Measuring and monitoring heavy-oil reservoir properties

1138 The Leading Edge September 2008Measuring and monitoring heavy-oil reservoir propertiesThe level of interest in heavy-oil and bitumen reservoirs has dramatically increased in recent times, stimulatingresearch on their properties under various conditions.Rock physics provides the crucial link between the physical properties of the reservoir and seismic properties that can be remotely measured; however, there is currently no robust model to predict or infer the properties of heavy-oil or bitumen sands from seismic data, nor is there suﬃ cient experimental data to calibrate such models. Th is is due to the particularly challenging nature of experimental measurements of heavy-oil sands.We present the approach we have taken in our laboratory to solve some of these problems, and discuss the hurdles that must be addressed to fully characterize these complex rocks.We show a methodology to characterize and monitor heavy-oil reservoirs by inverting converted-wave seismic data in order to obtain P-to-S converted-wave elastic impedance, or PSEI, estimates as a function of angle. By examining these data in “PSEI space” (crossplots of PSEI values obtained at diﬀ erent angles), we can infer the conditions in the reservoir.We then present the design of our ultrasonic pulse trans-mission transducers. Th ese transducers are designed speciﬁ -cally to overcome some of the problems encountered when measuring the ultrasonic acoustic and elastic properties of heavy-oil saturated sands at elevated temperatures and pres-sures.Converted P-to-S wave elastic impedance (PSEI)PSEI was deﬁ ned by Gonzalez et al. (2003) as: (1)where(3)K is the average V S /V P , θP is the incident P-wave angle at the conversion point, and ρ is the density. Analyzing the behavior of exponents c and d reveals that at small incidence angles both V S and ρ contribute to the PSEI value. However, at larg-er angles, density begins to dominate, and this allows separa-tion of density and shear-wave velocity trends in PSEI space.Figure 1 shows an example of this separation for a hy-pothetical situation in a well. Th e original well-log data are in black. Th e data were systematically altered to reveal the shear-wave velocity and density trends. Warm colors (red to yellow) reveal the V S trend as V P is decreased to 50% ofK EVIN W OLF , T IZIANA V ANORIO , and G ARY M AVKO , Stanford University, Stanford, USAits original value in 10% decrements. Similarly, cool colors (green to blue) reveal the density trend as density is decreased to 75% of its original value by 5% decrements. Th e ability to discriminate between these two trends is important for heavy- oil reservoirs since they are commonly produced via steam in-jection. As a reservoir is heated, the shear velocity of the heavy -oil sand decreases dramatically, and at the point of injection steam will begin to displace the heavy oil in the pore space which will decrease the reservoir density in that area. We can(-50°) for a well log from a bitumen reservoir. Th e original well-log data are in black. Warm colors represent changing shear-velocity measurements by decrements of 10% to a minimum of 50% of their original value. Cool colors represent changing density measurements by decrements of 5% to a minimum of 75% of their original value.Figure 2. PSEI analysis as applied to reservoir states for monitoring heated zones and steam chambers. Note that cold water and hot bitumen data points are mostly obscured by the hot bitumen/water data point.identify these trends with PSEI and use this knowledge to help characterize and monitor the production of thermally produced heavy oil sands.Th is is illustrated in Figure 2 which shows where various synthetic reservoir states plot in PSEI space. Th ese reservoir states show that discriminating between cold bitumen-bear-ing zones, heated bitumen-bearing zones, and steam-saturat-ed zones is possible in PSEI space provided both near- and far-angle PSEI attributes can be determined.PSEI inversion for reservoir characterization and monitoring To illustrate the utility of PSEI for characterization, we have created a simple three-layer synthetic Earth model. It con-sists of a uniform shale unit overlying a 30-m reservoir inter-val (at a depth of 470-500 m) which is in turn underlain by a uniform limestone basement. Inversion has been performed on the reservoir when it is in three distinct states: the original cold reservoir, the reservoir containing a heated zone that is 15 m wide and 15 m thick at its widest and thickest portions, and the reservoir containing the same heated zone as well as a steam-saturated zone that is 6 m wide and 6 m thick across its widest and thickest dimensions.Figure 3 shows the distribution of reservoir properties for each reservoir state. Converted-wave synthetic seismic data were then computed through the Earth models using a 125-Hz Ricker wavelet at oﬀ sets corresponding to P-wave incidence angles of 10 and 50° at the top of the reservoir. Th e inversion itself was model-based with the initial model for each inversion created from three “wells”—one on each end of the Earth model and one at its center. In order to build a model consistent with the converted-wave seismic, the wells must ﬁ rst be converted to pseudo-wells as proposed by Gonzales et al. (2004). Th ese pseudo-wells are then used to build the initial model, and the model-based inversion can be carried out.Th e results of the inversion at 10° (left column) and 50° (right column) are shown for the three Earth models in Figure 4. Th e results from the cold reservoir 10° inversion (top left) clearly show the top and bottom of the reservoir. However, the base of the reservoir is poorly resolved in the 50° data.shale overburden and limestone basement rock are the same in all cases, and the reservoir is at a depth of 470-500 m. Th e P-wave velocity is shown in the ﬁ rst column, S-wave velocity in the middle column, and density in the right column.September 2008 The Leading Edge 11391140 The Leading Edge September 2008Th is is due to the character of the seismic data at the reser-voir-limestone interface. Th e angle of incidence for this case is postcritical, and the resulting low-amplitude reﬂ ections are not suﬃ cient for the inversion to clearly resolve the boundary between the reservoir and the limestone basement. Similar patterns with regards to incident angle can be seen in the in-version results from the heated reservoir (middle row). Again,the 50° inversion does not adequately deﬁ ne the base of the reservoir. However, on the 10° inversion, the top and base of the reservoir are delineated, and the heated zone is clearly visible and correctly located. At 50° the inversion no longer sees the heated zone in the reservoir; however, this is not un-expected. As the angle is increased, the sensitivity of PSEI to shear-wave velocity is decreased, and the sensitivity to density is increased. Since the heated reservoir only contains contrasts in the shear-wave velocity, it should appear homogeneous at far oﬀ sets. For the heated reservoir with steam chamber (bot-tom row), the 10° inversion again clearly deﬁ nes the heated zone. Also, the 50° inversion shows a low-impedance zone in the heated zone which cor-responds to the location of the steam chamber. Th is is the result of the density contrast created by steam replacing bitumen in the pore space.Th ese results are very encour-aging and demonstrate that the proposed methodology can pro-vide a robust method for tracking heated zones within a bitumen reservoir and the formation of steam chambers when good qual-ity converted-wave seismic data are available.However, there are also some artifacts in the inversion which must be taken into account when interpreting the results. One is the high-impedance zone directly overlying the heated reservoir in the 10° inversion. Th is is likely a result of wavelet eﬀ ects, tuning, or possibly related to the limited fre-quency content of the inversion. Also, real seismic data will have a lower signal-to-noise ratio than our idealized synthetic case which will have an eﬀ ect on the quality of the inversion.Data in PSEI spaceTo fully realize the utility of the inversion, it is necessary to plotthe data in PSEI space (Figure 5). A realistic way of looking at the data is to imagine them as being snapshots of a reservoir at diﬀ er-ent times during production. Th e cold reservoir (Figure 5a) is representative of the untouchedreservoir before production has commenced. There is a clear separation in data points that correspond to the overlying shale (magenta), underlying limestone (green), and the res-ervoir interval (blue).Th e next snapshot (Figure 5b) corresponds to the reser-voir after steam has been injected to stimulate production. Heating the reservoir reduces the shear modulus of the bi-tumen, which in turn lowers the shear-wave velocity in the heated zone. As expected, the heated reservoir points (red) shift to the left in PSEI space, indicating that the reservoir zones corresponding to those data points have been heated. Note that some blue data points also have migrated in thesame direction. This is because the seismic inversion tends to smear boundaries between diﬀ erent zones instead of pro-viding an extremely sharp boundary. Also, the models them-selves have a transition between reservoir properties insteadof a sharp boundary.Figure 4. Inversion results for cold reservoir (top), heated reservoir (middle), and heated reservoir with steam chamber (bottom). Th e left column shows the 10° inversion and the right column the 50° inversion. Dashed black lines show the top and bottom of the reservoir as picked from the syntheticseismic sections.1142 The Leading Edge September 2008Th e next snapshot (Figure 5c) is after the formation of a steam chamber around the injection point. Th e eﬀ ect of this is to lower the density of the reservoir in the steam chamber zone, as well as decreasing the P-wave velocity. As density de-creases, we expect data points to migrate downward in PSEI space. Th is can be seen in Figure 5c where the distribution of data points corresponding to the steam chamber (yellow) generally plots below those in the heated zone (red). Th is is encouraging; however, there is some overlap in the location of the yellow points in Figure 5c and the location of heated data points in Figure 5b. Th is suggests that the formation of a steam chamber may not be suﬃ cient to clearly delineate datapoints corresponding to heated reservoir zones and those to steam-ﬁ lled reservoir zones. However, the relative distribu-tion of the points corresponding to the heated and steam-ﬁ lled zones does allow determination of which data points, and hence which reservoir zones, are more likely to be steam-saturated. Also, if the size of the steam chamber grows larger in dimension than in this example, the eﬀ ect of smearing the boundaries in the inversion will be less pronounced, which may allow clearer distinction between heated and steam-satu-rated sections of the reservoir.Laboratory measurements of heavy-oil reservoirs Th e preceding inversion example shows the possibilities that exist for using PSEI to monitor thermal production. How-ever, without robust rock physics models to link the observed data to the physical properties of the reservoir, these results can only be used for qualitative descriptions of the reservoir. Th us, we need a massive set of robust laboratory measure-ments of the general properties, including acoustic and elastic properties of bitumen and heavy-oil sands to establish well-deﬁ ned rock physics relationships for these materials.A great deal of research has been done on room tem-perature measurements of the properties of hard rocks (sand-stones, carbonates, etc.) to establish empirical and theoretical relationships between a number of rock properties. Despite their inherent complexities, these hard rocks are, for several reasons, typically much simpler to measure than bitumen sands. Hard rocks have a high impedance and higher quality factor than the soft sediments that typically make up bitumen reservoirs. Th e relatively low impedance and quality factor of bitumen sand samples make it more diﬃ cult to obtain large-amplitude P- or S-wave signals through them. In addition, bitumen sands are generally poorly consolidated and bound together by the bitumen ﬁ lling the pore space; this leads to properties that can vary quite drastically after heating. Th ese characteristics make the measurement of bitumen sand ve-locities via ultrasonic pulse transmission experiments particu-larly challenging.To attempt to overcome these challenges, we have designed a unique ultrasonic pulse transmission system speciﬁ cally for measurements in bitumen sands. Th e system has many unique features, and in this article we will focus on what we consider the most crucial element—the transducers.Transducer designTraditionally, ultrasonic velocity measurements have been made with high-impedance end-caps with minimal eﬀ ort put into the design of the transducers themselves. Th is has not been a major impediment because the majority of rock physics measurements have been made on hard rocks, such as sandstones, carbonates, and some shales whose properties are not as variable as unconsolidated sediments, especially un-consolidated sediments that are ﬁ xed by bitumen. Our work has paid particular attention to the design of the transducers to ensure that the best signal possible is recorded under all conditions.Basic transducer design must take into account all vitalFigure 5. (a) Cold reservoir, (b) heated reservoir, and (c) heated reservoir with results of steam chamber inversion plotted in PSEI space.1144 The Leading Edge September 2008elements: the piezoelectric crystal (or crystals for generating multiple wave types or polarizations), the backing behind the crystals, the end cap or matching layer between the crystals and the load, and the load that the generated waves will travel through.Figure 6 illustrates a general schematic for an ultrasonic transducer with two piezoelectric crystals—one to generate P-waves and one to generate S-waves. In order to make the design optimum, a transducer modeling code, which utilizes the KLM equivalent circuit (Krimholtz et al., 1970), has been written to measure the response of the transducer given diﬀ er-ent transducer and sample properties. Th e KLM model easily allows any number of piezoelectric crystals, matching layers, etc. to be added into the transducer model. Th is allows mod-eling many types of transducers, including those with mul-tiple crystals for making anisotropic measurements, etc. Th e ABCD matrix representation of the individual components and loads in the KLM model is also used. Each component of the KLM model can be represented as a two-port network, which can then be characterized using matrix methods (Ramo et al., 1984). Th is formulation allows the input/output volt-age and current in each component to be related through a 2 × 2 matrix. Th en, in order to calculate the response of the entire transducer, the entire chain of matrices is multiplied together, which relates the input voltage and current to the output force and velocity from the transducer. Th is matrix representation makes calculating the transducer response fast and easier to code.Th e responses of various transducer designs, under vari-ous conditions are shown in Figure 7. Th e eﬀ ect of varying the end-cap or matching layer material is shown in Figure 7a. T raditional hard rock transducers use stainless steel end caps. For hard rock samples, this does not create a large mismatch in impedance between the transducer and the sample since the sample itself has high impedance. However, when dealingwith unconsolidated or other soft samples, a high-impedance end cap creates a large impedance contrast between the trans-ducer and the samples, resulting in less energy being trans-ferred to the sample. Zimmer (2003) attempted to overcome these problems for measurements on unconsolidated sands by using a glass-ﬁ lled polycarbonate end cap. Th is impedance of this type of end cap is more similar to unconsolidated sand than traditional steel end caps. However, this material can-not withstand the elevated temperatures (200°C) needed for our experiment. Th e choice was made to use Torlon end caps because Torlon has low impedance similar to that of uncon-solidated sand, and its properties are reasonably stable with temperature. Figure 7a shows the impulse response of the transducer at room temperature with two diﬀ erent end cap materials. Th e traditional steel end cap is blue, and the Torlon end cap is red. Figure 7b shows the exact same transducer, and the modeled response at elevated temperatures is also shown. Clearly the Torlon provides a cleaner, higher-amplitude signal than stainless steel in this case, especially for the shear wave.Another important consideration is the thickness of the end cap or matching layer which, ideally, should be precisely one quarter of a wavelength. Th is ensures that any reﬂ ected energy will constructively interfere and lead to the best pos-sible impulse response of the system at the frequency at which it is designed to operate. However, in this case both com-pressional and shear waves need to be generated, and each wave type has its own wavelength. Th us, a compromise must be reached between the two ideal thicknesses for each wave. As can be seen in Figure 7c, a thickness of 2.54e -3 m pro-vides a large-amplitude, broadband impulse response. If the thickness is increased or decreased, the impulse response is adversely aﬀ ected. For increased thickness, in blue, the ﬁ rst arrival of the shear wave is not as prominent. In addition, the maximum amplitude is slightly decreased. Th e backing material also has a large eﬀect on the im-Figure 6. Th e generalized transducer model consists of a crystal backing, two piezoelectric crystals (one to generate P-waves and one to generate S-waves), an end cap or matching layer, and the load.1146 The Leading Edge September 2008pulse response of the transducer. Ideally the backing should be a very lossy and high-impedance material compared to the crystals used to generate the signal. Th e high impedance will ensure that energy radiating out the back of the crystal is mostly reﬂ ected back into the sample. Th e backing also needs to be very lossy so that any energy transmitted into the back-ing does not reﬂ ect oﬀ the rear of the backing and adversely aﬀ ect the signal.One procedure for producing high-impedance lossy back-ings is to combine tungsten and epoxy to obtain the desired characteristics. However, this poses several diﬃ culties for our system. Th e ﬁ rst is that the epoxy is not able to withstand elevated temperatures. Th e second is that both the P- and S-wave impedances need to be matched to speciﬁ c values which would involve much time-consuming research to get the correct proportions and impedances. T o overcome these problems, we used the same piezoelectric material for the backing that is employed for the crystal. Th is ensures that the backing has the correct matching impedance for both the P- and S-waves.Figure 7d compares the impulse response for three trans-ducers which are identical except for the backing. It is imme-diately obvious that the most broadband transducer is the one with the perfectly matched backing of lead metaniobate. It will be easiest to clearly identify the ﬁ rst arrival of this signal given the clear ﬁ rst break on both the P- and S-wave impulse response. It is also apparent that the perfectly matched back-ing has lower overall amplitude. Th is is because the energy leaving the back of the piezoelectric crystal is not reﬂ ected back by the backing. Although this is not necessarily desir-able, the clean nature of the signal makes up for the loss in amplitude.blue and Torlon in red. (b) Varying end-cap material at elevated temperature, stainless steel in blue and Torlon in red. (c) Varying Torlon end-cap thickness. (d) Varying backing material used, stainless steel in blue, Dow Epoxy Resin 332 in green, and lead metaniobate in red.September 2008 The Leading Edge 1147Also, it is important to keep in mind that the backing is not lossy in any of the three cases presented in Figure 7d. Th is means that any energy passed into the backing will reﬂ ect oﬀ the rear of the backing and interfere with the desired signal. An easy way to overcome this problem is to ensure that the backing is suﬃ ciently long so that the reﬂ ected wave will not arrive at the far end of the sample before the ﬁ rst break of the desired signal. Our ﬁ nal design includes this consideration.Th e frequency at which the measurements are made has also been modiﬁ ed from traditional ultrasonic transducers used for consolidated rocks. 250-kHz broadband piezoelec-tric crystals are used instead of standard 1-MHz crystals; this reduced energy absorption and scattering as the signals pass through the samples (Zimmer, 2003). Also, using a frequen-cy of 250 kHz ensures that we will have at least one wave-length within our samples in order to obtain robust measure-ments.Summary A methodology using PSEI attributes has been developed for characterizing and monitoring bitumen reservoirs undergo-ing thermal production. Th e example shown demonstratesthe ability of the method to discriminate between nonreser-voir and reservoir rocks, as well as zones within the reservoir that have been heated or have had reservoir ﬂ uids replaced by steam. Th e lack of a well-deﬁ ned rock physics model or transform for heavy-oil or bitumen sands currently precludes quantitative interpretation. However, with equipment specif-ically designed for heavy oil, we can accrue that data needed for such a model.Suggested reading. “Near and far oﬀ set P-to-S elastic imped-ance for discriminating ﬁ zz water from commercial gas” by Gon-zalez et al. (TLE , 2003). “A practical procedure for P-to-S ‘elas-tic’ impedance (PSEI) inversion: Well log and synthetic seismic examples for identifying partial gas saturations” by Gonzalez et al. (SEG 2004 Expanded Abstracts ). “New equivalent circuits for elementary piezoelectric transducers” by Krimholtz et al. (Electronics Letters , 1970). More on the ABCD matrix represen-tation of two-port networks can be found in Fields and Waves in Communications Electronics by Ramo et al. (Wiley, 1984).Seismic Velocities in Unconsolidated Sands: Measurements ofPressure, Sorting and Compaction Eﬀ ects by Zimmer (PhD the-sis, Stanford University, 2003).Corresponding author: kxwolf@。

