词类和句子成分
词类、句子成分和构词法：
词类、句子成分和构词法：1.词类：(1)名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念。
如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.(2)代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。
如：who, she, you, it .(3)形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。
如：good, right, white, orange .(4)数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。
如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.(5)动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。
如：am, is,are,have,see .(6)副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。
如：now, very, here,slowly.(7)冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。
如：a, an, the.(8)介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in, on, from, above.(9)连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。
如and, but, before .(10)感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
如：oh, well, hi, hello.2.句子成分：(1)主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。
通常用名词或代词担任。
(2)谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。
主要由动词担任。
(3)表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征。
名词、代词或形容词担任。
My name is Ping ping .(4)宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。
通常由名词或代词担任。
(5)双宾语：指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。
间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。
He wroteme a letter .有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。
语法基础概念
语法基础概念语法是一门研究语言结构和组织规则的学科，它涉及到句子的构建、单词的搭配、语气的表达等方面。
掌握语法基础概念对于学习和运用一门语言非常重要。
本文将介绍一些常见的语法基础概念，包括句子成分、词类、时态和语态等内容。
一、句子成分句子是语言中最基本的单位，它由主语、谓语和宾语等成分构成。
其中，主语是句子的主要话题或动作的承受者，谓语是句子的核心动作或状态，宾语是句子的补充成分，提供更多的信息。
除了主谓宾外，句子还可以包含其他成分，比如定语、状语等。
定语用来修饰名词或代词，状语则用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。
二、词类词类是对词语进行分类的系统，常见的词类有名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、冠词、连词和介词。
名词用来指代人、事物、地点或概念，动词表示动作或状态，形容词描述名词的特征，副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，代词代替名词，冠词用来限定名词的范围，连词连接句子或单词，介词表示词与词之间的关系。
三、时态与语态时态和语态分别表示动词的时间和动作的主体。
时态包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等，用来表示动作发生的时间。
语态包括主动语态和被动语态，主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
时态与语态的正确运用对于句子的表达和理解至关重要。
四、语法错误与纠正学习语法的过程中，常常会遇到一些常见的语法错误。
比如主谓不一致、动词时态错误、语法搭配不当等。
这些错误可能导致句子意义不清或表达错误，因此需要加以纠正。
纠正错误的方法包括加强对相关规则的学习和理解，多加练习以及及时查阅相关语法资料。
综上所述，语法基础概念对于学习和运用一门语言至关重要。
通过掌握句子成分、词类、时态和语态等基本概念，我们可以更准确地理解和使用语言，避免语法错误，提高语言表达能力。
因此，对于想要学好一门语言的人来说，打好语法基础是必不可少的。
英语词类及句子成分
英语词类及句子成分一、词类能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。
根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（parts of speech）。
英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。
现分别叙述如下：（一）名词名词(noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
例如：foreigner外国人 soap 肥皂 Newton牛顿law 法律 freedom自由 peace 和平英语名词可分为两大类：1。
普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。
例如：teacher 教师 market市场 rice 大米magazine杂志 sound 声音 production生产2。
专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。
专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。
例如：Hemingway海明威 Russia 俄罗斯New York 纽约 United Nations联合国名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。
可数名词有单、复数之分。
绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s或-es。
例如：shop→shops商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆toy→toys 玩具leaf→leaves树叶英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。
例如：man→men男人tooth→teeth牙齿datum→data数据有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。
（二）冠词冠词(article)放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。
冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种。
不定冠词为a/an，用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。
a用在以辅音开头的名词之前，an用在以元音开头的名词之前。
词性、句子成分
正常语序：汝之不慧甚矣。 正常语序：汝之不慧甚矣。
宾语
宾语在动词后，表示动作、 宾语在动词后，表示动作、行为所涉及的人或 动词后 事物，回答“谁”或“什么”一类的问题。 事物，回答“ 什么”一类的问题。
例
这就叫做信息。 这就叫做信息。 ~~~~~~~ 我很尊敬他。 我很尊敬他。 ~~~~ 马克思认为知识是进行斗争和为 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 阶级解放事业服务的手段。 无产 阶级解放事业服务的手段。
连词
1、连接词或短语（和、跟、同、与、及、 、连接词或短语（ 或） 2、连接分句（不但、不仅、虽然、但是、 、连接分句（不但、不仅、虽然、但是、 然而、如果、与其、因为、所以） 然而、如果、与其、因为、所以）
