Structural behaviour of fibre metal laminates subjected to a low velocity impact
heterogeneous interfacial structure
heterogeneous interfacial structure英文版Heterogeneous Interfacial StructureHeterogeneous interfacial structure refers to the structural differences that exist at the boundary between two different materials or phases. This structure plays a crucial role in determining the physical and chemical properties of the interface, as well as its stability and reactivity.At the interface between two materials, the atomic arrangement, bonding configuration, and electronic structure can all differ significantly from the bulk materials on either side. This heterogeneity can lead to a range of unique properties, such as charge accumulation, bond formation, and catalytic activity. For example, in the field of materials science, heterogeneous interfaces are often exploited to enhance the performance of devices such as solar cells and fuel cells.The study of heterogeneous interfacial structure is challenging due to the complexity of the interactions involved. Experimental techniques such as scanning probe microscopy, spectroscopy, and diffraction methods can provide insights into the atomic-scale structure and electronic properties of interfaces. Computational modeling is also an important tool for understanding and predicting interfacial behavior.In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of heterogeneous interfacial structures in nanotechnology and materials science. This interest is driven by the potential for novel materials with enhanced properties, as well as the development of new technologies such as nanodevices and sensors.In conclusion, heterogeneous interfacial structure is a crucial aspect of materials science and nanotechnology. Its understanding and control offer the potential for the development of novel materials and devices with enhanced performance and functionality.中文版异质界面结构异质界面结构指的是两种不同材料或相之间的边界处存在的结构差异。
玻璃纤维铝合金层板(FMLs)的疲劳损伤特性及S-N曲线
玻璃纤维铝合金层板(FMLs)的疲劳损伤特性及S-N曲线马玉娥;王博;熊晓枫【摘要】根据国内外标准和参考文献,针对玻璃纤维增强铝合金层板(FMLs)的特点设计出FMLs疲劳试验件,进行了不同载荷下的R=0.1等幅拉-拉疲劳试验.疲劳试验过程中FMLs最先在表面铝层内出现裂纹,随后表面铝层可见多条裂纹.随着循环载荷数的增加,裂纹不断扩展,并在界面出现分层现象,然后分层损伤快速扩展直至完全断裂破坏.测得了FMLs的疲劳裂纹起裂寿命和裂纹扩展寿命,给出了其疲劳寿命的规律性.得到了FMLs和同样厚度碳纤维复合材料CCF300的S-N曲线,并进行了对比.FMLs的疲劳寿命随载荷变化平缓,近似成对数趋势;在载荷大于400 MPa时FMLs的疲劳寿命与CCF300碳纤维复合材料层板相当;当疲劳载荷最大值低于300 MPa,FMLs的疲劳寿命比CCF300复材板要低.为飞机结构设计师们提供了材料基础性能和信息.【期刊名称】《西北工业大学学报》【年(卷),期】2016(034)002【总页数】5页(P222-226)【关键词】玻璃纤维增强铝合金层板;疲劳裂纹起裂寿命;裂纹扩展寿命;分层扩展;S-N曲线【作者】马玉娥;王博;熊晓枫【作者单位】西北工业大学航空学院118号,陕西西安 710072;西北工业大学航空学院118号,陕西西安 710072;中航工业成都飞机设计研究所,四川成都 610041【正文语种】中文【中图分类】V215.5材料的疲劳性能是飞机结构设计选材考察的重点之一。
为克服传统铝合金结构疲劳性能相对较差的问题，同时充分利用复合材料对疲劳载荷不敏感的特性，国外研究者提出了金属和复合材料的混杂材料。
根据金属和复合材料的不同，研制出不同的纤维增强合金层合板类型，如第一代的Arall(aluminum with aramid fibers)是由铝合金层和芳纶纤维交替组成，CARALL(aluminum with carbon fibres)由铝合金和碳纤维组成，GLARE(aluminum with glass fibers)是由铝合金和玻璃纤维组成，还有最近发展由钛合金和碳纤维组成的TiGr(titanium with carbon fibers)和由镁合金和玻璃纤维组成的MgFML(magnesium with glass fibers)。
国际著名岩土工程SCI期刊中英文简介及建筑类核心期刊
国际著名岩土工程SCI期刊中英文简介1.CanadianGeotechnicalJournal加拿大岩土工程学报1963年开始出版，世界上发行量最大的三家岩土工程学术期刊之一，以刊登有关基础、隧道、水坝、边坡问题精彩文章及相关学科的新技术、新发展而闻名月刊SCI期刊ISSN:1208-6010主编：Dr.IanMoore,Queen'sUniversityhttp://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/rp-ps...de=cgj&lang=eng/ehost/d...#db=aph&jid=35HPublishedsince1963,thismonthlyjournalfeaturesarticles,notes,anddiscussionsrelatedtonewdevelopmentsingeotech nicalandgeoenvironmentalengineering,andappliedsciences.Thetopicsofpaperswrittenbyresearchers,theoreticians, andengineers/scientistsactiveinindustryincludesoilandrockmechanics,materialpropertiesandfundamentalbehaviour ,sitecharacterization,foundations,excavations,tunnels,damsandembankments,slopes,landslides,geologicalandrock engineering,groundimprovement,hydrogeologyandcontaminanthydrogeology,geochemistry,wastemanagement,ge osynthetics,offshoreengineering,ice,frozengroundandnorthernengineering,riskandreliabilityapplications,andphysic alandnumericalmodelling.Papersonactualcaserecordsfrompracticeareencouragedandfrequentlyfeatured.2.GeotechnicalEngineering,ProceedingsofICE岩土工程/journals/英国土木工程师协会（ICE）主办，集中了岩土工程实践中的所有方面内容，包括工程实例、工程设计讨论、计算机辅助设计等SCI期刊双月刊影响因子(2006):0.286ISSN1353-2618(Print)ISSN1751-8563(Online) GeotechnicalEngineeringcoversallaspectsofgeotechnicalengineeringincludingtunnelling,foundations,retainingwalls ,embankments,diaphragmwalls,piling,subsidence,soilmechanicsandgeoenvironmentalengineering.Presentedinthe formofreports,designdiscussions,methodologiesandcaserecordsitformsaninvaluablereferencework,highlightingproj ectswhichareinterestingandinnovative.GeotechnicalEngineeringpublishessixissuesperyear.3.Géotechnique,ProceedingsofICE土工国际著名的有关土力学、岩石力学、工程地质、环境岩土工程的岩土技术期刊，每期只刊登几篇文章，都是鸿篇巨著。
Lecture 09
Development ofA Trans-national Approach Course: Eurocode 3Module 4 : Member designLecture 9 : Local Buckling and Section ClassificationSummary:Pre-requisites:Notes for Tutors:Objectives:References:Contents:1. IntroductionStructural sections, be they rolled or welded, may be considered as an assembly of individual plate elements, some of which are internal (e.g. the webs of open beams or the flanges of boxes) and others are outstand (e.g. the flanges of open sections and the legs of angles) - see figure 1. As the plate elements in structural sections are relatively thin compared with their width, when loaded in compression (as a result of axial loads applied to the whole section and/or from bending) they may buckle locally. The disposition of any plate element within the cross section to buckle may limit the axial load carrying capacity, or the bending resistance of the section, by preventing the attainment of yield. Avoidance of premature failure arising from the effects of local buckling may be achieved by limiting the width-to-thickness ratio for individual elements within the cross section. This is the basis of the section classification approach.Flange(a) Rolled I-section (b) Hollow sectionFlange (c) Welded box sectionFigure 1 Internal or outstand elements2. ClassificationEC3 defines four classes of cross section. The class into which a particular cross section falls depends upon the slenderness of each element (defined by a width-to-thickness ratio) and the compressive stress distribution i.e. uniform or linear. The classes are defined in terms of performance requirements for resistance of bending moments:5.3.2 (1)Class 1cross-sections are those which can form a plastic hinge with the required rotationalcapacity for plastic analysis.Class 2cross-sections are those which, although able to develop a plastic moment, havelimited rotational capacity and are therefore unsuitable for structures designed by plastic analysis.Class 3 cross-sections are those in which the calculated stress in the extreme compression fibrecan reach yield but local buckling prevents the development of the plastic moment resistance.Class 4cross-sections are those in which local buckling limits the moment resistance (or compression resistance for axially loaded members). Explicit allowance for the effects of localbuckling is necessary.Table 1 summarises the classes in terms of behaviour, moment capacity and rotational capacity.Table 1 Cross-section classifications in terms of moment resistance androtation capacity3. Behaviour of plate elements in compressionA thin flat rectangular plate subjected to compressive forces along its short edges has an elastic critical buckling stress (σcr ) given by:()222112⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=b t E k crνπσσ(1)Wherek σ is the plate buckling parameter which accounts for edge support conditions, stress distribution and aspect ratio of the plate - see figure 2a. ν= Poisson’s coefficient 3.2.5 (1) E = Young’s modulus3.2.5 (1) The elastic critical buckling stress (σcr ) is thus inversely proportional to (b/t)2and analogous to the slenderness ratio (L/i) for column buckling.Open structural sections comprise a number of plates which are free along one longitudinal edge (see figure 2b) and tend to be very long compared with their width. The buckled shape for such a plate is illustrated in figure 2c. The relationship between aspect ratio and buckling parameter for a long thin outstand element of this type is shown in figure 2d, from which it is clear that the buckling parameter tends towards a limiting value of 0.425 as the plate aspect ratio increases.For a section to be classified as class 3 or better the elastic critical buckling stress (σcr ) must exceed the yield stress f y . From equation (1) (substituting ν = 0.3 and rearranging) this will be so if3.2.5 (1)()0,5y E/f k 0,92<b/t σ(2)This expression is general as the effect of stress gradient, boundary conditions and aspect ratio are all encompassed within the buckling parameter k σ. Table 2 gives values for high aspectFigure 2 Behaviour of plate elements in compressionTrahair andBradford5.2.1.4 (7)ESDEP Lecture 7.25.3.2 (3)ct fd t wElement Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Flange c / t f = 10 εc / t