互联网与电子商务翻译 可打成一 版
电子商务专业英语作业翻译
E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term, e-business, are often used interchangably. For online retail selling, the term e-tailing is sometimes used.电子商务（电子商务或电子商务）是购买和出售的商品和服务在互联网，特别是万维网上的。
在实践中，这项和一个新的术语，电子商务，往往交替使用。
网上零售，电子零售的术语有时用。
E-tailing or The Virtual Storefront and the Virtual Mall网上或虚拟商店和虚拟商店As a place for direct retail shopping, with its 24-hour availability, a global reach, the ability to interact and provide custom information and ordering, and multimedia prospects, the Web is rapidly becoming a multibillion dollar source of revenue for the world's businesses. A number of businesses already report considerable success. As early as the middle of 1997, Dell Computers reported orders of a million dollars a day. By early 1999, projected e-commerce revenues for business were in the billions of dollars and the stocks of companies deemed most adept at e-commerce were skyrocketing. Although many so-called dotcom retailers disappeared in the economic shakeout of 2000, Web retailing at sites such as , , and continues to grow.作为一个直接的零售购物，其24小时供应，全球性的，互动的能力，并提供自定义信息和订购，和多媒体，网络正在迅速成为一个数十亿美元的收入来源，为全球的企业。
关于网购的初一英语作文带翻译
关于网购的初一英语作文带翻译随着经济的发展，网购对我们的生活有着很大的影响，现在很多人都不去实体店买东西了，你对于网购有什么看法呢?写一篇英语描述一下吧。
下面是小编推荐给大家关于网购的英语作文带翻译，供大家参考。
关于网购的英语作文篇一shopping on the Internet,or shopping online,is being more and more popular.More and more people are using the internet to buy somethings.Why do people use the internet to shop?Some people say that it is more convenient.They can just stay at home and shop for anythings that they want at any time,day or night.If you want to buy something on the internet,you need a credit card.You have to type you credit card number and information on the web site and send it to the store over internet.But you should pay attention to because every thing has two point,shopping online has advantages and disadvantages.翻译：网上购物,或在线购物,正越来越受欢迎.越来越多的人在使用互联网购买时间.为什么人们利用互联网来店吗?有些人说它是比较方便.他们只能呆在家里,购买他们想要的任何东西,在任何时间,白天或晚上.如果你想在网上买东西,你需要一张信用卡.您需要输入您的信用卡号码和网上信息,并将其发送到存储在网络.但你要注意,因为每一件事物都有两个点,网上购物有其优点和缺点. 关于网购的英语作文篇二Nowadays， with the ever rapid development and increasing popularity of the information technology ，shopping on the Internet has been a fashion， especially among the youngsters.Online shopping has made our daily life more convenientand comfortable.For example ，shopping on the internet can save students a great deal of time on the way between home and store，so they would be able to concentrate more time and energy on their academic work.The internet has shorten the distance between manufacturers and consumers and thus we can even buy goods in other countries .On the other hand ，lack of the face to face deal makes online shopping less reliable and trustworthy. What’ s more the delivery will increase the risk of items’ damage.In my opinion， shopping on the internet is an irreversible trend. More and more people will be accustomed to it. It will be much more popular in the near future. And at the same time we should take some measures to make it perfect.翻译：如今，随着不断快速发展和信息技术的日益普及，在互联网上购物一直是一种时尚，尤其是青少年。
电商英文合同翻译模板
电商英文合同翻译模板This E-Commerce Contract (the "Contract") is entered into as of [date], by and between [Seller], an online retailer with its principal place of business at [address] (the "Seller"), and [Buyer], a consumer with its address at [address] (the "Buyer").1. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES1.1 The Seller agrees to sell to the Buyer the following products (the "Products"):- [Product 1]- [Product 2]- [Product 3]1.2 The Seller agrees to provide the following services (the "Services"):- [Service 1]- [Service 2]- [Service 3]2. ORDERING PROCESS2.1 The Buyer shall place orders for Products and Services through the Seller's website. 