注意
古代汉语中 常见连词： 古代汉语中，常见连词： 而（表并列、递进、承接、转折、修饰、 表并列、递进、承接、转折、修饰、 因果、目的、假设） 因果、目的、假设） 且（表并列、递进、让步） 表并列、递进、让步） 表并列、承接、目的、因果、修饰） 以（表并列、承接、目的、因果、修饰） 与（表并列） 表并列）
短语分类
举例 名称 生动│形象、跋山│ 1、并列短语 生动│形象、跋山│涉水 、 2、偏正短语 长期支持、傲然│屹立（状中式） 、 长期支持、傲然│ 状中式） 心灵的选择、 锦绣│前程（定中式） 心灵的选择、 锦绣│ 定中式） 3、补充短语 说│清楚、 好得很、一败│涂地 、 清楚、 好得很、一败│ 接受│批评、蹉跎│岁月、饱经│ 接受│批评、蹉跎│岁月、饱经│ 4、动宾短语 、 怀想│天空、 风霜、怀想│天空、 粮食丰收、细水│长流、天花│ 5、主谓短语 粮食丰收、细水│长流、天花│乱 、 坠
【知识】现代汉语基础语法知识词类和句子成分
【关键字】知识现代汉语基础语法知识词类和句子成分现代汉语基础语法知识?词类和句子成分(一)词类汉语的词可以分为12类。
名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词和代词是实词，副词、介词、连词、助词、拟声词和叹词是虚词。
名词：表示人和事物的名称的实词。
如："黄瓜、白菜、拖拉机、计算机"。
表示专用名称的叫做"专用名词"，如"云南、上海、李白、白居易"。
表示抽象事物的名称的叫做"抽象名词"，如"范畴、思想、质量、品德、友谊、方法"。
表示方位的叫做"方位名词"，如"上""下""左""右""前""后""中""东""西""南""北""前面""后边""东边""南面""中间"等。
动词：动词表示人或事物的动作、行为、发展、变化。
有的动词表示一般的动作，如：来、去、说、走、跑、学习、起飞、审查、认识"等。
有的动词表示心理活动，如"想、重视、注重、尊敬、了解、相信、佩服、惦念"等，这样的动词前面往往可以加上"很、十分"。
有的动词表示能够、愿意这些意思，叫做"能愿动词"，它们是"能、要、应、肯、敢、得(dei)、能够、应该、应当、愿意、可以、可能、必须"，这些能愿动词常常用在一般的动词前面，如"得去、能够做、可以考虑、愿意学习、应该说明、可能发展"。
还有一些动词表示趋向，叫做"趋向动词"，如"来、去、上、下、进、出、上来、上去、下来、下去、过来、过去、起，它们往往用在一般动词后面表示趋向，如"跳起来、走下去、抬上来、跑过去"。
▲语法： 十大词类,七大句子成分,五大基本句型,四大语法要点,三大复杂句
语法十大词类，七大句子成分，五大基本句型，四大语法要点，三大复杂句▲十大词类：名词Noun动词Verb形容词Adjective数词Numeral代词Pronoun副词Adverb冠词Article介词Preposition连词Conjunction感叹词Interjection▲七大句子成分：主语（Subject）: n/pron谓语（Predicate or Predicate verb）:v宾语（Object）: n/pron补语（Complement）: 补语用来补充说明主语和宾语可以是n/adj/介宾表语（Predicative）：形容主语的状态，可以是n/adj/介宾定语（Attribute）：adj/介宾状语（Adverbial）：adv/介宾▲五大基本句型主+谓（状）The sun rises (early).主+谓+宾The manager has signed thepaper.主+谓+间宾+直宾I’ll give you my telephonenumber.主+系+表He is a teacher.It sounds a good idea.主+谓+宾+宾补We called him Tom.He was called Tom.I found the bookuseful.▲四大语法要点：时态语态，非谓语动词，虚拟语气，倒装▲三大复杂句型：名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句Ⅰ名词A名词的种类：专有名词，普通名词▲专有名词：专有名词前一般用零冠词，首字母要大写，UN, NATO, America▲普通名词：个体名词可数名词集体名词可数名词物质名词不可数名词抽象名词不可数名词eg: book, table, housefamily, police, crowdmilk, water, honeylove, advice, honestyB名词的数▲可数名词复数的变化规律▲可数名词复数的不规则变化①少数以f, fe结尾的词直接加“s”: thiefs, chiefs, roofs, safes(保险箱)②单复同形：sheep, deer, means③只有复数形式：trousers, glasses, clothes, police④特殊变化：child—children, man—men, woman—women, mouse—mice, ox—oxen⑤复合名词变复数，在主体名词后加“s”A. N+N afternoonsB. N+空格+N TV towersC . N—prep—Neditors—in—chief，sons—in—lawD N—preppassers—by,passengers—bylooker-on⑥以“ics”结尾的学科名视为单数physics, optics, mathematics▲不可数名词①三态，物质名词，抽象名词都是不可数名词三态：液态coffee, water, milk, tea, ink固态coal, iron, chalk气态air fog, smoke物质名词：bread, mutton, lamp, beef, pork抽象名词：curiosity, confidence, anger※注：用冠词和量词修饰不可数名词a piece of chalk,a bottle of milk, two kilos of mutton②总称名词没有复数，变复数后表示不同种类furniture 家具furnitures 不同种类的家具包括table, desk, sofafood 食物food 不同种类的食物③有些不可数名词变复数之后含义会发生变化work—工作sand—沙子water—水works--著作sands--沙滩waters--水域▲I have a lot of /a number of/a great many of friends.C名词的格▲一般人称后加“’s”Lily’s book▲以“s”结尾的人称直接加“’”My parents’ room▲如一种物品属多人共同所有，直接在最后人称后加“’s”如各自所有，每个人称后都加“’s”my father and my mother’s bookmy father’s and my mother’s rooms▲人或职业后加“’s”表示相应的处所at Mr Green’sto my uncle’sat the doctor’s▲修饰无生命的名词或修饰过长的名词，用“of”表示所有格the gate of the school the power of loveone of my father’s friends冠词▲不定冠词a, an用法比较an hour a university固定搭配：take an interest in, on an average,keep an eyeon=lookafter=take care of▲定冠词：特定唯一序数前，国家党派最高级方位形容姓氏前，单数年代洋乐器eg the earth, the moonthe first placethe United Statesthe Communist Party of Chinathe largest roomon the leftthe poor 穷人the old 老人The Turners are sitting at the breakfast table.The horse is a useful animal.In the 1990’splay the pianoplay er-huplay pi-pa▲零冠词专有名词前China称呼头衔前Premier zhou professor Liu交通工具前by bus=by coachby taxi=by cabby train=by railwayby subway=by metroby plane=by airby ship=by seaon footby+交通工具=take+冠词+交通工具▲零冠词与定冠词的区别by day 在白天go to school 去上学by the day 按天计算go to the school 去学校数词▲基数词，序数词one first , two second, three third,four fourth five fifth, six sixth,seven seventh, nine nineth, ten tenth, twelve twelfth thirteen thirteenth, fifteen fifteenth,sixteen sixteenth, seventeen seventeenth, nineteen nineteenth,twenty twentieth, twenty-one twenty-first※整百整千不加“S”，成百上千，成千上万加“S”two hundred hundreds of peoplethree thousand thousands of people※数词-名词=形容词的性质a five yuan’s bill=a five-yuan bill▲分数half 二分之一quarter 四分之一①2/3 two thirds 1/5 one fifth注：当分子》=2时，分母变复数②2/3 two out of three▲百分数50% fifty percent注：分数和百分数修饰名词时，要用“of”thirty percent of the students two thirds of the money代词▲人称代词包括主格和宾格▲形容词性物主代词+N=名词性物主代词____pen is lost, so I want to borrow_____pen.My pen is lost, so I want to borrow _______Enjoy______Help______He saw ____in the mirror.