f = 11 εc / t f = 15 ε Web subject to bendingd / t w = 72 εd / t w = 83 εd / t w = 124 εWeb subject to compression d / t w = 33 εd / t w = 38 εd / t w = 42 εTable 3 Maximum slenderness ratios for the elements of a rolledsection in compression and bendingTables 4-7 are extracts from EC3 giving the limiting proportions for compression elements of class 1 to 3. When any of the compression elements within a section fail to satisfy the limit for class 3 the whole section is classified as class 4 (commonly referred to as slender), and local buckling should be taken into account in the design using an effective cross section.5.3.2 (8) 4. Effective width approach to design of Class 4 sectionsCross-sections with class 4 elements may be replaced by an effective cross-section, taken as the gross section minus holes where the buckles may occur, and then designed in a similar manner to class 3 sections using elastic cross-sectional resistance limited by yielding in the extreme fibres. Effective widths of compression elements may be calculated by use of a reduction factor ρ which is dependent on the normalised plate slenderness λp (which is in turn dependent on the stress distribution and element boundaries through application of the buckling parameter k σ) as follows:5.3.5 (3) ()()ρλ=-⎛⎝ ⎫⎭⎪⎪p p0222,(6)The reduction factor ρmay then be applied to the outstand or internal element as shown in Tables 8 and 9. Figure 4 shows examples of effective cross-sections for members in compression or bending. Notice that the centroidal axis of the effective cross-section may shift relative to that for the gross cross-section. For a member in bending this will be taken into account when calculating the section properties of the effective section. For a member subject to an axial force, the shift of the centroidal axis will give rise to a moment which should be accounted for in member design.Summative test: Partially derive EC3 Table 5.3.1 Class 2 plate slenderness ratios for rolled sections in compression and bending ∙ Figure 3 uses λp < 0.6 as a normalised plate slenderness for class 2 rolled sections∙ Substituting the appropriate values of kσinto equation (5), use λp to determine limiting b/t ratios for a flange∙ Revise in terms of d/t w for a web in compression∙ Classify the section in exercise xxxx (this refers to one of the overall design exercises)6. Concluding summary∙Structural sections may be considered as an assembly of individual plate elements.∙Plate elements may be internal (e.g. the webs of open beams or the flanges of boxes) and others are outstand (e.g. the flanges of open sections and the legs of angles).∙When loaded in compression these plates may buckle locally.∙Local buckling within the cross-section may limit the load carrying capacity of the section by preventing the attainment of yield strength.∙Premature failure (arising from the effects of local buckling) may be avoided by limiting the width to thickness ratio - or slenderness - of individual elements within the cross section.∙This is the basis of the section classification approach.∙EC3 defines four classes of cross-section. The class into which a particular cross-section falls depends upon the slenderness of each element and the compressive stress distribution.*For a cross section in compression with no bending the classification 1,2,3 are irrelevant and hence the limit is the same in each case.Table 5 Maximum width-to-thickness ratios for compression elementsTable 6 Maximum width-to-thickness ratios for compression elementsTable 8 Effective widths of outstand compression elementsTable 9 Effective widths of compression elementsFigure 4 Effective cross-sections for class 4 in compression and bending。
工程英语词汇(S3)
工程英语词汇(S3)工程英语词汇(S3)工程英语词汇(S3)steam-cured concrete 蒸汽养护混凝土steel bar 钢筋条steel cable 钢缆steel channel 槽钢steel composite pile 复合钢桩steel fabric 钢筋网steel fabricating yard 钢制件工场steel frontal frame 防撞钢构架steel h-pile 工字钢桩；ｈ形钢桩steel pile 钢桩steel pipe 钢管steel pipe pile 钢管桩steel property 钢条特质steel rail 钢轨steel reinforcement 钢筋；钢条steel reinforcement and concrete material 钢筋及混凝土材料steel sheet pile 钢板桩steel strand 钢绞线steel structure 钢结构steel truss girder 钢桁梁steel window 钢窗steep dip 陡倾steep gradient 陡坡度steep ramp 陡斜路；陡坡道steep slope 陡峭斜坡；陡峭山坡steering committee on land supply for housing 房屋用地供应督导委员会steering group on collection of rents 征收地租策划小组steering group on rehousing bedspace apartment lodgers 安置床位寓所住客督导小组step 梯级step channel 级渠step iron [manhole] 扶梯脚踏〔沙井〕step load 递增加载stepped footing 阶梯形基脚stepped foundation 阶梯形地基stepped height 高度分级stepped-up lighting programme 加强照明设备计划stepped-up mortgage repayment 递增的按揭还款额sterilization of land 冻结土地发展权stiff clay 硬黏土stiffener 加劲杆；硬化剂stiffening 固化；硬化stiffness 刚度；劲度stiffness factor 刚度系数stile 门梃；梯梃stilted structure 特高构筑物stirrup 镫筋；“络仔”stock 楼宇总存量stockpile 堆料；货堆stockpile reclamation 恢复堆料区原貌stockpiling 堆存；堆存物料stockpiling area 堆料区；贮存区stone pitching 砌石护坡；砌石护面stone pitching surface 砌石保护面stone tie 加固条石stoneware pipe 粗陶管stop notice 停止发展通知书stopcock 水掣；活塞stopping 填补storage area 存放区；贮物用地storage premises 货仓storeroom 贮物室storey 楼层storm-water box culvert 箱形雨水暗渠storm-water drain 雨水渠storm-water drainage 雨水排放storm-water drainage system 雨水排放系统；雨水疏导系统storm-water main 雨水总管storm-water main drain 雨水排放主渠storm-water outfall 雨水渠排水口storm-water overflow chamber 雨水溢流闸箱storm-water runoff reduction system 减少雨水溢流系统storm-water sewer 雨水渠storm-water system 雨水排放系统straight ramp 直斜路；直坡道straightline method 直线递减法strain capacity 应变量strain gauge 应变仪strainer 隔滤器strand 预应力钢缆；钢绞线strand cutting 切割预应力钢缆stranded galvanized steel 镀锌钢绞线strategic change plan [land registry] 策略计划〔土地注册处〕strategic growth area 策略性增长地区；策略性发展区strategic landfill 重点堆填区strategic sewage disposal scheme 策略性污水排放计划stratification 分层现象；成层作用stratigraphic 地层的stratum 地层stream channel 河道；河槽stream course 河道stream course clearance 河道清理工作stream function theory 流函数理street 街道street frontage [building] 临街面〔建筑物〕street furniture 街道装置；街道设施street lighting 街道照明street name-plate 街道名牌street shop 地铺street sleeper 露宿者street widening 街道扩阔streetscape 街景strength deficiency [concrete] 强度不足〔混凝土〕strength of concrete 混凝土强度strength reserve [concrete] 备用强度〔混凝土〕strength test [concrete] 强度测试〔混凝土〕strengthening works 巩固工程；加固工程stress 应力；压力stress analysis 应力分析stress and strain response 应力及应变反应stress crack 应力裂缝stress path 应力轨；应力路径stress state 应力状态stretcher bond 错缝接合；顺砖式砌合strike direction 走向strike-slip fault 走滑断层；平移断层stringer 纵梁strip 带状地带；狭条strip footing 条形基脚strip foundation 条形基础；条形地基strip load 条形荷载stripping [formwork] 脱模；拆模struck joint 外斜缝structural adequacy assessment 结构足够性评估structural alteration 结构上的改动structural analysis 结构分析structural appraisal 结构评估；结构检定structural appraisal methodology 结构评估法structural behaviour 结构性能structural column 结构柱structural condition survey 结构状况勘测structural conditions monitoring system 楼宇结构监察系统structural configuration 结构性配置structural design 结构设计structural disturbance 结构扰动structural element 结构构件；结构元件structural engineer 结构工程师structural engineering branch [architectural services department] 结构工程处〔建筑署〕structural engineering division [buildings department] 结构工程部〔屋宇署〕structural engineers' register [kept by the building authority] 结构工程师名册〔由建筑事务监督保管〕structural engineers registration committee 结构工程师注册事务委员会structural engineers registration committee panel 结构工程师注册事务委员团structural fall 结构斜度structural floor level 结构楼面标高structural form 结构形态structural fortification 结构加固工程structural frame 结构构架structural geology 构造地质学structural improvement works 结构改善工程structural integrity 结构完整性structural investigation 结构勘察structural layout plan 结构布置图structural member 结构构件structural monitoring 结构监察structural renovation 楼宇结构修葺工程structural skeleton 结构骨架structural span 结构跨度structural stability 结构稳定性structural stability analysis 结构稳定性分析structural steel 结构钢structural steel erector 结构钢架工structural steel member 结构钢构件structural steelwork [public works category] 结构钢筋工程〔公共工程类别〕structural strength 结构强度structural survey 结构勘测structural use 结构用途structural wall 结构墙structural works 结构工程structure 构筑物structure number 构筑物登记编号structure plan 发展结构纲领；基本结构纲领structure plan area 发展结构纲领区；基本结构纲领区structure planning 发展结构规划；基本结构规划structure wall 结构墙structured design 有组织的设计strut 支撑；支柱；压杆stud 板墙筋；立筋stud partition 框架板间墙study of existing slopes--stage i general review 现存斜坡研究第一阶段概略检讨study of the potential use of underground space 地下空间的可能用途研究study on harbour reclamation and urban growth 海港填海及市区发展研究stuffing and destuffing of containers 货柜组装及拆装stump 树桩sub-artesian ground water 半承压地下水sub-base [road] 路底基层sub-bottom profiler 浅底地层剖面仪sub-committee on the rent assistance scheme [hong kong housing authority] 租金援助计划附属小组委员会〔香港房屋委员会〕subcontract 分包合约subcontract for specialist works 专门工程分包合约subcontractor 分包商；次承建商；分包合约承办商；“二判”sub-deed 分契subdistrict 次地区subgrade [road] 路基subject diagram 分类图表subject plan 分类计划subject to existing tenancy 不交吉sublease 转租；分租；分契；分租契subleasehold interest 转租权益；分租权益sublessee 分租契承租人sublessor 分租契租出人sublet 分租；转租sub-main 次干管submarine contour 海底等深线submarine gas pipeline 海底煤气管submarine main 海底管道submarine outfall 海底排水口；海底渠口submarine