车辆工程专业英语翻译
车辆工程 汽车专业英语课件-汽车基础知识部分 - Chapter 4 Steering and Suspension Systems

Chapter 4 Steering and Suspension Systems
4.1 Steering System
Figure 4-4 Servolectric - a electric power steering system
Chapter 4 Steering and Suspension Systems
2.提高翻译技巧,能较熟练翻译课文
1. 重点:转向、悬架系统的基本组成、类型、 各系统主要零件的英文名称
2.难点:电动转向系统
Chapter 4 Steering and Suspension Systems
4.1 Steering System 1. Basic Parts of Steering System 2. Types of Steering System 3. Power Steering Systems 4.2 Suspension Systems 1. Basic Parts of Suspension System 2. Front suspension 3. Rear Suspension
1.Basic Parts of Steering System
The basic steering system (Figure 4-1) can be divided into three main assemblies:
·The spindle and steering arm assemblies. ·The linkage assembly connecting the steering arms and steering gear. ·The steering wheel, steering shaft, and steering gear assembly.
车辆工程 汽车专业英语课件-汽车基础知识部分 - Chapter 5 Braking System

鼓式制动器 盘式制动器 制动蹄 制动鼓 轮缸 摩擦衬片 制动钳 制动液 单向阀
Chapter 5 Braking Systems
5.1 Overview of Braking Systems
The braking system is very important to a car. If your brakes don’t work properly, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy of the vehicle into thermal energy.
本节课学习内容、目标和重点难点
学习内容
Chapter 5 Braking Systems
学习目标 难点重点
1.掌握制动系统的基本组成、类型、ABS系统 主要零件的英文名称
2.提高翻译技巧,能较熟练翻译课文
1.重点是英文专业术语记忆 2.难点是生词偏多、ABS控制原理原理
Chapter 5 Braking Systems
n.卡钳,测径器;v. 用卡钳测量
['mæɡnitaiz] vt. 吸引;使磁化vi. 磁化;受磁
[ri'tɑ:də]
n. 缓凝剂;减速器;阻滞剂;迟 缩剂
[hai'drɔ:lik]
adj. 液压的;水力的;水力学的
[kəm'pɑ:tmənt]
n. 隔间;区划;卧车上的小客房 vt. 分隔;划分
['bu:stə]
2 .Disc Brake The main parts of a disc brake include the brake cylinder, the brake disc and the brake calipers. The disc brake is a lot like the brakes on a bicycle. Bicycle brakes have a caliper, which squeezes the brake pads against the wheel. In a disc brake, the brake pads squeeze the rotor instead of the wheel, and the force is transmitted hydraulically instead of through a cable. Friction between the pads and the disc slows the disc down (Fig. 5-4 and 5-5).
各专业英文翻译

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Management林业经济管理学 Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学 Science of Public Management行政管理学 Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学 Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学 Educational Economy and Management社会保障学 Social Security土地资源管理学 Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学 Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学 Library Science情报学 Information Science档案学 Archival Science。
金陵科技学院专业名称英文翻译

信息安全 计算机科学与技术
计算机科学与技术(特) Computer Science and Technology
计算机科学与技术(嵌入式培养)
Computer Science and Technology(Embedded Cooperation with Enterprises) Digital Media Technology Electronic and Information Engineering Information Engineering Electronic Science and Technology Telecommunication Engineering
专业名称 国际经济与贸易 会计学 金融学 市场营销 财务管理 物流管理 金融工程 电子商务 审计学 行政管理 旅游管理
专业英文名称 International Economics and Trade Accounting Finance Marketing Financial Management Logistics Management Financial Engineer Electronic Commerce Auditing Public Administration Management Tourism Management
材料科学与工程(视光材料与应用)
Network Engineering Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering Fashion Design and Engineering Dress Design and Engineering Products Design Industrial Design Environmental Design Animation Visual Communication Design Digital Media Arts Agricultural Facility of Science and Engineering Horticulture Garden Landscape Architecture Animal Science Veterinary Medicine Food Science and Engineering Materials science and engineering Functional Materials Composite Materials and Engineering
东北大学-专业名称翻译