▲疑问代词: who, whom, whose, whoever, which, whichever, what, whatever ▲指示代词: this, that, these, those, it, such, same▲不定代词: 12个复合不定代词everybody everything everyoneanybody anything anyonesomebody something someonenobody nothing no one▲some, any的用法some “几个，一些”修饰可数或不可数名词“某个”修饰单数名词any“几个，一些”用于否定或疑问句中，修饰可数或不可数名词“任何”用于肯定句，修饰单数名词Come any day you like.She is living at some place in East Asia.He gave each boy a present.Every student contributed to the fund.Each went his way.▲each, every的用法each“每一个”强调个别性>=2every“每一个”强调整体性>=3①each/every+NEach student has done a good job.Every student has done a good job.②each+of+名词复数/代词复数Each of the students has done a good job.Each of them is good at English.③each 可以单独使用Each went his way.各走各的路▲none, no的用法①no+可数N或不可数N There is no water in the bottle.②none+of+可数N或不可数N,动词用单复数均可None of the dogs are there.It’s none of your business.③none 可以单独使用I buy a lot of books, but he buys none.▲many, much的用法▲few, a few; little, a little的用法▲other, another的用法“另一个”other+复数名词或代词“另外的，其他的”(范围之外)the other +单数名词“另一个”（范围之内）the other +复数名词“另外的，其他的”（范围之内）others “他人”another “另一个”（范围之外）I buy two presents, one is for my father, the other is for my sister, now I want to buy another one for my mother.The travel agency is on the other side of the street.Jones is here, but where are the other boys?▲all, both的用法▲either “两者之中任何一个都行”neither“两者都不”either, neither, 单独作主语+单数n/pron+of+复数n/pronEither of my parents is going to see me.Neither of my parents is Chinese.None of my friends is good at English.▲all“大家，一切，所有”none“没有人（物）”all none①单独作主语①单独作主语②all+单数或复数n ②none+of+复数n,pron③all+of+复数n，pron或单数n 或单数nAll is lost.All are present.All roads lead to Rome.All hope has gone.None have arrived late.I wanted some more coffee, but none was left.None of my friends has been to Paris before.None of the money was found.None of them spoke English.Adj/Adv▲多个形容词修饰同一名词a nice 4 years old 2 kilograms new pink French plastic doll限定词+描绘形容词+特征形容词+名词限定词：冠词，物主代词，指示代词，不定代词描绘形容词特征形容词：年龄+尺寸+形状+新旧+颜色+出处+材质eg 一个聪慧的个子很高的年轻的中国军官a tall intelligent young Chinese officer▲Adj修饰复合不定代词, Adj后置eg something important▲Adj/Adv的比较级，最高级规则: Adj+er/Adv+er Adj+est/Adv+est多音节more+Adj/Adv most+Adj/Adv不规则good/well better bestbad/ill worse worstmany/much more mostlittle less leastlate later latestlatter lastfar farther farthestfurther furthest▲the more………the more………越来越……..▲much, far, a lot, a little, a bit, slightly 等词可以修饰比较级eg The sun is much bigger than the earth.▲情绪动词+ed=adj 修饰人情绪动词+ing=adj 修饰物eg The book is very interesting.I am interested in reading it.▲Adv程度副词放在被修饰词前：very, quite, too, extremely, rather, so频度副词放在实义动词前且情态动词，助动词或be动词后：often, always, sometimes, never 方式副词修饰动词，通常以“ly”结尾,修饰不及物动词放到不及物动词后；修饰及物动词时防到及物动词前或及物动词宾语的后面It’s too hot today.He often runs so quickly.I have never seen such a beautiful girl.He has carefully finished his homework.▲enough修饰N, enough前置enough money修饰Adj, enough 后置big enough▲Adv可以修饰一个句子PrepositionⅠ介词简介▲简单介词：at, in, on, besides, since, for等▲合成介词：inside, out of, without等▲介词短语：because of, in spite of, in front of▲二重介词：until after, from behind▲分词介词：including, regarding, concerningⅡ介词的辩析▲arrive in+大地点, arrive at+小地点▲in +年，in+月，on+日in +月+年on + 月+日on +月+日+年▲except, besides▲in, on, to▲above, over, on▲since+时间点I have been a teacher since 1999.for+时间段I have been a teacher for 3 years.during+过程He stopped three times during his speech.