2.2 The Seller shall confirm the receipt of each order and provide the Buyer with an order confirmation.2.3 The Seller shall process the order and ship the Products to the Buyer within [number] business days of receiving the order.3. PAYMENT3.1 The Buyer agrees to pay the Seller the total amount of [amount] for the Products and Services ordered.3.2 Payment shall be made by [payment method] at the time of placing the order.3.3 The Seller shall issue an invoice to the Buyer upon receiving payment.4. DELIVERY AND SHIPPING4.1 The Seller shall deliver the Products to the Buyer's address within [number] business days of receiving the order.4.2 The Seller shall provide the Buyer with a tracking number for the shipment.4.3 The Buyer shall be responsible for any customs duties or taxes incurred during shipping.5. RETURNS AND REFUNDS5.1 The Buyer may return Products within [number] days of receiving them for a full refund.5.2 The Seller shall issue a refund within [number] business days of receiving the returned Products.5.3 The Buyer shall be responsible for the cost of return shipping.6. WARRANTIES6.1 The Seller warrants that the Products and Services will be free from defects and conform to the description provided on the website.6.2 The Seller warrants that the Products will be delivered in a timely manner and in good condition.7. LIABILITY7.1 The Seller shall not be liable for any damages or losses incurred by the Buyer as a result of using the Products or Services.7.2 The Buyer shall indemnify and hold harmless the Seller from any claims or liabilities arising out of the Buyer's use of the Products or Services.8. DISPUTE RESOLUTION8.1 Any disputes between the parties arising out of or relating to this Contract shall be resolved through arbitration in [city], [country].8.2 The decision of the arbitrator shall be final and binding on both parties.9. GOVERNING LAW9.1 This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [country].IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract as of the date first written above.SELLER:_____________________[Name][Title]BUYER:_____________________ [Name]。
电子商务 外文翻译
B2B e-marketplace:an e-marketing framework for B2B commercePurpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear understanding of the performance of business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplace in conducting e-marketing in the global business environment. The proposed framework is intended to be used as a guide for B2B firms especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) who wish to adopt a proactive approach in the use of information and communication technology for business efficiency and competitive advantage, and those who wish to explore the internet technologies for marketing activities.Design/methodology/approach– Literature from the B2B e-marketplaces and operations of e-marketing fields were analysed,and the findings were synthesised to develop a preliminary conceptual model of e-marketing.The conceptual model was tested empirically through an online survey from various industries in China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Findings– With significant online and offline publications from both academia and industry, there is a growing awareness of the contribution of the e-marketing in the global environment.This new marketing paradigm is reported to reshape the business relationships between both consumer marketers and consumers, improving business processes and enhancing the business exposure in the new markets.Research limitations/implications– The major limitation of this