pipeline 海底管道submerged zone 长期浸水部分submortgage 转按；再按揭subregional development strategy 次区域发展策略subregional plan 次区域图则subregional planning 次区域规划sub-sale agreement 转售合约subsection 小分段；分区subsequent cut 继后的剪草subsidence 沉陷；下陷subsidized flat 资助单位subsidized home ownership 资助自置居所subsidized home ownership flat 资助自置居所单位subsidized housing 资助房屋subsidy agreement [home purchase loan scheme] 按揭还款补助金协议〔自置居所贷款计划〕subsidy income limit 资助入息限额subsoil 底土；地基下层泥土；下层土subsoil drain 地下排水管道subsoil water 地下水substandard accommodation 简陋居所；不合标准居所substandard building 未符标准的建筑物substandard concrete 未符标准的混凝土substandard slope 不合标准斜坡substantial completion 大致竣工；大致完工substantially reconstructed building 大规模重修的楼宇substrate 基底substratum 地层内段substructural works 底层结构工程substructure 底层结构；下层结构；地下建筑sub-subcontractor 再分包商；“三判”subsurface 地下；下层面subsurface building works 地下建筑工程subsurface run-off 地下径流subsurface seepage flow 地下渗流subsurface water 地下水subtenancy 分租租赁；分租租用权sub-tenant 分租客；三房客subtransferee 次承让人subtransferor 次出让人suburban 近郊；市郊subvented building project 资助工程计划subway 隧道；地道successful tenderer 中标者successor 继承人successor in title 业权继承人suction fan 吸风机；抽风机suction main 吸水干管suction pipe 吸水管；吸入管suction strainer 吸水口滤网sulphate-resisting portland cement 耐硫酸盐水泥summary of precedent registration cases 《注册先例摘要》summary of tender 投标书总计sump 集水坑sump and pump system 抽水及供水系统sump pit 集水坑sump pump 集水坑泵sump tank 沉淀池suncover 防晒篷sunken boat dweller 沉船艇户sunken garden 低洼花园superelevation 超高；弯面倾斜度；道路弯面加倾度superficial area 表面面积superficial deposit 表土沉积物；表土沉积superimposed load 附加荷载superintendent of mines 务总监superstructure 上层结构；上盖结构；地上建筑supervision cost [home ownership scheme estate] 监督费〔居者有其屋计划屋苑〕supervision plan 监工计划书supervision plan system 监工计划制度supervisory and overhead charges clause 监工及基本费用条款supervisory charge 监工费用supplementary agreement 增补协议；附补租约supplementary housing site 补充地盘supplementary land disposal programme 补充批地计划supplementary scheme 补充计划supplementary site 补充地盘supplementary tenancy agreement 增补租约；附补租约supplier of materials 材料供应商supply and installation of glass (or fibre) reinforced plastic units [public works category] 玻璃（或玻璃纤维）强化塑胶构件的供应及装置〔公共工程类别〕supply and installation of pumpsets and associated pipework [public works category] 供应及装置抽水系统及相连的水管工程〔公共工程类别〕supply and installation of water treatment plant [public works category] 供应及装置滤水器〔公共工程类别〕supply fan 进气扇supply of bituminous pavement materials and construction of special bituminous surfacing [public works category] 沥青铺面物料的供应及特别沥青路面的建造〔公共工程类别〕supply pipe 供水管support community 后勤地区support moment 支座弯矩；支座力矩supported end 支承端supporting concrete element 支承混凝土元件supporting element 支承元件supporting facility 辅助设备；辅助设施supporting frame 支承构架；承重构架supporting ground 承重土地supporting infrastructure 基本附属设施supporting member 支承构件surcharge 加载；挡土墙顶以上的填土surface channel 地面排水渠；明渠surface colour treatment [slope] 在斜坡的护面髹上颜色surface conduit 明敷导管；明敷线管surface course [road] 道路面层surface cover 护面surface drainage 地面排水；路面排水surface drainage system 地面排水系统surface erosion 地表浸蚀；表面侵蚀surface finish 表面修饰surface flow 表流；地表径流surface friction 表面摩擦；表面摩擦力surface gradient 表面坡度surface infiltration 地面入渗surface of shear 剪切面surface preparation 表面预处理；表面整理surface protection 护面工程；表面防护surface run-off 地面径流；地表径流surface settlement 地面沉降surface stratum 地面层surface stripping 条状表土剥露surface tension 表面张力surface texture 表面纹理；表面构造surface treatment 表面处理surface u-channel ｕ形明渠surface water 地面水；地表水surface water channel 地面水渠；排水明渠surface water drain 地面水渠surface water drainage 地面水排水surface wiring 明线surfacing 铺筑路面；表面修整；面层surplus arising on revaluation of properties 物业重估增值surrender and regrant of land 交还及重批土地surrender of tenancy 退租；放弃租用surrender value 交还土地的价值surrendered property 交还物业surround 外加垫层〔混凝土〕；“卷筒”surrounding ground 周围土地survey alignment 测量定线survey and mapping division [lands department] 测绘部〔地政总署〕survey and mapping office [lands department] 测绘处〔地政总署〕survey and mapping office training school [lands department] 测绘处训练学校〔地政总署〕survey and repair cycle 勘测与修葺周期survey authority 测量监督survey control 测量控制survey control network 测量控制网络survey data 测量数据survey district [s.d.] 测量约份；调查地区survey district lot 测量约份地段；调查地区地段survey district lot land register 测量约份地段土地登记册survey intelligence system 测量资讯系统survey mark 测量标志；测量点survey nail 测量钉survey number [squatter] 寮屋登记编号survey of government land pressure receivers subject to steam and/or airpressure (but excluding steam boilers) [public works category]勘测政府土地压力接收器（针对蒸汽及／或气压，但不包括蒸汽锅炉）〔公共工程类别〕survey of government land steam boilers [public works category] 勘测政府土地蒸汽锅炉〔公共工程类别〕survey of lifting appliances and lifting gear [public works category] 起重机械及起重装置测量〔公共工程类别〕survey officer 测量主任survey officer trainee 见习测量主任survey on household characteristics of public housing tenants 公屋租户家庭特点调查survey on household expenditure 住户开支统计调查survey on housing aspirations of households 住户的住屋意愿统计调查survey plan 测量图survey record plan 测量记录图survey records sales counter 测量资料销售处survey report on unauthorized structures in multi-storeyed buildings 《多层大厦非法搭建物调查报告》survey section [lands department] 测量组〔地政总署〕survey sheet 测量图survey tolerance 测量限差survey traverse 测量导线survey unit [lands department] 测量小组〔地政总署〕surveyed boundary 测量地界surveyed occupancy status [squatter control] 已登记寮屋居民的资格surveyed structure 已登记的构筑物；已登记的搭建物surveyor 测量师surveyors registration board 测量师注册管理局suspended ceiling 悬空式天花板；垂吊式天花板；假天花suspended deck structure 承台结构；支撑面板结构suspended floor 悬垂楼板suspended scaffold 悬吊式棚架suspended solid 悬浮固体suspended truss 悬挂式桁架suspended working platform 吊船suspension bridge 吊桥；悬索桥suspension of powdered concrete 悬浮混凝土粉末；悬浮于液体的混凝土粉末suspension of works 暂停施工suspension period [notice to quit] 暂缓执行期〔迁出通知书〕swan neck fire hydrant 鹅颈消防栓sway index 侧移指数sweep junction 弯曲位swelling soil 膨胀土swing gate 掩闸swing-out gate 外掩闸switch 开关switch panel 电掣箱switch room 电掣房switchboard 配电板；开关板switchgear 开关设备swivel joint 旋转接合swopping between immediate mortgage and conventional mortgage 即时按揭与传统按揭办法互换syenite 正长岩symmetrical loading 对称荷载synthetic enamel 合成树脂瓷漆；“胶玉瓷漆”synthetic paint 合成油漆synthetic soil conditioner 合成土壤改良剂systematic identification and registration of slopes in the territory [sirst] 有系统鉴定及登记全港斜坡计划systematic identification of maintenance responsibility of slopes in the territory [simar] 有系统鉴辨全港斜坡维修责任计划systematic inspections of features in the territory [sift] 有系统勘察全港斜坡计划工程英语词汇(S3) 相关内容:21。
德国包装标准
编号中文名称英文名称DIN10050-4-1973 奶油包装材料的检验.耐叠层剥离性的测定Testing of butter wrappers;determination of resistance againstdelaminationDIN10050-7-1973 奶油包装材料的检验.与奶油接触的包装材料表面水溶性成分的测定Testing of butter wrappers,determination of water solublecomponents of the surface of thewrapper contacting butterDIN10050-9-1973 奶油包装材料的检验.透明性的测定Testing of butter wrappers;determination of transmissionDIN 10082-1996 包装材料.黄油卷包装.交货技术条件Packaging - Butter wrappers -Technical delivery conditionsDIN 10259-1998 香烟过滤嘴,香烟和其它烟草制品包装用材料.柠檬酸含量的测定Material used for producing wrappingsfor cigarette filters, cigarettes and othertobacco products - Determination ofcitrate contentDIN 10370-1998 香烟过滤嘴,香烟和其它烟草制品包装用材料.醋酸盐含量的测定Material used for producing wrappingsfor cigarette filters, cigarettes and othertobacco products - Determination ofacetate contentDIN 10519-2000 食品卫生.未包装食物用的自助设备.卫生要求Food hygiene - Self-service equipmentfor unpackaged food - HygienerequirementsDIN 10522-2006 食品卫生.未包装食品用可重复使用的盒子和容器的商业清洁.卫生要求、试验Food hygiene - Commercial cleaningof reusable boxes and reusablecontainers for unpackaged foodstuffs -Hygiene requirements, testingDIN 10955-2004 感官分析.食品用包装材料和包装件的检验Sensory analysis - Testing ofpackaging materials and packages forfoodstuffsDIN15158-1-2005 包装.物料运输用托盘.第1部分:平托盘试验的性能要求和选择Packaging - Pallets for materialshandling - Part 1: Performancerequirements and selection of tests forflat palletsDIN15158-2-2005 包装.物料运输用托盘.第2部分:工作载荷Packaging - Pallets for materialshandling - Part 2: Working loadDIN 16995-1992 包装用薄膜.塑料薄膜.性能和试验方法Films for packaging; plastic films;properties, testingDIN 19302-2006 包装材料.通用包装纸.要求、试验方法Packaging materials - Paper forgeneral packaging purposes -Requirements, test methodDIN2003-2-1987 金属包装.非叠码的圆柱形罐Metal packages; canisters, cylindrical,non-stackableDIN2023-1-1998 金属包装.圆折边盖.尺寸.第1部分:尺寸、材料、标记Metal packages - Ends for doubleseaming, round - Part 1: Dimensions,material, markingDIN2023-2-1998 金属包装.圆形双重卷边端部.第2部分:卡紧配合尺寸Metal packages - Ends for doubleseaming, round - Part 2: ChuckfitgaugesDIN2023-3-1998 金属包装.圆形双重卷边端部.第3部分:折边咬合Metal packages - Ends for doubleseaming, round - Part 3: SeamingchucksDIN 2032-1987 金属包装.薄板金属材料的加螺定封包Metal packages; screwed closures oflight gauge metalDIN24500-10-1971 轧制设备.第10部分:轧钢机、包封设备、收集、捆扎装、轧制材料捆扎包装标识Rolling mill equipment; rolling millsfor steel, designations of equipment forwrapping, collecting, bundling,binding an packing of rolled materialDIN 25493-1997 核设施.防止金属部件表面受到组装工具、密封、装璜、包装材料和隔热材料的损伤Nuclear facilities - Protection ofmetallic surfaces of structural partsfrom damage from assembly aids,gaskets, packings, packaging materialand thermal insulating materialsDIN 32-3-1981 包装.预包装的包装手段.第3部分:管道用盒量度的测定Packaging; means of packaging forpre-packages; determination ofmeasures for boxes for tubesDIN 32-5-1983 包装.