▲by+数字，表净增长或减少My salary has increased by 2﹪.to+数字，表增长或减少的结果动词Ⅰ动词的种类▲及物动词Vt ：可以直接加宾语可以加双宾语：动词+间宾+直宾动词+直宾+to/for+间宾▲不及物动词Vi ：可以直接构成句子的谓语动词部分，其后不能直接加宾语如加宾语则需要用介词连接，介词的选择有时取决于宾语，有时取决于动词eg This book belongs to me.This book sells well.I buy the book for you.I buy you the book.▲系动词Be 动词: am, is, are常用的系动词：appear, become, get, remain, seem,feel, taste, smell, sound, look感官动词：look,sound,touch,smell,feel,taste※系动词后加Adj./N/介宾作表语构成主+系+表eg He became silent gradually.The dish smells good.▲助动词：do, did, have, had, shall, should, will, would▲情态动词：can(could), may(might), must, dare, need +V原▲动词短语：put on, put off, take offⅡ动词的基本形式规则：V原---V原ed---V原ed不规则：do---did---donego---went---gonehave---had---hadwrite---wrote—writtenⅢ动词的时态,语态客观真理事实，能力，习惯，经常，情感态度，心智The earth is round. 真理I am your teacher. 事实He cleans the room every room.习惯Do you drive, John? 能力If it rains, the sports meeting will be put off. 主将从现▲一些表示感觉，拥有，心智，态度的词可以用一般现在时来代替现在进行时或一般过去时表感觉的V：appear, notice, sound感觉appear, sound, feel拥有belong, have, owe心智believe, expect, understand态度agree, intend, wish, loveDo you love me? Yes, I did.（情感）This material feels soft.（感觉）I wish you a success.(内心活动)Ⅱ现在进行时：be+Ving▲表示此时此刻正在发生What are you doing? I am reading a book.▲当表示近期计划，安排的事情很有可能发生的时候，可用现在进行时表将来I am going.I am leaving tomorrow.▲与always, constantly, forever等副词连用，表示厌烦，赞美等情绪He’s always losing his keys. 他老是丢钥匙You are always thinking of others. 他总是想着别人Ⅲ现在完成时：have/has+Vp.p.▲动作发生在过去，但影响或结果，动作状态可以延续到现在，常见的瞬间动词有：come, go, get to= arrive= reach, leave, buy, sell, open, close, join/take part in, begin=start, bring, take, give, marryThe car has arrived.She has lived here since 1995.Tom has been ill for 5days.The lift has broken down.Have you ever talked to him about it?▲work, live, study, wait, teach等词的现在完成时和完成进行时用法一样，，表示、动作从过去持续到现在He has lived here all his life.He has been living all his life.They have been working well this term.They have worked well this term.Ⅳ现在完成进行时：have/has been V ing,表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，动作是否延续下去由上下文决定I have been writing lettersall this morning.My mother has beenteaching English for 20years.I have been coughing all night.All these years we have been trying to get in touch with him.Ⅴ一般过去时：Ved,was,were▲只着眼过去的事实或发生在过去的动作▲过去习惯的动作▲叙述小说，故事情节eg I saw him in the morning.She suffered a lot in her childhood.The train was 10minutes late.I used to live in Beijing.He would go to the park as soon as he was free.▲现在完成时与一般过去时的不同现在完成时：强调在过去时间内发生的动作，影响到现在一般过去时：强调在过去时间内发生的动作，状态，与现在无关I have bought some fruit for you.I bought the fruit in the supermarket.I have just had my lunch.I had my lunch in a cafeteria.Ⅵ过去进行时：was/were+V ing,▲过去某时某刻正在进行的动作eg It was raining at this time yesterday.▲在while/when/as引导的时间状语从句中，用过去进行时长背景，用一般过去时表示在长背景下发生的短动作（长背景短动作）eg While I was doing my homework, the telephone ran.As he was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.▲表示过去一段时间内将要发生的动作When I arrived, the train was going to start.Ⅶ过去完成时：▲在过去的过去发生的动作▲同一般过去时连用表示先后顺序▲mean/ intend/ want/ hope / expect / think / suppose 表示愿望，打算类的动词用过去完成时表示未曾实现的愿望和意图eg I had learned French by the end of last term.When I entered the room, I found that I had left the key in the officeI had hoped to see more of shanghai.I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment.▲在hardly A when B ,no sooner A than B 句型中，A=B=句子，A用过去完成时，要倒装，B 用一般过去时，不倒装eg Hardly had I entered the room when the telephone rang.Ⅷ过去完成进行时：had been V ing, 强调过去的过去延续到过去的动作或状态eg He had been studying French before she went aboard.Ⅸ一般将来时：will/shall+V原，表将来的动作及安排▲多种表将来的形式：be to do 表示按计划，安排做；正式的会话或访问，表建议或忠告shall/will+V原准备做且一定做或许诺，请求be going to do 打算做，做的可能性很大be about to do 马上做who will be on duty? I will.I will be home for dinner.Spring will come.She is to be married next month.Ⅹ过去将来时：would/should/could/might+V原Ⅺ过去将来完成时：would/should/could/might+have+Vp.p.，多用在虚拟语气中eg If I study hard,I will pass the exam.句为一般现在时，主句是将来时（附图例）If I studied hard, I would pass the exam.句为一般过去时，主句是过去将来时If I had studied hard, I would have passedthe exam. 