paper is associated with the sample selection. Although the literature findings were international,the empirical study was restricted to China,Malaysia,and Singapore.Therefore,the generalizability of the results may not be applicable for other countries.Furthermore, the majority of the respondents participated were SMEs. Hence, the applicability of findings to large-scale organisations may be limited.Practical implications– The framework allows B2B firms to capitalise and understand the e-marketing opportunities provided by B2B e-marketplace.The framework also offers guidance to marketing managers a most appropriate approach to adopt B2B e-marketplace to perform their e-marketing activities.Originality/value–Based on the need for a framework for e-marketing,this study is significance to:SMEs, marketers,information technology practitioners,and all other stakeholders that adopted the internet and other electronic means for marketing purposes.BackgroundThe development of the internet and the world wide web (www) in the 1990s as a tool for the global sharing of information has opened up new opportunities in marketing practices. “The rapid growth of internet users has made the internet an increasingly important and attractive platform for business transactions”According to the Internet World Stats (2007), by March 2008, the internet user population reached 1.40 billions world wide, an increase of 290 percent in the period from 2000 to 2008 (Figure 1). Many academics and practitioners have emphasized that the internet is a major platform for e-marketing to deal with marketing mixes, which include global accessibility (Laudon, 2002), convenience in updating (Sandeep and Singh, 2005), real-time information services (Harridge-March, 2004), interactive communications features (Chaffey, 2004), and unique customisation and personalised capabilities (Teo and Tan, 2002). Additionally,e-marketing also refers to the use of electronic methods or media to build upon and maintain customer relationship through electronic platforms (e.g. business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplaces) that facilitates the exchange of ideas, products, and services to satisfy both buyers and sellers.Strauss and Frost (2001)support the above statement and suggested that,sales,public relations,direct marketing,and advertising are marketing communication that comprises the crucial components of e-marketing strategy.B2B e-marketplace, as one of the major trading platforms brought by the internet technology has made a significant contribution to the e-marketers.The larger organisations are taking advantages from the vast array ofsuppliers/buyers via the B2B e-marketplace (Stockdale and Standing,2004).However,small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are also eager to compete in the electronic environment remain concerns as how theirbusinesses can gain benefits from B2B e-marketplace.With significant online and offline publications from both academia and industry there is a growing awareness of the contribution of the e-marketing in the global environment. Nonetheless, there is limitation on how to explore the opportunities for SMEs in benefiting from the emergent e-marketing practices, derive from the B2B e-marketplace.Review of e-marketing performances in B2B e-marketplaceThe internet is the foundation for B2B commerce that provides the technology and platform to enable this business relationships work effectively.B2B transactions over public and private sectors uses the internet as a delivery vehicle for transactions including;financial transfer,on-line exchanges,auctions,delivery of products, and services (O’Reily and Finnegan, 