预包装货物（快装包装）的包装方法.粘胶包装件的体积Packaging; means of packaging forpre-packed-goods (ready packs);volume of packages made for adhesifsDIN45635-28-1980 机器空气噪声的测量.包络面法.包装和类似机器Measurement of airborne noise emittedby machines; enveloping surfacemethod; packaging and alliedmachineryDIN5059-1-1992 包装.金属和塑料管.金属管.管嘴、管肩Packaging; metal and plastic tubes;metal tubes; tube nozzles, tubeshouldersDIN5059-2-1990 包装.金属和塑料管.塑料管.管嘴Packaging; metal and plastic tubes;plastic tubes; tube nozzlesDIN 5060-1985 包装材料.管端封口Means of packaging; closures for tube endsDIN 5065-1987 包装.金属及塑料软管用端口塑料密封物Packaging; plastic closures for metaland plastic tubesDIN 5090-1997 包装容器.包装瓶Means of packaging - Bottles for packagingDIN 5097-1999 包装辅助材料.瓶子夹塞Auxiliary packaging means - Clipclocks for bottlesDIN 塑料制品的检验.用长期堆垛试验测Testing of plastics articles;53757-1977 定运输和贮存包装箱的性能determination of the behaviour bystacking by long-time-test, boxes fortransport and storageDIN55402-2-1982 包装件装运标记.出口商品包装导则Marking for shipping of packages;directive for export packagingDIN 55405-2006 包装.术语.术语和定义Packaging - Terminology - Terms anddefinitionsDIN 55406-2007 包装.聚乙烯或聚丙烯制作的单层或双层28mm螺丝盖和铝制28mm保温瓶的交货、购买和使用特殊规范Packaging - Special requirements forthe delivery, purchase and use ofone-piece and two-piece 28 mm screwcaps made from polyethylene (PE) orpolypropylene (PP) and 28 mmrolled-on closures made fromaluminium (Al)DIN55407-1-1995 包装.一般交货与供货技术条件.第1部分:基本要素Packaging - General technical terms ofdelivery and supply - Part 1: BasicsDIN55407-2-1995 包装.一般交货与供货技术条件.第2部分:误差一览表Packaging - General technical terms ofdelivery and supply - Part 2: Catalogueof errorsDIN55408-1-1978 包装.技术规范与交货条件.基础Packaging; technical specifications anddelivery, basicsDIN55412-1-1988 包装.第1部分:按直线排放可装20瓶啤洒(0.5 升型欧洲酒瓶)的400mm x 300 mm 塑料制啤洒码放箱Packaging; 400 mm 300 mm plasticstacking crate, for 20 beer bottles (0,5 lEurobottle), in linear arrangementDIN55412-2-1988 包装.第2部分:按直线排放可装24瓶啤洒(0.33 升型法国维希酒瓶)的400 mm x 300 mm 塑料制啤洒码放箱Packaging; 400 mm 300 mm plasticstacking crate, for 24 beer bottles (0,33l Vichytype), in linear arrangementDIN 55427-1983 包装方法.塑料箱.12瓶规格Packaging means; plastic crates; 12bottle sizeDIN55428-1-1998 包装材料.硬质纤维板.第1部分:要求和试验Packaging materials - Solid fibreboard- Part 1: Requirements, testingDIN55428-2-1998 包装材料.硬质纤维板.第2部分:湿强度.要求和试验Packaging materials - Solid fibreboard- Part 2: Wet strength; requirements,testingDIN55429-2-1987 包装.纸板、硬纤维板或波纹板制箱子.尺寸、极限偏差、尺寸检验Packaging; boxes manufactured fromboard, solid fibre-board or corrugatedboard; dimensions, limit deviations,testing of dimensionsDIN55436-2-1990 包装试验.铝管.管体变形性的测定Packaging test; tubes made ofaluminium; determination of thedeformability of the tube bodyDIN55436-6-1985 包装试验.铝制管.内外保护漆的粘合强度的配置Packaging test; tubes made ofaluminium; disposition of the adhesivestrength of the inside and outside protective lacquerDIN55440-1-1991 包装检验.压紧检验.用恒定传送速度检验Packaging test; compression test; testwith a constant conveyance-speedDIN55441-2-1998 包装试验.撞击试验.第2部分:塑料瓶的自由落体试验Packaging test - Impact test - Part 2:Free drop of plastic bottlesDIN55445-1-1985 包装试验.纸袋胶接缝耐久性的测定Packaging test; determination ofendurance of glue seams of papersacksDIN55445-2-1974 包装试验.塑料袋缝口耐久性的测定Packaging test; determination ofendurance of seams of plasticsacksDIN55445-3-1974 包装试验.第3部分:口袋接缝耐久性测定.标图法Packaging test; determination ofendurance of sack seams, plottingmethodDIN 55446-1991 包装.包装和满装包装件包装的方法.抽样Packaging; means of packaging andcomplete filled transport packages;samplingDIN55450-1986包装.纸包装袋.类型Packaging; paper bags; typesDIN55455-1986包装.纸制手提袋.类型Packaging; paper carrier bags; typesDIN55457-1-2000 包装试验.聚烯烃容器.抗应力开裂性.温度程序Packaging test - Containers made frompolyolefines - Part 1: Tension crackingresistance; temperature procedureDIN 55457-2 Bb.1-1986 包装试验.聚烯烃容器.用压力温度法检验抗应力裂纹性能.第2 Bb 1部分:试验设备设计示例Packaging test; containers made frompolyolefins; stress cracking resistance,pressure-temperature method;examples for the design of testequipmentDIN55457-2-2000 包装试验.聚烯烃容器.抗应力开裂性.第2部分:压力温度程序Packaging test - Containers made frompolyolefines - Part 2: Tension crackingresistance; pressure-temperatureprocedureDIN55461-2-1991 大型包装材料.第2部分:柔性IBC 尺寸Large size packages; flexible IBC;dimensionsDIN55465-2-1992 垃圾用纸或聚乙烯薄膜包装材料.标称容量50公升以下的袋子.形状、尺寸、要求、检验Packaging made from paper orpolyethylene for waste; bags with anominal capacity up to 50 l, shapes,dimensions, requirements, testsDIN 55467-1987 包装.装箱单和文件用的保护盖和扁平袋Packaging; coverings and flat bags forpacking lits and documentsDIN55468-1-2004 包装材料.波纹纸板.第1部分:要求、检验Packaging materials - Corrugatedboard - Part 1: Requirements, testingDIN55468-2-2004 包装材料.波纹纸板.第2部分:耐湿性、要求和检验Packaging materials - Corrugatedboard - Part 2: Wet strength,requirements, testingDIN55471-1-1983 包装用聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料.要求和检验Cellular polystyrene for packaging;requirements and testingDIN55471-2-1987 包装用聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料.模塑包装材料的造型Cellular polystyrene for packaging;design of moulded packagingDIN 55473-2001 辅助包装方法.干燥剂袋.交货技术条件Auxiliary means of packaging -Desiccant in bag - Technical deliveryconditionsDIN 55474-1997 包装辅助材料.干燥剂袋.应用、所需干燥剂袋数的计算Auxiliary means of packaging -Desiccants in bag - Application,calculation of the required number ofdesiccant unitsDIN 55475-1997 包装辅助材料.牛皮纸制粘合带.未增强和增强可水活化或热活化.要求和试验Auxiliary means of packaging - Tapesfrom kraftpaper - Not reinforced orreinforced, water or heat activatable;requirements and testingDIN 55477-1990 包装.非增强和增强的塑料带.要求和试验Packaging; non-reinforced andreinforced plastic tapes; requirementsand testingDIN 55479-2000 包装.用压敏胶粘带和胶纸带密封纸板盒和包装箱的种类Packaging - Types of sealings ofcartons and boxes by means ofpressure-sensitive adhesive tape andgummed paper tapeDIN 55480-1976 包装方法.带螺旋盖的铝制圆罐Means of packaging; cans made ofaluminium with screw caps, roundDIN55481-1-1987 包装用聚乙烯泡沫塑料.要求、试验Cellular polyethylene for packaging;requirements, testsDIN55482-1-1989 包装用聚亚氨酯泡沫塑料.第1部分:要求、检验Cellular polyurethane for use inpackaging; requirements and testingDIN55483-1-1984 包装用橡胶纤维和/或动物纤维.第1部分:要求、检验Rubberized fibre and/or hair forpackaging; requirements, testingDIN55505-1973气溶胶包装.盖座高度Aerosol packages; cover seat heightDIN 55507-1976 气溶胶包装.弯钉固定工具的工作面Aerosol package; work parts of toolsfor clinchingDIN55510-1-2005 包装.包装区的尺寸协调.第1部分:原则Packaging - Dimensional coordinationin the field of packaging - Part 1:PrinciplesDIN55510-2-2005 包装.包装区的尺寸协调.第2部分:术语Packaging - Dimensional coordinationin the field of packaging - Part 2:TerminologyDIN55510-3-2005 包装.包装区的尺寸协调.第3部分:规则和尺寸Packaging - Dimensional coordinationin the field of packaging - Part 3: Rulesand dimensionsDIN55511-1-1984 包装方法.可调整到600mm×400mm、用硬纤维板和波纹板制成的包装箱.带底和折板顶盖的可折叠箱Means of packaging; boxesmanufactured from solid fibre-board orcorrugated board, adjusted to 600 mm400 mm (area module); folding boxeswith bottom and top flapsDIN55511-3-1984 包装方法.可调整到600mm×400mm、用硬纤维板和波纹板制成的包装箱.伸缩式包装箱Means of packaging; boxesmanufactured from solid fibre-board orcorrugated board, adjusted to 600 mm400 mm (area module); telescopeboxesDIN55512-7-1981 包装.单件包装.第7部分:纸、缮写用品的量度标准Packaging; unit packs; paper, writingmaterials; measuresDIN 55520-1985 货运包装的配置面积.从800mm×1200mm和1000mm×1200mm的配置面积进行的推算Position areas for shipping packages,derived from the position areas 800mm × 1200 mm and 1000 mm × 1200mmDIN 55522-1987 包装.纸板箱.带插入底板和插入盖的折叠纸板箱.纸箱尺寸的确定Packaging; cartons made ofcartonboard; cartons with tuck-in baseand lid; determination of thedimensions of cartonsDIN55524-1-2005 包装.分装盒.第1部分:瓦楞纸板制作的包装用分装盒Packaging - Attributes - Part 1:Attributes for packaging made ofcorrugated fibreboardDIN55524-2-2005 包装.分装盒.第2部分:实芯纸板制作的包装用分装盒Packaging - Attributes - Part 2:Attributes for packaging made of solidboardDIN55526-1-1991 包装试验.压缩试验.标称容积10升以下的塑料容器的动态试验Packaging test; compression test;dynamical test for plastic containers,with a capacity up to 10 litersDIN 55529-2005 包装.测定软包装材料制密封件的密封接缝强度Packaging - Determining thesealed-seam strength of sealings madeof flexible packaging materialDIN 55530-1987 包装用塑料薄膜.低密度聚乙烯隔挡材料Plastic films for packaging; barriermaterials made of low densitypolyethyleneDIN 55531-1988 包装用金属箔.叠层铝箔Foils for packaging; laminatedaluminium foilsDIN 55533-2005 包装材料试验.用有示踪气体的挠性试验室对薄膜或箔制包装材料的泄漏性进行的完整检验法Packaging testing - Integral testmethod for packagings made of filmsor foils for leakage using a flexible testchamber with tracer gasDIN 55534-2006 用水作为试验媒介通过顶部空间从包装和包装材料上味觉迁移的试验Testing of taste transfer from packagesand packaging materials through thehead space using water as the testmediumDIN 55540-1 Bb.1-1979 包装的检验.预包装充满率的测定.包装材料密度和粘合剂及类似产品包装的变化系数表格Testing of packaging; determining thefilling ratio of prepacks; form relatingto coefficients of variation for thedensity of the packaged material andfor the package for adhesives andallied productsDIN 55540-1 Bb.2-1980 包装检验.预包装充满率的规定.产品密度和植物防护产品及类似产品包装的变化系数表格Package testing; stipulation of fillingrate of pre-packages, form withcoefficient of variation of the densityof products and of the package forplants protection products and similarproductsDIN 55540-1 Bb.3-1988 包装检验.预包装件装满率的规定.