从句是过去完成时，主句是过去将来完成时▲主句是一般现在时，主句可以是任何一种时态主句是过去时，丛句是任何一种同过去时有关的时态eg Lily says she is my new teacher.Lily says she is reading a book now.Lily says she will be a teacher next year.Lily says she has read that book.Lily says she has been reading that book all day.Lily says she once lived in bejing.语态▲英语的语态：主动语态，主语是动作的执行者，谓语是动的承担者被动语态，主语是动作的承担者，谓语是谓语的动作的执行者主动语态变被动语态的步骤：①将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语③由by引出主动语态剩下的主语，并将其变为宾格▲主+谓+宾的被动：主语宾语eg He reads a book. 他读书A book is written by him 书被他读（一般现在时的被动）eg He will write a letter.A letter will be written by him.eg He is reading a book.A book is being read by him.eg He was writing a letter.A letter was being written by him.eg He has written a letter.A letter has been written by him.eg He had written a letter.A letter had been written by him.eg He will have read a letter.A letter will have been read by him.▲主+谓+间宾+直宾或主+谓+直宾+to/for+间宾变被动当直宾作主语时，主语间宾+by+主动语态的主语当间宾作主语时，主语直+by+主动语态的主语eg He taught us English.He taught English to us.English was taught to us by him.We was taught English by him.可以接双宾语的动词：give sb sth= give sth to sblend sb sth= lend sth to sbborrow sb sth= borrow sth for sbbuy sb sth= buy sth for sbpass sb sth= pass sth to sbtell sb sth=tell sth to sb▲主+谓+宾+宾补变被动eg We called him Tom.He was called Tom.带宾补的动词有：call, elect, choose, appoint▲情态动词，助动词的被动V情+ be+Vp.p.V情+have+been+Vp.p.▲“一感二听三让四看”的被动语态：主语原一感: feel二听: listen to, hear四让have, make, let, get四看：see, watch, notice, observeeg I see him enter the room.He is seen to enter the room.▲have/make/let/get 的用法have/make/let sb do sth 让某人做某事sb doing sth 让某人一直做某事sb Adj让某人处于某种状态sth Vp.p. 让别人做某事get sb to do sth, get,sb doing sth, get sb Adj, get sth Vp.p.▲系动词无被动The steel feels cold. It has gone bad.▲表示开始，结束，运动的词无被动，这些动词有：begin start finish end stop shut run moveThe door opens at 9:00.Work began at 7 o’clock this morning.▲Read, write, sell, wear, cook, wash 等词后面接adj/adv时不用被动Your speech reads well.▲Want, require, need doing sth 主动表被动The door needs cleaning.= the door needs to be cleaned.▲被动的否定，疑问句▲被动语态+by+动作的执行者+with+工具eg A window is broken by me with a stone.▲be made of+可以看出材质的原材料from+不能看出材质的原材料into+成品eg The table is made of wood.The paper is made from wood.The wood is made into table.主谓一致主谓一致分为：语法一致含义一致就近一致以下情况做主语，动词用单数：1．单数名词或代词He likes reading books.Water is good to our health.2．以S结尾的国家名，疾病，学科，组织Philippines has more than 7000 islands.Mumps is common among children.Physics is my favorite subject.United Nations is an international organization.3．表示重量，价值，时间，距离的名词Twenty years is a long time.Five million is a big sum.4．复合不定代词Someone is knocking at the door.5．Each, every, either, neitherEach of the students attends the meeting.Either girl knows the way to the amusement park.Neither of them finds the solution to the problem.6．Many a +单数名词Many a student is in the classroom. = Many students are in the classroom.7．动名词或不定式Smoking is harmful to your health.To see is to believe.8．句子How old she is remains a secret.以下情况做主语，动词用复数：1．复数名词或代词2．Few, a few, several, many, bothBoth of them are good at skating.Few of my acquaintances like Sarah. 我认识的熟人没有几个喜欢拉萨。
词类、句子成分和构词法：
词类、句子成分和构词法：1.词类：(1)名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念。
如：boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.(2)代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。
如：who,she,you,it.(3)形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。
如：good,right,white,orange.(4)数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。
如：one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.(5)动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。
如：am,is,are,have,see.(6)副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。
如：now,very,here,slowly.(7)冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。
如：a,an,the.(8)介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in,on,from,above.(9)连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。
如and,but,before.(10)感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
如：oh,well,hi,hello.2.句子成分：(1)主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。
通常用名词或代词担任。