2007). Many pra ctitioners are predicting B2B commerce is expected to have a massive growth and majority of the organisations will have to give consideration to involve with B2B commerce. Referring to Figure 5, B2B consists of three main elements and the e-marketplace performs the main tasks such as sourcing, automated purchasing, processing to facilitate the sellers and buyers to do business transactions.Laudon and Laudon (2000)stated that B2B e-marketplace refers to the exchange of information,products, services,and payment via the internet between buyers and sellers.B2B e-marketplaces are typically defined as inter-organisational IS through which multiple buyers and sellers interact electronically to identify potential trading partners, select them and execute transactions (Rohmtal.2004). Argued that, B2B e-marketplace is able to remove some of the inefficiency of traditional business functionality and allows partners to streamline their marketing activities by sharing information instantaneously.In recent years,B2B e-marketplace have improved/enhanced the extent of e-marketing activities;providing to all marketers especially to SMEs. Recent studies (Narayanasamy ET al.2008; Pavaloia, 2009) are indicative of the fact that SMEs have started to respond positively to the changes brought about by the internet technologies.While the main concerns of SMEs are related to the generic SMEs characteristics of limited time/resources and expertise,B2B e-marketplace provide a favorable environment for SMEs to;lower operating and marketing cost, better opportunity to promote their products/services,and enrich their overall marketing communications mix. Overall,the benefits of B2B e-marketplace as reported by many academics and practitioners include:reducing search costs by facilitating comparison of price, products, and services(Kandampully, 2003; Bakos, 1998; Kaplan and Sawhney, 2000);.improving production and supply capability (Barua et al. , 1997; Albrecht et al. ,2005);.improving personalization and customization of product offerings (Bakos, 1998);.enhancing customers relationships (Kierzkowski et al. 1996);.reducing marketing costs compare to traditional marketing media (Sculley andWoods, 2001);.reducing numbers of marketing staff (Gloor, 2000).However,the current literatures do not fully explore the issues relating to the performances of B2B e-marketplace from an e-marketing perspective. In addition, much of the research is focused on particular research areas of interest often ignoring the links to others dimensions in particular e-marketing services.Hence,there are concerns that the despite the efforts to promote adoption of B2B e-marketplace from an e-marketing perspective, SMEs are not fully aware of the opportunities and benefits (Stockdale and Standing, 2004). The literature provides insights into the current level of internet-enabler marketing technologies from B2B e-marketplace to the marketers. The online and offline publications from both academics and practitioners indicated that,e-marketing via B2B e-marketplace is a modern marketing practice for buying and selling goods/services,exchange information/ideas via the internet associated with communication and promotional purposes.The frameworks suggested by various authors including Chaffey (2004), Gloor (2000),Kierzkowski et al.(1996) makes a significant contribution to knowledge in the areas of e-marketing that has the potential to create competitive advantage and enhance customer value. However, it appears that there is limited exploitation of such frameworks by industry professional. In order to develop a better understanding of the topic under study,this paper will adapt a multidisciplinary approach by integrating;traditional SMEs marketing,e-marketing,IS/IT,and B2B e-marketplace to develop an e-marketing framework that will offer a greater value for SMEs.B2B 电子商务市场：电子营销的 B2B 电子商务框架背景自上世纪 90 年代互联网作为一种全球共享信息的工具，互联网开辟了一种新的营销模式。
