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车辆工程专业英语

UNIT 5 FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM燃油喷射系统Fuel injection systems have been used on vehicles for many years. The earliest ones were purely mechanical. As technology advanced, electronic fuel injection systems became more popular. Early mechanical and electronic fuel injection systems did not use feedback controls. As emissions became more of a concern, feedback controls were adapted to both types of fuel injection systems.feedback control 反馈控制As emissions became more of a concern 随着排放越来越受到关注were adapted to 被应用于Both mechanical and electronic fuel injection systems can be found on gasoline engines. Diesel engines are most commonly found with mechanical type systems, although the newest generations of these engines have been using electronic fuel injection(EFI) .gasoline engines 汽油发动机diesel engines 柴油发动机newest generations of 最新的5.1 Basic TheoryEFI uses solenoid valves called injectors to meter fuel delivery. Most vehicles today use 1 injector per cylinder. When the solenoid is energized, fuel sprays out into the valve port. Fuel is delivered to the injector by a high-pressure electric pump at around 40 psi. Fuel delivery is controlled by the injectors which are cycled by the computer. The computer produces a signal to open the injectors for a certain length of time depending on engine conditions relayed by sensors. The longer that the injector is open, the more fuel is injected. As engine load and rpm are increased, the injector open times are increased to match increasing airflow. This computer output signal is called the injector pulse width. The longer the pulse width, the more fuel is injected.solenoid valves 电磁阀injector 喷油嘴，喷油器，喷射器fuel delivery 燃油输送，燃油供给is energized v. 使通电,供能, 激发，加强adj. 通电的，激励的,增能的energized line 带电电路，带电线路valve port 阀口，喷油嘴psi [psai] 每平方英寸….磅=pounds per square inchare cycled by 周期性控制engine conditions relayed by sensors 传感器传送/输送回来的信号体现的发动机工作状况，简单的说，即：传感器信号体现的发动机工作状况injector pulse width 喷油器脉冲宽度5.3 Fuel System5.4 Air Metering and Measurement5.5 Most EFI systems measure the same basic 6 inputRPMAirflow空气流量Manifold Pressure 歧管压力On speed density type systems, this input is essential when combined with the rpm signal to calculate airflow. As the throttle is opened, the manifold pressure increases which will require more fuel.speed density type system “速度-密度”类型的系统，即：采用“速度-密度”方法来测量空气流量的系统Throttle Position 节气门位置This input is a secondary input on most systems. It is required mainly for acceleration enrichment when the throttle is rapidly opened. By looking at the rate of change of throttle blade angle, the computer can determine how quickly the throttle is being opened and can supply the extra fuel required momentarily to alleviate the lean condition. Throttle position is measured by a potentiometer attached to the throttle shaft.acceleration enrichment 加速加浓，即：汽车加速时的混合气加浓looking at the rate of change of throttle blade angle 查看节气门叶片转角的变化速率determine 确定momentarily ['məuməntərili] adv. 即刻，随时地，暂时地,立刻alleviate [ə'li:vieit] v. 减轻,使...缓和，使（痛苦等）易于忍受alleviate burdens 减负lean condition 稀混合气工况←←→→rich condition 浓混合气工况potentiometer [pə,tēnʃi'ɔmitə] 电位计,分压计，电位器，电势计Water TemperatureAir Temperature5.6 Oxygen Sensor 氧传感器This sensor is employed in closed loop systems to modify the basic pulse width after the fact. It is mounted into the exhaust manifold area. By looking at the oxygen content of the exhaust gasses after combustion, the computer can determine if the air/fuel ratio is too rich or too lean for optimum combustion and adjust the next few injections accordingly. This sensor is primarily employed for emission control and to a lesser degree, fuel economy. For the lowest average emissions, the air/fuel ratio must be kept around 14.7 to 1.is employed in 应用于，忙于，从事于closed loop systems 闭环控制系统modify the basic pulse width after the fact 事后调节基本脉冲宽度oxygen content 氧含量combustion 燃烧the next few injections 接下来的/后面的一些喷油(脉宽)emission control 排放控制to a lesser degree 在更轻的程度上，其次Under full throttle conditions, this sensor input is ignored by the computer so that the engine can produce more power. This is called open loop mode and the computer is supplying the injector pulse width from tables based on all of the other sensor inputs. Once throttle opening and rpm are reduced to cruising conditions, most systems will jump back into the closed loop mode where they will stay for a large portion of the time on most street driven applications.full throttle conditions 节气门全开的情况/工况open loop mode 开环控制模式supplying the injector pulse width from tables based on all of the other sensor inputs 根据（除了氧传感器之外的）其它所有的传感器输入信号得到的（喷油）数据表来提供喷油器脉宽cruising conditions 巡航工况street driven applications 街道驾驶应用，意译即：街道行驶情况5.7 Basic OperationAs explained in the Basic Theory section, the computer processes all of the voltage signals from the various sensors to determine the engine operating conditions at the moment and delivers the appropriate pulse width to the injectors. If engine airflow increases by 10%, the pulse width is also increased by about 10% to keep theair/fuel ratio constant. If the rpm is doubled from 2,000 to 4,000 rpm, the numbers of injections are also doubled to double the fuel flow.The computer looks at the changes in sensor inputs every few milliseconds in order to be ready to modify the pulse width if any parameter changes.Section 章节，部分at the moment 此刻,目前，现在at the right moment 适时appropriate [ə'prəuprī:ət] adj. 适当的v. 拨出（款项）(某目的)之用constant ['kɔnstənt] adj. 恒定的, 经常的,不变的，持久的n. 常数,恒量every few milliseconds 每隔几毫秒parameter [pə'ræmītə] n. 参数,参量NEW WORDS1. feedback 反馈2. injector 喷油嘴，注射者,注射器,喷射给水器3. sensor7. alleviate减轻,使...缓和8. momentarily 即刻，立刻, 随时地，暂时地PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS1. electric pump 电动泵2. pulse width 脉冲宽度3. fuel rail 油轨4. return line 回油路5. fuel pressure regulator燃油压力调节器6. throttle body assembly节气门体总成8. measure off测量出9. hall effect sensor 霍尔效应传感器10. taper off使渐渐减少, 逐渐停止，使渐渐变尖,一头逐渐变细UNIT 6 EXHAUST SYSTEM排放系统The exhaust system carries exhaust gases from the engine’s combustion chamber to the atmo sphere and reduces, or muffles, engine noise. Exhaust gases leave the engine in a pipe, traveling through a catalytic converter and a muffler before exiting through the tailpipe.exhaust gases 废气combustion chamber 燃烧室muffle 抑制,发低沉的声音n. 低沉的声音,消音器catalytic converter 催化转化器muffler 消声器，围巾,头巾,厚手套tailpipe ['teilpaip] 排气尾管，尾管，尾喷管,排气管,吸管perforated tailpipe带眼尾管6.1 The TailpipeThe tailpipe is a long metal tube attached to the muffler. It sticks out from under the body of a car, at the rear, in order to discharge the exhaust gases from the muffler of the engine into the air outside the car.stick out 突出,伸出，显眼，坚持到底stick it out 坚持到底，顶住，忍耐到底6.2 The Muffler6.3 The Exhaust Manifold and Header排气歧管和集气管6.4 The Manifold to Exhaust Pipe Gasketsgasket['gæskit] n. 