洗涤、清洁及类似制品的包装密度变量系数的表格Package testing; stipulation of fillingrate of pre-packages, form withcoefficient of variation of the densityof products and of the package forwashing and cleaning products andsimilar productsDIN 55540-1 Bb.4-1980 包装试验.预包装充满率的规定.产品密度和清洗产品包装变化系数表格Package testing; stipulation of fillingrate of pre-packages, form withcoefficient of variation of the densityof products and of the package forcleaning productsDIN55540-1-1978 包装检验.第1部分:标准容量预包装填充率的测定.预包装物品按重量标注Testing of packaging; determining thefilling ratio of standard capacityprepacks; prepacks whose contents areindicated by weightDIN55542-2-1985 包装试验.包装容器容积的测定.圆筒形管Packaging test; determination ofcapacity for means of packaging,cylindrical tubesDIN55542-4-1990 包装试验.锥形管包装容量的测定.锥形管Packaging test; determination ofcapacity for packages, conical tubesDIN55543-1-1986 包装试验.塑料袋试验方法.薄膜厚度的测定Packaging test; test methods for plasticsacks; determination of the filmthicknessDIN55543-2-1984 包装试验.塑料袋试验方法.胶接缝抗剥离性的测定Packaging test; test methods for plasticsacks; determination of the peelresistance of glued seamsDIN55543-3-1985 包装检验.塑料袋试验方法.纵向接缝强度的测定Testing of packaging; methods of testfor plastic sacks; determination of thestrenght of longitudinal seamsDIN55543-4-1985 包装检验.塑料袋试验方法.第4部分:聚乙烯薄膜皱缩的测定Testing of packaging; methods of testfor plastic sacks; determination of theshrinkage of polyethylene filmsDIN55545-1-2006 包装.绝缘性能的包装.第1部分:初始评价试验Packaging - Packaging with insulatingproperties - Part 1: Initial evaluationtestingDIN55560-1-1988 可再封闭的防儿童打开的包装.带压力/转动系统(轴向压力作用)的塑料螺旋罩.特技系统的机械检验Reclosable child resistant packages;plastic screw closures with press/turnsystem (axial pressure effect);mechanical testing of trick systemDIN58952-2-1977 消毒.第2部分:消毒物品、金属制筐用包装材料Sterilization; packing materials forsterilizing goods, sterilizing basketsmade of metalDIN58952-3-1977 消毒.第3部分:消毒物品、金属制仪器托盘用包装材料Sterilization; packing materials forsterilizing goods, instrument traysmade of metalDIN58953-7-2003 消毒.消毒材料供应.第7部分:消毒纸、非织造的包装材料、纸袋、耐热和自密封袋和纸带盘的使用Sterilization - Sterile supply - Part 7:Use of sterilization paper, nonwovenwrapping material, paper bags and heatand self-sealable pouches and reelsDIN6075-1-1997 包装材料.瓶.第1部分:维希型1Means of packaging - Bottles - Part 1:Vichy-shape 1DIN6075-2-2000 包装方法.瓶.第2部分:维希(Vichy)型2Means of packaging - Bottles - Part 2:Vichy-shape 2DIN6094-10-1998 包装.广口玻璃瓶瓶塞.第10部分:翻边瓶塞Means of packaging - Finishes forwide-mouthed glass containers - Part10: Beaded edge finishesDIN6094-12-1995 包装.瓶口.第12部分:带内压的7.5 R螺旋瓶口Packaging - Finishes for bottles - Part12: Screw thread 7,5 R for bottles withinternal pressureDIN6094-13-1997 包装材料.瓶塞.第13部分:2道和3道螺纹瓶塞Means of packaging - Finishes - Part13: 2 thread- and 3thread-screw-finishesDIN6094-14-1995 包装.瓶口.第14部分:带内压的8 G螺旋瓶口Packaging - Finishes for bottles - Part14: 8 G screw-thread for bottles withinternal pressureDIN6094-3-2003 包装方法.瓶口.第3部分:适用于拉起式瓶塞的瓶口Means of packaging - Finishes - Part 3:Finish for lever stoppersDIN6094-5-2000 包装材料.瓶塞.第5部分:汽酒瓶用塑料瓶塞、软木塞和冠状软木塞Packaging - Finishes - Part 5: Finishesfor sparkling wine bottles with plasticsand cork stoppers and crown corksDIN6094-7-1995 包装.瓶口.第7部分:防盗酒瓶口Packaging - Finishes for bottles - Part7: PilferprooffinishesDIN6094-8-1997 包装材料.瓶塞.第8部分:外螺纹Means of packaging - Finishes - Part 8:With external screw threadDIN 6096-1998 包装材料.0,75升的装发泡酒的酒瓶Packaging - 0,75 l bottles for sparklingwinesDIN 6099-1997 包装材料.冠状软木塞Packaging - Crown corksDIN 6103-2002 包装材料.圆柱形塑料软管.同轴多层管.尺寸、材料Means of packaging - Flexiblecylindrical plastic tubes - Coexmultilayer tube; Dimensions, materialsDIN 6110-2000 包装方法.标称容量212ml、425ml、580ml和720ml的可重复使用的广口瓶Means of packaging - Reusable jarswith a nominal capacity of 212 ml, 425ml, 580 ml, 720 mlDIN 6111-2002 包装.高压包装件.带不可拆卸分配装置的可重复使用的高压包装件Packaging - High-pressure packages -Reusable, with non-removabledispensing facilityDIN 6112-2002 包装.轻型金属测量容器.插入式REL塑封闭装置的孔径Packaging - Light gauge metalcontainers - Aperture for plug-in RELplastic closuresDIN6120-1-1996 可回收使用的包装盒和包装材料标志.塑料包装盒和包装材料.第1部分:图形符号Marking of packaging and packagingmaterials for recycling purposes -Plastics packaging and packagingmaterials - Part 1: Graphical symbolsDIN6120-2-1996 可回收使用的包装盒和包装材料标志.塑料包装盒和包装材料.第2部分:附加标志Marking of packaging and packagingmaterials for recycling purposes -Plastics packaging and packagingmaterials - Part 2: SupplementarymarkingDIN 6121-1996 包装材料.计量容器标记Packaging - Marking of measuring containersDIN 6128-2001 包装方法.化妆品用玻璃容器.通用公差Means of packaging - Glass containersfor cosmetic products - GeneraltolerancesDIN6129-1-1997 包装方法.玻璃瓶和玻璃罐.第1部分:自动化生产的瓶子的通用公差Means of packaging - Bottles andhollow-ware from glass - Part 1:General tolerances for automaticproduced bottlesDIN6129-2-1999 包装方法.玻璃瓶和玻璃凹形器皿.第2部分;容量Means of packaging - Bottles andhollow-ware from glass - Part 2:V olumesDIN 6130-1980 包装方法.塑料瓶和空心体.重量和充满量的一般公差Means of packaging; bottles andhollow bodies made of plastics,general tolerances for weight andbrimful volumeDIN 6141-2000 包装材料.纤维板带盖桶.钢制的底和盖Packaging - Fibreboard drums -Bottom and lid made of steelDIN 61750-1977 纺织品货运包装箱的基本尺寸Base sizes of shipping containers fortextilesDIN 第2部分:纺织品、针织男袜和童袜、Sizes (width by length) of retail61751-2-1967 针织紧身袜裤零售包装尺寸(长x宽) packages of textiles, knitted socks for men and children, knitted tightsDIN61752-7-1974 纺织品零售包装尺寸(长x 宽).第7部分:毛毯和旅行毯Sizes (width by length) for retailpackages of textiles; blankets andtravelling-rugsDIN 6193-1980 包装材料.德国式标准3型瓶Means of packaging; bottles, german shape standard IIIDIN 6198-1988 包装.瓶.欧洲2型Packaging; bottles; Euro 2DIN 6318-2002 卡箍用步进式包装块支座Stepped packing blocks as support for clampsDIN 6634-1976 包装方法.圆桶用轧制工字钢.尺寸Means of Packaging; Rolled I-steel for Drums; DimensionsDIN6644-2-1987 包装材料.钢制鼓形包装容器.带柄锁紧环Packaging; steel drums; clamping ringswith leverDIN6644-4-1987 包装材料.带波形卷边、可堆垛、带可拆盖的钢制鼓形包装容器Packaging; steel drums with fullremovable head, stackable, with wavebeadsDIN 6646-2001 包装方法.钢制非移动盖和移动盖式鼓形桶.跌落处理Means of packaging - Non-removablehead (tight head) and removable head(open head) drums made of steel -Drop handleDIN6647-1-2006 包装形式.筒装饮料容器.第1部分:允许工作压力小于3巴、标称容量小于50立升Means of packaging - Cylindricalbeverage containers - Part 1:Allowable operating pressure up to 3bar, nominal volume up to 50 litresDIN6647-2-2006 包装形式.筒装饮料容器.第2部分:允许工作压力小于7巴、标称容量小于50立升Means of packaging - Cylindricalbeverage containers - Part 2:Allowable operating pressure up to 7bar, nominal volume up to 50 litresDIN6647-3-2003 包装材料.圆柱形饮料桶.第3部分:允许工作压力不超过3巴、标称容量大于100升Means of package - Cylindricalbeverage containers - Part 3:Allowable operating pressure up to 3bar, nominal volume greater 100 litresDIN6647-4-2004 包装手段.圆柱形饮料包装盒.第4部分:允许工作压力3巴及以下、标称容量60升及以下的不回收包装Means of packaging - Cylindricalbeverage containers - Part 4:Non-returnable packagingwithallowable operating pressure up to3 bar, nominal volume up to 60 litresDIN68255-1979锯材运输包装Sawn timber transportation packagesDIN7274-1-1981 包装.额定容积为5、10和20升的钢制油桶.尺寸Packaging; Steel canisters withnominal volumes of 5, 10 and 20 l;DimensionsDIN 包装材料.公称容积为5、10 和20升Packaging; Steel canisters with7274-2-1981 的钢制油桶.安全性要求和试验nominal volumes of 5, 10 and 20 l;Safety requirements and testingDIN 8743-2004 包装机械和包装线.时间术语、参数和计算基础Packaging machines and packaginglines - Terms of time, parameters andbasics of calculationDIN 8782-1984 饮料包装技术.与灌装设备及组成机器有关的术语Beverage packaging technology;terminology associated with fillingplants and their constituent machinesDIN 8784-1993 饮料灌装和包装技术.基本的与定货有关的设备规范Beverage filling and packagingtechnology; minimum and orderrelated machine specificationDIN CEN/TS 14014-2006 邮政业务.混合邮件业务.自动邮件处理信件包装的XML定义Postal services - Hybrid Mail - XMLdefinition of encapsulation of lettersfor automated postal handling; Englishversion CEN/TS 14014:2006DIN CEN/TS 14631-2005 邮政服务.容器和包装物的自动鉴别.容器资产编号Postal services - Automaticidentification of receptacles andcontainers - Receptacle assetnumbering; German version CEN/TS14631:2005DIN EN 10333-2005 包装用钢.与人和动物用食品、产品和饮料接触的扁平钢制品.镀锡钢Steel for packaging - Flat steelproducts intended for use in contactwith foodstuffs, products andbeverages for human and animalconsumption - Tin coated steel(tinplate); German version EN10333:2005DIN EN 10334-2005 包装用钢.与人和动物用食品、产品和饮料接触的扁平钢制品.无涂覆钢(黑钢板)Steel for packaging - Flat steelproducts intended for use in contactwith foodstuffs, products andbeverages for human and animalconsumption - Non-coated steel(blackplate); German version EN10334:2005DIN EN 10335-2005 包装用钢.与人和动物用食品、产品和饮料接触的扁平钢制品.非合金电解铬/氧化铬镀钢Steel for packaging - Flat steelproducts intended for use in contactwith foodstuffs, products or beveragesfor human and animal consumption -Non alloyed electrolyticchromium/chromium oxide coatedsteel; German version EN 10335:2005DIN EN 1086-1995 食品保护运输袋.袋型选择和涉及包装物的内袋的建议; 德文版本EN1086:1995Sacks for the transport of food aid -Recommendations on the selection oftype of sack and the liner in relation tothe product to be packed; German version EN 1086:1995DIN EN 12245-2002 可运输式储气瓶.全包装合成气瓶;德文版本EN 12245:2002Transportable gas cylinders - Fullywrapped composite gas cylinders;German version EN 12245:2002DIN EN 12246-1999 托盘和包装用木材的质量分类Quality classification of timber used inpallets and packaging; German versionEN 12246:1999DIN EN 12248-1999 工业包装用锯切木料.