电子商务环境下商务英语翻译探析
电子商务环境下商务英语翻译探析随着互联网的普及和电子商务的兴起，商务英语翻译在现代经济中扮演着至关重要的角色。
在电子商务环境下，商务英语翻译需要考虑到网络技术的特点，如快速、便捷、实时，同时也需要注意跨文化交流的细节，如语言、文化和法律等。
本文将从三个方面探析商务英语翻译在电子商务环境下的应用。
首先，电子商务的跨越国界性。
随着互联网的普及，商家可以在全球范围内开展业务。
商务英语翻译在这种情况下具有非常重要的作用。
比如，中国的企业想要向英国、德国等发达国家出口产品，就必须用英语、德语等语言与当地的贸易公司和消费者沟通，因此，商务英语翻译的质量和准确性对商业活动的成败至关重要。
另外，商务英语翻译在网络中的传播效果也是不可忽视的。
由于网络传播速度快、范围广，因此商务英语翻译必须能够准确地表达商业信息，同时也要注意这些信息在文化和社会背景下传导的差异。
同样的信息在不同的文化和语境下可能会产生不同的解读，这就需要商务英语翻译人员要具备较高的跨文化交际能力。
商务英语翻译主要应用在电子商务中的以下几个方面：1.网站本地化翻译对于企业而言，拥有多语言的网站并提供多语言服务是一种趋势，这对于扩大市场和接触更多的客户非常重要。
在这一过程中，商务英语翻译是不可少的，可以帮助企业根据当地的市场需求和文化背景进行网站的本地化翻译，以便更好地与当地的客户进行沟通。
2.商品描述翻译在电子商务中，商品描述是决定客户购买决策的重要因素之一。
商务英语翻译可以帮助企业将商品描述翻译成多种语言，以方便更多国家和地区的客户了解产品的特点和优势。
3.交易合同翻译在电子商务活动中，交易合同是对双方关系的约束和保障。
商务英语翻译在交易合同翻译中的作用不仅是解决语言障碍，还要涉及到法律、商业和文化等因素的综合考虑。
1.语言风格的统一性在多语言网站上，商务英语翻译人员需要保证翻译风格的一致性，以保证不同语言版本的网站重点信息、商标等统一清晰。
2.文化障碍商务英语翻译人员需要注意文化差异对语言翻译的影响。
电子商务英语的翻译（吴楠）
电子商务英语的英汉与汉英翻译Lead-in:电子商务是互联网的产物。
互联网的本质是一个巨大的且不断发展的全球计算机网络。
据估计，目前连接到互联网上的用户已超过5亿，在世界范围内有超过9千万台的互联网主机，从而使在线交易和有效信息量显著增长。
在世界贸易组织关于电子商务的工作组中，电子商务被理解为：采用电子化的方式进行生产、分销、营销、销售或交付货物以及服务。
广义上讲，电子商务包含了电子化媒介或网络，实质上是通过互联网完成的各种商业交易。
电子商务是进行商业交易的一种新途径。
从商业观点来看，电子商务不仅仅局限于商品的购买。
除电子邮件和其他交流平台外，它还包括一个公司可以通过网络提供给顾客的所有信息或服务，从售前信息到售后服务和支持。
电子商务能通过时间和程序方面的效率提高来降低交易费用，从而降低总成本。
（改编自《电子商务英语》，北京大学出版社) Electronic Commerce is the product of the Internet. The Internet is basically a vast and ever increasing network of computers across the globe. It is estimated that the number of persons connected to the Internet today has surpassed 500 million, and there are over 90 million Internet hosts world-wide, facilitating a dramatic increase in the volume of trade and information available online.In the World Trade Organization (WTO) Work Group on Electronic Commerce, it is understood to mean: the production, distribution, marketing, sale or delivery of goods and services by electronic means. Broadly defined, electronic commerce includes an electronic medium or network. It essentially refers to all kinds of commercial transactions that are concluded over the Internet. Electronic Commerce is a new way of doing business.From a business point of view, e-commerce is not limited to the purchase of commodities. Besides e-mail and other communication platforms, it includes all information or services that a company may offer to its customers over the Net, from pre-purchase information to after-sale service and support. E-commerce can reduce transaction costs by increasing efficiency in the use of time and procedures, and thus lowering total costs.Model Essay:W eb BusinessIn the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. (1) More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business to business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. (2) “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,”(3) says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transaction s only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.(4)Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. (5) Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull”customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push”information directly out to consumers, transmit ting marketing messages directly to target ed customers. (6) Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscriber s’computer monitor s. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offering s, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. (7) Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. (8) Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fade s. (9) That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purist s.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.（摘自《商务英语翻译教程（笔译）》，中国水利水电出版社）Notes:1.web business 网上交易补充：web-surfing 网上冲浪web page 网页website 网站2．revolve around 围绕着例：Their troubles revolve around money management. 他们的麻烦围绕着金钱管理。