衬垫,垫圈，垫片，密合墊，橡胶垫6.5 Exhaust Pipe Hangers 吊耳6.6 Exhaust Pipe6.7 Dual Exhaust System 双排气系统The advantage of a dual exhaust system is that the engine exhausts more freely, thereby lowering the backpressure, which is inherent in an exhaust system. With a dual exhaust system, a sizable increase in engine horsepower can be obtained because the “breathing” capacity of the engine is improved, leaving less exhaust gases in the engine at the end of each exhaust stroke. This, in turn, leaves more room for an extra intake of the air-fuel mixture.inherent [īn'hiərənt] adj. 内在的,固有的，生来的，先天的sizable ['saizəbl] 相当大的，大的，可调大小的breathing capacity 呼吸能力，即：汽车的进气排气性能exhaust stroke 排气冲程NEW WORDS1. tremendous3. muffler4. tailpipe5. hanger6. manifold7. fiberglass ['faibəglɑ:s] 玻璃纤维，纤维玻璃，玻璃丝8. speaker扬声器9. header 集气管12. flat13. socket ['sɔkit] n. 插座,插口antenna socket 天线插座plug socket 插座，电源插座，安全阀、突开阀14. sizable16. bump 撞击, 碰撞, 颠簸而行n. 撞击,隆起物PHARSES AND EXPRESSIONS1. stick out2. the body of a car 车身3. cast iron铸铁4. catalytic converter5 . out of phase with adj. 与...有相位差，与...不同相6. collide with vt. 碰撞，互撞，和...抵触/冲突7. cancel out相互抵销,消除,抵偿,取消8. backpressureReading material: Emission Control Systems排放控制系统The purpose of the emission control system is just that it controls the emissions and exhaust from a vehicle. The idea is to turn the harmful gases a car manufactures into harmless ones that don't ruin the environment, or persons. Some of the problem gases are:1. hydrocarbons ( unburned ) .2. carbon monoxide. 一氧化碳3. carbon dioxide. 二氧化碳4. nitrogen oxides. 氮氧化合物5. sulfur dioxide. 二氧化硫6. phosphorus. ['fɔsfərəs] n. 磷7. lead and other metals.emissions and exhaust 排放和废气manufacture 在这里指“产生，导致”，=cause, producehydrocarbon ['haidrəu'kɑ:bən] n. 碳氢化合物，经常缩写成HClead [li:d] n. 铅,领引,榜样v. 引导,带领lead to 导致，引起，通向lead rail 导轨Crankcase Ventilation Systems曲轴箱强制通风系统Evaporative Emission Control System （燃油的）蒸发/挥发污染控制系统Air Injection System空气引入系统Exhaust Gas Re-Circulation (Egr) Systems废气再循环系统Catalytic Converter 催化转化器NEW WORDS1. hydrocarbon2. phosphorus3. contaminate [kən'tæmineit] v. 弄脏, 污染，沾污4. sludge [slʌdʒ] n. 泥,泥泞，污泥，淤泥，渣滓,泥状雪sludge pump 污泥泵，泥浆泵，电动泥浆泵sewage sludge 污水污泥，污水软泥，污泥5. byproduct 副产品6. cross-section n. 截痕，横截面，剖面，河流汇合处seismic cross-section 地震剖面constant cross-section 恒定截面PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS1. sulfur dioxide2. carbon monoxide3. nitrogen oxides4. Exhaust Gas Re-circulation (EGR)5. tend to vt. 倾向于, 常常，易于,势必；有助于,引起,造成6. carburetor bowl （发动机的）化油器/汽化器的油杯7. charcoal canister木炭罐，活性碳罐charcoal canister purge 碳罐清除，活性碳罐净化10. diverter valve 换向阀，转换阀，分流阀，导流阀，偏向型元件11. as a result12. stepper motor 步进电机13. PCV = positive crankcase ventilation 强制曲轴箱通风UNIT 7 THE IGNITION SYSTEM点火系统There are many different types of ignition systems. Most of these systems can be placed into one of threedistinct groups: the conventional breaker point type ignition systems (in use since the early 1,900s); the electronic ignition systems (popular since the mid 70s) ; and the distributorless ignition system (introduced in the mid 80s).The automotive ignition system has two basic functions: it must control the spark and timing of the spark plug firing to match varying engine requirements, and it must increase battery voltage to a point where it will overcome the resistance offered by the spark plug gap and fire the plug.be placed into 分成，归结为conventional breaker point type ignition systems 传统的触点式点火系统electronic ignition systems 电子点火系统distributorless ignition system 无分电器点火系统introduced 引入，开始采用spark 火花timing of the spark plug firing 火花塞点火的定时varying 变化的battery voltage 蓄电池电压resistance （火花塞间隙的）阻力spark plug gap 火花塞间隙7.1 Point-Type Ignition System7.2 Electronic Ignition Systems7.3 Distributorless Ignition Systems (DIS)The third type of ignition system is the distributorless ignition. The spark plugs are fired directly from the coils. The spark timing is controlled by an Ignition Control Unit (ICU) and the Engine Control Unit (ECU). The distributorless ignition system may have one coil per cylinder, or one coil for each pair of cylinders.are fired 被点火coils （点火）线圈spark timing 火花定时，即：火花塞点火的时刻Ignition Control Unit (ICU) 点火控制单元cylinder ['sīlində] 汽缸,圆筒,圆柱体，汽缸套Some popular systems use one ignition coil per two cylinders. This type of system is often known as the waste spark distribution method. In this system, each cylinder is paired with the cylinder opposite it in the firing order (usually 1-4, 2-3 on 4-cylinder engines or 1-4, 2-5, 3-6 on V6 engines, Figure 7-4). The ends of each coil secondary leads are attached to spark plugs for the paired opposites. These two plugs are on companion cylinders, cylinders that are at Top Dead Center (TDC) at the same time. But, they are paired opposites, because they are always at opposing ends of the 4-stroke engine cycle. When one is at TDC of the compression stroke, the other is at TDC of the exhaust stroke. The one that is on compression is said to be the event cylinder and one on the exhaust stroke, the waste cylinder. When the coil discharges, both plugs fire at the same time to complete the series circuit.waste 荒芜[废]的, 荒凉的，废弃的, 无用的, 多余的; 排泄的，[喻]贫乏的; 单调的waste spark distribution method 多余的火花分配方法，即：有一气缸是无用的火花点火方法In this system, each cylinder is paired with the cylinder opposite it in the firing order (usually 1-4, 2-3 on4-cylinder engines or 1-4, 2-5, 3-6 on V6 engines, Figure 7-4). 在这种系统中，每一汽缸按照点火顺序与和它相对的/相反的那一汽缸配对使用（这配对使用是指成对同时点火），在四缸发动机中点火顺序通常是1、4缸配对先点火, 2、3缸配对后点火，或者在V型六缸发动机中，通常是1、4缸配对先点火, 其次是2、5缸配对点火, 最后是3、6配对点火，如图7-4coil secondary leads 点火线圈次级导线paired opposite 配对的相反的那一缸companion 成对的Top Dead Center (TDC) 上死点，上止点opposing ends 相反的那一端4-stroke engine cycle 四冲程发动机的循环周期compression stroke 压缩冲程exhaust stroke 排气冲程event cylinder 做功的气缸waste cylinder 不做功的气缸discharge 放电series circuit 串联电路The advantages of no distributor, in theory, are:1. No timing adjustments. 定时调节2. No distributor cap and rotor. 分电器盖和分火头3. No moving parts to wear out. 