(2)谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。
主要由动词担任。
(3)表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征。
名词、代词或形容词担任。
MynameisPingping.(4)宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。
通常由名词或代词担任。
(5)双宾语：指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。
间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。
Hewrotemealetter.有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。
Hewrotealettertome.(6)定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。
初中英语语法(一)词类、句子成分和构词法
初中英语语法一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。
如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。
如：good , right, white, orange .4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。
如：one , two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。
如：am, is, are, have ,see .6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。
如：now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。
如：a, an, the.8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。
如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
如：oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。
通常用名词或代词担任。
如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。
主要由动词担任。
如：Jack cleansthe room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。
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词类和句子成分词类12. 序数词前一般加定冠词the ，表示顺序，有时加a, 表示“又一”3. 动词：v+ing, 过去分词，to do…不能做谓语-----叫非谓语动词4. 副词：1). He runs fast . 2). The pen is very good.3). He can do it very well. 4). Only in this way can we do it well. 5). Sometimes he goes to the city. 代词相当于名词的用法。
（名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词加上某个名词）1). I am a teacher. 2). He likes me . 3). My father is a farmer.4). Your book is old, while mine is new. mine = my book文中给与确定。
9种，现分述如下（没说同位语）： subject ）: 句子说明的人或事物。
rises in the east.（名词） 2). He likes dancing. （代词）is believing. （动名词） 4). To see is to believe. （不定式） is a book.（主语从句）that the elephant is round and tall like a tree .predicate ）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
study English. B.He is asleep. C. He is a teacher.predicative ）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
a teacher. （名词） b.Seventy-four! You don’t look it . （代词） asleep. （形容词） d. Five and five is ten. （数词）in. （副词） f. My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词） to sa y “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring . （不定式） whether they will come . （表语从句）1.常见的系动词有: be, sound （听起来）, look （看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell （闻起（尝、吃起来）, remain （保持，仍是）, feel （感觉） ... 之后常接形容词做表语。
a good idea. b The sound sounds strange. sweet . d.Tom looks thin. delicious . F..The food tastes good . open . H.Now I feel tired . 4. 宾语：动作的承受者-----动宾 a. I like China . （名词） b.He hates you. （代词） c.How many do you need? We need two. （数词）d.We should help the old and the poor.e.I enjoy working with you . （动名词）f.I hope to see you again. （不定式）g.Did you write down what he said ? （宾语从句） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾the snake ? B. Under the snow, there are many rocks. 双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money. 。
to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （不定式）do that. （不定式） c. We will make them happy. （形容词） open. （形容词） e. Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词） singing in the next room. （现在分词短语）f. I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）g. We elected him monitor. （名词） i. Please make yourself at home. 介词短语）j.We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here.（名词）6.主补：对主语的补充。
a.He was elected monitor. B. She was found singing in the next room.c.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.7.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
a.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （形容词）b.He is our friend. （代词）c. We belong to (属于) the third world. （数词）d.Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher. （名词）e. The boy standing is Tom. （现在分词）g.The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）h.The book stolen is hers. （过去分词）I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）i.You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）8.状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。
