业革命、金融业、国际贸易等，以及与其他国家经济的比较分析。
第四讲：英美的社会制度和文化本讲将介绍英美社会制度和文化，包括教育、医疗、福利、宗教等方面，以及与其他国家的比较分析。
第五讲：英美对全球发展的影响及其现状本讲将介绍英美对全球发展的影响，包括科技、文化、经济、政治等方面，以及对全球化进程的影响和现状的分析。
课程评估1.课堂考试：考核学生对于课程知识的掌握情况。
2.课堂讨论：鼓励学生进行课堂互动和合作，并对学生的表现进行评估。
3.课程论文：要求学生对课程内容进行深入研究和分析，完成一篇课程论文。
4.课堂作业：布置课堂作业，帮助学生巩固所学知识，加深对课程的理解。
参考资料1.美国史话（第四版，潘金菊）2.英国通史（第六版，韩爱晶）3.进入全球世界：新世界经济发展史（戈登·布朗, 丹尼斯·博夫金,亨利·罗斯伯）4.全球化与文化研究（第二版，李亚力）以上就是新编英美概况课程的设计和安排。
新编英美概况 许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-7课后习题简答题答案word版本
Unit 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1. How many states are there in the United States? And which two states are geographically separated from the others? (50, Alaska, Hawaii)2. What are the general characters of the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.1) To the west of Atlantic coastal plain lie the Appalachian Mountains that begin in Canada and reach all the way to Georgia and Alabama. These are old mountains with rounded tops and wooded hills, usually not exceeding 800m in height. The highest point is only 2000m above the sea. Most of the mountain ridges are low enough to be easily crossed by modern highways. The Appalachians have much beautiful scenery and many tourist resorts. The Ohio and the Tennessee Rivers flow down the western slopes of the Appalachians to the great Mississippi River, deep in the heart of America.2) To the west of the Great Plains lie the Rocky Mountains, “the backbone of the continent”. These high mountains stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic and form what is known as Continental Divide, or Great Divide, the most important watershed on the continent. The Rockies are more than twice as high as the Appalachians and high enough to receive more rain than the surrounding plains and plateaus. Consequently, they are mostly forested. The striking and varied scenery of the Rockies has given rise to the establishment of many national parks here. The other natural wonders include roaming herds of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope and sheep, as well as the famous grizzly bear.Chapter 2 American Population1.Why is the United States known as a “melting pot”?It means that the US is composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world.①The people of the US are predominantly white.②The second most numerous minority in the US were the black people whose forefathers came fromAfrica.③American Indians were the original inhabitants on the continent.④There were about 50.5 million Hispanics in 2010 in the US. They are the Spanish-speaking immigrantsfrom Latin American countries.⑤The Chinese American have proved to be industrious and intelligent.2.What factors cause the Americans to move frequently within the United States?①The desire for economic betterment is generally the most important force inducing migration.②Geographic difference in economic opportunity, as reflected by such factors as differences inemployment opportunities and earning power for workers and differences in the availability and the price of land for farmers.③Noneconomic factors. Such as climate, racial attitudes, and family tires, influencing migration.3.Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs?①The widespread uses of automobiles and the construction of express highways made it possible forpeople to live farther away from their jobs.②The telephone reduced the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another.③Suburban areas offered more living space than cities, lower crime rates, less pollution, and superiorschools. It is generally believed that they are better place for raising children.Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World1. Discuss the pre-Columbian cultures in the Americas.1) The Aztecs of Mexico2) The Incas of Peru3) The Indians of North America4) Indian contributions to European culture: Foods, Drugs and Utilitarian objects2. Why did the discoveries of New World before Columbus not exert great influence in the world at that time?Because Europe was then poor and politically fragmented, It was beset by local wars and civil disorder and largely illiterate. In short, Europe was then incapable of responding to the Norse discoveries.3.Why did so many English people move to the New World in the 17th century?1) The New World was a great and rich land. In the New World there were all those resources necessary for agricultural and industrial development.2)During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1588-1603), the English in growing numbers realized that the New World was their best place to make their fortunes, and to worship and live according to their beliefs.3)Some of them might move to America to leave oppressive political institutions, to escape burdensome church duties, to acquire large landholdings or merely to change their general pattern of living. Of course, material gain was a common factor.4. What was the social structure of the 13 colonies?Society in the l3 colonies was like a pyramid.①The top was made up of merchants and landlords.②The base was made up of refugees from Europe, black slaves from Africa. And native Indians.5.Why did not the American Indians become slaves during the colonial days?As for Indians, they could not put up with slavery. If an Indian was enslaved, his fellow tribe members would fight to free him. So the colonialists soon gave up the attempt to use them as slave labor. Instead they seized the land of the Indians and drove them away or killed them.Chapter 4 American Revolution2. What happened on the evening of March 5, 1770?A clash between American colonies and British soldiers took place in Boston.①A group of unemployed laborer attacked a British sentry stationed at the Boston customhouse.②When the British soldiers dispatched to help the sentry arrived, they met a rapidly growing, angry crowd.③Someone gave the command for the soldiers to fire.