磨损4. No distributor to accumulate moisture and cause starting problems.5. No distributor to drive thus providing less engine drag.distributor [dīs'tribj utə] 分电器,分油盘，发行人，经销商，分销商exclusive distributor 独家经销商，特约经销，总代理in theory 理论上讲accumulate 积聚/积累moisture 水分/湿气drag 拖拽，拉NEW WORDS1. distributor2. condenser [kən'dēnsə] 电容器，凝结器,凝缩器,冷却器air condenser 空气冷凝器3. wear 磨损4. saturation [,sætʃə'rēiʃən] 饱和，浸湿, 浸透5. series 串联6. wind 绕组7. coil 线圈8. transformer 变压器9. turn 圈10. term 名词，（专业/专门）术语；期限，任期；学期；条件，条款PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS1. breaker point type ignition system2. distributorless ignition system3. primary and secondary circuits （点火线圈的）初级和次级电路4. magnetic field 磁场5. high tension lead 高压导线7. spark plug8. nothing more than 仅仅，只不过是9. (be) different thanReading material: Basics of Engine Management发动机管理系统的基础Modern engine management systems (EMS) do a fine job of ensuring that engines run cleanly and efficiently in a wide variety of conditions, they are for the most part reliable and require little or no maintenance. The two basic functions performed by an EMS are as follows:1. To meter fuel to the engine in the right quantity.2. To provide a spark at the right time.in a wide variety of conditions （发动机的）各种工况part reliable 零部件的可靠性require little or no maintenance 几乎不需要维修Timing adjustmentsEngine temperatureAir temperatureKnock sensing爆震感应Start-up or cranking启动NEW WORDS1. prevailing [pri'věiliŋ]最普通的,一般的, 流行的，占主导地位的，占优势的prevailing price 当时价格，现价，现行价格4. telemetry [ti'lemitri] 遥测（法），遥感勘测, 自动测量记录传导5. relay ['ri:lei] vt. 中继，用继电器控制,接替n. 继电器，转播,备用品,替班人，接力，中继current relay 电流继电器time relay 时间继电器，延时6. acoustic [ə'ku:stik] 声的，声学的，美声的，听觉的, 音感教育, 音响学的7. figure 图，图解，图案；数字；轮廓，身体，身影，身材….PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS1. little or no2. as follows 如下，如后面3. according to4. boil down toboil down to 简化为，归结为，归结起来是，（凡此种种）意味着6. the moment 一….就…，此刻，那时UNIT 8 CLUTCH离合器The engine produces the power to drive the vehicle. The drive line or drive train transfers the power of the engine to the wheels. The drive train consists of the parts from the back of the flywheel to the wheels. These parts include the clutch, the transmission, the drive shaft, and the final drive assembly (Figure 8-1).The clutch which includes the flywheel, clutch disc, pressure plate, springs, pressure plate cover and the linkage necessary to operate the clutch is a rotating mechanism between the engine and the transmission (Figure 8-2). It operates through friction which comes from contact between the parts. That is the reason why the clutch is called a friction mechanism. After engagement, the clutch must continue to transmit all the engine torque to the transmission depending on the friction without slippage. The clutch is also used to disengage the engine from the drive train whenever the gears in the transmission are being shifted from one gear ratio to another.drive line or drive train 传动系transmission 变速器，变速箱drive shaft 传动轴final drive assembly 末端传动总成flywheel 飞轮clutch disc 离合器盘，即：离合器从动盘pressure plate 压盘pressure plate cover 压盘盖linkage 操纵杆系friction 摩擦engagement 结合disengage the engine from….将发动机从…..分离gear ratio 齿轮齿数比，齿数比，齿轮比，即：传动比steering gear angle ratio 转向器角传动比gear reduction ratio 齿轮减速比being shifted from one gear ratio to another. 从一个传动比变化到另一传动比，即：发动机从一个档换到另一个档The advantages of a diaphragm type pressure plate assembly are its compactness, lower weight, fewer moving parts, less effort to engage, reduces rotational imbalance by providing a balanced force around the pressure plate and less chances of clutch slippage.diaphragm type pressure plate assembly 膜片式压盘总成compactness 结构紧凑effort ['ēfət] 努力，施力, 努力的成果，效能less effort to engage 结合更省力NEW WORDS1. clutch2. flywheel3. stationary ['steiʃ(ə)nəri] 不动的，稳定的，静止的n. 固定物，驻军4. torsional ['tɔ:ʃənəl] 扭力的,扭转的，扭转的5. crankshaft 曲轴6. stall 停止，停转，失速7. mount8. groove 槽9. lever ['li:və, 'levə] 杠杆，杆，似杠杆之工具，手段v. 撬开,使用杠杆10. pivot ['pivət] 在枢轴上转动, 旋转n. 旋转轴，支点, 枢, 枢轴, 中枢11. gearbox ['giəbɔks] 齿轮箱, 变速箱，减速器，传动箱12. retract 退回，拉回，缩进，收回，取消13. compactnessPHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS1. drive train2. drive shaft3. pressure plate4. clutch disc5. gear ratio6. release bearing 分离轴承7. release fork 分离叉8. master cylinder （液压缸的）主缸9. clutch pedal 离合器踏板10. coupling device 接合装置11. at idle 在怠速时12. couple with 与….接合13. ring gear 齿圈14. pinion gear 小齿轮15. splined hub 花键毂16. cast iron 铸铁17. diaphragm spring 膜片弹簧19. engage with 与….啮合/接合20. centrifugal force 离心力Reading material: Torque Converter液力变矩器，转矩变换器，变矩器The BasicsJust like manual transmission cars, cars with automatic transmissions need a way to let the engine turn while the wheels and gears in the transmission come to a stop. Manual transmission cars use a clutch, which completely disconnects the engine from the transmission. Automatic transmission cars use a torque converter.manual transmission 手动变速器automatic transmissions 自动变速器come to a stop 停止disconnect the engine from the transmission 将变速器动力和发动机断开A torque converter is a type of fluid coupling, which allows the engine to spin somewhat independently of the transmission. If the engine is turning slowly, such as when the car is idling at a stoplight, the amount of torque passed through the torque converter is very small, so keeping the car still requires only a light pressure on the brake pedal.fluid coupling 液力连接/耦合spin somewhat independently of 一定程度上独立于….旋转stoplight 刹车灯，停止灯，红色尾灯，停止前进的信号灯still 静止的，不动的Inside a Torque ConverterThere are four components inside the very strong housing of the torque converter:1. Pump. 泵2. Turbine. 涡轮3. Stator. 定子，即：导轮4. Transmission fluid. 变速器流体Benefits and Weak Points优点和不足In addition to the very important job of allowing a car come to a complete stop without stalling the engine; the torque converter actually gives the car more torque when you accelerate out of a stop. Modern torque converters can multiply the torque of the engine by two to three times. This effect only happens when the engine is turning much faster than the transmission.job 作用，功用stalling 停转，停止，卡住，失速accelerate out of a stop 从静止加速multiply ['mʌltiplai] v. 增加，扩大, 乘, 繁殖adv.多样地,多倍地,多重地At higher speeds, the transmission catches up to the engine, eventually moving at almost the same speed. Ideally, though, the transmission would move at exactly the same speed as the engine, because this difference in speed wastes power. This is part of the reason why cars with automatic transmissions get worse gas mileage thancars with manual transmissions.catche up to 赶上，= catche up withthis difference in speed wastes power 这速差的存在要浪费功率get worse gas mileage 燃油行驶里程变得更差，即：燃油经济性变差To counter this effect, some cars have a torque converter with a lockup clutch. When the two halves of the torque converter get up to speed, this clutch locks them together, eliminating the slippage and improving efficiency.to counter this effect 为了抵消这一作用/效果/影响lockup clutch 锁止离合器two halves of ….的两部分get up to speed 加速eliminating the slippage 消除/排除打滑，即：通过将泵论和涡轮两部分锁死成一体来达到消除速差，这样可以避免了wasting powerNEW WORDS1. pump 泵轮2. turbine 涡轮3. stator 导轮5. tricky 复杂的，狡猾的，机警的6. hinder 阻止，阻碍7. stall 使停转8. counter 抵消PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS1. torque converter2. gas pedal 油门踏板3. one-way clutch 单向离合器4. gas mileage 燃油行驶里程5 . get up to 赶上，追上，达到。