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Determination of Pesticide Minimum Residue Limits in Essential OilsReport No 3A report for the Rural Industries Research andDevelopment CorporationBy Professor R. C. Menary & Ms S. M. GarlandJune 2004RIRDC Publication No 04/023RIRDC Project No UT-23A© 2004 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation.All rights reserved.ISBN 0642 58733 7ISSN 1440-6845‘Determination of pesticide minimum residue limits in essential oils’, Report No 3Publication No 04/023Project no.UT-23AThe views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report.This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186.Researcher Contact DetailsProfessor R. C. Menary & Ms S. M. GarlandSchool of Agricultural ScienceUniversity of TasmaniaGPO Box 252-54HobartTasmania 7001AustraliaPhone: (03) 6226 2723Fax: (03) 6226 7609Email: r.menary@.auIn submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form.RIRDC Contact DetailsRural Industries Research and Development CorporationLevel 1, AMA House42 Macquarie StreetBARTON ACT 2600PO Box 4776KINGSTON ACT 2604Phone: 02 6272 4819Fax: 02 6272 5877Email: rirdc@.auWebsite: .auPublished in June 2004Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Canprint.FOREWORDInternational regulatory authorities are standardising the levels of pesticide residues present in products on the world market which are considered acceptable. The analytical methods to be used to confirm residue levels are also being standardised. To constructively participate in these processes, Australia must have a research base capable of constructively contributing to the establishment of methodologies and must be in a position to assess the levels of contamination within our own products.Methods for the analysis for pesticide residues rarely deal with their detection in the matrix of essential oils. This project is designed to develop and validate analytical methods and apply that methodology to monitor pesticide levels in oils produced from commercial harvests. This will provide an overview of the levels of pesticide residues we can expect in our produce when normal pesticide management programs are adhered to.The proposal to produce a manual which deals with the specific problems associated with detection of pesticide residues in essential oils is intended to benefit the essential oil industry throughout Australia and may prove useful to other horticultural products.This report is the third in a series of four project reports presented to RIRDC on this subject. It is accompanied by a technical manual detailing methodologies appropriate to the analysis for pesticide residues in essential oils.This project was part funded from RIRDC Core Funds which are provided by the Australian Government. Funding was also provided by Essential Oils of Tasmania and Natural Plant Extracts Cooperative Society Ltd.This report, an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 1000 research publications, forms part of our Essential Oils and Plant Extracts R&D program, which aims for an Australian essential oils and plant extracts industry that has established international leadership in production, value adding and marketing.Most of our publications are available for viewing, downloading or purchasing online through our website:•downloads at .au/fullreports/index.html•purchases at .au/eshopSimon HearnManaging DirectorRural Industries Research and Development CorporationAcknowledgementsOur gratitude and recognition is extended to Dr. Noel Davies (Central Science Laboratories, University of Tasmania) who provided considerable expertise in establishing procedures for chromatography mass spectrometry.The contribution to extraction methodologies and experimental work-up of Mr Garth Oliver, Research Assistant, cannot be underestimated and we gratefully acknowledge his enthusiasm and novel approaches.Financial and ‘in kind’ support was provided by Essential Oils Industry of Tasmania, (EOT).AbbreviationsADI Average Daily IntakeAGAL Australian Government Analytical Laboratoriesingredientai activeAPCI Atmospheric Pressure Chemical IonisationBAP Best Agricultural PracticesenergyCE collisionDETA DiethylenetriamineECD Electron Capture DetectorionisationESI ElectrosprayFPD Flame Photometric DetectionChromatographyGC GasResolutionHR HighChromatographyLC LiquidLC MSMS Liquid Chromatography with detection monitoring the fragments of Mass Selected ionsMRL Maximum Residue LimitSpectrometryMS MassNRA National Registration AuthorityR.S.D. Relative Standard DeviationSFE Supercritical Fluid ExtractionSIM Single Ion MonitoringSPE Solid Phase ExtractionTIC Total Ion ChromatogramContents FOREWORD (III)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (IV)ABBREVIATIONS (V)CONTENTS (VI)EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (VII)1. INTRODUCTION (1)1.1B ACKGROUND TO THE P ROJECT (1)1.2O BJECTIVES (2)1.3M ETHODOLOGY (2)2. EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOLS & DETAILED RESULTS (3)2.1M ETHOD D EVELOPMENT (3)2.2M ONITORING OF H ARVESTS (42)2.3P RODUCTION OF M ANUAL (46)3. CONCLUSIONS (47)IMPLICATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS (50)BIBLIOGRAPHY (50)Executive SummaryThe main objective of this project was to continue method development for the detection of pesticide residues in essential oils, to apply those methodologies to screen oils produced by major growers in the industry and to produce a manual to consolidate and coordinate the results of the research. Method development focussed on the effectiveness of clean-up techniques, validation of existing techniques, the assessment of the application of gas chromatography (GC) with detection using electron capture detectors (ECD), flame photometric detectors (FPD) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ion trap mass selective (MS) detection.The capacity of disposable C18 cartridges to separate components of boronia oil was found to be limited with the majority of boronia components being eluted on the solvent front, with little to no separation achieved. The cartridges were useful, however, in establishing the likely interaction of reverse phases (RP) C18 columns with components of essential oils, using polar mobile phases . The loading of large amounts of oil onto RP HPLC columns presents the risk of permanently contaminating the bonded phases. The lack of retention of components on disposable SPE C18 cartridges, despite the highly polar mobile phase, presented a good indication that essential oils would not accumulate on HPLC RP columns.The removal of non-polar essential oil components by solvent partitioning of distilled oils was minimal, with the recovery of pesticides equivalent to that recorded for the essential oil components. However application of this technique was of advantage in the analysis of solvent extracted essential oils such as those produced from boronia and blackcurrant.ECD was found to be successful in the detection of terbacil, bromacil, haloxyfop ester, propiconazole, tebuconazole and difenaconzole. However, analysis of pesticide residues in essential oils by application of GC ECD is not sufficiently sensitive to allow for a definitive identification of any contaminant. As a screen, ECD will only be effective in establishing that, in the absence of a peak eluting with the correct retention time, no gross contamination of pesticide residues in an essential oil has occurred . In the situation where a peak is recorded with the correct elution characteristics, and which is enhanced when the sample is fortified with the target analyte, a second means of contaminant identification would be required. ECD, then, can only be used to rule out significant contamination and could not in itself be adequate for a positive identification of pesticide contamination.Benchtop GC daughter, daughter mass spectrometry (MSMS) was assessed and was not considered practical for the detection of pesticide residues within the matrix of essential oils without comprehensive clean-up methodologies. The elution of all components into the mass spectrometer would quickly lead to detector contamination.Method validation for the detection of 6 common pesticides in boronia oil using GC high resolution mass spectrometry was completed. An analytical technique for the detection of monocrotophos in essential oils was developed using LC with detection by MSMS. The methodology included an aqueous extraction step which removed many essential oil components from the sample.Further method development of LC MSMS included the assessment of electrospray ionisation (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI. For the chemicals trialed, ESI has limited application. No response was recorded for some of the most commonly used pesticides in the essential oil industry, such as linuron, oxyflurofen, and bromacil. Overall, there was very little difference between the sensitivity for ESI and APCI. However, APCI was slightly more sensitive for the commonly used pesticides, tebuconazole and propiconazole, and showed a response, though poor, to linuron and oxyflurofen. In addition, APCI was the preferred ionisation method for the following reasons,♦APCI uses less nitrogen gas compared to ESI, making overnight runs less costly;♦APCI does not have the high back pressure associated with ionisation by ESI such that APCI can be run in conjunction with UV-VIS without risk of fracturing the cell, which is pressure sensitive. Analytes that ionised in the negative APCI mode were incorporated into a separate screen which included bromacil, terbacil, and the esters of the fluazifop and haloxyfop acids. Further work using APCI in the positive mode formed the basis for the inclusion of monocrotophos, pirimicarb, propazine and difenaconazole into the standard screen already established. Acephate, carbaryl, dimethoate, ethofumesate and pendimethalin all required further work for enhanced ionisation and / or improved elution profiles. Negative ionisation mode for APCI gave improved characteristics for dicamba, procymidone, MCPA and mecoprop.The thirteen pesticides included in this general screen were monocrotophos, simazine, cyanazine, pirimicarb, propazine, sethoxydim, prometryb, tebuconazole, propiconazole, , difenoconazole and the esters of fluroxypyr, fluazifop and haloxyfop.. Bromacil and terbacil were not included as both require negative ionisation and elute within the same time window as simazine, which requires positive ionisation. Cycling the MS between the two modes was not practical.The method validation was tested against three oils, peppermint, parsley and fennel.Detection limits ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 mgkg-1 within the matrix of the essential oils, with a linear relationship established between pesticide concentration and peak height (r2 greater than 0.997) and repeatabilities, as described by the relative standard deviation (r.s.d), ranging from 3 to 19%. The type of oil analysed had minimal effect on the response function as expressed by slope of the standard curve.The pesticides which have an carboxylic acid moiety such as fluazifop, haloxyfop and fluroxypyr, present several complications in any analytical method development. The commercial preparations usually have the carboxylic acid in the ester form, which is hydrolysed to the active acidic form on contact with soil and vegetation. In addition, the esters may be present in several forms, such as the ethoxy ethyl or butyl esters. Detection using ESI was tested. Preliminary results indicate that ESI is unsuitable for haloxyfop and fluroxypyr ester. Fluazifop possessed good ionisation characteristics using ESI, with responses approximately thirty times that recorded for haxloyfop. Poor chromatography and response necessitated improved mobile phase and the effect of pH on elution characteristics was considered the most critical parameter. The inclusion of acetic acid improved peak resolution.The LC MSMS method for the detection of dicamba, fluroxypyr, MCPA, mecoprop and haloxyfop in peppermint and fennel distilled oils underwent the validation process. Detection limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 mgkg-1Extraction protocols and LC MSMS methods for the detection of paraquat and diquat were developed. ESI produced excellent responses for both paraquat and diquat, after some modifications of the mobile phase. Extraction methodology using aqueous phases were developed. Extraction with carbonate buffer proved to be the most effective in terms of recovery and robustness. A total ion chromatogram of the LC run of an aqueous extract of essential oil was recorded and detection using a photodiode array detector confirmed that very little essential oil matrix was co-extracted. The low background noise indicated that samples could be introduced directly into the MS. This presented a most efficient and rapid way for analysis of paraquat and diquat, avoiding the need for specialised columns or modifiers to be included in the mobile phase to instigate ion exchange.The adsorbtion of paraquat and diquat onto glass and other surfaces was reduced by the inclusion of diethylenetriamine (DETA). DETA preferentially accumulates on the surfaces of sample containers, competitively binding to the adsorption sites. All glassware used in the paraquat diquat analysis were washed in a 5% solution of 0.1M DETA, DETA was included in all standard curve preparations, oils were extracted with aqueous DETA and the mobile phase was changed to 50:50 DETA / methanol. The stainless steel tubing on the switching valve was replaced with teflon, further improvingreproducibility. Method validation was undertaken of the analysis of paraquat and diquat using the protocols established. The relationship between analyte concentration and peak area was not linear at low concentrations, with adsorption more pronounced for paraquat, such that the response for this analyte was half that seen for diquat and the 0.1 mgkg-1 level.The development of a method for the detection of the dithiocarbamate, mancozeb was commenced. Disodium N, N'-ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) was synthesised as a standard for the derivatised final analytical product. An LC method, with detection using MSMS, was successfully completed. The inclusion of a phase transfer reagent, tetrabutylammonium hyrdrogen sulfate, required in the derivatisation step, contaminated the LC MSMS system, such that any signal from the target analyte was masked. Alternatives to the phase transfer reagent are now being investigated.Monitoring of harvests were undertaken for the years spanning 1998 to 2001. Screens were conducted covering a range of solvent extracted and distilled oils. Residues tested for included tebuconazole, simazine, terbacil, bromacil, sethoxydim, prometryn, oxyflurofen, pirimicarb, difenaconazole, the herbicides with acidic moieties and paraquat and diquat. Problems continued for residues of propiconazole in boronia in the 1998 / 1999 year with levels to 1 mgkg-1 still being detected. Prometryn residues were detected in a large number of samples of parsley oil.Finally the information gleaned over years of research was collated into a manual designed to allow intending analysts to determine methodologies and equipment most suited to the type of the pesticide of interest and the applicability of analytical equipment generally available.1. Introduction1.1 Background to the ProjectResearch undertaken by the Horticultural Research Group at the University of Tasmania, into pesticide residues in essential oils has been ongoing for several years and has dealt with the problems specific to the analysis of residues within the matrix of essential oils. Analytical methods for pesticides have been developed exploiting the high degree of specificity and selectivity afforded by high resolution gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Standard curves, reproducibility and detection limits were established for each. Chemicals, otherwise not amenable to gas chromatography, were derivatised and incorporated into a separate screen to cover pesticides with acidic moieties.Research has been conducted into low resolution GC mass selective detectors (MSD and GC ECD. Low resolution GC MSD achieved detection to levels of 1 mgkg-1 in boronia oil, whilst analysis using GC ECD require a clean-up step to effectively detect halogenated chemicals below 1mgkg-1.Dithane (mancozeb) residues were digested using acidified stannous chloride and the carbon disulphide generated from this reaction analysed by GC coupled to FPD in the sulphur mode.Field trials in peppermint crops were established in accordance with the guidelines published by the National Registration Authority (NRA), monitoring the dissipation of Tilt and Folicur residues in peppermint leaves and the co-distillation of these residues with hydro-distilled peppermint oils were assessed.Development of extraction protocols, analytical methods, harvest monitoring and field trials were continued and were detailed in a subsequent report. Solvent-based extractions and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was found to have limited application in the clean-up of essential oilsIn conjunction with Essential Oils of Tasmania (EOT), the contamination risk, associated with the introduction of a range of herbicides, was assessed through a series of field trials. This required analytical method development to detect residues in boronia flowers, leaf and oil. The methodology for a further nine pesticides was successful applied. Detection limits for these chemicals ranged from 0.002 mgkg-1 to 0.1 mgkg-1. In addition, methods were developed to analyse for herbicides with active ingredients (ai) whose structure contained acidic functional groups. Two methods of pesticide application were trialed. Directed sprays refer to those directed on the stems and leaves of weeds at the base of boronia trees throughout the trial plot. Cover sprays were applied over the entire canopy. For all herbicides for which significant residues were detected, it was evident that cover sprays resulted in contamination levels ten times those occurring as a result of directed spraying in some instances. Chloropropham, terbacil and simazine presented potentially serious residue problems, with translocation of the chemical from vegetative material to the flower clearly evident.Directed spray applications of diuron and dimethenamid presented only low residue levels in extracted flowers with adequate control of weeds. Oxyflurofen and the mixture of bromacil and diuron (Krovar) presented only low levels of residues when used as a directed spray and were effective as both post and pre-emergent herbicides. Only very low levels of residues of both sethoxydim and norflurazon were detected in boronia oil produced in crops treated with directed spray applications. Sethoxydim was effective as a cover spray for grasses whilst norflurazon showed potential as herbicide to be used in combination with other chemicals such as diuron, paraquat and diquat. Little contamination of boronia oils by herbicides with acidic moieties was found. This advantage, however, appears to be offset by the relatively poor weed control. Both pendimethalin and haloxyfop showed good weed control. Both, however, present problems with chemical residues in boronia oil and should only be used as a directed sprayThe stability of tebuconazole, monocrotophos and propiconazole in boronia under standard storage conditions was investigated. Field trials of tebuconazole and propiconazole were established in commercial boronia crops and the dissipation of both were monitored over time. The amount of pesticide detected in the oils was related to that originally present in the flowers from which the oils were produced.Experiments were conducted to determine whether the accumulation of terbacil residues in peppermint was retarding plant vigour. The level recorded in the peppermint leaves were comparatively low. Itis unlikely that terbacil carry over is the cause for the lack of vigour in young peppermint plants.Boronia oils produced in 1996, 1997 and 1998 were screened for pesticides using the analytical methods developed. High levels of residues of propiconazole were shown to persist in crops harvested up until 1998. Field trials have shown that propiconazole residues should not present problems if the fungicide is used as recommended by the manufacturers.1.2 Objectives♦Provide the industry, including the Standards Association of Australia Committee CH21, with a concise practical reference, immediately relevant to the Australian essential oil industry♦Facilitate the transfer of technology from a research base to practical application in routine monitoring programs♦Continue the development of analytical methods for the detection of metabolites of the active ingredients of pesticide in essential oils.♦Validate the methods developed.♦Provide industry with data supporting assurances of quality for all exported products.♦Provide a benchmark from which Australia may negotiate the setting of a realistic maximum residue limit (MRL)♦Determine whether the rate of uptake is relative to the concentration of active ingredient on the leaf surface may establish the minimum application rates for effective pest control.1.3 MethodologyThree approaches were used to achieve the objectives set out above.♦Continue the development and validation of analytical methods for the detection of pesticide residues in essential oils. Analytical methods were developed using gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (GC HR MS), GC ECD, GC FPD and high pressure liquid chromatography with detection using MSMS.♦Provide industry with data supporting assurances of quality for all exported products.♦Coordinate research results into a comprehensive manual outlining practical approaches to the development of analytical proceduresOne aspect of the commissioning of this project was to provide a cost effective analytical resource to assess the degree of the pesticide contamination already occurring in the essential oils industry using standard pesticide regimens. Oil samples from annual harvests were analysed for the presence of pesticide residues. Data from preceding years were collated to determine the progress or otherwise, in the application of best agricultural practice (BAP).2. Experimental Protocols & Detailed ResultsThe experimental conditions and results are presented under the following headings:♦Method Development♦Monitoring of Commercial Harvests♦Production of a Manual2.1 Method DevelopmentMethod development focussed on the effectiveness of clean-up techniques, validation of existing techniques, the assessment of the application of GC ECD and FPD and high pressure liquid chromatography with ion trap MS, MS detection.2.1.1 Clean-up Methodologies2.1.1.i. Application of Disposable SPE cartridges in the clean-up of pesticide residues in essentialoilsLiterature reviews provided limited information with regards to the separation of contaminants within essential oils. The retention characteristics of disposable C18 cartridges were trialed.Experiment 1;Aim : To assess the capacity of disposable C18 cartridges to the separation of boronia oil components. Experimental : Boronia concrete (49.8 mg) was dissolved in 0.5 mL of acetone and 0.4 mL of chloroform was added. 1mg of octadecane was added as an internal standard. A C18 Sep-Pak Classic cartridge (short body) was pre- conditioned with 1.25 mL of methanol, which was passed through the column at 7.5 mLmin-1, followed by 1.25 mL of acetone, at the same flow rate. The boronia samplewas then applied to the column at 2 mLmin-1 flow and eluted with 1.25 mL of acetone / chloroform (5/ 4) and then eluted with a further 2.5 mL of chloroform. 5 fractions of 25 drops each were collected. The fractions were analysed by GC FID using the following parametersAnalytical parameters6890PackardHewlettGCcolumn: Hewlett Packard 5MS 30m, i.d 0.32µmcarrier gas instrument grade nitrogeninjection volume: 1µL (split)injector temp: 250°Cdetector temp: 280°Cinital temp: 50°C (3 min), 10°Cmin-1 to 270°C (7 mins)head pressure : 10psi.Results : Table 1 record the percentage volatiles detected in the fractions collectedFraction 1 2 3 4 5 % components eluting 18 67 13 2636%monoterpenes 15%sesquiquiterpenes 33 65 2%high M.W components 1 43 47 9Table 1. Percentage volatiles eluting from SPE C18 cartridgesDiscussion : The majority of boronia components eluted on the solvent front, effecting minimal separation. This area of SPE clean-up of essential oils requires a wide ranging investigation, varying parameters such as cartridge type and polarity of mobile phase.Experiment 2.Aim : For the development of methods using LC MSMS without clean-up steps, the potential for oil components to accumulate on the reverse phase (RP) column must be assessed. The retention of essential oil components on SPE C18 cartridges, using the same mobile phase as that to be used in theLC system, would provide a good indication as to the risk of contamination of the LC columns withoil components.Experimental: Parsley oil (20-30 mg) was weighed into a GC vial. 200 µL of a 10 µgmL-1 solution (equivalent to 100mgkg-1 in oil) of each of sethoxydim, simazine, terbacil, prometryn, tebuconazoleand propiconazole were used to spike the oil, which was then dissolved in 1.0 mL of acetonitrile. The solution was then slowly introduced to the C18 cartridge (Waters Sep Pac 'classic' C18 #51910) using a disposable luer lock, 10 mL syringe, under constant manual pressure, and eluted with 9 mLs of acetonitrile. Ten, 1 mL fractions were collected and transferred to GC vials. 1mg of octadecane was added to each vial and the samples were analysed by GC FID under the conditions described in experiment 1.The experiment was repeated using C18 cartridges which had been pre-conditioned with distilled waterfor 15 mins. Again, parsley oil, spiked with pesticides was eluted with acetonitrile and 5 x 1 mL fractions collected.Results: The majority of oil components and pesticides were eluted from the C18 cartridge in the firsttwo fractions. Little to no separation of the target pesticides from the oil matrix was achieved. Table2 lists the distribution of essential oil components in the fractions collected.Fraction 1 2 3 4 5 % components eluting 18 67 13 2663%monoterpenes 15%sesquiquiterpenes 33 65 2%high M.W components 1 43 47 9water conditioned% components eluting 35 56 8 12%monoterpenes 3068%sesquiquiterpenes 60 39 1 0%high M.W components 0 50 42 7Table 2. Percentage volatiles eluting for SPE C18 cartridgesFigure 1 shows a histogram of the percentage distribution of components from the oil in each of the four fractions.Figure 1. Histogram of the percentage of volatiles of distilled oils in each of four fraction elutedon SPE C18 cartridges (non-preconditioned)Figure 2. Histogram of the percentage of volatiles of distilled oils in each of four fraction elutedon SPE C18 cartridges (preconditioned)Discussion : The chemical properties of many of the target pesticides, including polarity, solubility in organic solvents and chromatographic behaviour, are similar to the majority of essential oil components. This precludes the effective separation of analytes from such matrices through the use of standard techniques, where the major focus is pre-concentration of pesticide residues from water or water based vegetative material. However, this experiment served to provide a good indication that under HPLC conditions, where a reverse phase C18 column is used in conjunction with acetonitrile / water based mobile phases, essential oil components do not remain on the column.。

