Simulation-Photovoltaics太阳能

1D doping profile simulation Inductance Simulation PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) Snapback of a UMOS
Photogeneration in CIS Mechanical stress in intermetal dielectric AlGaAs VCSEL
• It’s impractical to design new cells without simulation
– Too many experiments are needed to investigate design space – Risks missing optimum design and market window
Control Algorithms
Nominal Parameter Production Statistical Optimizing System Performance Design Variation Tolerances Analyses Fault WorstCase
andAnalyses Reliability
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Addressing Issues at All Stages
Cell Module System
Synopsys TCAD tools
Synopsys Saber tools
Design criteria – Cell Level • Maximize efficiency • Optimize geometric and process parameters Design criteria – Module Level • Minimize effect of interconnects on performance • Minimize impact of cell variation or degradation on module performance Design Criteria – System Level • Maximize system performance accounting for diurnal solar inclination and tracking of solar path (some systems have 1- or 2-axis tracking of the sun) • Maximize system level efficiency delivered to the grid, including inverter system
Source: SERIS
Early generation cell (Eff ~ 15-16%)
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New generation cell (Eff ~ 20%)
Solar Cell Simulation Flow
Input
Process Flow Rocess Simulation
• • • • • Improving PV efficiency Optimizing for design performance and target reliability Reducing the effects of variation on system performance Predicting manufacturing yields Lowering production costs
Wfront dlfsf Nlfsf Nbulk tbulk Sb wback wtot
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Sf
dsub
dbsf
Nlbsf dlbsf
Example: Unit Cell Optimization Results
wfront wback wtot
eff
dsub
Nbulk dbsf
Nlbsf dlbsf Nlfsf
• Optimize power conversion
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What is Saber?
Multi-domain circuit simulation… enabling full system “Virtual Prototyping” Power Electronics Multiple Domains Behavioral Models
– Minimize interconnect losses – Evaluate effects of environmental variation:
• Light intensity and incidence angle • Temperature variation • Electrical environment
dlfsf
tbulk
Sf
Sb
• Each array of points represents a separate simulated condition • Unit cell pitch, base layer thickness, doping, and lifetime, and surface recombination velocity show major influence on cell response • Design trade-offs can be investigated quantitatively
Full Chip H-Bridge
EM Wave
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Why Simulate Solar Cells?
• Continuous innovation makes cells more complex
– More process and geometrical variables – 3D effects, complex light path, etc …
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Cells to Modules
• • Design problem: active width optimization Given TCAD device design, physical parameters contributing to interconnect resistances can be extracted and a system-level model developed
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Application: Multi-Junction Solar Cells
• • • GaAs/GaInP Dual-Junction Cell Excellent match between Sentaurus simulation and measurements in MJ cells Calibrated model allows researchers to explore more advanced structures: Bragg reflectors, additional junctions, etc
Electrical Simulation
IQE, EQE Dark & Light I-V
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Example: 2D Cell Optimization
• • • • Select parameters to be investigated Parameterize the TCAD model Run simulations Visualize the influence of each parameter
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Module Optimization
Module Optimization: Variation of equivalent RSeries & RShunt
• From system cell level model, sweeps can be done to determine the effect of different cell widths on module performance • Allows for optimization of Maximum Power Point at a module level as a function of luminance and cell width
V
V
IModule (A)
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Module Validation
• Accurate, physics-based models take TCAD results to system simulation for validating real-world measurements
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Modules to Arrays and Systems
Source: Philipps, S.S. et.al.. NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND MODELING OF III-V MULTI-JUNCTION SOLAR CELLS Proceedings of 23rd EUPVSEC, 2008
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Cells to Systems: Why simulate?
Surface Texturing Antireflection Coating (ARC)
n+ FSF Base (n-type)
Passivation n+ BSF p+ emitter Metal Contacts Pitch
Source: F. Granek et al, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 17, Oct 2008, pp 47-56
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What is TCAD?
Process Simulation
PDE for Pair Diffusion
Device Simulation