汽车专业英语课文翻译1

Types of Automobiles汽车的类型The automobile industry is a fast developing industry. Form the later 18th century when the first automobile was put on road, this industry has developed tremendously. Now there are thousands of factories all over the world manufacturing numerous types of automobiles. This industry employs crores of men and women directly and indirectly in allied industries. The automobile engines are also being used in engine powered machines for agriculture, construction and manufacturing processes. Various types of small engines are also being used in lawn movers, power saws, snow removers and similar equipment. The automobile industry is a developing and demanding industry which does not find its end or saturation point. There is a great demand for varied types of automotive products, vehicles and engines. There is also a great demand for trained and experienced persons in this industry for diagnosing motor vehicle troubles, repairing and replacing engines components, transmissions, propeller shafts, differentials, axles, steering system components, brake system components, suspension components, air conditioners, heaters, body and glass work.汽车产业是一个迅速发展的行业。

汽车专业英语全书翻译

1.These parts can be grouped into four major categories; body, engine, chassis and electrical system.2.The internal combustion engine is most common; this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder.3.The chassis includes the power train, steering, suspension, and braking systems.4. A power train can include a clutch for manual transmission or a torque converter for automatic transmission, a transmission, a drive shaft, final driveand differential gears and driving axles.5.Basic types are: leaf springs, coil springs and torsion bars.6. A basic ignition system consists of the battery, low-lension cables, the ignition coil, distributor, coil high-tension cable, spark plug cables and sparkplugs.7.The operating strokes are: induction stroke, compression stroke, power stroke, exhaust stroke.8.The major parts of engine are engine block, engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves.9.These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubrication system and exhaust system.10.The dry clutch mechanism includes three basic parts: driving member, driven member and operating members.11.The spur gears are mounted on four shafts: primary shaft (input shaft), layshaft (countershaft), mainshaft, and reverse idler shaft.12.The three types of braking systems are in use today: service braking system, parking braking system and additional retarding-braking system.13.It has five basic parts: the receiver, expansion valve, evaporator, compressor, and condenser.14.The three normally adjustable angles are caster, camber, and toe.段落一．Elements of the Power TrainThe elements of the power train must meet the following requirements;1)enable driving away,2)convert torque and speed,3)enable different directions of rotation for driving forward and backward,4)transmit tractive and pushing forces,5)permit different rotational speeds of the drive wheels when cornering,6)guarantee optimum operation of the engine (or electric motor ) in terms of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.Standstill, driving-away and power interruption are made possible by operation the clutch .During driving away, the clutch slips and bridges the difference in rotational speed between engine and power train. When different operating conditions call for a shift of gear, the clutch separates the power train during shifting.Engine torque and engine speed are converted in the transmission in accordance with the tractive-power demand of the vehicle. The transmission design is influenced by the position of the engine and driven axle. Overall conversion takes place usually in a manually shifted transmission with variable transmission ratios and in a final drive with a constant transmission ratio. Nowadays, positive-locking transmissions with toothed gears as the most important elements are of even greater significance than non-positive friction-type transmissions.Two types of toothed-gear transmission are predominant: spur-gear transmissions of the countershaft type as manually shifted transmissions, and planetary-gear transmissions as power-shift transmissions. In addition, transmissions permit the different directions of rotation required for driving forward and backward.Final drive turns the drive through 90°and reduces the speed of the drive by a set amount to the vehicle.The differential provides for the equalization of the different axle and wheel speeds when cornering and for uniform distribution of the drive torque.二.The Hydrodynamic Coupling1. Hydrodynamic CouplingConventionally, the hydrodynamic coupling, also known as the Fötttinger coupling, has an impeller and a turbine wheel with vanes that usually extend in the radial direction. The impeller is often expanded to form a housing which surrounds the turbine. Since, due to the absence of an inner ring, there is no possibility of diverting the oil flow, the turbine torque is equal to the pump torque;公式Therefore 公式The index number depends on the design, the vane angle and the degree of filling of the coupling. The main working area of an hydrodynamic coupling is at v=0.9.2. Hydrodynamic ConverterThe hydrodynamic converter, also known as the Trilok or Fötttinger converter, is capable of operating in two phases: with torque increase in the first phase, and as a hydrodynamic coupling in the second phase. The usual design has three impellers:1) The pump, which is connected to the engine, acts like a centrifugal pump to produce the flow energy of a fluid.2) The turbine, which is connected to the transmission input, converts the flow energy back into mechanical energy.3) The reactor between turbine and pump diverts the flow of the fluid.Thus, the torque output is higher than the pump torque input from the engine. The torque increaseμμ=Mt/Mp is all the higher, the greater the speed difference (slip）between the pump and turbine. Withυ=0, i.e. with the turbine braked to a standstill (stall point, drive-away point), torque conversion reaches its maximum value and falls virtually linearly with rising turbine speed to a torque ratio of 1:1 at the coupling point. Above the coupling point, the reactor, which is supported on the housing by a one-way clutch, runs, torque-free, in the flow. Thus, the converter is now a clutch without torque conversion.For automobiles, the vane geometries are such that, at the drive-away point, the maximum torque increase μA is between 2 and 2.5. The hydraulic efficiencyηhydr=υμis similar in the conversion range to the speed ratioμand reaches values around 97% at high speed.Fluid couplings form the input element of automatic transmissions (in conjunction with planetary-gear trains, clutches, brakes and one-way clutches) and also of manually shifted transmissions in the form converter and clutch unit.三．Constant-mesh TransmissionFig.3-6 illustrates the flow of torque through a typical constant-mesh transmission. This type uses helical or double helical gears which are always in mesh. The mainshaft gear wheels are mounted on bearings and when a gear is required the mainshaft gear is locked to the shaft by a dog clutch.Although the mechanical efficiency is lower the helical gears are quieter and any damage resulting from a bad gear change occurs to the dog teeth instead of the actual gear teeth.元素的力量训练动力传动的要素必须符合下列要求;1)使开车逃走,2)把转矩和速度,3)使不同方向的旋转带动向前和向后,四)推进传送叶轮力量,5)允许不同转速时的驱动轮转弯时,六)保证了优化运行的引擎(或电机)从油耗和尾气排放。