ABB 电流和电压监控继电器系列说明书

Measuring and monitoring relays Single- and three-phase2 2CDC112184B0201Current and voltage monitoring relays Monitoring the parameters of single-phase mainsCurrent monitoringThe ABB current monitoring relays CM-SRS.xx reliably monitor currents which exceed or fall below the selected threshold value. The functions overcurrent or undercurrent monitoring can be preselected. Single- and multifunction devices for monitoring of direct or alternating currents from 3 mA to 15 A are available.Applications of current and voltage monitoring relays in single-phase mainsCurrent window monitoring (I min , I max )The window monitoring relay CM-SFS.2x is the right solution if the application requires the simultaneous monitoring of over- and undercurrents.Voltage monitoringThe ABB voltage monitoring relays CM-ESS.xx are used to monitor direct and alternating voltages within a range of 3 to 600 V. Over- or undervoltage detection can be preselected.Voltage window monitoring (U min , U max )For the simultaneous detection of over- and undervoltages, the window monitoring relay CM-EFS.2 can be used.For the monitoring of currents and voltages in single-phase AC/DC systems, ABB’s CM range contains a wideselection of powerful and compact devices all in only 22.5 mm wide. This meauring range includes current and voltage monitoring relays for over- and undercurrent protection, over- and undervoltage protection and phase loss monitoring – from 3 mA to 15 A and from 3 V to 600 V. Incorporating ABB’s long-term experience the CM range provides highestsafety and reliability for your electric installation.2CDC112184B0201 3Three-phase monitoring relays Monitoring the parameters in three-phase mainsMonitoring for over- and undervoltageAll electric devices can be damaged when operated continuously at voltages over or under their rated values. An overvoltage could potentially cause heating within the device. If the temperature is unduly high, component parts and thus whole devices or installations may fail or may be destroyed. Undervoltages involve the risk that the switching elements reach an undefined state. In this case, parts of the installation still function, but not others. This misoperation can result in damage of the product or installation. In the worst case, wrong voltages may even cause harm to the operating personnel.Applications for three-phase monitoring relays in three-phase mainsPhase unbalance monitoringIf the supply by the three-phase system is unbalanced due to uneven distribution of the load, the motor will convert a part of the energy into reactive power. This energy gets lost unexploited; also the motor is exposed to higher thermal strain. Other thermal protection devices fail to detect continuing unbalances which can lead to damage or destruction of the motor. The CM range three-phase monitoring relays with phase unbalance monitoring can reliably detect this critical situation.Phase failure detectionIn case of a phase loss, undefined states of the installation are likely to occur. E.g. the startup process of motors is disturbed. All three-phase monitoring relays of the ABB CM range detect a phase loss as soon as the voltage of one phase drops below 60 % of its nominal value.Phase sequence monitoringA change of the phase sequence during operation or an incorrect phase sequence that is applied at start-up will cause a three-phase motor to run with reverse rotation. Certain motors when operated in the reverse direction will cause severe damage to connected loads such as pumps, screw compressors and fans. Especially for non-fixed or portable equipment, such as construction machinery, phase sequence detection prior to the start-up process is highly recommended. ABB offers three-phase monitoring relays with selectable phase sequence monitoring. This provides the capability of ignoring phase sequence conditions for applications, such as motors with forward and reverse rotation, where the phase sequence is Only reliable and continuous monitoring of three-phase networks guarantees trouble-free and economic operation of machines and installations. Thus, the three-phase monitoring relays of the CM range monitor the phase voltages, phase sequence, phase unbalance and phase loss.Interrupted neutralUnder normal conditions, individual phase voltages are equal and the load causes the individual phase currents to vary. Systems that have neutral conductors accommodate this variation by a compensating current flow through the neutralconductor. If the neutral conductor breaks, the compensating current can no longer flow. As a result, the voltage is divided asymmetrically on the individual phases. This means that over- and undervoltages are produced in the individual phases and these can damage or even destroy the connected consumers. ABB offers three-phase monitoring relays that monitor the neutral conductor for interrupted neutral. The interruption of the neutral is detected by means of phase balance monitoring. Automatic phase sequence correctionThe new generation of ABB three-phase monitoring relays offers devices with automatic phase sequence correction. If phase sequence monitoring and phase sequence correction are activated, and in conjunction with a reversing contactor combination, it is ensured that for any non-fixed or portable equipment, e.g. construction machinery, the correct phase sequence is applied to the input terminals of the load.Current and voltage monitoring relays for single-phase AC/DC currentsCurrent monitoring relaysVoltage monitoring relaysCharacteristics of current monitoring relays−Monitoring of DC and AC currents (3 mA to 15 A)−TRMS measuring principle−One device includes 3 measuring ranges−Over- and/or undercurrent monitoring configurable 1)−CM-SFS.2 and CM-SRS.M: Latching function configurable−Hysteresis adjustable (3-30 %) or fixed hysteresis (5 %) 1)−Precise adjustment by front-face operating controls−Screw connection technology orEasy Connect Technology available−Housing material for highest fire protection classificationUL 94 V-0−Tool-free mounting on DIN rail as well as demounting−22.5 mm (0.89 in) width− 3 LEDs for status indication1) depending on deviceCharacteristics of voltage monitoring relays−Monitoring of DC and AC voltages (3-600 V)−TRMS measuring principle−One device includes 4 measuring ranges−Over- and/or undervoltage monitoring configurable 1)−CM-ESS.M and CM-EFS.2: Latching function configurable−Hysteresis adjustable (3-30 %) or fixed hysteresis (5 %) 1)−Precise adjustment by front-face operating controls−Screw connection technology orEasy Connect Technology available−Housing material for highest fire protection classificationUL 94 V-0−Tool-free mounting on DIN rail as well as demounting−22.5 mm (0.89 in) width− 3 LEDs for status indication1) depending on deviceApprovals forcurrent and voltage monitoring relaysA UL 508, CAN/CSA C22.2 No.14C GL(pending)D GOSTK CB SchemeE CCCL RMRSSingle-phase voltage and current monitoring relays protect sensitive equipment and control systems against undervoltage (brownout) or undercurrent events or overvoltage or overcurrent events. Different units with adjustable or fixed threshold values (trip points) are available.All devices are available with two different terminal versions. You can choose between the proven screw connection technology (double-chamber cage connection terminals) and the completely tool-free Easy Connect Technology (push-in terminals).Marks forcurrent and voltage monitoring relaysa CEb C-Tick4 2CDC112184B0201Single- / multifunctional monitoring relays for monitoring of three-phase mainsSinglefunctionalMultifunctionalThe reliable and continuous monitoring of three-phase networks guarantees trouble-free and economic operation of machines and installations.The most multifunctional devices in the EPR assortment are the CM-MPS/N monitoring relays for rated voltage levels up to 820 V AC and 400 Hz. Additionally a variety of economic and cost-efficient three-phase monitoring relays are offered in this range with specialized functionality.Most devices are available with two different terminal versions. You can choose between the proven screw connection technology (double-chamber cage connection terminals) and the completely tool-free Easy Connect Technology (push-in terminals).Characteristics−Monitoring of three-phase mains for phase sequence (canbe switched off), phase failure, phase unbalance over- andundervoltage 1)−TRMS measuring principle−Threshold values are adjustable as absolute values 1)−Powered by the measuring circuit−Precise adjustment by front-face operating controls−Screw connection technology orEasy Connect Technology available−Housing material for highest fire protection classificationUL 94 V-0−Tool-free mounting on DIN rail as well as demounting−S-range: 22.5 mm (0.89 in) width−N-range : 45 mm (1.78 in) width− 3 LEDs for status indication1) depending on deviceApprovalsA UL 508, CAN/CSA C22.2 No.14(CM-PVS.81 pending,not for CM-MPN.72)C GL(pending)D GOSTK CB Scheme(pending)E CCC(CM-PVS.81 pending)Marksa CEb C-Tick(CM-PVS.81 pending)2CDC112184B0201 56 2CDC112184B0201TypeRated control supply voltage Connection technologyMeasuring rangesOrder codeCM-SRS.11P24-240 V AC/DCPush-in terminals3-30 mA, 10-100 mA, 0.1-1 A1SVR 740 840 R0200110-130 V AC 1SVR 740 841 R0200220-240 V AC 1SVR 740 841 R1200CM-SRS.11S24-240 V AC/DCScrew terminals3-30 mA, 10-100 mA, 0.1-1 A1SVR 730 840 R0200110-130 V AC 1SVR 730 841 R0200220-240 V AC 1SVR 730 841 R1200CM-SRS.12S24-240 V AC/DCScrew terminals0.3-1.5 A, 1-5 A, 3-15 A1SVR 730 840 R0300110-130 V AC 1SVR 730 841 R0300220-240 V AC 1SVR 730 841 R1300CM-SRS.21S24-240 V AC/DCScrew terminals3-30 mA, 10-100 mA, 0.1-1 A1SVR 730 840 R0400110-130 V AC 1SVR 730 841 R0400220-240 V AC 1SVR 730 841 R1400CM-SRS.21P24-240 V AC/DCPush-in terminals 1SVR 740 840 R0400110-130 V AC 1SVR 740 841 R0400220-240 V AC 1SVR 740 841 R1400CM-SRS.22S 24-240 V AC/DCScrew terminals0.3-1.5 A, 1-5 A, 3-15 A1SVR 730 840 R0500110-130 V AC 1SVR 730 841 R0500220-240 V AC1SVR 730 841 R1500CM-SRS.M1P 24-240 V AC/DC Push-in terminals 3-30 mA, 10-100 mA, 0.1-1 A 1SVR 740 840 R0600CM-SRS.M1S Screw terminals 1SVR 730 840 R0600CM-SRS.M2S 0.3-1.5 A, 1-5 A, 3-15 A 1SVR 730 840 R0700CM-SFS.21P 24-240 V AC/DC Push-in terminals 3-30 mA, 10-100 mA, 0.1-1 A 1SVR 740 760 R0400CM-SFS.21S Screw terminals1SVR 730 760 R0400CM-SFS.22S0.3-1.5 A, 1-5 A, 3-15A1SVR 730 760 R0500CM-ESS.1P24-240 V AC/DCPush-in terminals3-30 V , 6-60 V , 30-300 V , 60-600 V1SVR 740 830 R0300110-130 V AC 1SVR 740 831 R0300220-240 V AC 1SVR 740 831 R1300CM-ESS.1S24-240 V AC/DCScrew terminals3-30 V , 6-60 V , 30-300 V , 60-600 V1SVR 730 830 R0300110-130 V AC 1SVR 730 831 R0300220-240 V AC 1SVR 730 831 R1300CM-ESS.1P24-240 V AC/DCPush-in terminals3-30 V , 6-60 V , 30-300 V , 60-600 V1SVR 740 830 R0300110-130 V AC 1SVR 740 831 R0300220-240 V AC 1SVR 740 831 R1300CM-ESS.1S24-240 V AC/DCScrew type terminals3-30 V , 6-60 V , 30-300 V , 60-600 V1SVR 730 830 R0300110-130 V AC 1SVR 730 831 R0300220-240 V AC 1SVR 730 831 R1300CM-ESS.1P24-240 V AC/DCPush-in terminals3-30 V , 6-60 V , 30-300 V , 60-600 V1SVR 740 830 R0300110-130 V AC 1SVR 740 831 R0300220-240 V AC 1SVR 740 831 R1300CM-ESS.1S 24-240 V AC/DCScrew type terminals3-30 V , 6-60 V , 30-300 V , 60-600 V1SVR 730 830 R0300110-130 V AC 1SVR 730 831 R0300220-240 V AC 1SVR 730 831 R1300CM-ESS.MP 24-240 V AC/DC Push-in terminals 3-30 V , 6-60 V , 30-300 V , 60-600 V 1SVR 740 830 R0500CM-ESS.MS Screw type terminals 1SVR 730 830 R0500CM-ESS.MP 24-240 V AC/DC Push-in terminals 3-30 V , 6-60 V , 30-300 V , 60-600 V 1SVR 740 830 R0500CM-ESS.MS Screw type terminals 1SVR 730 830 R0500CM-EFS.2P 24-240 V AC/DC Push-in terminals 3-30 V , 6-60 V , 30-300 V , 60-600 V 1SVR 740 750 R0400CM-EFS.2S24-240 V AC/DCScrew type terminals3-30 V , 6-60 V , 30-300 V , 60-600 V1SVR 730 750 R0400Current and voltage monitoring relays Ordering dataThree-phase monitoring relays Ordering dataType Rated control supply voltage =measuring voltage Interrupted neutral monitoring ConnectiontechnologyOrder codeCM-MPS.11P 3 x 90-170 V AC yes Push-in terminals1SVR 740 885 R1300CM-MPS.11S yes Screw terminals1SVR 730 885 R1300CM-MPS.21P 3 x 180-280 V AC yes Push-in terminals1SVR 740 885 R3300CM-MPS.21S yes Screw terminals1SVR 730 885 R3300CM-MPS.31P 3 x 160-300 V AC no Push-in terminals1SVR 740 884 R1300CM-MPS.31S no Screw terminals1SVR 730 884 R1300CM-MPS.41P 3 x 300-500 V AC no Push-in terminals1SVR 740 884 R3300CM-MPS.41S no Screw terminals1SVR 730 884 R3300CM-MPS.23P 3 x 180-280 V AC yes Push-in terminals1SVR 740 885 R4300CM-MPS.23S yes Screw terminals1SVR 730 885 R4300CM-MPS.43P 3 x 300-500 V AC no Push-in terminals1SVR 740 884 R4300CM-MPS.43S no Screw terminals1SVR 730 884 R4300CM-MPS.52P 3 x 350-580 V AC no Push-in terminals1SVR 760 487 R8300CM-MPS.52S no Screw terminals1SVR 750 487 R8300CM-MPS.62P 3 x 450-720 V AC no Push-in terminals1SVR 760 488 R8300CM-MPS.62S no Screw terminals1SVR 750 488 R8300CM-MPS.72P 3 x 530-820 V AC no Push-in terminals1SVR 760 489 R8300CM-MPS.72S no Screw terminals1SVR 750 489 R8300CM-PSS.31P 3 x 380 V AC no Push-in terminals1SVR 740 784 R2300CM-PSS.31S no Screw terminals1SVR 730 784 R2300CM-PSS.41P 3 x 400 V AC no Push-in terminals1SVR 740 784 R3300CM-PSS.41S no Screw terminals1SVR 730 784 R3300CM-PVS.31P 3 x 160-300 V AC no Push-in terminals1SVR 740 794 R1300CM-PVS.31S no Screw terminals1SVR 730 794 R1300CM-PVS.41P 3 x 300-500 V AC no Push-in terminals1SVR 740 794 R3300CM-PVS.41S no Screw terminals1SVR 730 794 R3300CM-PVS.81P 3 x 200-400 V AC no Push-in terminals1SVR 740 794 R2300CM-PVS.81S no Screw terminals1SVR 730 794 R2300CM-PAS.31P 3 x 160-300 V AC no Push-in terminals1SVR 740 774 R1300CM-PAS.31S no Screw terminals1SVR 730 774 R1300CM-PAS.41P 3 x 300-500 V AC no Push-in terminals1SVR 740 774 R3300CM-PAS.41S no Screw terminals1SVR 730 774 R3300CM-PBE 3 x 380-440 V AC, 220-240 V AC yes Screw terminals1SVR 550 881 R9400CM-PBE 3 x 380-440 V AC no Screw terminals1SVR 550 882 R9500CM-PVE 3 x 320-460 V AC, 185-265 V AC yes Screw terminals1SVR 550 870 R9400CM-PVE 3 x 320-460 V AC no Screw terminals1SVR 550 871 R9500CM-PFS 3 x 200-500 V AC no Screw terminals1SVR 430 824 R93002CDC112184B0201 7D o c u m e n t n u m b e r 2C D C 112 184 B 0201 p r i n t e d i n G e r m a n y (04/12-Z V D )Contact usABB STOTZ-KONTAKT GmbH /lowvoltage-> Control Products -> Electronic Relays and Controls -> Three Phase Monitors -> Single Phase Monitors/contactsNote:We reserve the right to make technical changes or modify the contents of this document without prior notice. With regard to purchase orders, the agreed particulars shall prevail. ABB AG does not accept any responsibility whatsoever for potential errors or possible lack of information in this docu-ment.We reserve all rights to this document and the sub-ject matter and illustrations contained therein. Any reproduction, disclosure to third parties or utilisation of its contents – in whole or in part – is forbidden without prior written consent from ABB AG. Copyright© 2012 ABB All rights reserved。