表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。
以下例句按上述顺序排列：a.I will go there tomorrow. B. I will go there tomorrow.c.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. D. He studies hard to learn English well.e.He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.f.I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.g.He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well.位置：修饰v. 时，通常放在所修饰的v. 之后或句末。
a.The girls are singing happily. B. There is a new bridge over the river.c.He runs fast.为了强调可放句首。
a.Over the river there is a new bridge. B. When I came, they were doing their homework.c.In front of the building, there is a big tree.Sometimes（有时）, often（经常）, always（一直，总是）, usually（通常）, ever（曾经）, already（已经）, also（也）, even（甚至）一般放在助动词B. He has never been there.c.He doesn’t always finish his homework. D. We must often clear up our rooms. e.He often comes late to class. F. He also knows the answer.g.He even wants to do it himself. H. They will never forget you.修饰adj., adv.时，一般放在被修饰词之前。
a.The pen is very good. B. He can do it very well.注意：地点状语一般放在时间状语之前。
a.I will go there tomorrow.分析下列句子成分1. Our schoo l is not far from my home.2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you3. All of us considered him honest.4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of glass.6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．7. ---I love you more than her，child ．8. T ees turn green when spring comes.9. They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.12.All the students think highly of his teaching13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 14. He asked us to sing an English song. 15. Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like．16.We will make our school more beautiful.17. He didn't come．That is why he didn't know．18. She showed us her many of her pictures. 19. The old man lives a lonely life.20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany．22. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him．23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.24. Go back where you came from. 25. We must do whatever the people want us to do. 26. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 27. Would you please pass me the cup?28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher. 29. Do you know the latest news about him?练习：1. The ____ of the room were covered with ____.A. roofs, leafsB. roofs, leavesC. rooves, leafsD. rooves, leaves2. There are three ____ in our factory.A. woman doctorsB. women doctorsC. woman doctorD. women doctor3. The ant has two ____. A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachs4. He doesn’t like ____ for supper. A. chick B. chicken C. chickensD. chicks5. It was ____ hot weather that many of us went swimming.A. so B. such C. so as D. such a6. ____ wonderful space they saw on the room! A. How B. How a C. What D. What a7. ____ work has been done to improve the people’s living standard.A. ManyB. A great manyC. A great deal ofD. A number of8. Two ____, please. A. coffee B. coffees C. cup of coffee D. cups coffee9. I can’t pay as ____ as he asked for.A. high price aB. high priceC. a high priceD. high a price10.I stayed at ____. A. Xiao Wang’s B. Wang’s home C. the Wangs D. home of Wang11. Sister Carrie works in a ____ factory. A. shoes B. shoses C. shoe D. shoe’s12. The mother over there is ____ mother. A. Julia and Mary B. Julia and Mary’sC. Julia’s and Mary’sD. Juli a’s and Mary13. Li Ming’s handwriting is better than ____ in the class.A. anyone’sB. anyone elseC. anyone’s else’sD. anyone else’s14. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller ____. A. set B. one C. copy D. pair15、Mr. Alcott,headmaster of the school,refused to accept of the three suggestions,made bythe Students’Union. A、either B、neither C、any D、none16、Which apple do you want? will do. A、Any B、Every C、Some D、Only one17、The party last month really gave me a lot of fun.So Mr. James,can we have this month?A、anotherB、oneC、itD、other18、The two boys are very much alike,I can’t tell from the .A、them;oneB、one;anotherC、another;oneD、one;other19、us was interested in that book.Probably it was the worst one that we had ever seen.A、No oneB、None oneC、Not allD、Not all the20、I agree with most of what you said,but I don’t agree with .A、everythingB、anythingC、somethingD、nothing21、No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to .A、the otherB、any otherC、anotherD、other22、----One week’s time has been wasted ----I can’t believe we did all that work for .A、somethingB、nothingC、everythingD、anything23、When he arrived,he found the aged and the sick at home.A、none butB、none other thanC、nothing butD、no other than24、There were people and cars in the street,as it was late at night.A、someB、a fewC、fewD、little25、When the plane suddenly took off,all the people felt surprised and frightened,A、on planeB、by planeC、on the boardD、on board26、If you keep on,you’ll succeed .A、in timeB、at one timeC、at the same timeD、on time27、The doctor will be free .A、10 minutes laterB、after 10 minutesC、in 10 minutesD、10 minutes after28、Books are the most important records we keep man’s thought,ideas and feelings.A、upB、toC、ofD、on29、----I was tired,father. ----Tired? ?A、For whichB、For what?C、Because whatD、Of what30、I feel that one of my main duties a teacher is to help the students to become betterlearners. A、for B、by C、as D、with31、two exams to worry about,I have to work really hardthis weekend.A、WithB、BesidesC、As forD、Because of32、The accident is reported to have occurred the first Sunday in February.A、atB、onC、inD、to33、John and Jenny are of the same age,but John is taller a head.A、thanB、withC、byD、over34、Some of the rules of the school are not our liking. A、for B、in C、of D、to35、Mary kept weighing herself to see how much she was getting.A、heavierB、heavyC、the heavierD、the heaviest36、This ship measures that one.A、as twice as longB、as twice long asC、twice long asD、twice as long as37、The young pigeons which I bought last month are able to fly now. A、cheap;high B、cheaply;highly C、cheap;highly D、cheaply;high38、His mother had talked to him for many minutes while he was watching TV,but . A、a little did he hear B、little did he hear C、little heared he D、a little heared he39、Professor Lee is considering going to teach in Shenzhen,where he can get paid . A、as five times much B、as much five times C、much as five times D、five times as much40、students are required to take part in the boat race.A、Ten strong young ChineseB、Ten Chinese strong youngC、Chinese ten young strongD、Young strong ten Chinese41、I won’t go to his party next time.It couldn’t have been ,in fact.A、any betterB、any worseC、so badD、the best42、There are two buildings, stands nearly a hundred feet high.A、the largerB、the larger of themC、the larger one thatD、the larger of which43、It is reported that the United States uses energy as the whole of Europe.A、as twiceB、twice muchC、twice much asD、twice as much44、The writer of the novel is a professor in his .A、thirtiethB、thirtyC、thirty’sD、thirties45、Three of students are needed to plant trees this afternoon.A、hundred;theB、hundreds;theC、hundred;/D、hundred;these46、I hope you don’t mind me asking. where did you buy those shoes?A、SoB、AndC、YetD、But47、The great Pyramid is high! A、144 metre B、144-metre C、144 metres D、144-metres48、It will take to finish this course. A、one and half year’s time B、a year and a half’s timeC、a year and a half of timeD、a year and a half time49、Mr. Zhang stays at_________ on________ floor at Chang Qing Hotel A、Room 203;secondB、203 Room;the secondC、Room 203;the secondD、the Room 203;two50、He was asked time to hand in his dictation.A、the secondB、a firstC、the firstD、a second1~5 BBD BB 6~10 CCBDA 11~15 C BDDC 16-20 AADBA 21-25 ABACD 26-30 ACCDC 31-35 ABCDA36-40 DABDA 41-45 BDDDA 46-50 DCBCD。