汽车专业英语课文翻译4

Fuel Supply System of Gasoline EngineAll the gasoline engines have substantially identical fuel systems and run on a mixture consisting of fuel vapor and air. The fuel system comprises the units designed to store, clear and deliver fuel, the units intended to clean air and a unit for preparing a mixture from fuel vapor and air.In a fuel system different components are used to supply fuel from the fuel tank into the engine cylinder. Some of the important components are fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold and fuellines or tubes connecting the tank, pump and the carburetor.The fuel tank is a fuel container used for storing fuel. It is made of sheet metal. It is attached to the vehicle frame with metal traps and is located at the rear of the vehicle. They are mounted in a boot or boot-floor pan in case of front-engined cars and small commercial vehicles. In order to strengthen the tank as well as to prevent surging of fuel when the vehicle rounds a curve of suddenly stops, baffle plates are attached to the inside of the tank.A cap is used to close the filler opening of the tank. The fuel line is attached at or near the bottom of the tank with a filtering element placed at the connection. The other components of the fuel tank are the fuel gauge sending unit, a vent pipe, receiving unit. To prevent the dirt and water from entering the luggage compartment, a sealing strip is fitted between the fuel tank and boot floor pan. Moreover to limit the transmission of frame distortion to the tank giving rise to squeaking as the metal parts get rubbed together, rubber or felt pads are often fitted between the mountings and the tank. Provision is also made against drumming of the tank by these mountings. The tank may be placed at the side of the chassis frame for convenience in case of large commercial vehicles. The length of the connecting lines or tubes from the tank to the carburetor is also restricted by this at the same time.A porous filter is attached to the outlet lines. By drawing fuel from the tank through the filter, any water in the bottom of the tank as well as any dirt into the fuel gathers on the surface of the filter. To keep the fuel always under atmospheric pressure, the filter pipe or tank is vented.In order to prevent dirt in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor, fuel filters and screens are used in the fuel system. If the dirt is not removed from the fuel, the normal operation of these units will be prevented. The engine performance will also be reduced.The filter is either fitted inside the fuel tank and pump or operates as a separate unit connected between the fuel tank and pump or between pump and carburetor into the fuel lines. Carburetors are also provided filter screens while a filter element is provided in the fuel tank.The fuel filter used is generally a sediment bowl made of glass or metal and a strainer screen. When the fuel drawn from the tank passes through the filter (through the bowl and strainer screen), particles of dirt and water settle in the bottom of the bowl. In certain vehicles, a separate filter either of the disk or ceramic type is used. It is either located between the fuel pump and carburetor or in the fuel line.For connecting the fuel tank to the fuel pump, metallic tubes or synthetic rubber hose used are called fuel lines. They are usually positioned with metallic clips along the frame side members. The tubing or fuel lines are also used to connect fuel pump to the carburetor. In order to absorb vibration as well as prevent breakage of the fuel lines, a short flexible line is used between the fuel pump and the tank.In order to meter and caution the driver of the motor vehicle about the quantity of fuel consumed and left in the tank, a fuel gauge is used. It is generally fitted on dash board for easy reading of the fuel. It is usually a balancing coil type having construction similar to that of an oil gauge. It is generally electrically operated.It consists of a sending unit mounted on the fuel tank and a receiving unit having a caliberated gauge mounted on the instrument panel.A sending unit consists of a float controlled thermostat or variable resistor. With a float and the float arm extending into the fuel tank, the whole unit is mounted on it. The level of fuel in the tank varies the position of the float. The amount of electrical resistance within the variable resistor for controlling the amount of current sent to receiving unit on the instrument panel is determined by the float position.The receiving unit mounted on the dash board indicates the amount of fuel in the tank on a caliberated gauge by the amount of current received from the sending unit.On modern automobiles, two types of fuel gauges; thermostatic type and an electromagnetic type are used.In order to prevent the rapid wear and tear of engine operating components causing reduced performance air cleaner is fitted to the carburetor air intake, it is mounted on thecarburetor air-horn for trapping dirt. Before entering the carburetor, the air must pass through it.To reduce the noise produced by the air rushing into the carburetor, a silencing chamber is built into the air cleaner. In case the engine misfires back through the carburetor, it acts as the flame arrestor.There are in general three types of the air cleaners used in modern automobiles. They are (a) oil bath cleaner (b) oil-wetted mesh air cleaner (c) dry type air cleaner. The first two are also known as heavy duty air cleaner while the third is known as light duty air cleaner.Fuel pumps are the devices used to supply fuel from the fuel tank to the carburetor. There are in general two main types of fuel pumps used in automobiles. They are main types of fuel pumps used in automobiles. They are (a) mechanical fuel pump (b) electric fuel pump.汽油发动机的燃料供给系统所有的汽油发动机具有基本相同的燃料系统和运行的燃料蒸气和空气组成的混合物中。