轮机英语真题42期甲类三管轮

轮机英语真题42期甲类三管轮中华人民共和国海事局20__7年第1期海船船员适任证书全国统考试题(总第42期)科目：轮机英语试卷代号：805适用对象：无限、近洋航区3000KW及以上船舶二/三管轮（本试卷卷面总分100分，及格分为70分，考试时间为100分钟）答题说明：请选择一个最合适的答案，并将该答案按答题卡要求，在其相应位置上用2B铅笔涂黑。

第1题至74题，每题1分，第75题至78题，每题1.5分,第79题至80题,每题10分。

一、单项选择题1.The ______engine is used for alternators and some times for main propulsion with a gearbo_ toprovide a propeller of between 90 to 120 rpm.A.four-strokeB.two-strokeC.slow speedD.reversible2.The discharge flow of a reciprocating pump is ______.A.steadyB.in pulsationC.continuousD.large3.The cetane number of a diesel fuel oil indicates its ______.A.viscosityB.acid contentC.heating valueD.ignition quality4.Always ensure that the turning gear is______, even at the quay, the wave from other ships mayturn the propeller and thus the engine.A.disengagedB.engagedC.assembledD.disassembled5.Camshafts are usually driven by timing gears or ______.A.push rodschain drivesC.rocker armsD.flywheels6.The cylinder oil is pumped into the cylinder (via non-return valves) when the piston rings pass thelubricating orifices, during______.A.the upward strokeB.the downward strokeC.the power strokeD.the suction stroke7.The total starting air capacity required for reversible main engines is to be sufficient for a least______.A.si_ consecutive(连续的) startsB.eight consecutive startsC.ten consecutive startsD.twelve consecutive startsA dirty diesel engine oil filter element can best be detected by______.A.visual inspection of the elementsB.the pressure drop across the filterC.high lube oil sump temperatureD.decrease in oil viscosity from the filter9.Before a marine diesel engine is started the cylinders and pistons must be ______.A.cooled to ropriate temperatureB.warmed up gradually to ropriate temperatureC.opened up and renewedD.ground and polished10.A controllable pitch propeller on a diesel driven vessel eliminates the need for ______.A.friction clutchesB.disconnect clutchesreversing gearsD.reduction gears11.The ma_imum pressure developed by a waste heat boiler is determined by the main enginee_haust ______.A.gas positionB.gas temperatureC.pressureD.timing 12.______continuously e_tract the crankcase atmosphere, via a pipe system, and move it past asensitive and accurate opacity (不透明)measuring track.A.The oil mist detectorsB.The smoke detectorsC.An oily water monitorD.Oil discharge monitoring and controlling system13.The water in a ing au_iliary boiler should be tested daily for ______.A.dissolved o_ygenB.chloridesC.sludgeD.dissolved nitrogen14.A firebo_ e_plosion in an automatically fired au_iliary boiler may be the result of ______.A.e_cessive purging before lighting offB.insufficient trail for ignition periodC.a faulty transformer in the ignition circuitD.insufficient purging after lighting off15.A feed pump for an au_iliary boiler might lose suction if the______.A.boiler water level is lowB.feed-water is too hotC.boiler demand is lowD.feed-water is too cold16.The gear and screw pumps are classified as______.A.variable stroke pumpsB.multistage pumpsC.positive displacement pumpsD.triple-ported pumps17.The pressure of a liquid leaving the pump can be referred to as the ______.A.total headB.discharge headC.positive suction headD.suction head18.Which of the valves listed will be cycled from fully open to fully closed when the handle isturned 90 degree?A.A rising stem gate valveB.A globe s valveC.A check valveD.A butterfly valve19.A pump shaft that is bent or distorted should normally be ______.A.repaired by a suitable welding processB.straightened by lying heat and torsionC.reconditioned by metallizing and machiningD.replaced with a satisfactory spare20.A centrifugal pump may fail to deliver water when first started if the ______.A.water seal pipe is pluggedB.pump is not primedC.seal ring is improperly locatedD.impeller is flooded21.Which of the follog conditions must e_ist for heat to flow from one object to another?A.The two objects must be in physical contact.B.The two objects must be the same size.C.There must be an e_isting temperature differential.D.There must be an e_isting weight differential.22.The dew point of air is reached when the wet bulb temperature is ______.A.twice the dry bulb temperatureB.10℃ above the dry bulb temperatureC.5℃ above the dry bulb temperatureD.equal to the dry bulb temperature23.If air at 95 ℃ dry bulb temperature and 50 relative humidity is conditioned to 75 ℃ dry bulbtemperature and 50 relative humidity, it is an e_le of ______.A.cooling onlyB.cooling and humidifyingC.cooling and dehumidifyingD.adiabatic(绝热的) cooling24.In order to achieve greater dehumidification(除湿) with an air conditioning system, you should______.I.reduce the cooling coil temperature II.increase the re-heater temperatureA.I onlyB.II onlyC.Both I and IID.Neither I nor II25.Oily water separators are used to ensure that ships don"t discharge oil when pumping out ______.A.ballast waterB.boiler waterC.bilge waterD.sewage water26.When started, a plete oily water separating unit is firstfilled______.The oily water mi_tureis then pumped through the inlet pipe into the coarse separating partment.A.with dirty waterB.with clean waterC.by oily waterD.by mi_ed water27.Which is the pollution prevention equipment?A.booster pumpB.evaporatorC.incineratorD.cooler28.The oil sludge is burnt in the ______onboard.I’ll show you the ashes.A.boilerB.main engineC.au_iliary engineD.incinerator29.Most marine biological sewage treatment plants consist of all the follog statements e_cept______.A.aeration tanksB.settling tanksC.disinfection agentD.anaerobic bacteria (厌氧菌)30.Great care is dedicated to the removal of _____from the scavenge air.A.gravityB.viscosityC.densityD.humidity31.Dirty oil must be _____before being used again.A.mi_ed with clean oilB.purifiedC.heatedD.strained32.When a vacuum boiling evaporator works, the hot jacket waterwill pass over the tube stack and___the sea water passing through the tubes.A.disposeB.dissolveC.heatD.dissipates33.When securing a flash-type evaporator for an e_tended period of time, you should ______.A.fill the unit with saltwaterB.fill the unit with descaling poundC.pletely drain the unitD.tightly seal the unit to e_clude air34.Among the basic categories of equipment, which of the follog are used to allow the hydraulicenergy to be controlled?A.hydraulic pumpsB.valvesC.hydraulic cylindersD.hydraulic motors35.Positive displacement, helical gear(斜齿轮) pumps are well suited for pumping oil because______.A.stuffing bo_es eliminate the leakage problems usually associated with other gear pumpsB.it is not necessary to closely maintain design clearances with this pumpC.they are essentially self-priming and produce a high suction liftD.these pumps are designed with e_treme tooth angles36.The oil in a cargo ch gear bo_ should be sled periodically(周期性地) to ______.A.prevent the gear bo_ from leakingB.prevent the oil from being inflammable(易燃的)make sure it has not bee contaminated(污染)D.make sure the motor bearings are lubricated37.If an anchor dlass has been idle for some time, you should______.A.repack all valve stemsB.lubricate it prior to useC.replace the foundation boltsD.balance the warping heads 38.A mooring ch should be equipped with mechanical brakes capable of holding ______.A.half the breaking strength of the mooring lineB.the full breaking strength of the mooring lineC.the ma_imum e_pected tension(张力) of the mooring lineD.50 over the working tension of the mooring line39.Hydraulic cranes must be properly warmed-up before being operated because ______.A.warm-up allows the hydraulic system to bee charged with oilwarm-up allows the relief valves to be properly testedC.hydraulic strainers operate only during the warm-up periodD.hydraulic fluid must be at the proper viscosity40.The current flog first in one direction and then in another is called ____current.A.a rushB.an alternatingC.a directD.an e_citing41.The frequency of an alternator at a given RPM is determined by the ______.A.number of turns of wire in the armature coilB.number of magic polesC.strength of the mags usedD.output voltage42.While paralleling two AC generators using synchronizing(同步的) ls only, both ls willgo dark when the generators are ______.A.running at the same speedB.groundedC.of the same polarity(极性)D.in phase43.The load sharing characteristics of two diesel generators operating in parallel are mostlydependent on their governor ______.A.load limit settingsB.idle speed settingsC.speed limit settingsD.speed droop settings44.Electric insulation is made of organic substances and so gradually ______with age.A.deterioratesB.increasesC.are fouledD.bees better45.The main generators are connected to ______.A.distribution boardsB.section boardsC.emergency switch boardsD.main switch boards46.The operation of _____two alternators requires the voltages to be equal and also in phase.A.controlB.series-mountingC.runningD.paralleling47.______is a machine by which electrical energy is transformedinto mechanical energy.A.An alternatorB.An electric motorC.A diesel engineD.A main switchboard48.A ground in an electrical circuit outside the engine room ______.A.cannot be detected under normal conditionsB.is of no consequence to engineering personnelC.is indicated at the branch circuit breaker panelD.is indicated by the ground detecting ls on the main switchboard49.Time delayed or delayed action-type fuses are designed to ______.A.prevent grounds in branch circuitsB.prevent opens in motor circuitsC.permit momentary overloads without meltingD.guard lighting and electronic circuits50.When voltage and current developed in an AC circuit reach their peak values at the same time,the power factor is ______.A.laggingB.leadingC.ma_imumD.minimum51.When there is a fire in a large electric motor, normally the very FIRST step is to ______.A.secure the electric supplyB.ventilate area to remove smokeC.start the fire pump and lead out hoseD.ly foam52.Before “stand by” is rung on the engine telegraph, it is usual to give the main diesel engine a brieftrial ______ahead and astern.A.with powerB.on powerC.with airD.on air53.Bridge orders must be ______and a record of any required changes in speed and direction shouldbe kept.A.slowly carried awayB.carried out with a period of delayC.promptly carried outD.paid by the captain54.After the order " ______" is given, the air system is shut down, the turning gear put in.A.Finished With EngineB.S The EngineC.Stand-by EngineD.Slow-down Engine55.A tank has been sealed and unventilated(不通风的) for a long period of time.Which of thefollog conditions does this indicate?A.The tank is safe to enter.The tank is especially dangerous to enter.C.Carbon mono_ide(一氧化碳) is present.D.Water vapor present when the tank was sealed has o_idized(使氧化).56.Fires involving bustible metals are classified as ______.A.class "A" firesB.class "B" firesC.class "C" firesD.class "D" fires57.The three basic ponents of a fire are chain reaction, heat, fuel, and ______.A.carbon mono_ideB.o_ygenC.carbon dio_ideD.any gaseous substance58.CO2 e_tinguishes a fire by __________.A.a blanket of bubbles formed on the surface of the firesmotheringC.isolating the heat from the fuelD.cooling59.Seawater may be used for drinking water ______.A.at a ma_imum rate of two ounces(盎司) per dayB.after mi_ing with an equal quantity of fresh waterC.if gather during or immediately after a hard rainD.under no circumstance60.Obviously, for a given fuel oil, its pour point is ______its cloud point.A.lower thanB.higher thanC.as same asD.better than61.Now that the valve is not worth ______, I suggest it ______.A.to repair/renegrepairing/renegC.to repair/ be renewedD.repairing/be renewed 62.When a vessel is in dry-dock, the vessel"s engineers should ______.A.e_amine the condition of the propellerB.chip and paint all hull protection zincsC.install new docking plugs in all cofferdamsD.inspect the hull for hogging or sagging63.The additional mark ______in the Classification Certificate for Machinery represents thepropulsion aratus is remotely controlled on the navigating bridge control station, and engine room is watched by duty personnel.A.BRCB.MCCC.AUT-0D.AUT-164.Oil Record Book Part I shall be provided to ______.every oil tankerB.every ship of 400 tons gross tonnage and aboveC.every shipD.any ship65.“Inability to provide for the first watch at the mencement of a voyage and for subsequentrelieving watches persons who are sufficiently rested and otherwise fit for duty.” is considered to be one of the detainabledeficiencies(缺乏) under ______.A.the SOLAS ConventionB.the MARPOL ConventionC.the STCW ConventionD.the LOAD LINE Convention66.The Port State Control officer may witness a fire drill carried out by the crew assigned to theseduties on the ______.A.Navigation Log BookB.Engine Room Log BookOil Record BookD.Muster List67.When deciding the position of the engineering watch, which may include _____ropriately,many factors shall be taken into account.A.satisfied engineersB.qualified ratingsC.satisfied chief engineerD.qualified chief engineer68.During an engine room watch if immediate action is necessary to ensure safety of the ship, itsmachinery and crew, ______.A.the chief engineer must be informed at firstB.the captain must be informed at firstC.it must be taken by the duty engineerD.the generator engine must be sped69.One of the methods NOT usually allowed in cleaning up oil spills in the United States is ______.skimmersB.strawC.dispersantsD.sawdust70.According to the international regulations concerning the prevention of pollution of sea areasfrom ships, the disposal into the sea of all plastics is ______.A.weleB.admitted in some special sea areasC.prohibitedD.acceptable71.In cleaning up an oil spill, the use of chemical agents would ______.A.absorb the oil for easy removalB.remove the oil from the waterC.disperse(分散) or dissolve the oil in the waterD.not affect the oil72.The main objective of the SOLAS Convention is to specify______for the construction,equipment and operation of ships, patible their safety.A.at most referencesB.at least referencesC.ma_imum standardsD.minimum standards73.These acid residues must be prevented from entering the crankcase, otherwise the lube oil wouldbe _______.A.optimizedB.emulsifiedC.contaminatedD.o_idated74.The ship security officer shall have knowledge and have received training, taking into account theguidance given in Part B of______.A.the ISM CodeB.the ISPS CodeC.the IBC CodeD.the IGC Code二、关联题（关联题题干下有4个小题，每小题4个选项）The clearly visible benefit of RT-fle_ engines is their smokeless operation at all ship speeds.This is achieved by the superior bustion performance with the mon-rail fuel injection.This system maintains the fuel injection pressure at the optimum level right across the engine speed range, ensuring optimum bustion under all operating conditions.In addition, a selective shut-off of single injectors at very low speeds and an optimized e_haust valve timing help to keep smoke emissions below the visible limit.Sulzer RT-fle_ engines also have the advantage of steady running at lower speeds than engines with mechanically-controlled injection.They can run very steadily, and without smoking, at 10-12 of nominal speed, which for the RT-fle_ 60C is about 10-14rpm.This is made possible by the precise control of injection, together with the higher injection pressures achieved at low speed, and the sequential shut-off injectors.75.According to above massage, the advantage of mon-rail injection is______.A.smokeless operationB.shockless operationC.noiseless operationD.no vibration operation76.According to above massage, RT-fle_ engine can optimize______.① fuel injection pressure② b ustion③ e_haust valve timingA.①②B.①②③C..③D.②77.The key feature of the Sulzer RT-fle_ system is that it gives plete freedom in the _____andoperation of fuel injection and e_haust valve actuation.A.meteringB.timingC.controlD.using78.The RT-fle_ engine can run at very low speed, this is made possible by follog things e_cept_______.A.the precise control of injectionB.the higher injection pressuresC.the optimized e_haust valve timingD.the sequential shut-off injectors 三、中译英（共2题，请将答案写在答题纸上）79、（轮机日志）上午10时30分，由于不明原因运行中NO.1发电机跳闸，导致全船失电,NO.2发电机自动起动恢复正常供电。