电子商务英语专业名词
一、专业名词1，电子商务electronic commerce视频会议video conference不断增长ever –increasing供应商supplier内部运营internal operation组织organization交易transaction消费者consumer有效率的efficient有弹性的flexible2，电子邮件营销email marketing市场调研market research提高整体营销信息enhance overall marketing message 拓展网络exploit the web网络能力capabilities of the web离线营销活动offline marketing activities传统营销traditional marketing品牌的忠诚度brand loyalty传统促销方法traditional promotional methods营销策略marketing strategy3，电子银行electronic bank家庭银行home bank支付账单pay bills私人网络private network金融机构financial institutions银行服务banking services在线申请apply online4，电子支付electronic payment电子支票electronic checks电子货币electronic money经常账户checking accounts数据加密data encryption客户认证client authentication智能卡smart cards计算机硬盘computer hard disks银行部门banking sector小额支付small value payment5．网上购物流程the flow of shopping/purchasing online 迅速发展rapid growth/development虚拟商店virtual stores/shops产品规格specification电子银行cyber bank购物中心shopping center在线付款payment online确认订单confirmation of the order总金额total amount批号date code6，最终产品finished goods相关信息related information产地the point of origin运输与配送transport &services国际供应链管理international supply chain management预售服务pre-retailing services军事策略military strategy战时物资生产wartime material production集中于centering on战略物资补给strategic commodities supply7,file transfer 文件传输digital cash 电子现金geographical location 地理位置on a global scale 在全球范围EDI 电子数据交换competition 竞争definition 定义manufacturer 生产商advertising 广告interaction 互动8 ,internet marketing 网络营销electronic mediu电子媒介affiliate marketing 会员营销merge…with…与…融为一体distribute products 配送产品community activities 社区活动marketing objectives 营销目的loyalty program 贵宾会员计划provide comprehensive information 提供综合信息commercialization 商业化9, virtual bank 虚拟银行online bank 在线银行physical bank 有形银行banking activities 银行业务credit unions 信用合作社credit card products 信用卡产品open a checking or savings account 开立支票或储蓄账户10, paper checks 纸质支票banking settlement system 银行结算系统payment data 支付数据secure communication protocols 安全通信协议secure payment protocols 安全支付协议server authentication 服务器认证prepaid cards 预付费卡electronic purses 电子钱包digital cash 数字现金access product 可存取的产品11, shopping online 在线购物business directories 企业名单purchasing process 采购流程authentication centre 认证中心surfing the internet 网上冲浪names of commodities 商品名称lead time 交货日期terms of payment 付款方式payment authentication 付款认证release the goods 发货12, the efficient and cost-efficient flow 有效而合算流动raw materials 原材料in-process inventory 半成品For the purpose of conforming to in motion and rest 为满足消费者需要the management of inventory in motion and rest 动态与静态的库存管理IT solutions 信息技术解决方案added-value 增值in military science 在军事科学方面the most crucial element 最关键的要素a network of transportation 运输网络二、句子翻译（1,2,14,17,18）（英→汉）1．1)in another word ，electronic commerce is the buying ，selling and trading of goods and services through private and public networks .换句话来说,电子商务是指通过私人或公众网络来买卖或交换货物和服务2)first stage of EC expansion is that with in the “connected ” or “online ” computer users .EC的首个发展阶段局限于“在线”计算机用户3)the second wave will come when more people get access to computers (via lowered computer prices or cheaper device )第二个高峰将会在更多人可以通过更低廉的价格或设备访问计算机的时候来临4)the third expansion is predicted to be from those with non-computer access to the global network :through broadcast TVs ,cable TVs ,telephone networks and new appliances .据预测，电子商务发展的第三次浪潮将会出现在不用电脑就能上网的技术发展方面，例如通过无线电视，有线电视，电话网络及新型的设备上网5)a widespread use of these cheaper access media represents the phase of “bringing workplace computers in to living room ”低价的接入设备的广泛使用代表着进入了“家庭办公”的新时代2，1)the conveniences afforded by electronic commerce is limitless .电子商务提供的便利是无止境的2)more than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data ,news and opinions .超过100个国家已经接入互联网，交换资料、新闻和言论。