允许偏差和优选尺寸Sawn timber used in industrialpackaging - Permitted deviations andpreferential sizes; German version EN12248:1999DIN EN 12257-2002 可运输式储气瓶.无缝、环形包装合成气瓶; 德文版本EN 12257:2002Transportable gas cylinders -Seamless, hoop-wrapped compositecylinders; German version EN12257:2002DIN EN 12374-1998 包装材料.柔性管材.专业术语Packaging - Flexible tubes -Terminology; German version EN12374:1998DIN EN 12375-1998 包装.铝软管.管壁厚度的测定方法Packaging - Flexible aluminium tubes- Wall thickness determination method;German version EN 12375:1998DIN EN 12377-1998 包装材料.软管材.封闭体的气密性试验方法Packaging - Flexible tubes - Testmethod for the air tightness ofclosures; German version EN12377:1998DIN EN 12546-3-2000 与食品接触的材料和物品.家用保温容器.第3部分:热包装规范Materials and articles in contact withfoodstuffs - Insulated containers fordomestic use - Part 3: Specification forthermal packs; German version EN12546-3:2000DIN EN 12702-2000 纸、纸板和包装用及一次性卫生产品用胶粘剂.潜在粘结层成块特性的测定.德文版本EN 12702:2000Adhesives for paper and board,packaging and disposable sanitaryproducts - Determination of blockingbehaviour of potentially adhesivelayers; German version EN12702:2000DIN EN 12703-1999 纸、纸板和包装用及一次性卫生制品用胶粘剂.低温柔性和冷脆性的测定Adhesives for paper and board,packaging and disposable sanitaryproducts - Determination of lowtemperature flexibility or cold cracktemperature; German version EN12703:1999DIN EN 纸、纸板和包装用及一次性卫生产品Adhesives for paper and board,12704-2000 用胶粘剂.含水胶粘剂起泡性能的测定packaging and disposable sanitary products - Determination of foam formation of aqueous adhesives; German version EN 12704:1999DIN EN 12726-2000 包装.软木塞和塞盖用口径为18.5mm的软木塞瓶口部光度Packaging - Cork mouth finish with abore diatmeter of 18,5 mm for corksand tamper evident capsules; Germanversion EN 12726:2000DIN EN 12960 Berichtigung1-2007 纸和纸板、包装和一次性卫生用品用胶粘剂.耐剪切性的测定.技术勘误DIN EN 12960-2001Adhesives for paper and board,packaging and disposable sanitaryproducts - Determination of shearresistance; German version EN12960:2001, Corrigenda to DIN EN12960:2001-06; German version EN12960:2001/AC:2007DIN EN 12960-2001 纸和纸板、包装和一次性卫生用品用胶粘剂.耐剪切性测定Adhesives for paper and board,packaging and disposable sanitaryproducts - Determination of shearresistance; German version EN12960:2001DIN EN 13010 Berichtigung1-2007 包装.单件包装.标记板显示的尺寸和要求Packaging - Unit packaging -Dimensions and requirements forpegboard display; German version EN13010:2003, Corrigenda to DIN EN13010:2003-06DIN EN 13010-2003 包装.单元包装.硬质纤维板显示的尺寸和要求Packaging - Unit packaging -Dimensions and requirements forpegboard display; German version EN13010:2003DIN EN 13025-1-2006 包装.轻型金属容器.第1部分:最大容量40000ml的通用圆形、圆柱形和圆锥形金属容器的标称填装容积Packaging - Light gauge metalcontainers - Part 1: Nominal fillingvolumes for round, cylindrical andtapered general use metal containersup to 40000 ml; German version EN13025-1:2005DIN EN 13025-2-2006 包装.轻型金属容器.第2部分:20000ml、25000ml和30000ml标称容量的固定盖(紧盖)圆钢和马口铁容器Packaging - Light gauge metalcontainers - Part 2: Non-removablehead (tight head) round steel andtinplate containers with a nominalcapacity of 20000 ml, 25000 ml and30000 ml; German version EN13025-2:2005DIN EN 13025-3-2006 包装.轻型金属容器.第3部分:20000ml、25000ml和30000ml标Packaging - Light gauge metalcontainers - Part 3: Removable head称容量可移动盖(活盖)圆钢和马口铁容器(open head) round steel and tinplate containers with a nominal capacity of 20000 ml, 25000 ml and 30000 ml; German version EN 13025-3:2005DIN EN 13026-2001 包装.小型金属包装.标称灌注容量不超过30000ml的锥形、圆柱形和非圆形普通金属容器Packaging - Light-gauge metalpackaging - Nominal filling volumesfor non-round, cylindrical and taperedgeneral use metal containers up to30000 ml; German version EN13026:2001DIN EN 13027-2001 包装.小型金属包装.根据标称总装盖容量定义的顶开口圆形罐Packaging - Light-gauge metalpackaging - Open top round cansdefined by their nominal gross-liddedcapacity; German version EN13027:2001DIN EN 13028-2001 包装.轻型金属包装.由公称装填容量限定的加气体饮料用顶开口圆形罐;德文版本EN 13028:2001Packaging - Light-gauge metalpackaging - Round open-top cans forbeverage products with added gas,defined by their nominal fillingvolumes; German version EN13028:2001DIN EN 13029-2001 包装.薄金属包装.插入式塑料封闭套的孔径Packaging - Light-gauge metalpackaging - Apertures for plug-inplastic closures; German version EN13029:2001DIN EN 13045-2000 包装.圆柱形塑料软管.尺寸和公差Packaging - Flexible cylindrical plastictubes - Dimensions and tolerances;German version EN 13045:2000DIN EN 13046-2000 包装.圆柱形金属软管.尺寸和公差Packaging - Flexible cylindricalmetallic tubes - Dimensions andtolerances; German version EN13046:2000DIN EN 13047-2000 包装.圆锥形金属软管.尺寸和公差Packaging - Flexible conical metallictubes - Dimensions and tolerances;German version EN 13047:2000DIN EN 13048-2000 包装.铝软管.内部清漆薄膜厚度测量方法Packaging - Flexible aluminium tubes- Internal lacquer film thicknessmeasurement method; German versionEN 13048:2000DIN EN 13054-2001 包装.完全和满载运输包装件.包装件重心测定方法Packaging - Complete, filled transportpackages - Test methods for thedetermination of the centre of gravityof a package; German version EN13054:2001。
英语原文
Effects of microstructure on wear behaviour of woodreinforcedpolypropylene compositeAbstractFriction coefficient, wear rate and wear micromechanism of wood reinforced polypropylene (WPC), pine wood and polypropylene (PP) havebeen compared. WPC and wood present very similar coefficients of friction, whereas PP has the highest value. However, the wearrate is significantlysmaller for the WPC than for the other two materials. The higher stiffness and yield stress of the WPC minimises the plasticity inherent to theneat PP in the contact zone, resulting in a lower coefficient of friction and wear rate. Whereas in wood specimen generalised microfisuration anddelamination can be observed at the worn surface, the wood fibres embedded in WPC produces fewer wear debris, which is probably due to therestrained deformation of the collapsed and/or matrix filled cellular structure of wood fibres. So, the WPC has shown better wear performancesthan its neat constituents, polymer and wood. Keywords: Polymer-matrix composite; Wood; Wear; Friction1. IntroductionThermoplastic matrix composite materials offer an extendedsolution in different applications in automotive industry, construction, electrical appliance and home/urban furniture. Muchinterest has been shown over the last few years in the development of wood reinforced polymer composites (WPC). Woodfibres are emerging as low cost, lightweight and environmentally(biodegradable and renewable) superior alternatives to glassfibres and other inorganic reinforcements in composites [1]. Inaddition, wood fibres exhibit several attractive mechanical properties for use as reinforcements in thermoplastics [2]. Theseinclude high specific strength and stiffness and low hardness,which minimises abrasion of the equipment during processing.Thus, WPC takes advantage of wood's low density, cost andenvironmental impact, while the thermoplastic component facilhates flow during melt processes and acts as a barrier layer toretard moisture intrusion and biological attack.Tensile, impact and environmental properties of WPC havebeen largely analysed [2-8], however the tribological behaviourof WPC has not yet been investigated, therefore, this is theaim of the present paper. Wear mechanisms and performancesare well established for polymer composite materials with highpotential for tribological applications [9]. However, the mechanisms by which wood reinforcements modify the tribologicalperformances in wood plastic composites are not fully understood. The wear mechanisms, and its magnitude, are defined bythe contact conditions, mechanical properties of the bulk polymer and how these parameters lead to the subsequent eventsof `third body' formation,if it occurs, and debris production[10].In this paper the wear performances of WPC, PP and pinewood have been compared in terms of friction coefficient andwear rates. The differences have been explained based on wearmicromechanisms and microstructure of each material.2. Experimental procedure2.1. Materials and specimen preparationA commercial injection grade isotactic polypropylene (PP)homopolymer (ISPLEN PB 171 H1M, MFI 9.5 g/10 min) wasused as matrix of theWPC.TheWPC was reinforced with a 40%(in weight) pine wood fiber. A 5% of maleated PP (EXXELORP01020) has been added as a coupling agent, and the wood hasbeen treated in a N-2-aminoetil-3-aminopropiltrimetoxisilanesolution [11].The composite has been prepared in a double screwLEISTRITZ MICRO 27 GL-36D extrusion machine equippedwith two gravimetric feed hoppers. Processing parameters were180-190-200 0C and 150 rpm. The wood was dried at 80 0C for8 h before being processed.The extruded WPC pellets were injection moulded to obtain6.35 mm x 12.7 mm x 127 mm prismatic specimens (ASTM D-647).2.2. WPC microstructureIn order to measure the real size of the wood reinforcementinto the WPC, PP matrix has been dissolved in xylene at 140 0Cfor 2 h. The size of the original wood sawdust has also beencharacterised.Wood sawdust morphology on WPC and polymer/reinforcement