甲板词汇

VOCABULARY FOR DECKAbandon ship v. 弃船abolish v. 消除ABS 美国船级社accommodate v. 容纳accommodation deck起居(住舱)甲板accuracy n. 精度adjacent a.相邻的adjust v. 调节administration n. 行政管理admit v. 接纳adopt v. 采纳，采用aft a. adv. n. （在）船艉aft peak 艉尖舱after service 售后服务ahead n. 正车air bottle 空气瓶air compressor 空压机air siren 汽笛air-tight test 气密实验alarm bell 警铃allowance n. 允值all position 全方位alternating current ( A.C.) 交流电amplify v. 放大anchor n. 锚anchor chain （cable chain）锚链anchor handling 锚操纵anchor windlass (chain windlass)起锚机anchorage buoy 系泊浮筒angular n. 角度antenna n. 天线anticorrosion precaution 防腐措施apparatus n. (pl. apparatus or apparatuses)仪器，器械，装置appearance n. 外观approval n. 批准，认可approve vt. 认可arc n. 弧度arduous a.艰难的arrange v. 布置，安排assemble v. 装配assembly n. 装配astern n. 倒车automatic steering 自动操舵automatic telephone 自动电话aux. boiler 副锅炉aux. engine 辅机aux. engine room 辅机舱aux. machinery 辅机auxiliary means 辅助手段auxiliary system 辅助系统ballast piping 压载水管系ballast pump 压载泵ballast system 压载系统ballast water 压载水base n. 基准base point n. 基准点basic design 基本（方案）设计beam n. 横梁bearing n. 轴承brake horse power(BHP) n. 马力bilge n. 舱底水bilge keel 舭龙骨bilge plate 舭板bilge pump 舱底水泵bilge system 舱底水系统blood vessel 血管boat deck 艇甲板bollard n. 带缆桩bolt n. 螺栓bolthead n. 螺栓头bottom n. 船底bottom plate 底板bottom structure 底板结构bow n. 船艏bow &stern structure 艏艉结构bow section 艏段bridge n. 桥楼bridge control 桥楼控制broadcast n. v. 广播broadcast station 广播站bulbous bow 球鼻艏bulk cargo 散装货物bulk-cargo carrier 散装货船bulkhead n. 隔舱壁bulkhead structure 隔舱壁结构bushing n. 衬垫cabin n. 舱室calculator n. 计算器capstan windlass（anchor winch）锚绞盘cargo n. 船货cargo oil 货油cargo –hold n. 货舱cargo-lifting n. 起货casing n. 罩壳CCS 中国船级社centreline n. 中心线certificate n. 证书chain locker 锚链舱chain pipe 锚链管chain stopper 制链器challenge n. v. 挑战changeover switch 转换开关characteristics n.性能，特性，特征charge v. 充（电，气）check n. v. 检验China Classification Society(CCS)中国船级社China Ocean Shipping Company(COSCO) 中国远洋公司classification society 船级社cleanness n. 清洁度clutch n. 离合器cold processing 冷加工collision n. (船只)碰撞combustion gas 燃气communication n. 通讯compartment n. 分隔舱compass n. 罗经compass deck 罗经甲板competition n. 竞争compressed air 压缩空气conductor n. 导体connection n. 接头constant voltage 恒压constitute v. 构成consumption n. 消耗contact v. 触发container n. 集装箱continuous deck 连续甲板contract n. 合同contradiction n. 矛盾control console 控制台control unit 控制装置cooler n. 冷却器cooling system 冷却系统cooperation n. 合作coordinate n. 坐标corrosion n. 腐蚀course n. 航向CPP drive 可调浆传动crew n. (全体)船员crosshead n. 十字头current n. 电流current n. 洋流，水流curve n. 曲线cutting n. 切割cylinder n. 气缸davit n. 吊艇架deadweight ton(DWT) n.载重量，吨载量deck n. 甲板deck girder 甲板材deck longitudinal 甲板纵骨deck machinery 甲板机deck plate 甲板板deck structure 甲板结构deckhouse 甲板室deliver v. 交货，交船delivery n. 交船，交货delivery ceremony 交船典礼derrick n. 吊杆designation n. 目的地detect v. 探测detection n. 探测deviation n. 位移diameter n. 直径differentia n. 差异digital computer 数字计算机directional finder 测向仪directional stability 航向稳定性discharge n. v. 排水dispute n. v. 争端，争执distribute v. 分布division n. 划分DNV 挪威船级社Dock n. 船坞dock trial 码头试验docking winch 带缆绞车Doppler sonar log多普勒声纳计程仪double bottom 双层底double-action a.双作用draft(draught)n. 吃水drawing n. 图纸drift v. 漂移drinking water 饮用水drive n. 传动dry v. 烘干drydock n. 干船坞echo signal 返回信号echo sounder 回声测深仪electric load 负荷electrical compass 电罗经electrical energy 电能electrical power 电力electrical signal 电器信号electrical unit 电器装置electrical-driven a. 电动的electrician n. 电工electrode n. 焊条electromagnetic log 电磁计程仪electronics n. 电子（学）emergency control 应急控制emergency power station 应急电站emergency steering 应急操舵emergency telegraph 应急传令钟emergent discharge 应急排放emergent service 应急使用enclose v. 封闭encounter v. 遭遇energy convertor 换能器engine foundation (engine seat )机座engine frame 机架engine oil 机油engine outfitting 机舾engine space 机舱engineer n. 轮机员engineer n. 工程师engine-room 机舱ensure v. 确保EO 无人机舱equipment n. 设备error n. 误差excite v. 激励exhaust port 排气口exhaust stroke 排气冲程exhaust valve 排气阀expand v. 扩张，扩建expansion n. 展开图extinguish v. 灭火F.O．tank 燃油舱facsimile transmission(fax)传真fair-lead n. 导缆孔filter n. 过滤器. 过滤finished product 成品fire alarm 火警fire hazard 火灾fire pump 消防泵fire-fighting system 消防系统flash signal light 闪光信号灯floatability n. 漂浮性flood v. 进水floor plate 肋板flush v. 清洗flushing agent 清洗剂foam n. 泡沫forced lubrication 强制润滑forced ventilation 机械通风forecastle n. 艏楼foreign trade 外贸forging n. 锻造formation n. 构成，结构frame n. 肋骨framework n. 框架freeboard n. 干舷freighter n. 货船frequency regulation 调频fresh water （F.W.）淡水fresh water production plant造水装置fuel n. 燃料fuel nozzle 喷油嘴fuel oil 燃油fuel oil （F.O.）燃油fuel pipeline 燃油管系full-load a. 满载的full-load displacement 满载排水量funnel n. 烟囱galley n. 厨房gas welding 气焊gear n. 齿轮gear drive 齿轮转动GL 西德劳氏船级社grant v. 给予……的权利gravity centre 重心ground v. 接地group n. (企业)集团growth n. 生长，发育generating set 发电机组gyro n. 陀螺仪gyro compass 陀螺罗经，回转罗经H.D.Heavy Machinery Co. Ltd. H.D.重机股份有限公司hand control 手控hand level 手柄hand steering 手动操作hand wheel 手轮handle v. 操纵harbour n. 港口，停泊hardware n. 硬件hawsepipe n. 锚链筒headroom n. 甲板间高度heat exchanger 热交换器heating n. 供暖heavy oil 重油heel n. 横倾high frequency 高频high-speed boat 高速艇horizontal a.水平的，卧式的hose n. 软管hot work 火工hull n. 船体hull construction 船体结构hull form 船型hull line 船体线型hull structure 船体结构human brain 人脑hydraulic a. 液压的hydraulic machine 液压机identify vt.识别illumination n. 照明IMCO 政府间海事协商组织impact n. 冲击implication n. 含义inclination n. 倾斜incline v. 倾斜index n. 索引indication n. 显示indicator n. 显示仪indicator light 指示灯inert gas 惰性气体inject n. 喷射injecting system 喷油系统injector n. 喷油器inner bottom longitudinal 内底纵骨inner bottom plate 内底板input n. v. 输入inspector n. 质检员installation n. （船上）安装installation error 安装误差instrument n. 仪表,仪器insulating material 绝缘材料intake n. 吸入intake port 汲气口intake valve 进气阀intention n. 意向internal combustion engine 内燃机Internet 因特网（国际互连网）introduce v. 引进，引入，介绍keel n. 龙骨keel plate 龙骨板keep station 定位kilohertz 千赫knot n. 节landing-place n. 码头lap joint 搭接接头length n. (一)节，（一）段level n. 液位level gauge 液位计license n. 许可证life line 生命线life-belt n. 救生圈life-boat n. 救生艇life-jacket n. 救生衣life-raft n. 救生筏life-saving n. 救生lifting capacity 起重能力lighting n. 照明light-ship displacement (light-load displacement)轻载排水量lining n. 衬垫load line mark 载重线标志locate v. 定位lock washer 锁紧垫片log n. 计程仪logical a.逻辑的longitudinal a.纵向的longitudinal bulkhead 纵隔舱壁longitudinal framing 纵向构架Loudspeaker n. 扬声器low speed 低速lower deck 下甲板LR 英国劳氏船级社lube oil 润滑油lube oil(L.O.)滑油lube oil pump 滑油泵lubricant n. 润滑剂lubricant film 润滑油膜lubricating oil 滑油lubrication system 滑油系统M.E.engine room 主机舱Machine v. 机加工machinery n. 机械magnetic compass 磁罗经magnetic object 磁性物体magnifier n. 放大器magnify v. 放大magnitude n. 大小main bearing 主轴承main engine (ME) 主机main generating set 主发电机组main hull 主船体maintenance n. v. 维护，保养marker n. 厂商man power resource 人力资源management n. 生产管理maneuver v. n. 操纵maneuverability n. 操纵性maneuvering system 操纵系统manufacture n. &v. 生产，制造marine crane 船用起重机marine diesel engine 船用柴油机marine engineer 机电工程师mark v. 标出Master degree 硕士学位material n. 材料maximum(max.)n. 最大means n. 手段，工具measuring meter 测量仪表measuring point 测量点mechanical energy 机械能mechanical unit 机械装置medium speed 中速member n. 构件memory n. 储存器，内存memory and storage system储存系统merchant ship 民用船meridian n. 子午线metacentre n. 稳心midship n. a. adv. 舯部military ship 军用船minimize v. 降至最低minus value 负值miscellaneous a. 杂项的model case 样箱model plate 样板model rod 样棒moderate a. 中型的modus n. 操纵法（pl. modi）monitor v. 监视monitoring device 监控装置moor v. 系泊motor n. 电动机multi-purpose a. 多用途的，综合的nautical mile 海里navigating instrument 导航仪器navigating zone 航区navigation computer 导航计算机navigation equipment 导航设备navigational light 航行灯navy n. 海军network n. 电网nil n. 零，无NK 日本海事协会non-transparent a. 不透明的normal shipping 正常营运nozzle n. 喷嚏numeral n. 数字nut n. 螺母observation n. 观察ocean-going vessel 远洋船offshore service 近海作业oil charging piping 注油管系oil consumption 油耗oil filling port 注油口oil tanker 油船oil-resistant a.耐油的oil-tight n. 油密one-way a.单向的open circulation 开放循环opening n. 开口operation n. 施工operation n. 运行，运转operator n. 操纵员opportunity n. 机遇orbit n. 轨道order n. v. 订单，定购outer appearance 外观outer ring 外环outfitting n. 舾装output n. 输出overload v. 过载owner n. 船东owner’s representative船东代表paint n. 油漆painting n. 涂装painting n. 涂装，油漆工艺parallel n. 并联v. 并车part n. 部件，机械部件party n. (谈判或合同之)一方passage n. 通道passageway n. 通道passenger-cargo vessel 客货船performance n. 性能permanently adv. 永久的personnel n. 人员，人事pillar n. 支柱pilot n. 驾驶员，领航员，舵轮pipe connection 管子接头pipe flange 管子法兰piping system 管系piston pin 活塞梢pitch n. 纵摇platform n. 平台poisonous gas 有毒气体pollution n. 污染poop n. 艉楼port n. 左舷portable light 手提灯potable water 饮用水power plant 动力装置,(火力)电厂power station 电站power supply 电源，供电power system 电力系统,动力系统pre-heat v. 预热pressure container 压力容器primer n. 底漆primer painting 涂底漆process n. 工艺，流程v. 加工，处理production efficiency 生产效率program n. 程序prolong v. 延长promote v. 促进，晋升propeller n. 螺旋桨proportion n. 比例propulsion efficiency 推进效力propulsion plant 推进装置protection type 保护式provision n. 食品pump n. 汞purity v. 净化quality assurance 质量保证quality control 质量控制quality management 质量管理quality policy 质量方针radar n. 雷达radio beacon station 导航台radio communication equipment无线电通讯设备radio message 无线电报radio receive 无线电接收机radio room 报房radio station 电台radio transmitter 无线电发信机radio wave 无线电波range n. 航程range v. 测距range display 航程显示器range unit 航程装置reaction n. 反作用力reading n. 读数receiver n. 接收器reefer n. （俗）冷藏船，冰箱reflect v. 反射register n. (机)验船师register vt. 登记，注册regulation n. 登记regulator n. 调整器relative humidity 相对湿度relative motion 相对运动remote control 遥控remote control station 遥控站rescue v. n. 救援resemble v. 相似reserve buoyancy 储备浮力reservoir n. 容器resistance n. 阻力retake v. 回收，取回revolution n. 旋转rock arm 摇臂roll n. 横摇room n. 余地rope n. 缆索rotary movement 旋转运动rotate v. 旋转rotating direction 旋转方向rotation n. 旋转度rough sea 波涛汹涌routine n. 例行公事RPM 转速rudder n. 舵rudder angle indicator 舵角指示器rudder carrier 舵承，舵托rudder stock 舵轴，舵杆rudder stopper 舵角限制器rules n. 规范，规则running n. 经营管理rust prevention 防锈rust removal 除锈rust-proof a.防锈的safeguard v. 捍卫safety valve 安全阀sanitary water 卫生水scavenge v. n. 扫气screen n. 荧光屏screw shaft 螺旋桨轴sea damage 海损sea trial 试航sea water (SW)海水sea-chart room 海图室seakeeping performances航海性能，试航性seal n. v. 密封sealing agent 密封剂sealing gasket 密封垫片search light 探照灯seasick a.晕船seat n. 座section n. 总段self excitation 自励sensibility n. 灵敏度separation n. 分离separator n. 分离器service n. 公共基础设施service engineer 服务工程师service life 使用寿命shaft system 轴系sheer n. 脊弧sheet plate 薄板shell n. 壳板shell plating 外壳列板shell structure 外板结构ship equipment 船舶结构ship general 总体ship outfitting 船舾ship system 船舶系统shipbuilding n. 造船shipbuilding industry 造船工业shipping n. 航运shipyard(yard)n. 船厂short circuit 短路short wave 短波side n. 船侧side light 舷灯side plate 弦侧板side structure 船侧结构signal n. 信号signal light 信号灯single bottom 单底single-action a.单作用single-rudder n. 单舵single-screw n. 单桨small metacentric angle 小倾角software n. 软件soil n. 土壤SOLAS 国际海上人命安全公约SOS 遇难信号sound energy 声能sound insulation 隔音sound power telephone 声力电话sound speed 声速sound wave 声波sounder n. 测深仪space n. 空间spare gears 备品spare parts(spares)备件speed indicator 航速指示器speed reduction 减速spring n. 弹簧squeeze n. v. 挤压stability n. 稳性stabilizer n. 减摇鳍stabilizing unit 减摇装置staff member 职员stage n. 级stainless steel 不锈钢stand v. 经受standard n. 标准standard displacement 标准排水量stand-by n. 备用stand-by generating set 备用发电机starboard n. 右舷start v. 动身，出发starting system 起动系统starting valve 启动阀state v. 说明station v. 驻扎steadiness n. 稳定性steel structure 钢结构steel wire 钢丝steering gear 操舵装置steering gear 舵机steering gear room 舵机房steering mechanism 操舵机构steering wheel 舵轮stem n. 艏柱stern n. 船艉，艉柱stern tube 艉轴管stiffener n. 扶强，加强筋storage tank 贮存柜store-room n. 储藏室straight line 直线stringer n. 纵通材structural material 结构材料structure n. 结构，构件stud n. 螺柱suck v. 吸入sufficient a.足够的，充足的sum n. (数)二树之和superstructure n. 上层建筑supervision n. 监督,监造supply vessel 补给，工作船support n. 支撑物surface treatment 表面处理surveyor n. (船)验船师survive v. 幸存，死里逃生sustain v. 支撑，支持switch n. 开关symbol n. 符号symmetrical a.对称的talent n. 人才，有才能的technical staff 全体技术人员technical service 技术服务telegraph n. 传令钟temporarily adv. 临时地terminal n. 码头testing n. 调试the breath moulded 型宽the controllable pitch propeller (CPP)可调螺距桨the depth moulded 型深the design water plane 设计水线面the fire main 消防总管the fixed pitch propeller 固定螺距桨the language system 语言系统the length B.P.两柱间长the length overall 全长the length W.L.水线长the living quarters 生活区the net registered tonnage 净登记吨位the North Pole 北极the office automation (OA)办公自动化the operating system (OS)操作系统the propulsion plant 推进装置the rated frequency 额定功率the rated horsepower 额定马力the roll period 横摇周期the satellite navigation system卫星导航系统the system software 系统软件the total longitudinal bend 总纵弯曲the total longitudinal strength 总纵强度the total tonnage 总吨位thermometer n. 温度计thrust shaft 推力轴tightness test 密性试验time vt. 确定……的时间timing gear 准时机构title n. 职称，头衔tonnage n. 吨位top people 上层人物top side plate 弦侧顶板transmitter n. 发射机,发送器transportation n. 输送transversal a. 横向的transversal bulkhead 横隔舱壁trend n. 趋势trim n. 纵倾tuition n. 学费turbine oil 透平油turbocharger n. 涡轮废气增压器turning ability 回转性turning circle 回转半径turning gear 盘车机构twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU)20英尺国际标准集装箱twin-rudder n. 双舵twin-screw n. 双桨two-way a. 双向的UMS 无人机舱uniform n. 制服unload v. 卸载upper deck 上甲板upset v. (船只)倾覆vacuum n. 真空velocity n. 速度ventilating pipe 通风管ventilator n. 通风机vertical a. 垂直的，直立式的vibration n. 振动visible range 视距visual telegraph 灯光传令钟visual-acoustical signal 灯光音响信号voltage n. 电压voyage n. 航行water pressure test 水压试验water supply 水源，自来水water supply system 供水系统water vapour 水蒸气waterline 水线watertight a. 水密的water-tight test 水密试验wear n. v. 磨损weight calculation 重量计算welder n. 焊工，焊机welding n. 焊接welding machine 焊机well adv. 完全有理由wheel steering 随从操舵，舵轮操舵wheel house n. 驾驶室whereby adv. 靠那个wire cable 钢索work n. 工作working condition 工况working site 现场X-ray photo X光照片yaw n. 偏航角。