汽车工程专业英语(汉化版)

Automotive Engineering English （Chinese Edition ）汽车工程专业英语（汉化版）CONTENTSChapter 1 Automotive basics (2)1.1 The history of automotive (2)1.2 Classification of automotives (3)1.3 Principal Components (6)Review questions (13)Chapter 2 Engine (14)2.1 Overview (14)2.2 Engine construction (15)2.3 The engine operation (26)2.4 Basic engine systems (29)2.5 Air induction System (31)2.6 Gasoline fuel System (32)2.7 Engine Cooling (40)2.8 Engine Lubrication (44)2.9 Diesel engine (46)2.10 Emission Control (53)Review questions (61)目录第一章汽车的基础 (2)1.1 汽车的历史 (2)1.2. 汽车的分类 (3)1.3 汽车的主要组成部分 (6)复习题 (13)第二章发动机 (14)2.1 概述 (14)2.2 发动机的结构 (15)2.3 发动机的运转 (26)2.4 发动机的基本系统 (29)2.5 进气系统 (31)2.6 汽油供给系统 (32)2.7 发动机冷却系统 (40)2.8 发动机润滑系统 (44)2.9 柴油发动机 (46)2.10 排放控制 (53)复习题 (61)Capture 1 Automotive basis第一章汽车的基础1.1 The history of automobile1.1汽车的历史The automotive industry affects many areas of the economy. Starting with the first patented gasoline-powered Benz Motorwagen in 1886(Figure 1.1)，the automotive industry has seen continuous and exciting changes for over a century. The early gasoline-powered automobile generated 1.5hp(1.1kW)，it reaches top speed of 3~5mph(5~8km/h).Today's average vehicles have 110~450hp(80~330kW )engines and cruise at 106~120km/h，depending on the legal speed limit. For many people around the world，automotives are the most important means of personal transportation.汽车工业影响经济的许多领域。

汽车工程专业英语

Chapter 1 Automotive Basics(1) Today s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four majorcategories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。

当今的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。

这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。

1.1 Body（车身）(2) The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. Thebody styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.车身的设计要保证乘客安全舒适。

车身的款式使得汽车看起来漂亮迷人、色彩斑斓、时尚前卫。

1.2 Engine（发动机）(3)The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its powerby burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two typesof engine: gasoline and diesel . Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission .内燃机是最常见的，其动力来自气缸里液体燃料的燃烧。

汽车工程专业英语(汉化版)

汽车工程专业英语全文翻译

汽车工程专业英语全文翻译一当今的汽车一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。

这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。

Body：车身Engine：发动机Brakes：制动器Power train：传动系Steering：转向系Electrical：电器及电子设备Suspension：悬架Layout of a passenger car：乘用车总布置Layout of a commercial vehicle：商用车总布置1.1 车身汽车车身是由车窗、车门、发动机罩和行李箱盖焊接在金属板外壳发动机发动机作为动力装置。

最常见的发动机气缸的排列方式称为发动机配置。

直列式发动机的汽缸呈一列布置。

这个设计创造了一个简单的发动机缸体铸造。

在车辆应用中，汽缸数一般是2-6缸，汽缸中心线与水平面垂直。

当汽缸数增多时，发动机尺寸和曲轴就成为一个问题。

解决这个问题的办法就是采用V形（汽缸呈两列布置，且两列气缸之间夹角为V形）发动机。

这个设计使发动机尺寸和曲轴都变得更短且更坚硬。

前置发动机纵向安装，既可前轮驱动也可后轮驱动。

后置发动机是将发动机安装在后轮后面。

发动机可横置或纵置，一般情况下为后轮驱动。

1.4 电气系统电气系统为起动机、点火系统、照明灯具、取暖器提供电能。

该电平由一个充电电路维护。

1.4.1 充电充电系统为所有汽车电子元件提供电能。

充电系统主要包括：蓄电池，交流发电机，电压调节器，即通常是交流发电机上不可或缺的，充电警告或指示灯和金属丝连成一个完整电路。

蓄电池为起动提供电能,然后发动机工作，交流发电机就为所有的电子元件提供电能。

同时也给蓄电池充电即用来使发动机起动。

电压调节器有过充保护作用。

1.4.2 起动起动系统包括：蓄电池、电缆、起动机、飞轮和换向器。

起动时，有两个动作同时运行，该起动机齿轮与飞轮齿圈啮合，并起动电机，然后运行传输到发动机曲轴。

起动机电机将起动机安装在发动机缸体上并由电池供电。

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第一章汽车基础⏹当今的汽车一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。