interface have been analysed with a JEOL-JSM5600LU scanning electron microscope (SEM). Direct observation was carried out under low vacuum conditions (10-25 Pa).The density of the WPC has been measured according toASTM D792.2.3. Tribological testsTribological tests have been carried out in a PRIZMA tribometer in a "block-on-ring" configuration, with stationaryblock and rotating ring, in dry sliding conditions. The blockspecimen (6.35 mm x 12.7 mm x 10.8 mm) was placed in contact with the rotating ring under a normal force of 100 N andsliding speed of 1 m/s. In order to analyse the evolution of thewear, experiments carried out with 1 m/s sliding speed havebeen stopped at 75, 150, 300, 450 and 600 m. The slidingdirection was parallel to the orientation of the injection flow(PP and WPC) and wood fibre (wood specimen). As counterbody a hardened tool steel ring (with a hardness of 800HV, 80 mm diameter and 10 mm width) was used. In orderto have the same roughness in the ring surface before thetest it was mechanically polished with a 240-grit paper (Ra 1.1±0.1 µm, measured using a confocal imaging profiler PLµ-Sensofar). Before the wear tests, the surface of the steel ring wascleaned carefully with acetone. A minimum of three specimenswere tested for each material with a satisfactory repeatability.To describe the wear behaviour, the coefficient of wear (k)is used.This parameter describes the volumetric wear(Wv)perunit of normal load (Fn) and sliding distance (s). The volumetricwear was calculated with the density and the mass lost of the rubbing sample, which was measured using an OHAUS electronicbalance with 0.1 mg sensitivity.The surface morphology of the wear scars were analysedusing the confocal imaging profiler. The worn surfaces havealso been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Direct observation of the worn surfaces was carried out underlow vacuum conditions (20-25 Pa).3. Results and discussion3.1. MicrostructurePP has a density of 0.895 g/cm3, pine wood 0.595 g/cm3whereas WPC's density is 1.079 g/cm3. The low density of thewood is attributed to its cellular structure (Fig. la), but the density of the walls is higher. As can be seen in Fig. 1b, the cellularstructure of the wood is collapsed (detail A) or filled in by the PP(detail B), so the void volume of the original cellular structure iseliminated, and this is the origin of the increased density of theWPC. Apparently, the first mechanism (detail A) takes place inthe smaller cells, whereas the second one (detail B) is found inthe biggest cells. The explanation is that due to the high viscosity of the molten PP, the smallest cells cannot be filled in by thematrix and the high external pressure is not compensated, consequently the cell structure collapses. However, for the biggestcells the molten PP filled in the cavity and compensates theexternal pressure.The average length of the sawdust in WPC is 0.21 mm,whereas the original's length was 1.22 mm. This size reduction is probably induced by the high shear rates inherentto the material processes (extrusion and injection moulding).3.2. Friction coefficientExperimental results of friction coefficients (µ) measured at1 m/s sliding speed are plotted in Fig. 2 for PP, wood and WPC.For PP µ raises and the tests have been stopped before 600 msliding distance due to the vibrations. In the case of the wood µis constant in the earlier stage and after 300 m increases slightly.Finally, the result of the WPC shows an initial peak and stabilizesin a constant value.WPC and wood present very similar coefficients of friction,whereas PP has the highest value, after 75 m the friction coefficient of PP doubles this of WPC. The friction componentresulting from adhesion is proportional to the product of thereal-contact area and the strength of the polymer. It has beenshown that during the early part of the test between a thermoplastic and a steel surface, the temperature increases [12]. Theheating induces a softening of the polymer [13], consequentlythe real-contact area and the frictional force increase. The difference between PP and WPC is justified by the higher strength (39.8±0.3 MPa for WPC and 22.2±0.3 MPa for PP [14]) and lower temperature rise of the WPC.Otherwise the presence ofthe wood stops the tendency to increase of µ ,since the softeningis smaller.3.3. Wear guantificationFig. 3 shows the coefficient of wear (k) for the three studiedmaterials as a function of sliding distance. As it can be observed in this figure, the wear behaviour is very different for the WPCand the other two analysed materials: PP and wood. In the caseof the WPC the wear is clearly smaller. The coefficient of wearin all the carried out tests up to 600 m of sliding distance issmaller than 20 x 10-6 mm3/Nm. As in fibre-reinforced polymers [9,10], wood reinforcements seem to be efficient loweringthe wear rate of the polymer.For wood and PP the wear is significantly higher. The coefficient of wear of the wood is approximately 10 times greaterthan for WPC. As it has been mentioned above, for the PP thetests for the largest distance (300-600 m) were stopped due tothe vibrations of the tribometer. However, in the tests made upto 200 m the coefficient of wear is more than five times higherthan for WPC.On the other hand, it was not measured any wear of the diskmaterial in all tests.In order to characterise the wearbehaviour of the WPC duringthe tests the worn surfaces were analysed using the confocalimaging profiler. The surface topography for a 75 m sample anda 450 m sample are shown in Fig.4. In the case of the 75 msample (Fig. 4a) the wear track has approximatelya depth of20 µm and a width of 3 mm. In the right side of the track somepeaks of material are observed. These peaks can be probablyformed as a result of the plastic flow of the PP matrix from theinside of the track during the test. On the other hand, the 450 m sample has a wear track with a very similar size (depth of 24 µmand width of 3.4 mm) but the peaks are smaller (Fig. 4b). So,the ploughing of the counterbody is great at the earlier stage ofthe wear test, but it is stopped by the reinforcement effect of thewood.3.4. Wear mechanismsThere is some difficulty in obtaining information on the wearrate of polymers because there is more than one variable influencing the wear behaviour. Some of these variables are heatgeneration at the contact point of the mating surfaces, and thecomplicated nature of the friction and wear mechanisms. Thesemechanisms are detailed in many publications [9,12,15,16].When a polymeric material is rubbed against metal surfaces,adhesion, abrasion and fatigue are the most recognised modesof wear that could occur [17]. It is now accepted that when themetallic surface roughness (Ra) is higher than 0.05µm abrasionmechanism becomes significant. So, since the roughness of thering is 1.1 µm, abrasion is at the origin of the transfer film. At alow sliding speed of PP on a hard surface, lumps of polymer aretransferred to the counterbody [15]. In thelumpy transfer mechanism, the lumps of polymer are removed from asperity peaksand left adhering on the counterbody. The viscoelastic nature ofthe PP induces the tearing and raised lips formation [16]. Theappearance of the worn surface shown in Fig. 5a is characteristicof this wear mechanism.The combination of relatively low melting temperature andlow thermal conductivity of PP ensures that frictional contacttemperature can reach the melting temperature of the polymer(melting wear), and consequently both, friction and wear coefficients, are markedly altered [15]. In frictional heating the heatis confined to a very thin surface layer. In Fig. 5b the right sideof the track is shown, as it has been pointed out in the wear analysis, there are some PP debris which come from the wear track,and they are a consequence of the plastic flow. Furthermore, theblunted appearance of this debris confirms that there is a meltingwear phenomenon.The original and the worn surface of wood are shownin Fig. 6a and b, respectively. As can be seen, the generalappearance gets smoother. Furthermore, microfisuration anddelamination induced by deformation generate debris of wood,which is the main wear micromechanism.As can be observed in Fig. 7a, there is no wood reinforcement at skin layer of the WPC. However, at the worn surface(Fig. 7b) both PP matrix and wood reinforcements can be seen.No fibre pull-out is observed, which is a consequence of thegood fibre/matrix adhesion related to the coupling agent. Thesimilar trend of } at the earlier stage of the test (Fig. 2) could bedue to the fact that the wear mechanism is the same for PP and WPC, since essentially is the PP which is working. However,once the PP skin layer is removed, in WPC the presence of thewood reduces the polymer/counterbody contact area and stopsthe ploughing, and consequently µ is stabilised.The wear mechanisms of wood (Fig. 7b) and wood asreinforcement in WPC (Fig. 8) justify their different