美高尔的自动实验室油液测试设备说明书

DESCRIPTIONMegger’s automatic laboratory oil test sets perform accurate breakdown voltage tests on mineral, ester and silicon insulating liquids. Moulded test vessels give repeatable results with lock in precision electrode gap setting adjustment wheels. The transparent, shielded lid and large test chamber enable easy access to the test vessel.All three laboratory models are fitted with a 12 key alpha-numeric keypad to facilitate entry of test ID, filenames, notes etc. Alphacharacters are entered by repetitive pressing on a key, the same way as text is entered modern cellular telephones.Test standards are preloaded in the instrument and new versions can be uploaded via USB flash drive. All laboratory models support the creation of user defined custom tests. Test results are identified either by a serial number or asset ID and are time and datestamped. Megger’s asset and data management software, PowerDB Lite, is bundled at no extra cost providing an excellent tool for downloading and printing results.An optional internal printer provides a hard copy of results. Inkbased printout ensures durability at all temperatures. USB interfaces (x3), USB flash drive, external USB printer and barcode scanner. User safety is paramount and Megger have designed independent and dual redundant high voltage cut-off circuitry to ensure safety. During a test the operator can terminate by pressing any button on the keyboard which will remove high voltage immediately and abort the test. The transparent lid provides ample visibility within the chamber yet is protected and electrically shielded by a screen with multiple links to instrument ground.APPLICATIONMonitoring and maintenance of oil quality is essential in ensuring the reliable operation of oil filled electrical equipment. Codes of practice have been established in many countries that include several different types of test on insulating oils.One of the fundamental tests of oil quality is the breakdown voltage test, which is a measure of the oil’s ability to withstand electric stress. A low breakdown voltage can indicate the presence of contaminants such as water or conducting particles.Care should be taken to ensure the process of sampling oil and subsequent testing does not in any way contaminate it with foreign objects. Cleaning vessels between oil tests should be a rinse with the next sample, never clean with fibrous materials. To ensure an accurate reading set gap carefully and lock adjusting wheels.FEATURES AND BENEFITS■■Test voltages : 60 kV , 80 kV and 100 kV ■■Lock in precision oil vessel - lockable gap setting■■Flat electrode gap gauges that will not damage electrodes ■■Automatic oil temperature measurement■■QVGA colour display with backlight visible in sunlight ■■Large, easy clean test chamber with oil drain ■■High visibility test chamber■■Safe operation with dual redundant micro switch ■■Intuitive user interfaceOTS100AF , OTS80AF and OTS60AFLaboratory oil testersOTS100AF , OTS80AF and OTS60AF Laboratory oil testers■■Laboratory instruments for measuringinsulating oil breakdown voltage■■Lock in precision - oil vessel with lockableadjustment■■Bright 3.5” colour display visible out doors ■■Suitable for mineral, ester and silicon oils ■■Trip detection circuit with direct measurementof voltage and current■■Ultra fast (< 10 μs) HV switch off timeOPTIONAL FEATURES■■Internal printer ■■Motorised lid impeller■■Voltage check unit (VCM100D/VCM80D)SPECIFICATIONS Test voltageOTS60AF 0 to 60 kV rms maximum (30 kV - 0 - 30 kV)OTS80AF 0 to 80 kV rms maximum (40 kV - 0 - 40 kV)OTS100AF 0 to 100 kV rms maximum (50 kV - 0 - 50 kV)Voltage resolution and accuracy0.1 kV °1% °2 digitsProgrammed test sequencesASTM D 1816-04 BS EN 60156-96 SABS EN60156ASTM D 877A-02 CEI EN 60156-95 VDE0370 part 5ASTM D 877B-02 IRAM 2341 AS1767.2.1IEC 60156-95 UNE EN 60156 PA SEV EN60156 NF EN 60156 JIS C 2101-99 (M) JIS C 2101-99 (S)plus 3 custom testsequencesVessels400 ml (standard) 150 ml (option)Nylon 12 chamber provides precision electrode alignment, adjustment wheels lock electrodes in position, option of 150 ml vessel for low volume oil samples Temperature measuring range10 °C to 65 °CTemperature sensor resolution 1 °C Power supply Line voltage 85 to 265 VAC Line frequency 50/60 HzInterfaceUSB 2.0 compatible2 x USB type-A (Flash drive, printer, other)1 x USB type-B (Factory use only)Internal printer(Option)Matrix impact printer Paper 57.5 mm wideExternal printer Any printer with USB interface and PCL3 driverProtection Dual safety micro switches on chamber coverDisplay320 x 240 QVGA colour display with backlight Operatingtemperature range and humidity0 °C to +50 °C 80% RH at 40 °CStorage temperature range and humidity -30 °C to +65 °C 95% RH at 40 °C Maximum altitude2000 mSafety Designed in accordance with IEC61010Dual safety micro switches on chamber coverEMC Light industrial IEC 61326-1 Class B, CISPR 22, CISPR 16-1 and CISPR 16-2Dimensions All models 580 mm x 420 mm x 290 mm Weight All models 30 kg with printer option fittedLanguageEnglish, French, German, Spanish,Chinese, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian and SwedishO i l t y p e s t e s t e dE l e c t r o d e g a p o p t i o n s (m m )E l e c t ro de s h a p e o p t i o n s O i l s t i r r i n g o p t i o n s V o l t a g e r i s e r a t e o p t i o n sB r e a k d o w n t e s t s e q u e n c eS t a n d a r d s c o m p l i e d w i t h a n d p r o g r a m m e dM i n e r a l E s t e r H M W HS i l i c o n 1.02.02.52.540.5 k V /s 2 k V /s 3 k V /sN u m b e r o f t e s t sI n t i a l s t a n d t i m eT i m e b e t w e e n t e s t sI E C 60156-95■■■■■■■■■65 m i n s2 m i n sB S E N 60156-96■■■■■■■■■65 m i n s2 m i n sC E I E N 60156-95■■■■■■■■■65 m i n s2 m i n sI R A M 2341■■■■■■■■■65 m i n s2 m i n sU N I E N 60156■■■■■■■■■65 m i n s2 m i n sN F E N 60156■■■■■■■■■65 m i n s2 m i n sS A B S E N 60156■■■■■■■■■65 m i n s2 m i n sV D E 0370 p a r t 5■■■■■■■■■65 m i n s2 m i n sA S 1767.2.1■■■■■■■■■65 m i n s2 m i n sP A S E V E N 60156■■■■■■■■■65 m i n s2 m i n sJ I S C 2101-99 (M )■■■■■■5 x 22 m i n s1 m i nJ I S C 2101-99 (S )■■■■■1 x 52 m i n s (x 5)N /AA S T M D 1816-04■■■■■■■53 m i n s1 m i n 15sA S T M D 877A -02■■■■■■52 m i n s1 m i nA S T M D 877B -02■■■■■■1 x 52 m i n s (x 5)N /AC u s t o m t e s t s (x 3)(P r o g r a m m a b l e )■■1.0 t o 7.0■■■■■■0.5 k V /s t o 5 k V /s5, 6 o r 1010s t o 600s10s t o 600sP r o g r a m m e d t e s t s e q u e n c e o v e r v i e wExample of an ordering configuration:-OTS100AF-USA-P4 = This order is for an OTS100AF with US power lead, ASTM electrode set, internal printer and lid stirrer.UKArchcliffe Road Dover CT17 9EN EnglandT +44 (0) 1304 502101 F +44 (0) 1304 207342 ******************UNITED STATES4271 Bronze WayDallas TX 75237-1019 USAT 800 723 2861 (USA only)T +1 214 333 3201F +1 214 331 7399******************OTHER TECHNICAL SALES OFFICESValley Forge USA, College Station USA,Sydney AUSTRALIA, Danderyd SWEDEN,Ontario CANADA, Trappes FRANCE,Oberursel GERMANY, Aargau SWITZERLAND,Kingdom of BAHRAIN, Mumbai INDIA,Johannesburg SOUTH AFRICA, Chonburi THAILANDCERTIFICATION ISORegistered to ISO 9001:2008 Cert. no. Q 09290OTS100AF--OTS80AF--OTS60AF_DS_en_V09.pdfMegger is a registered trademarkDescription Order Code configured* OTS60AF configured* OTS80AF configured* OTS100AF Included accessories (on all configurations)Vessel 400 ml assemblyMagnetic bead stirrers (2 off)Magnetic bead retrieverUser manual CDPowerDB Lite softwareElectrode gauge set 1, 2, 2.5, 2.54 mm 1002-144 Configured accessories (to order additional or spares) OTS IEC60156 Electrode set contents- supplied in accessory case12.7 mm spherical electrodes (2)36 mm mushroom electrodes (2)Magnetic stirrer bar (2)Magnetic stirrer bar retriever (1)Gap gauge set1001-477 OTS ASTM D877/D1816 Electrode set contents– supplied in accessory case25.4 mm standard (sharp edges) cylindrical electrodes (2) 25.4 mm non-standard (round edges) cylindrical electrodes (2)Description Order Code 36 mm mushroom electrodes (2)Magnetic stirrer bar (2)Magnetic stirrer bar retriever (1)Gap gauge set 1001-478 Full electrode set (covers IEC and ASTM standards)12.7 mm spherical electrodes (2)36 mm mushroom electrodes (2)25.4 mm standard (sharp edges) cylindrical electrodes (2)25.4 mm non-standard (round edges) cylindrical electrodes (2) Magnetic stirrer bar (2)Magnetic stirrer bar retriever (1)Gap gauge set 1001-479 Vessel lid mounted impeller (ASTM D1816) for use with 400 ml vessel 1001-102Optional accessoriesVessel 400 ml assembly (no electrodes supplied) 1001-473 Vessel 150 ml assembly (no electrodes supplied) 1001-474 VCM100D digital voltage checker 1001-105 VCM80D digital voltage checker 1001-801 Printer paper, 1 roll (MOV applies) (4 rolls supplied if printer configured) 25995-001 Barcode reader, USB 1001-047NOTE:* See ordering configuration on previous page。