什么是电子商务英语
WHAT’S THE EC?The definition of electronic commerce: by means of electrical and electronic technology, the business as the core, move the original traditional sales, shopping channels to the Internet, break the barrier of the countries and regions tangible invisible, make the production enterprise of globalization, networking, immaterialized and individuation, integration. Popular definition: electronic commerce is the use of simple, fast, low cost of electronic communication, buyers and sellers not met for a variety of commercial and trade activities. Electronic commerce is based on computer network. By means of electronic means, the business activities as main body, in legal permission range of business activities. Electronic commerce is to use digital information technology, the activities of enterprises continuous optimization process. E-commerce covers a wide range of electronic commerce, the general can be divided into the enterprise to the enterprise (Business - to - Business), or Business to Consumer (Business - to - Consumer) two kinds. In addition to Consumer to Consumer (Consumer - to - Consumer) this big step growth mode. With the increase of the number of domestic Internet use, the use of the Internet for online shopping and bank card payment has graduallypopular consumption style, the market share is growing rapidly, e-commerce sites also emerge in endlessly. Electronic commerce is the most common security mechanism of SSL (secure socket layer protocol) and SET (secure electronic transaction protocol) two kinds. E-commerce is a concept of constant development, e-commerce pioneer of IBM in 1996 proposed the Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) concept, in 1997, the company and put forward the Electronic Business (E - Business) concept. But in our country at the time of the introduction of these concepts are translated into e-commerce, a lot of people that the concept of the confusion between the two. In fact there is a difference between these two concepts and contents of e-commerce should be translated into electronic business, someone called e-commerce e-commerce in its narrow sense. Will E - Business is called generalized e-commerce. E-commerce refers to the realization of each stage in the process of the whole trade of electronic trading activities. E - Business is to use the network to realize all the Business process of electronic Business activity. E-commerce focused on electronic trading, emphasize the enterprise and the external trade and cooperation, we expanded our scope and E - Business is a lot. Broadly refers to the use of various electronic tools in business or activities. In a narrow sense refers to the use ofthe Internet to engage in business or activity.电子商务的定义：以电子及电子技术为手段，以商务为核心，把原来传统的销售、购物渠道移到互联网上来，打破国家与地区有形无形的壁垒，使生产企业达到全球化，网络化，无形化，个性化、一体化。
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Chapter 11.计算机专家用三个尺度来判断因特网的性能——延迟（latency）、包损失（packet loss）和可达性（reachability）。
2.（简答）电子商务管理依靠三个支柱：因特网及其技术，商业模式和营销。
因特网及其技术是电子商务存在的基础；一个商业模式有商业目标、价值传递系统和收益模式三部分组成；为顾客传递最大的价值是十分重要的一个方面，因此营销活动在电子商务中扮演着关键角色。
3.新概念模式基于六个要素：效率、价值、可测性、密集网络、交互性和全球化市场。
Chapter 21.由于因特网使用包交换（packet switching）技术，因此它有别于其他一些通信网络。
2.因特网最重要的发展是万维网的应用。
3.（名词解释）Metcalfe’s law：网络价值的增长与网络用户数量的平方成正比。