wearbehaviours. The roughness is similar in both cases; however, fewer microfisuration and delamination zones can be seen inWPC. This is probably due to the collapsed and/or PP filledmicrostructure of the wood reinforcements, which restrains thedeformation of the cellular structure of the wood, reduces thebuckling and consequently the deformation/delamination risk islower. Furthermore, the lower wear rate of WPC is probably dueto the lubricant effect of the lumps of polymer transferred to thecounterbody.4. ConclusionThe wear behaviour of PP, wood and wood reinforced PP(WPC) have been investigated and related to the microstructureof each material. WPC has higher density that PP and wood, andit is due to the fact that in WPC the cellular structure of wood iscollapsed or PP filled.WPC and wood have very similar µ, and PP presents thehigher one. The higher strength and the lower temperature riseof the WPC, when comparedwith neat PP, stop the ploughingof the counterbody, and the resulting smaller contact area is theorigin of the lower friction of coefficient. The increase of µinthe earlier stages of the WPC test is associated to the neat PPskin-layer, and the following stabilised value is achieved whenthis skin is eliminated and counterbody is in contact with PPmatrix and wood reinforcement of WPC.The wear rate of WPC is the lowest, the one of neat wood is 10times higher and that of PP is the highest. The wear mechanismfor PP is a combination of plastic flow and melting phenomenon,which are at the origin of its highest wear rate. For wood, themicrofisuration and delamination induced by deformation arethe main wear micromechanism. In WPC the wear mechanismof the wood reinforcement are different to those of neat wood,since the collapsed or PP-filled wood fibers into the WPC whichreduces the buckling/microfisuration/delamination micromechanisms inherent to the cellular structure of wood.。
碳纤维及其与金属的作用
收稿日期:2001-03-21作者简介:赵浩峰(1957-),男,山西榆次人,教授,博士,主要从事金属基复合材料及抗磨材料的研究。
#专题论述#碳纤维及其与金属的作用赵浩峰1,3, 王 玲2, 刘红梅1, 韩世平1(1.太原理工大学,山西太原 030024;2.太钢职工钢院,山西太原 030003;3.奥地利国家工业研究中心,维也纳 A2444)摘要:本文介绍了金属基复合材料中常用增强物)))碳纤维的结构及性能,特别总结讨论了碳纤维与常用金属的结合类型。
关键词:碳纤维;结构;金属;复合材料中图分类号:T G232.4 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1004-6178(2001)03-0049-02Carbon Fibre and Its Reaction With MetalsZHAO Hao -f eng 1,3, WANG Ling 2, LIU Hong -mei 1, HAN Shi -pin 1(T aiy uan H eavy M echnical I nstitute,T aiyuan 030024,China)Abstract:T he paper deals w ith the structur e and performance of carbo n fibre used in M MCs and especially the react ion betw een it and some metals.Key Words:carbon fibre;structure;metal;composite碳纤维是复合材料中十分重要的增强物,最早用于高分子基复合材料。
由于它特殊的机械性能,用其增强的树脂广泛用于航天、航空、国防、运输。
在以后又发展到体育器材等方面。
但是随着金属基复合材料的发展,碳纤维又成为金属的主要增强物。
但是由于碳纤维和高分子的结合机制与其和金属的结合机制不近相同,因此了解碳纤维的类型、结构及性能对金属基复合材料的设计、制备及性能检测有着重要的意义。
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The origin of fibre metal laminates is traced back to the development of built-up structures that took place at the Fokker aircraft in 1945 since the introduction of bonding in the F-27 aircraft [1]. Later it was discovered that the bonded, laminated structure provided a significant improvement in fracture toughness and damage tolerance over monolithic material of the same thickness as the laminate [2]. In 1978 Schijve and Vogelesang started with flight simulation tests on carbon fibre reinforced laminates and aramid fibre reinforced laminates. The test results looked promising. It had become clear that fatigue in the fibre-reinforced metal laminates was a delicate process. Subsequently, Fokker aircraft collaborated in a research project on the manufacture of fibre metal laminates with Delft University of Technology, ALCOA (suppliers of aluminium), ENKA (producer of aramid fibres), 3M (producer of adhesives), AKZO (
Structural impact tests were first presented to cover typical fibre metal laminates (FMLs) subjected a low velocity projectile impact, which produced the corresponding load-displacement traces and deformation/failure modes for the validation of numerical models. Finite element (FE) models were then developed to simulate the impact behaviour of FMLs tested. The aluminium (alloy grade 2024-0) layer was modelled as an isotropic elasto-plastic material up to the on-set of post failure stage, followed by shear failure and tensile failure to simulate its failure mechanisms. The glass fibre laminate (woven glass-fibre reinforced composite) layer was modelled as an orthotropic material up to its on-set of damage, followed by damage initiation and evolution using the Hashin criterion. The damage initiation was controlled by failure tensile and compressive stresses within the lamina plane which were primarily determined by tests. The damage evolution was controlled by tensile/compressive fracture energies combined with both fibre and matrix. The FE models developed for the 2/1, 3/2 and 4/3 FMLs plates made with 4-ply and 8-ply glass fibre laminate cores were validated against the corresponding experimental results. Good correlation was obtained in terms of load-displacement traces, deformation and failure modes. The validated models were ready to be used to undertake parametric studies to cover FMLs plates made with various stack sequences and composite cores. damage, Hashin criterion, finite element, impact, FMLs, progressive failure PACS: 02.70.Dc, 81.05.Ni, 46.50.1a
SCIENCE CHINA
Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy
• Research Paper •
June 2011 Vol.54 No.6: 1168–1177 doi: 10.1007/s11433-011-4261-9
Structural behaviour of fibre metal laminates subjected to a low velocity impact
FAN JiYinversity of Liverpool, Department of Engineering, Liverpool L69 3GQ, UK Received August 27, 2010; accepted December 30, 2010; published online February 15, 2011
© Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011
Fan J Y, et al. Sci China Phys Mech Astron
June (2011) Vol. 54 No. 6
1169
factures of fibres and aerospace chemicals) and the Dutch National Aerospace Laboratory. In 1983, Aramid Aluminium Laminates (ARALL) were first manufactured by ALCOA. In 1987, patent on the second generation of laminates, based on R and S2 glass fibres was filed by AKZO. A partnership between AKZO and ALCOA started to operate in 1991 to produce and commercialise Glare [1]. It is well documented that FMLs combine the durability of metals with the impressive fatigue and fracture properties of fibre-reinforced composite materials [3–5]. However, the first generation of thermosetting-based fibre-metal laminates suffers a number of key limitations including long processing cycles, low interlaminar fracture toughness properties as well as difficulties associated with repair. In an attempt to overcome many of these problems, researchers at the University of Liverpool have developed a number of novel FMLs based on thermoplastic matrices [6,7]. Thermoplastic-based fibre-metal laminates offer a number of advantages, including very short processing time, ease of forming, improved chemical resistance, excellent reparability and superior interlaminar fracture toughness properties. Extensive testing on a glass fibre-reinforced polypropylene FML has shown that this system offers an excellent resistance to low and high velocity impact loading conditions [6]. A number of studies were conducted to evaluate the low and high velocity impact behaviour of two types of fibre metal laminates (Arall and Glare). Vlot and Fredell [8] undertook a series of low velocity impact tests on Arall and Glare laminates using a drop-weight impact tester with an impactor mass of 575 g capable of achieving a maximum velocity of 10 m s1. Their results showed that Glare offers a stronger resistance to low velocity impact loading than a monolithic aluminium alloy and a carbon fibre/thermoplastic composite. Vlot [9] conducted static indentation and low and high velocity impact tests on monolithic Al 2024-T3 and 7075-T6, various grades of FMLs and composites, with a circular clamped test area. It was found that composite materials were very brittle and required little energy to create the first fibre failure in the material. The energy to create the first crack for FML with aramid and carbon reinforced FML (ARALL) was comparable to fibre reinforced composite materials and relatively low compared to Al 2024-T3 and R-glass reinforced FML (Glare). The higher velocity tended to give a slightly larger dent depth. The FMLs had approximately the same dent depth after impact as the monolithic alloy. Vlot et al. [10] also conducted a series of low velocity impact tests Glare laminates and monolithic aluminium and found that Glare exhibited a minimum cracking energy that was fifteen percent greater than that of monolithic aluminium. The impact damage resistance of these fibre metal laminates increased with increasing glass/ epoxy content. A number of standard drop weight tests on GLARE and non-clad 2024-T3 were also undertaken [11], which indicated that GLARE showed higher resistance to