iso20000-1标准英文版 pdf

iso20000-1标准英文版pdf全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: ISO20000-1 Standard English Version PDFISO20000-1 is an internationally recognized standard for IT service management systems. It provides a framework for organizations to establish, implement, maintain, and continually improve their IT service management processes. The standard helps organizations deliver high-quality IT services, meet customer expectations, and drive continual service improvement.The ISO20000-1 standard is divided into several sections, each covering different aspects of IT service management. These sections include:1. Scope: This section defines the scope of the standard and provides an overview of the requirements it sets out.2. Normative References: This section lists the references that are essential for the application of the standard.3. Terms and Definitions: This section provides definitions of key terms used throughout the standard.4. Service Management System General Requirements: This section outlines the general requirements for establishing and maintaining an IT service management system.5. Design and Transition of New or Changed Services: This section covers the processes for designing and transitioning new or changed IT services.6. Service Delivery Processes: This section outlines the processes for delivering IT services to customers.7. Relationship Processes: This section covers the processes for establishing and maintaining relationships with customers and suppliers.8. Resolution Processes: This section outlines the processes for managing and resolving incidents, service requests, and problems.9. Control Processes: This section covers the processes for monitoring and controlling IT services.10. Release Processes: This section outlines the processes for managing software releases.11. Service Level Management Processes: This section covers the processes for defining, negotiating, and monitoring service level agreements.12. Capacity Management Processes: This section outlines the processes for ensuring that IT services have enough capacity to meet customer demands.13. Information Security Management Processes: This section covers the processes for managing information security within the IT service management system.14. Continual Improvement Processes: This section outlines the processes for continually improving the effectiveness of the IT service management system.Organizations that comply with the ISO20000-1 standard demonstrate their commitment to delivering high-quality IT services and meeting customer expectations. By implementing an IT service management system that complies with the standard, organizations can enhance their reputation, improve customer satisfaction, and drive continual service improvement.The ISO20000-1 standard is available in English as a PDF document for organizations to download and use as a reference when implementing their IT service management systems. ThePDF document contains the full text of the standard, including all the sections and requirements outlined above.In conclusion, the ISO20000-1 standard is a valuable tool for organizations looking to improve their IT service management processes and deliver high-quality IT services. By implementing an IT service management system that complies with the standard, organizations can enhance their reputation, meet customer expectations, and drive continual service improvement. The ISO20000-1 standard is available in English as a PDF document for organizations to download and use as a reference when implementing their IT service management systems.篇2ISO 20000-1 Standard PDFISO 20000-1 is the international standard for IT service management. It is designed to help organizations establish and maintain effective IT service management processes that align with their business objectives. The standard provides a framework for organizations to manage their IT services in a structured and efficient manner, ensuring that they meet the needs of their customers.The ISO 20000-1 standard covers a wide range of IT service management processes, including service design, transition, delivery, and improvement. It also outlines the requirements for creating and maintaining a service management system that meets the needs of the organization and its customers.Implementing the ISO 20000-1 standard can help organizations improve the quality of their IT services, reduce costs, and increase customer satisfaction. By following the requirements outlined in the standard, organizations can ensure that they are delivering IT services that are reliable, efficient, and effective.One of the key benefits of the ISO 20000-1 standard is that it provides organizations with a common framework for IT service management. This can help organizations collaborate more effectively with their partners, suppliers, and customers, and improve the overall quality of their IT services.The ISO 20000-1 standard is regularly updated to reflect changes in the IT industry and incorporate best practices for IT service management. Organizations that are certified to the ISO 20000-1 standard demonstrate their commitment to providing high-quality IT services and continuous improvement.The ISO 20000-1 standard is available in a PDF format, which makes it easy for organizations to access and implement. The PDF version of the standard can be downloaded from the ISO website or purchased from certified providers. Organizations can use the PDF version of the standard to understand the requirements for IT service management and develop their own service management system.In conclusion, the ISO 20000-1 standard is a valuable resource for organizations looking to improve their IT service management processes. By implementing the requirements outlined in the standard and obtaining certification, organizations can demonstrate their commitment to delivering high-quality IT services that meet the needs of their customers. The PDF version of the standard makes it easy for organizations to access and implement the requirements, ensuring that they are on the path to successful IT service management.篇3ISO 20000-1 is an international standard that specifies requirements for an organization to establish, implement, maintain and continually improve a service management system (SMS). This standard provides guidance on how to effectivelydeliver managed services to meet the needs and expectations of customers.The ISO 20000-1 standard was originally published in 2005 and has since been revised to ensure its relevance and effectiveness in the rapidly evolving field of IT service management. The latest version, ISO 20000-1:2018, was released to address current trends and technologies in the industry.The ISO 20000-1 standard covers a wide range of service management processes, including service planning and delivery, relationship management, problem resolution, service level management, and service continuity and availability management. It also includes requirements for monitoring, measuring, and evaluating the performance of the service management system to ensure its effectiveness.Organizations that implement the ISO 20000-1 standard can benefit in various ways. By following the requirements of the standard, organizations can improve the quality of their services, enhance customer satisfaction, and increase the efficiency of their service delivery processes. Additionally, certification to ISO 20000-1 can help organizations demonstrate their commitment to best practices in service management and differentiate themselves in the marketplace.The ISO 20000-1 standard is designed to be flexible and scalable to accommodate the varying needs and sizes of organizations. Whether an organization is a small start-up or a large multinational corporation, the standard can be tailored to suit their specific requirements and objectives.To achieve compliance with ISO 20000-1, organizations must undergo a rigorous process of assessment and certification by an accredited certification body. This process involves evaluating the organization's service management system against the requirements of the standard and identifying areas for improvement.In conclusion, the ISO 20000-1 standard is a valuable tool for organizations looking to enhance their service management capabilities and improve the quality of their services. By following the guidelines set out in the standard, organizations can achieve greater efficiency, effectiveness, and customer satisfaction in their service delivery processes. Furthermore, certification to ISO 20000-1 can help organizations demonstrate their commitment to excellence in service management and gain a competitive edge in the market.For organizations looking to obtain a copy of the ISO 20000-1 standard in English, a PDF version can be purchasedfrom the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) website or other authorized distributors. The standard is also available in other languages to cater to the needs of organizations worldwide.。

液位高度英语

液位高度英语Liquid level height refers to the distance from the bottom of a container to the surface of the liquid it contains. Monitoring and controlling liquid level height is crucial in various industries, including chemical, petroleum, water treatment, and food and beverage. Proper management of liquid levels ensures efficiency, safety, and cost savings in production processes.There are several methods to measure liquid level height, including direct level measurement, indirect level measurement, and remote level measurement. Direct level measurement involves physically measuring the liquid height using a device such as a sight glass or dipstick. Indirect level measurement techniques use technologies like pressure sensors, ultrasonic sensors, or float switches to determine the liquid level height. Remote level measurement employs advanced technologies such as radar, laser, or radio frequency to monitor liquid level height from a distance.Accurate measurement of liquid level height is essential for maintaining process efficiency and safety. Overfilling or underfilling a container can lead to product wastage, equipment damage, and even hazardous incidents. By monitoring liquidlevels accurately, operators can optimize production processes, prevent spills, and comply with safety regulations.In addition to monitoring liquid levels, controlling liquid levels is also important in many industrial processes. Liquid level control systems use sensors and actuators to maintain the desired liquid level height within a specified range. These systems can automatically adjust valves, pumps, or other equipment to ensure the proper amount of liquid is maintained in the container.There are several factors that can affect liquid level height, including temperature, pressure, viscosity, and density of the liquid. Changes in these factors can impact the accuracy of liquid level measurements and control systems. It is important for operators to calibrate and maintain their liquid level measurement devices regularly to ensure reliable and accurate results.In conclusion, liquid level height is a critical parameter in industrial processes that require precise monitoring and control. By utilizing the appropriate level measurement techniques and control systems, operators can optimize production efficiency, enhance safety, and reduce costs. Proper management of liquidlevels ensures smooth operation and compliance with industry standards.。

网页翻译

Welcome to KROHNE Marine欢迎来到KROHNE MarineKROHNE Marine offers complete solutions for monitoring of liquids onboard all kinds of shipsKROHNE Marine提供了完整的解决方案用于检测液体上的各种船舶CARGOMASTER® - Tank monitoring and alarm systemCARGOMASTER® is the complete solution for tank monitoring. The system is well proven and is installed on all kinds of vessels. Combined with the high precision cargo tank level radar OPTIWAVE 8300 C Marine, the system offers unique benefits for tanker operators.CARGOMASTER○R油罐监控和报警系统CARGOMASTER®是油罐监控完整的解决方案。

系统是行之有效的,安装在各种各样的船只。

结合高精度液体货舱及雷达OPTIWAVE 8300 C。

该系统提供了油轮运营商的独特优势EcoMATE® - Monitoring of bunkering and fuel consumptionEcoMATE® is a reliable system for monitoring of bunkering operations and fuel consumption. Together with the OPTIMASS series of flowmeters, it offers accurate and maintenance free solutions for all kindsof applications - from small and simple to large and comprehensive.EcoMATE○R监控装燃料和燃料消耗EcoMATE○R是用于监控供油作业和燃料消耗量的可靠系统，加上OPTIMASS系列的流量计，它提供准确免维护的解决方案，适用于各种应用- 从小型、简单的大的和全面的We are now called KROHNE MarineAs of June 1st 2014, KROHNE took over all shares in KROHNE Norway AS, and thereby also 100% ownership of KROHNE Skarpenord.To mark the transition to a fully owned KROHNE company, and to better visualize its position as the Marine centre of KROHNE, the marine section changed its name from KROHNE Skarpenord to KROHNE Marine.Please note that this is only a change of name. Identification and address is unchanged, and we still have the same phone number and e-mail addresses as before. All employees will continue in the new constellation and we will still deliver the same high quality products and services to our customers. The new name brings final agreement between what we deliver and what we are now called.During 2014, KROHNE also established Global Industry Divisions (GID) for the sectors Oil & Gas, Food& Beverage, Power and Marine.我们现在被称为KROHNE Marine截至2014年6月1日, KROHNE接管了在KROHNE Norway AS和KROHNE Skarpenord的所有股份和100%的所有权。