Chapter 31. （论述）创建在线企业的四个步骤：一开始必须对企业希望通过实施这些技术而达到什么样的目标做出评估。
第一，企业应该了解对多少比例的业务实施在线运行，以及这个比例是否会产生改变。
第二，企业应该清楚了解在线业务的目标——是赢利中心还是亏损中心。
第三，根据人口学、行为学或心理学来确定目标消费者。
在对在线业务所占比例、目标和目标顾客有了明确了解后，企业必须设法阐明通过什么途径传递最大化的顾客价值。
第一步是鉴别顾客对于价值的不同认识；第二步是选择将什么价值元素传递给顾客；第三步是提供价值；第四步是开发一个综合通讯工具包来帮助顾客理解价值的本质；最后一步，公司必须持续不断地评估顾客如何感知正在被传递的价值。
企业要获得成功，仅靠为顾客传递价值是远远不够的，必须将最大化顾客价值转变为最大化企业收入和利润。
因而，下一步就是收入模式的设计。
最后，商业模式应用与商业模式设计是两个完全分离的步骤，一个设计完美的模式不能弥补错误应用造成的损失。
2. （名词解释）价值更一般定义为，在对净收益和获得这些收益的代价的理解的基础上，对产品和服务的总体评估。
3.企业可以通过五种途径在网上赚钱：商务，广告，费用，出售用户信息和信用。
Chapter 41.可以用两种方法对网络商业模式进行分类：仅仅只在网上经营业务的商业模式叫单一模式；既在网上又在物理空间理经营业务的模式叫鼠标加水泥模式。
业内分析家认为鼠标加水泥的模式比较有优势，因为这种商业模式综合了传统和虚拟两种空间的特性。
2.（简答）一个公司如何成为B2C领域的领头羊？答案就是有效沟通并把价值传递给顾客。
3.网络市场有三种类型：以买方为中心的市场，以卖方为中心的市场，中立交易市场。
Chapter 51.卖方何时采用拍卖：首先，拍卖适合具有特殊价值的商品；其次，当拍卖会有很多投标者参与时能发挥出最大作用。
2.B2B拍卖会通常是清除库存的有效途径。
3.第二价格拍卖深受经济学家们的青睐，投标者可以自由表示自己愿意出的价钱。
逆向拍卖一开始，由买方出价，卖方相互竞价以达到买方的要求。
这种拍卖方式与其他方式的主要区别是受信用卡支持4.拍卖组织的拍卖活动一般采取两种形式——列表式和商品式。
在因特网上，绝大多数的拍卖地址都采用列表式。
5.拍卖网站采用限制投标者行为的两种方法：自动延时技术和代理投标。
Chapter 61.AIDA模式包含劝导客户产生购买行为的四个步骤，即引起注意、产生兴趣、激发愿望和构成行为。
2.为何要进行病毒蔓延式营销？首先，众多的社会关系网络都有了“在线版本”；其次，利用网络联络其他人要比传统的邮寄信件或电话迅速的多；最后，临界群体效应起了重要作用。
3.最适宜采用病毒式营销的产品具有以下特点：独特性，扣人心弦的产品概念，简单的产品概念，低廉的试用成本。
4.所谓SEO，就是合理组织网站的形式和内容，以提升网站在主要的搜索引擎网站中的排名。
公司提升自己网站排名的首选策略是改变网页上的标记。
5.旗帜广告有三种主要的类型：插播式广告、弹出式广告和下拉式广告。
6.（论述）对点击进入的理解：点击进入率已经成为衡量旗帜广告绩效的常用指标。
事实广告客户和广告代理商都应该认真考虑点击进入究竟意味着什么。
正如AIDA模式所表明的，更重要的是在获得客户注意力之后能引发他们的购买行为。
从两个角度考虑这个问题：如果客户没有点击广告，并不能判断该广告一定没有产生作用；而如果客户点击了广告，也不能证明广告就一定有效。
点击进入不无意义，但是不要仅仅因为点击进入率低就完全否定了你的旗帜广告。
应当关注整体的情况，考察一下广告对于品牌知名度和影响力是否产生了影响。
如果广告的点击进入率很高，也要考虑它是否代表了客户的真实反映，还是仅仅是由于广告设计而产生的结果。
从长远看来，具有前瞻性的广告客户和广告代理商不会局限于点击进入率。
其他媒体的广告客户会做的一切，也正是因特网广告客户努力的方向——进行市场调查追踪广告绩效。
客户对广告和品牌的态度，以及客户的品牌认知度是追踪的主要内容。
7.公司的网站是实施营销策略的中心。
Chapter 71.从制造商到顾客这一段供应链称为配送渠道。
2.顾客需求是供应链的驱动力。
3.供应链中最有价值的就是与市场相关的信息。
4.通过改善供应链中的信息流，网络技术从三个重要方面帮助供应链管理：共享知识，加快反应速度，降低服务成本。
5.供应链管理的四个发展阶段及特点：传统供应链，每个公司都把自己看做一个孤岛，不需要与其他公司共享信息，而且公司内部的信息共享也非常有限，导致经营效率低下；整合型供应链，公司不同职能部门之间共享信息，公司外部无法共享信息；协作型供应链，信息共享范围扩大至供应商和顾客；同步供应链，其目标不仅仅是共享信息，而是各公司进行同步运作。
Chapter 81.个性化营销就是将锁定销售目标的活动发挥到极致的程度。
2.为什么实施个性化营销：从顾客的角度看，个性化营销能够为他们减少交易麻烦；从公司的角度看，个性化营销有助于增强顾客的忠诚度。
3.个性化营销的两种途径：企业导向的方式和顾客导向的方式。
Chapter 91.许可营销提供的新视角：合作制造和顾客控制。
2.电子邮件展示了三种能力：交互性、迅速和可达性。
3.用户许可的几种方式：选择性退出，选择性加入，双重选择性加入或确认选择性加入。
4.（简答）许可营销必须包括如下几个步骤：明确的许可请求程序，确认程序，关系的确认，获得个人信息，通信联系控制，无摩擦退出能力。
5.许可营销中度量顾客的感兴趣程度：选择性退出率，实际选择性突出率，零通信率，用户资料更新率。
Chapter 101.（简答）数字产品的特征：（1）所有数字产品都是经验品或信任品（2）数字产品具有较高的固定生产成本和较低的边际销售成本（3）数字产品的产量不容易受生产能力的限制（4）数字产品更易共享、存储和收回。
2.通常有三种类型的产品：搜寻品、经验品和信任品。
3.（论述）数字产品有五种定价策略：零定价、捆绑销售；差别定价、订阅和地址许可。
公司为什么提供免费数字产品：提供免费数字产品的公司其主要收入来源是广告，因此，这些公司期望在顾客流量或活动量达到最高水平时赚取最大利润；通过免费分发产品鼓励顾客尝试使用数字产品；有时候免费提供数字产品是为了获得顾客个人信息；很多数字产品是由个人或者没有能力进行正规销售的小公司开发的。
捆绑定价是指提供一个产品组合，而不是销售单件产品。
有混合捆绑策略和单纯捆绑策略两种。
差别定价指的是对不同的顾客制定不同的价格。
在订阅这种方式中，顾客承诺购买定期的接入内容服务。
订阅成为一种有吸引力的定价策略有多种原因：首先，他可以降低一段时间内需求的不稳定性；其次，这种方式减少了处理交易的管理成本；最后，使用订阅策略能够提高顾客使用产品的频率。
地址许可是一种适用于单位用户的定价策略4.软件公司抵制侵权行为的两种方式：为合法的用户提供客户支持和被迫定价。
Chapter 111.在线社区的定义：在以计算机为媒介的环境中，由于共同目标而结合在一起并通过自定规则管理的人的集合。
2.当正确运作在线社区时，就会产生难以置信的忠诚度、极大地责任感和强烈的归属感。
3.社区的五个特征：目标、界限、互动、规则和自我组织。
4.在线社区的经营模式：社区组建者、交易/共享型社区和营利性组织的社区。
5.在线社区的收入来源：订阅费、交易费、广告收入和内容服务费。
Chapter 121.一个设计良好的市场调查制度使组织能够了解新机会、发展趋势和存在的威胁。
2.在市场调查中有四个步骤：数据采集，数据存储和共享，数据分析，撰写结论报告或采取行动。
3.从两个维度对在线市场调查进行分类：定性/定量与要求客户接触/不要求客户接触。
4.点击流数据记录可以分为四种类型：接入记录、代理记录、错误记录和引导记录。
5.点击流数据可用于以下方面的分析：路径或导航分析、广告分析和购物车分析。
Chapter 131.CMC(computer-mediated communication)以计算机为媒介的交流方式2.计算机犯罪的分类如下：内部计算机犯罪，计算机操作犯罪，电信犯罪，知识产权犯罪，通过计算机进行的民事权利犯罪，支持违法企业犯罪。
Chapter 141.知识产权是一种独特的具有市场价值的人类智力的产物。
2.企业保护知识产权的三种手段：专利、版权和商标。
3.联邦贸易委员会确立了在线公司必须采纳的四个公平信息准则：告知、选择、访问和安全。
Chapter 161.移动商务是一种新的商务形式，它通过使用多样化的设备如手机、个人数字助理、寻呼机、智能信息设备、汽车等来完成交易。
2.移动商务的性质：无处不在，定位，时间灵敏性，即时连接，个性化。
3.主要的移动商务应用：企业应用，移动门户，数字广播，无线游戏，移动交易，远程信息处理。