这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。

⏹Body：车身⏹Engine：发动机⏹Brakes：制动器⏹Power train：传动系⏹Steering：转向系⏹Electrical：电器及电子设备⏹Suspension：悬架⏹Layout of a passenger car：乘用车总布置⏹Layout of a commercial vehicle：商用车总布置⏹ 1.1 车身⏹汽车车身是由车窗、车门、发动机罩和行李箱盖焊接在金属板外壳内而成。

金属板外壳将发动机、乘客和货物覆盖以提供保护。

车身的设计要保证乘客安全舒适。

车身的款式使得汽车看起来漂亮迷人、色彩斑斓、时尚前卫。

⏹私家轿车有一个封装起来的车身，4个大车门允许乘客进出车厢。

这个设计也可放置行李或其他货物。

私家轿车也可以称为拥有固定车顶的传统车辆。

有许多类似车身设计的活顶式车除了拥有两个车门，其他的设计和敞篷车大致一样。

⏹皮卡或载重汽车。

通常它们有比轿车大的底盘和悬架来支撑重物质量。

⏹轻型运载货车基于轿车的设计并改装以便腾出最大限度的空间来装载货物。

⏹商用运载货物车辆的车身是专用设计的。

如罐车运载液体，自卸车搬运泥土或大批谷物，平板车和货车通常用来运载普通货物。

⏹公交车或长途汽车通常是4轮固定模式的车辆，但会用到大量的车轮和轮轴。

有时，铰接式公交车是为了增加容量。

公交车和货车可以做成单层或双层的。

长途汽车常用于长距离运载，且费用比较昂贵，因此市区里就会用到公交车，如市郊间上下班时用于交通运输。

⏹ 1.2 发动机⏹发动机作为动力装置。

最常见的内燃机通过燃烧发动机气缸里的液体燃料而获得能量。

内燃机有两种类型：汽油机（又称为点燃式发动机）和柴油机（又称为压燃式发动机）。

两种类型均称为热力发动机。

燃烧燃料产生的热量使汽缸里气体的气压增加并提供能量通过传动轴连接到传动系统。

⏹发动机气缸的排列方式称为发动机配置。

直列式发动机的汽缸呈一列布置。

这个设计创造了一个简单的发动机缸体铸造。

在车辆应用中，汽缸数一般是2-6缸，汽缸中心线与水平面垂直。

当汽缸数增多时，发动机尺寸和曲轴就成为一个问题。

解决这个问题的办法就是采用V形（汽缸呈两列布置，且两列气缸之间夹角为V形）发动机。

这个设计使发动机尺寸和曲轴都变得更短且更坚硬。

⏹前置发动机纵向安装，既可前轮驱动也可后轮驱动。

后置发动机是将发动机安装在后轮后面。

发动机可横置或纵置，一般情况下为后轮驱动。

⏹ 1.4 电气系统⏹电气系统为起动机、点火系统、照明灯具、取暖器提供电能。

该电平由一个充电电路维护。

⏹ 1.4.1 充电⏹充电系统为所有汽车电子元件提供电能。

充电系统主要包括：蓄电池，交流发电机，电压调节器，即通常是交流发电机上不可或缺的，充电警告或指示灯和金属丝连成一个完整电路。

蓄电池为起动提供电能,然后发动机工作，交流发电机就为所有的电子元件提供电能。

同时也给蓄电池充电即用来使发动机起动。

电压调节器有过充保护作用。

⏹⏹ 1.4.2 起动⏹起动系统包括：蓄电池、电缆、起动机、飞轮和换向器。

起动时，有两个动作同时运行，该起动机齿轮与飞轮齿圈啮合，并起动电机，然后运行传输到发动机曲轴。

起动机电机将起动机安装在发动机缸体上并由电池供电。

⏹ 1.4.3 点火⏹一个基本的点火系统包括：蓄电池、低压电缆、点火线圈、线圈高压电缆、火花塞电缆和火花塞。

点火系统提供高强度火花使火花塞点燃燃料室里的液体燃料。

火花必须在适当的时候提供，并达到能够使燃料点燃的能量要求。

这些能量从蓄电池和交流发电机获得，点火线圈使电压增高。

该系统有两个电路，主电路或低压电路点燃火花，次电路或高压电路产生高压并将其分配到火花塞上。

⏹复习题1.列出汽车有那几部分组成。

2.根据车身外形车辆常见类型是什么？3.内燃机的燃烧能源如何转换为机械能？4.那个系统里包含有底盘？大盘的功用是什么？5.列出传动系统的主要组成部分。

6.车辆上为什么使用悬架？7.一个空气制动系统如何工作？8.6*2如何解释？9.列出充电系统的主要组成部分。

10.起动时的发生的两个运行是什么？11.点火系统的主要功用是什么？INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE2.1. 能源与动力能源是用于生产电力。

化工能源转化为燃料的燃烧的热量，这个过程被称为燃烧。

如果发动机燃烧发生在汽缸内的地方，被称为发动机内部燃烧发动机。

如果燃烧发生在汽缸外的地方，被称为发动机外部燃烧发动机。

用于汽车的能源叫内部燃烧高能源高温能源在燃烧室里降低能缓解气体燃烧在汽缸室里的温度。

燃烧气体温度的升高引起气压变大。

燃烧室内发展应用到了活塞产生一个可用的机械力，然后将其转换成有用的机械能。

2.1.2发动机条款通过曲轴连杆连接活塞,造成气体轴旋转半转。

动力冲程“使用了”气压，意味着必须提供手段驱逐燃烧气体和回灌用新鲜的汽油和空气混合气体钢瓶：这种气体的运动控制是阀门的责任;一进气阀使新进入的混合物在适当的时间和一排气阀让燃烧后的气体在已完成了它的工作任务后排出，。