新整理石油公司检查-----英文

A GUIDE TO THE OIL MAJOR VETTING PROCESSRemember that the inspection result establish whether the tanker is operated in a safe way in accordance with valid rules and regulations.The onboard inspection can only be successful if the tanker is prepared for the inspection. the inspector who is to carry out the inspection will start to collect impressions from even before the time he takes his first step onto the gangway and will continue to do so until he takes the last step off the gangway when leaving the tanker after completing the inspection.Almost all inspectors are former seafarers who from both deck and engine room experience are able to assess a tanker. Most likely the first impression formed from the time the tanker is sighted until the inspector ‘s arrival at the Master‘s cabin will be the strongest. It will be subjective at this point. Inspectors will undertake the inspection of the tanker looking for objective criteria by which to judge the tanker. It is a fact of life that, however subconscious the urge may be, the inspector will look for objective evidence to support his initial subjective opinion. Thus the importance of the route from ship side to Master‘s cabin should not be underestimated. Remember you do not get a second chance to make a first impression.Preparation for the InspectionMake sure that the inspection is scheduled at a convenient time for the vessel, so it does not conflict with other inspections or similar matters. This could easily be arranged through the port agent.Make sure that each head of department has completed his own inspection before arrival at port and that any deficiencies have been reported/corrected. This should be incorporated into the normal routine guidelines.An effective way of administering this is to introduce a Self-Assessment form covering the following areas. The allocation of tasks for the specific areas is a suggestion and will depend on individual, company defined areas of responsibility.●Tanker Particulars Master●Certification/Documentation Master●Crew Management Master●Safety Management Master/Chief Engineer●Lifesaving Equipment Second/Third Mate●Fire Fighting Equipment C hief Engineer●Pollution Prevention Chief Officer●Cargo / Ballast System Chief Officer●Inert Gas System First Engineer●COW Installation Chief Officer●Mooring Equipment Chief Officer●Bridge Equipment Second Officer●Radio Equipment Radio Officer/Master●Engine Room and Steering Chief Engineer●Load Line Items Chief Officer●Chemical Supplement Chief OfficerThis is meant as an example. The next layer in this table is the delegation given to petty officers and in turn, to the rest of the crew. It is important to have a working organisation that delegates. This will achieve an understanding all the way down through the ranks.Prior to the inspection preparations can be made in certain areas. The Inspector may need to have a copy of the following:●Classification Document●Certificate of Registry●Cargo Ship Safety Construction Cert.●Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Cert.●Safety Radiotelegraphy Cert.●Load line Cert.●IMO Cert. of Fitness ●IOPP Cert. & Supplement●CLC Cert.● A Crew list● A Drawing of the vessel‘s cargo tankarrangement●Vessel‘s Safety Manning DocumentThe following should be available for Inspection (some are not applicable to all vessels):Masters should lay out the certificates in the same order as they appear in the VPQ/VIQ. This saves time and creates a good impression of ordered preparation.●Officers‘ Licenses●Health Certificates●P&A Manual●Approved COW Manual●Approved Ballast Manual●Oil/Cargo record book●Oil transfer procedures●Garbage log for compliance withMARPOL Annex V●Proof of cargo hose/piping testing●Proof of fixed and portable fire fightingequipment servicing●Proof of professional servicing ofBreathing apparatus●Proof of life raft serving ●Settings for vessel‘s PV valves●Shipping document and cargo manifest●Certificate of inhabitation or stabilisationof cargo●Declaration of Inspection if transferringBunkers●Cargo Information Cards for the cargo onboard●Inert Gas Manual●Waiver Letters, if any●Vessel Response Plan●Safety Manual●Vessel Operation Manual●Company‘s policy for upgrading andtraining.Be prepared to calibrate and/or demonstrate the proper operation of:●Combustible gas detectors or fixed gasdetection system●Oxygen analyzer●Toxic gas detector●Overboard discharge monitor ●Cargo pump Emergency shutdown andBearing alarms●High level alarms●Overfill alarms●Quick closing valves.Be prepared to demonstrate the proper operation of the following systems/alarms:●Inert Gas system alarms ●Oily water separator●Fire fighting systems ●Steering gear ●Emergency generator●Engine room ventilation shutdowns ●Fuel oil cut-off valvesIn addition, the following items may be checked and should be ready:●Firemen‘s outfits●International shore connection●Navigation equipment●Charts, publications, and corrections ●EPIRB, pyrotechnics and hydrostaticReleases●Flame screens, bunker tanks ●Suitable paint locker●Marine sanitation deviceReference should also be made to the particular requirements of the oil major inspecting the vessel. The following items are of vital importance as these provide an overall impression of the vessel, and will play an essential part in how the inspection will be conducted.1)Gangway: Correctly arranged – is the gangway net rigged? Is there a life ring nearby?2)Signs: All warning signs posted3)Crew: All crew working on deck should have hard hats and the necessary protection gear.4)Deck Watch: Is he present in the area? Hard–hat, emergency equipment handy, necessary for cargoloading /discharging; walkie-talkie; ask the inspector who he is and who he wants to see; confirm with Duty Officer that this is OK. One crew member should follow the inspector to the shi office.5)Fire Equipment at the Manifold: Correctly rigged and present.6)Deck: Clean, free of oil/water and obstructions.7)Scuppers: blocked, emergency pump in position and discharge connected.8)Cargo Information:Make sure that all personnel involved in the cargo operation are briefedregarding what cargoes are being loaded/discharged, particularly the deck watch. All MSDS to be up and easily readable.9)Emergency Equipment: Working, present and clearly marked.10)Moorings: In good order, no lines on the winch ends.11)Accommodation: All doors closed, clean and in proper order.The InspectionMake sure that the inspector is accompanied on the vessel during the inspection. The best people to do this would be the Master, Chief Engineer, Chief Officer and the First Assistant engineer (2nd/E.), who can divide the areas of inspection amongst themselves. Normally, the inspector will start by checking all certificates and documentation with the Master. He will then move into the areas listed below. However, it must be remembered that the order and schedule of the inspection can be changed to achieve less disturbance to the normal operation onboard. The inspector will have a pre-planned inspection format, which he will wish to follow, though there is nothing to stop different sections being done in a different order. With the new OCIMF VPQ, much of the data referring to the tanker will have been completed in advance. Make sure that you have a completed up-o-date copy available for the inspector as this will save much time.1)Bridge and Radio Room2)Cargo Control Room and Tank Deck3)Engine Room and Steering Gear4)Accommodation/GalleyBelow are the most common deficiencies found in all areas:Bridge and Radio RoomThe most common deficiencies encountered in the Bridge/Radio room areas are related to publications.●Passage plan only pilot to pilot. Ensure that the filed passage plan covers berth to berthnavigation●Missing publications or old editions onboard when new publications have been issued●Missing Master‘s standing orders and night ord er book●No logs for gyro error●No entry of position on the navigation chart during transit of pilotage to berth●Chart corrections not logged correctlyCargo Control Room and Tank Deck●No cargo/ballast plan available●Hydraulic leaks on deck●Officers and Ratings not wearing hard hats on deck●No screens inside the vents for the ballast tanks●Crew not wearing personal protection gear●No policy for entering tanksEngine Room and Steering gear●No procedures or instructions posted for foam system●Emergency steering procedures not posted properly in steering room●Hot work procedures not used or not present in the manuals●No safety guidelines available for engine room/workshop welding equipment●No eye protection warning notices posted for engine workshop machinery●No clean goggles by grinders and lathesAccommodation/Galley●Untidy●Overhead ventilation greasy – fire hazard●Accommodation ventilators with no identification labelsAfter the InspectionAll inspectors should sit down and discuss observations and comments after the inspection is completed. If not, the Master should record a written objection that this has not taken place and inform his company immediately. Additionally, the inspector will give the master a written list of the observations found. This is a very important part of the inspection process. It is also the last chance for input before the inspector files his report with the oil major. Be sure to discuss everything thoroughly. Misunderstandings can be the cause of observations.●Correct all observations as soon as possible●Send the report to the head office or department in charge●Complete the Inspector Feedback Form and send it together with the reportOIL MAJOR VETTING INSPECTIONThe vessel and how she is operated poses one of the single lar gest potential threats to a company‘s existence.Vetting inspection is a type of quality control procedure to check if a vessel is being maintained in a ―SEAWORTHY‖ and ―CARGOWORTHY‖ condition and manned by well trained staff.A Company always wants the following standards to be met:●Transport the cargo safely and efficiently with no cargo loss, pollution or damage toenvironment.●Discharge cargo in 24 hours as per requirements of charter party.●Efficient crude oil washing and nil ROB.●Correct segregation for multi-grade cargo. No claims.The inspection is carried out to ensure that a tanker operated is operated in a safe way in accordance with valid rules and regulations and minimize the potential risk that a Charterer or Owner is put under.When the vetting inspector boards the vessel, he is trying to truly understand the capability of the vessel, both the physical and the management.Remember that you can have a top grade vessel but this is no use if you do not have properly trained and motivated staff onboard.Accident statistics show that 20% accidents are due to technical faults and 80% accidents are due to human error. Out of this—80% due deck officers and 20% by engineers.●Exxon valdez-navigation error—poor lookout—no verification.●Laura de amato—poor knowledge of staff-opening wrong valve—no verification.The inspector is normally checking to find out the condition of the shop. But his main interest is to see if the officers and staff know their ship and their job. He is also checking on how the vessel is operated and managed. The need is that operator has to work towards getting the top rating. PREPARATION:Vessel should have good notice that a vetting inspection is going to be carried out. Ensure that vessel is prepared correctly for the inspection. Failure to present the vessel for inspection in an acceptable condition and where a number of deficiencies are identified, or if vessel is poorly maintained then the vessel and the shore management could be deemed as sub-standard. in this case, the vessel may not be considered for approval even after corrective action has been taken.REPORTING & RECORDING INCIENTS;Work towards ‗zero error‘. If, with all care, an incident or ‗near miss‘ does occur, report same and ensure the necessary corrective action is taken. Records should be maintained current and up to date. record all repairs done on board and ensure enclosed space entry and hot work procedures are correctly followed.SHIP TEAM MEETING;Get the senior members of your staff together and discuss the forthcoming vetting inspection. Take a joint round of the vessel and go over all the points that the vetting inspector will check. Check that all officers and crew are prepared for the inspection.THE INSPECTION:Make sure that the inspector is accompanied on the vessel during the inspection. It is preferred that the Master goes with him. But at times the officer who takes care of each area should go. Master to be on hand. Do not neglect normal deck watch.INSPECTION CHECKS:Section 1: ADMINISTATION:1.Vessel Particulars Questionnaire (VPQ)—this should be completed.2.Certificates:●Tanker trading certificates●Crew certificates.●Log books—deck, engine, cargo.●Oil Record Books, Compass error, Radio logs etc.●Checklists, man entry and hot work procedures3.Drug and alcohol policy being complied with. Last unannounced test available.4.Manuals and publications as per ROVIQ.5.Dry dock, thickness gauging and repair records.6.Class records—enhanced survey hull.Section 2: CREW MANAGEMENT:1.Master must have sufficient experience for handling the vessel. He must have attended ship handling course.2.All officers in direct control of cargo/bunker operations must have conversational proficiency inEnglish.3. Officers must have the appropriate certificates and DCE for their rank.4. Manning should meet the safe manning requirements for size of vessel.5. STCW requirements for working hours to be available.7.Aware of D& A policy – max. permissible 40mg/100ml.Section 3: NAVIGATON:1.Navigation equipment in good working order.2.Bridge and watch keeping procedures manual on board and understood by staff3.Charts and publications up to date.4.Watch keeping activities properly recorded.5.Passage plan berth to berth.6.Log books, Compass error book, Standing orders. Night order book.7.E.T.A. deployment drawing.8.Radio and GMDSS logs. Staff are aware on use of equipment.Section 4: SAFETY MANAGEMENT:1.Crew must be aware of safe working practices and use of safety gear.2.Accommodation ladders and pilot ladders should be in good condition and crew to be aware of pilot boarding care.3.Crew to be aware of how to prevent an emergency from happening and action to take if it does occur—collision, grounding, pollution, fire, explosion, rescue.4.Care on entry into single and double hull ballast tanks.5.Hot work procedures followed and records maintained.6.Pump room bilge alarm and gas monitoring system in order.7.Pump room ventilation operating correctly.8.Portable analyzer used during pump room entry.Section 5: POLLUTION PREVENTION:1.Ensure cargo lines, valves and cross-over are tested on a yearly basis and records available.2.Vessel must have a continuous fishplate over 100 KDWT—250 to 400mm. For vessel less than 100 KDWT –100-250mm.3.Manifolds and bunker airpipes must have spill containment.4.All manifold must be blanked and fully bolted5.Sea suction and overboard discharges to be blanked6.If only double check valves fitted on sea suction then EXXON test fitting to be installed to check sealing7.Scuppers and scupper plugs seal correctly.8.Operator must have an Environmental Protection Policy in place. Comply with ICS ―Environment Protection‖.Section 6: STRUCTURAL CONDITION:1.Single hull vessel must comply with requirements of MARPOL regulation 13 G. Vessel must comply with Class Rules for special survey hull.2.Vessel over 20 years age must complete Enhanced Special Survey Hull.Section 7: CARGO AND BALLAST SYSTEMS:1.Loading and venting rate with maximum pressure and vacuum each tank can withstand.2.Material safety data sheets. A copy of USCG DA TA GUIDE to be on board.3.Cargo pumps must have emergency stops located on at CCR, Manifold and Pump room top.4.Centrifugal and gear cargo pumps must have bearing and casing high temperature trips.5.A detailed discharge/COW and ballast plan should be available. Watch keeping staff should be aware of the same.6.Appropriate log books should be available with records maintained up to date.7.Stability computer should be class approved. Stability and stresses should be checked and recorded at regular intervals.8.Pump/room should be outfitted with bilge alarm and Gas detection system.9.Cargo tank venting systems should be well maintained and capable of venting vapours clear deck.10.Vessel must be able to undertake cargo operations with closed systems to avoid venting cargovapours to atmosphere.11.V esel to be outfitted with operational tank level gauges with readout in CCR. Tank level gaugeshould have a high level alarm 96%.12.Vapour locks with sonic tapes should be available. Minimum 4.13.Independent high-high level alarm to be fitted at 98%.Section 8: HOUSE-KEEPING & CLEANLINESS:1.Vessel equipment and areas must be properly maintained, clean, painted and in good fabric condition2.Equipment should be clean with PMS up to date. No leaks or oil drops or dirty rags.3.Officers and crew to smartly dressed with safety gear.4.Engine room, steering gear room and pump/room to be clean.5.Accommodation to clean and well maintained.6.Galley and storerooms clean. No insect infestation.Section 9: GANGWAY & PILOT LADDER:1.Gangway to be properly rigged with safety net. Check wire eyes and sheaves for wear. Wires renewed every 4 years.2.Post warning sign—NO SMOOKING, NO VISITORS, NO NAKED LIGHTS, NO UNAUTHORIZED PERSONS.3.Pilot ladder maintained in good condition and staff aware of international regulations for handling pilots.Section 10: SAFETY & FIRE EQUIPMENT:1.Ship‘s equipment checked and in order. Records up to date.2.Hoses and extinguishers correctly rigged at manifold. Monitors ready.3.Emergency fire pump ready for use.4.Gas test equipment in order—log and calibration Gas available.5.Emergency generator in good order. Fuel cutout arrangement fitted.6.Safety and emergency drills carried out.Section 11: MOORING AND HOSE LIFTING EQUIPMENT:1.Moorings meet with EXXON minimum criteria.2.Windlass and winches in order. Brake test carried out at rendering point.3.Wires in good condition. Mandel shackles in order.4.Tails renewed every 18 months. Braking strength of synthetic tail 25% nylon 37% over wire.5.Mooring plan and certificates available.6.Fire wire properly rigged. 5 turns on bit and 1.5 m above water.7.Manifold crane/derrick should be in good condition with safety cutouts in order.Section 12: INERT GAS AND CRUDE OIL WASHING:1.Inert gas system to be in good condition with documented maintenance and test records uptodate.2.Vessel should have a class approved IGS manual on board. Also IMO inert gas system- 3rd ED.1990.3.Pressure vacuum valves must comply with Reg. 59 SOLAS II-2.4.Vessel should have a wet or semidry deck seal.5.COW system should be inspected, tested and in good working order. Crude Oil Washing 2nd ED.1983 should be on board.Section 13: CARGO CONTROL ROOM:1.Vessel should have sufficient UHF/VHF intrinsically safe mobile units. VHF to be fitted in CCR.2.All equipment and gauges in CCR to be in good working order and officers know how to handlethe same. pressure gauges, auto unloading.3.Officers and Ratings wearing safety gear.4.Gas test equipment in order and records up to date.5.ODME in order and records up to date.6.Pump/room entry procedures being complied as per ISGOTT.7.Ballast tank gas check records in order.8.Inert gas system in good working condition. Oxygen 5%. Pressure over 200mm WG. Deck Seal.P/V Breaker levels, Riser Mesh, P/V valves, IG valves locked in open position.9.Testing of Pump/room bilge alarm.10.Testing of Pump/room gas alarm.11.ISGOTT notices for mobile phones and COW lines posted.12.Vapour lock calibration certified by Class.13.Loading computer operational and certified by Class.14.Ballast water management plan available. Record kept.15.High-high alarm tested and recorded.16.Max. loading and max. vent rate posted in CCR.Section 14: ENGINEROOM AND STEERING GEAR ROOM:1.Chief Engineer‘s Standing Orders must be posted in the C ontrol Room.2.Ensure safety posters are posted.3.Staff know how to operate emergency steering gear, Generator, Firepump.4.Hot work procedures strictly complied with.5.Oil Water Separator is Ok. Staff know operation. No jury connections or oil stains.6.Oil Record Book updated. Disposal of sludge recorded.7.Welding equipment and procedures in order.8.Grinding tools, Goggles, Gloves and Eye protectors.9.No leaks in the En/Rm.10.No leaks in the Steering Gear Rm. Oil level correct.11.Bilge alarm fully operational.12.Steering gear is in compliance with SOLAS Chapter II-1 Reg.29 Para. 16 and 20.13.Vessel must have a fully operational main and auxiliary steering system including twoindependent steering motors and hydraulic pumps.14.Chemical Safety Data Sheet posted in the chemical stores.15.Protecting equipment in battery room.Section 15: CREW AWARENESS:1.Familiarization and job awareness.2.Training for next ranke of cargo pumping equipment.e of Gas test equipmente of emergency equipment, Generator and Steering Gear.e of safety equipment.e of GMDSS equipment, especially with DSC VHF.e of ODME.9.Action to be taken in various emergency situations.10.Familiar with SOLAS Training Manual.Section 16: DECK WATCH:Proper Deck Watch to be maintained:●Doors closed●Scuppers in place, Decks dry.●No oil leaks from Windlass/Winches.●No leaks from pipelines.●Pump/room rounds carried out.●No oil at sea around vessel●Moorings kept tight, Chicksans aligned, Fire wires positionedSection 17: SHIP TO SHIP TRANSFER:1.Transfer must be con ducted per the ICS/OCIMF ―SHIP TO SHIP TRANSFER GUIDE‖ (latestedition)2.Master and Deck Officers must have experience in open ocean lightering operations.3.Manning: Vessel must be properly manned as per requirements. Engine room must be mannedduring the entire operation.4.Navigation:V essel must be able to manoeuvre and maintain a speed of5.5 knots. AccurateSpeed Log to be available.munication:●Inmarsat●Six intrinsically safe UHF Units●Three fixed and independent VHF sets.2 on bridge and one in the CCR.●Ship must have a helicopter landing area meeting ICS standards6.Mooring and anchors:●Winches and fairleads as per OCIMF ―SHIP TO SHIP TRANSFER GUIDE‖ and―MOORING EQUIPMENT GUIDELINES‖.●Thirteen shackles of anchor chain (356 meters) on each side.●Synthetic tails as per OCIMF at least 4 spare tails on board.●Four messenger lines Dia. 40mm X length 200m with 1.8 m eye splice. Plaited polyester orpolyester mix.●Minimum 5 closed chocks forward and 4 aft. On starboard side.●Waterline to manifold height below 22 meters.●Center of manifold to bridge not less than 91 meters.7.Cargo pumps and its associated gauges and trips must be in good working order.8.Vessel must have appropriate tools and gaskets at manifold.9.Manifold crane in good condition-15 tons and 7 m reach.10.Bridge watch constantly maintained.Once inspection is completed, be with the inspector when he is preparing the deficiencies list so that you can clarify many defects and clear it from the list.Go over the defects with the inspector and finalize list. Give your comments as you feel fit.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Publications and Records required on board Panamanian flag vessels of 500 gross tonnage or above)Publications1.Navigational Chart appropriate for the area of navigation2.Corresponding Notices to Mariners3.Pilot charts4.Nautical Almanac.5.Pilot Books and Sailing Directions.6.Tide Tables.7.Light List.8.Navigation Tables.9.IMO Routing Schemes10.IMO MARPOL.11.IMO SOLAS.12.IMO COLREGS.13.IMO Port State Control procedures.14.International Code of Signals15.Radio Aids to Navigation.16.List of Call Stations17.List of Coast Stations.18.List of Radio Determination and special service stations.19.Manual for use by the Maritime Mobile and Maritime Satellite Stations.20.International Life Saving Appliances Code (LSA Code)(Resolution MSC.48)(66)21.International Medical Guide for Ships (Publication of the World Health Organization).22.IMO Emergency Procedures for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods (only for vessels carrying dangerous goods).23.IMO Medical First Aid Guide for Use in Accidents Involving Dangerous Goods (MFAG) (only for vessels carrying dangerous goods).24.IMO International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (only for vessels carrying dangerous goods).25.Panamanian Merchant Marine CircularsPlans and Instructions1.Muster list and Emergency Instructions.2.Damage Control Plans or booklets (for all passenger vessels and dry cargo vessels constructed on or after 1 February 1992)3.Fire Control P)lans.4.Fire equipment Booklets Instructions (optional instead of item 3)5.Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) (shall be approved by a recognized organization).6.Intact Stability Booklet.7.Dangerous good manifest of stowage plan (if the vessel carries dangerous goods).8.Garbage Management Plan (in accordance with MARPOL Annex V)9.SOLAS Training Manual.10.Shipboard Management Documentation (if the ISM Code is applicable to the vessel).11.Cargo Securing Manual (in accordance with MSC Circ. 745).Recordspass Error Record Book (magnetic and gyro).2.Chronometer Rate Record Book.3.Radio Direction Finder Calibration Chart or Table (for vessels that carry the RDF).4.Radar Record Book5.Radar Maintenance Record Book.6.Ghargage Record book (MARPOL Annex. V)7.Oil Record Bnook (MARPOL Annex. I).8.Cargo Record Book (MARPOL Annex II).9.GMDSS Maintenance Record Book.10.Engine Room Logbook11.Engine Room Bell Book.12.Engine Room Logbook13.Bridge Logbook (endorsed by a. Panamanian Official or the Official Edition)14.Bridge Bell Book.15.Crew Roll List (endorsed by a Panamanian Official or the Official Edition)16.Official Logbook (endorsed by a Panamanian Official or the Official Edition)17.Panamanian Annual Safety Inspection Record.11QUALIFICATION OF OFFICERSAUDITOR’S CHECK LIS TMASTER1.No ESP File on board. Class documentation not complete. Not report following mostrecent Special Survey in May 2004, Class certificate endorsed on 21 May 2004 and refers to separate documents for details of condition of ballast tanks(PHc DLc40094).Document not available on board. Anode condition not indicated on inspection reports 2.Class records, annual, intermediate, special survey and enhanced survey records wereonboard but there was no filing system in place to properly control those records.Records were kept in envelopes3.No such file was opened as the ship had not yet passed the first annual survey. A filewith the collection of all the initial and subsequent occasional survey reports was however maintained4.The quantities of only two of the six oil residue (sludge) tanks as listed in the IOPPCertificate Form B are recorded at the end of each voyage. ORB Part 2. The names of。

GB 17167 用能单位能源计量器具配备与管理通则》

GB 17167 用能单位能源计量器具配备与管理通则》XXX-Using ns (GB -2006)nns 4.3.2.4.3.3.4.3.4.4.3.5.and 4.3.8 of this standard are mandatory。

while the rest are XXX -1997 "Guidelines for XXX."Compared to GB/T -1997.this standard has the following changes:The standard name has been changed to "General Principle for XXX-Using ns," and the standard is now mandatory.XXX measuring instruments in non-industrial energy-using XXX.The XXX-using ns。

primary and secondary energy-using units。

and major energy-using equipment has been adjusted.XXX adjusted.This standard was proposed by the Department of Environmental and Resource n of the nal Development andReform n。

the Measurement Department of the General n of Quality n。

n and Quarantine。

and the Industrial and Commercial Department of the nal XXX nal XXX for this standard。

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