④Three colonies were killed and several were wounded, two of whom later died.3. How did the colonies react to the Townshend Act?The colonies, however, still rejected the idea that the Parliament in Britain had the right to tax them without consent and reacted to these new duties by refusing to import any of the taxed goods.4. What were the main contents of the Declaration of Independence?①The Preamble, which explains why the Declaration was issued.②A statement of principles of government to which the American people were committed③A list of injustices suffered by the colonists.④A summary of efforts the colonies had made to avoid a break with the mother country.⑤The proclamation is that the “Colonies are Free and Independent States”5. What was the importance of the victory at Saratoga?The victory and Saratoga wa s a turning point of the war. It further heightened the spirit of the Americans, but more importantly it caused action abroad. It was after this battle that the French agreed to join the war against Britain. Later Spain and Holland joined France while most of the other European powersformed an Armed Neutrality to protect their commerce from Britain’s naval power.Chapter 5 the Confederation and the Constitution1. What is confederation?A confederation is a government in which the constituent governments, called states in the US, create a central government by constitutional compact but do not give it power to regulate the conduct of individuals.2. Compare the powers of the governments under the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.3. What does the “check and balance” mean?It means that each branch of government-executive, legislative, or judicial-must exercise distinct powers and be selected in a distinct way, and that each branch must be able to “check and balance” the others if one branch grew too powerful and sought to dominate the others.4. What was the Bill of Rights?It guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, peaceful assembly, and the press; the right to bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search; and the right to the protection of certain legal procedures known as the due process of law.5. What were the chief causes of the War of 1812?①The British were not reconciled to the loss of their thirteen colonies. Using Canada as the base, they always challenged to battle with the young Republic.②This anger reaches its peak in 1807 when one British warship attached and boarded in American ship, killing and wounding 21men and impressing four sailors.③Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass an Embargo Act, which forbade all ships, except foreign ones without charge, to leave American ports.Chapter 6 American Expansion and the Civil War1. What was the importance of the Monroe Doctrine?The essence was” America for Americans”, which later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy. As the New world developed in the years ahead this Doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a broader interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.2. What were the basic causes of the Civil War?Two different social-economic systems existed side by side in the United States.In the South slavery was the foundation of the economic system while in the North industry and commerce were the main character of its economy. The swiftly growing industries in the North required the restriction of slavery as well as an expanding territory in order to provide capitalist production with raw materials, markets and abundant labor supply.The slave economy in the South was an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion. This economic antagonism led to increased conflicts between the North and the South.3. What was the doctrine of the “popular sovereignty”?This doctrine means that the inhabitants of the new territories can decide the question of slavery for themselves. In appearance, it seemed fair, but in actual practice, as far as slavery was concerned, the doctrine did not work.4. How do you comment on the American Civil War?The outcome of the war placed the northern capitalists in solid control of the federal government of the US capitalism. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which freed all slaves throughout the United States.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of US Imperialism1. What is the 10 percent plan?The plan provided that as soon as 10 percent of voters in any state had taken the oath of loyalty, they could form their own government and would be entitled to the recognition of their state by the president of the United States.2. Why was Andrew Johnson impeached by the House?In March 1867, Congress passed two Acts that took away two presidential prerogatives: the right to remove Cabinet members and the right to remove army officers under his command.To test the constitutionality of the Act, President Andrew Johnson removes Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office in1869, who was the only remaining Radical in Johnson’s Cabinet.He thus walked into troubles with the radicals. Later the House voted to impeach the President.3. After the Reconstruction, how were the civil rights of the Blacks in the South?①Voters must be able to read and write;②Voting taxes were introduced;③The whites also took steps to segregate the blacks and two separate societies emerged in the South.4. Why did the US have a rapid industrial growth after the Civil War?①The vast industrial development began with the opening the West.②Speeding this process of western settlement were the railroads.③Science and technology were also greatly marching forward.④The basic industry of the nation, iron and steel, also developed rapidly after the Civil War.⑤The oil industry also developed rapidly.⑥During the latter part of the 19th industry, industrial expansion in America went ahead rapidly.⑦There was a clear indication of rapid concentration of capital.6. What was the “Open Door Policy”?The so-called “Open Door Policy”which demanded that all the imperialist powers should enjoy equal chance in China as freely as other aggressors.。