发动机条款（图2-1）：TDC（上止点）：曲轴对应活塞的位置时，活塞远离曲轴。

BDC（下死点）：曲轴对应活塞的位置时，活塞最接近曲轴。

行程：下死点和上止点之间的距离;中风是由曲轴，行程是由曲轴控制。

缸径：圆柱的内部直径。

波及体积：下死点和上止点之间的音量。

发动机排量：这是所有的气缸容积，例如四汽缸发动机，有一个排量为2000㎝³的汽车，配有500㎝³气缸波及体积。

隙容积：上述内活塞的空间体积位于上止点以上。

压缩率E =（容积+间隙容积）/（间隙容积）二冲程：能量掌握在每一个运转的曲轴上。

四冲程：能量掌握在每一个其它的运转的曲轴上2.1.3火花点燃式发动机四冲程循环火花点火式发动机是一种内部与外部的点火器，它转换为动能，在燃料中的能量供应的燃烧。

在经营周期分布在四个活塞行程。

以完成整个周期需要两个曲轴的使命。

运行过程如（图2 - 2）1．进气行程（进气）向下移动的冰锥增加汽缸容积和新鲜的通过进气阀开启的空气燃料混合。

2．压缩行程向上移动的活塞减少了汽缸内体积和压缩的空气燃料混合物。

不久之前，香港贸易发展局是达成共识，火花塞点燃压缩空气燃料的混合物，从而启动了燃烧过程。

更高的压缩比意味着更好的燃油利用率。

压缩的程度受制于敲限制。

3.做功行程火花点火后在火花塞点燃了压缩空气燃料的混合物，作为混合的结果温度升高。

在汽缸增加，迫使活塞向下的压力。

活塞转让的权力，通过连杆曲轴。

4.排气行程向上移动的活塞燃烧排出的气体（废气）通过公开排气阀。

在四冲程过完成后又周期重复。

2.1.4引擎的整体力学这台发动机有数以百计的其它部分。

发动机的主要部件是发动机缸体，发动机头，活塞，连杆，曲轴和阀门。

其他部分一起营造系统。

这些系统是燃油系统，进气系统，点火系统，冷却系统，润滑系统和排气（图 2 - 2）。

这些系统都有一定的作用。

这些系统将在后面详细讨论。

2.2.1发动机缸体发动机缸体是发动机的基本框架。

所有其他发动机零件要么在其中的位置或固定它。

其所持有的气瓶，水套和油画廊（图 2 - 4）。

发动机缸体还持有曲轴，那拴到块的底部。

还装在凸轮轴块，除却架空凸轮（OHC）发动机。

在大多数汽车，这个部件是由灰铸铁或者一种合金（混合物）灰铁和其它金属如镍或铬。

发动机缸体是铸件。

有些气缸体，特别是在小汽车里的那些，都是由铝做成的。

这种金属比铁轻得多，然而，铁的耐磨性比铝好。

因此，在大多数铝制发动机的气缸内镶有铁或钢套管。

这些轴套被称为气缸套。

有些气缸体完全由铝做成。

2.2.2 气缸套气缸套用于发动机缸体提供活塞和活塞环的耐磨材料。

那块可由一种铁，易于铸造而作出的套筒使用另一种就是能够更好地起到磨损作用，还有两种主要类型的套筒：干，湿（图2 - 5 ）。

干套可以被抛弃，或压成一个新的块或用于严重磨损或损坏而无法轻易被钢瓶翻新得的套筒。

这是一个在其在缸体孔压适合。

它的墙壁是两毫米厚。

它的外表面，是符合其全长块接触。

它与顶块冲洗和面漆难以看到。

一旦到位，干袖子成为缸体的永久部分。

用湿的套筒。

外表面是周围的汽缸水套的一部分。

这就是所谓湿缸，因为它有对其外表面的冷却液。

这有助于加快热套和冷却水之间的转移。

套筒顶部密封，以防止冷却液泄漏2.2.3 缸盖气缸盖扣紧到块顶部，正如屋顶适合在一幢房子。

底部与活塞顶形成燃烧室。

缸直列机,只有一种轻型车辆的所有缸，缸头大缸直列机可以有两个或更多。

正如与发动机缸体，缸盖，可制成铸铁或铝合金。

铝合金制成的头比如果当铸铁制成打火机。

铝还进行更迅速带走热量比铁。

汽油发动机，这三个最流行的燃烧室类型是半球形，楔形和半半（图2 - 6）。

气缸头携带阀门，阀门弹簧和摇臂轴摇臂，这个山谷齿轮部分正在进行这项工作的推杆。

有时，凸轮轴安装在气缸头直接并且不用摇臂控制阀门工作。

这就是所谓的一个顶置凸轮轴安排。

2.2.4垫片气缸盖连接到具有高强度汽缸体。

它们之间的连接必须不透气，使燃烧的混合气体都不能泄露。

这是由使用气缸盖垫片实现，这是一个夹层垫片，即在两片铜之间的石棉，这两种材料能承受高温和发动机内的压力。

2.2.5油盘或油底壳油底壳通常由钢冲压形成。

油底壳和气缸体的下半部分一同被叫做曲轴箱，他们把曲轴封闭起来。

润滑系统中的油泵从油底壳抽取油，并将其发送到发动机的所有工作部件。

石油排水起飞和碰到向下平移进入到锅里。

因此，润滑油在发动机的轴箱与工作着的零件之间不断地循环。

2.3活塞，连杆和曲轴2.3.1 曲柄机构和能量活塞由曲柄机构和气缸，连杆组成。

这些部件通过气体能量推动，从而引起这些部件产生惯性力。

气能产生的力可以再细分为垂直于竖直平面的力Fn，且作用于汽缸壁，和一个推动连杆的力Fs，这个连杆的力，从而引起切向力Ft并作用于曲柄机构，这些能量要求在一起产生扭转和法向力Fr。

这气体作用力分为作用角α,支点于连杆的作用角β,和压缩比入:连杆作用力: Fs=Fg/cosβ侧向力 : Fn=Fgtanβ法向力 : Fr=Fgcos（α+β）/ cosβ切向力 : Ft=Fg sin（α+β）/ cosβ所以的这些关系代表了一种方法计算各部件的振动.2.3.2活塞总成活塞是四个运动周期中一个重要部分,很多活塞都是从铝中提炼出来研制而成的.活塞,通过连杆传递能量来压缩点燃混合气体.这些能力转化为曲柄的动能.这样,圆形的钢圈装入汽缸,用活塞环来密封整个燃烧室.这个称为活塞环。

这些用来放活塞环的称为凹槽。

一个活塞销放在中间通过一个小孔固定。

活塞销的作用是固定活塞于连杆之间的连接，对活塞销起作用的是活塞销凸台。

活塞本身,它的环和活塞销一起称为活塞总成。