授予博士、硕士学位和培养研究生的学科、专业目录〔中英文对照〕(资料来源:国务院学位委员会办公室、教育部研究生工作办公室编.授予博士硕士学位和培养研究生的学科专业简介.:高等教育,1999年.)中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称01 哲学Philosophy0101 哲学Philosophy010101 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism010102 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy010103 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies010104 逻辑学Logic010105 伦理学Ethics010106 美学Aesthetics010107 学Science of Religion010108 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology02 经济学Economics0201 理论经济学Theoretical Economics020101 政治经济学Political Economy020102 经济思想史History of Economic Thought020103 经济史History of Economic020104 西方经济学Western Economics020105 世界经济World Economics020106 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Enviro- nmental Economics0202 应用经济学Applied Economics020201 国民经济学National Economics020202 区域经济学Regional Economics020203 财政学〔含税收学〕Public Finance (including Taxation)020204 金融学〔含保险学〕Finance (including Insurance)020205 产业经济学Industrial Economics020206 国际贸易学International Trade020207 劳动经济学Labor Economics020208 统计学Statistics020209 数量经济学Quantitative Economics020210 国防经济学National Defense Economics03 法学Law0301 法学Science of Law030101 法学理论Jurisprudence030102 法律史Legal History030103 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law030104 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence030105 民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学)Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of LabourLawand Science of Social Security Law )030106 诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws030107 经济法学Science of Economic Law030108 环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law030109 国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学) Internationallaw (including International Public law, International Priv-ate Law and International Economic Law)030110 军事法学Science of Military Law0302 政治学Political Science030201 政治学理论Political Theory030202 中外政治制度Chinese and Foreign Political Institution030203 科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动Scientific Socialism and International Communist Movement030204 中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设)History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of the Party and Party Buil ding)030205 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideolog y andPolitics030206 国际政治学International Politics030207 国际关系学International Relations030208 外交学Diplomacy0303 社会学Sociology030301 社会学Sociology030302 人口学Demography030303 人类学Anthropology030304 民俗学(含中国民间文学)Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature) 0304 民族学Ethnology030401 民族学Ethnology030402 马克思主义民族理论与政策Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy030403 中国少数民族经济Chinese Ethnic Economics030404 中国少数民族史Chinese Ethnic History030405 中国少数民族艺术Chinese Ethnic Art04 教育学Education0401 教育学Education Science040101 教育学原理Educational Principle040102 课程与教学论Curriculum and Teaching Methodology040103 教育史History of Education040104 比拟教育学Comparative Education040105学前教育学Pre-school Education040106 高等教育学Higher Education040107 成人教育学Adult Education040108 职业技术教育学Vocational and Technical Education040109 特殊教育学Special Education040110 教育技术学Education Technology0402 心理学Psychology040201 根底心理学Basic Psychology040202 开展与教育心理学Developmental and Educational Psychology040203 应用心理学Applied Psychology0403 体育学Science of Physical Culture and Sports040301 体育人文社会学Humane and Sociological Science of Sports040302 运动人体科学Human Movement Science040303 体育教育训练学Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training040304 民族传统体育学Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports05 文学Literature0501 中国语言文学Chinese Literature050101 文艺学Theory of Literature and Art050102 语言学与应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics050103 汉语言文字学Chinese Philology050104 中国古典文献学Study of Chinese Classical Text050105 中国古代文学Ancient Chinese Literature050106 中国现当代文学Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature050107 中国少数民族语言文学Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature050108比拟文学与世界文学Comparative Literature and World Literature0502 外国语言文学Foreign Languages and Literatures050201 英语语言文学English Language and Literature050202 俄语语言文学Russian Language and Literature050203 法语语言文学French Language and Literature050204 德语语言文学German Language and Literature050205 日语语言文学Japanese Language and Literature050206 印度语言文学Indian Languages and Literature050207 西班牙语语言文学Spanish Language and Literature050208 阿拉伯语语言文学Arabic Language and Literature050209 欧洲语言文学European Languages and Literatures050210 亚非语言文学Asian-African Languages and Literatures050211 外国语言学与应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguisticsin Foreign Languages0503 新闻传播学Journalism and Communication050301 新闻学Journalism050302 传播学Communication0504 艺术学Art050401 艺术学Art Theory050402 音乐学Music050403 美术学Fine Arts050404 设计艺术学Artistic Design050405 戏剧戏曲学Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera050406 电影学Film050407 广播电视艺术学Radio and television Art050408 舞蹈学Dance06 历史学History0601 历史学History060101 史学理论与史学史Historical Theories andHistoryof Historical Science060102 考古学与博物馆学Archaeology and Museology060103 历史地理学Historical Geography060104 历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of HistoricalLiterature (including Paleography and Studies of Dunh uang)060105 专门史History of Particular Subjects060106 中国古代史Ancient Chinese History060107 中国近现代史Modern and Contemporary Chinese History060108 世界史World History07 理学Natural Science0701 数学Mathematics070101 根底数学Fundamental Mathematics070102 计算数学Computational Mathematics070103 概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics070104 应用数学Applied mathematics070105 运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics 0702 物理学Physics070201 理论物理Theoretical Physics070202 粒子物理与原子核物理Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics070203 原子与分子物理Atomic and Molecular Physics070204 等离子体物理Plasma Physics070205 凝聚态物理Condensed Matter Physics070206 声学Acoustics070207 光学Optics070208 无线电物理Radio Physics0703 化学Chemistry070301 无机化学Inorganic Chemistry070302 分析化学Analytical Chemistry070303 有机化学Organic Chemistry070304 物理化学〔含化学物理〕Physical Chemistry(including Chemical Physics)070305 高分子化学与物理Chemistry and Physics of Polymers 0704 天文学Astronomy070401 天体物理Astrophysics070402 天体测量与天体力学Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics 0705 地理学Geography070501 自然地理学Physical Geography070502 人文地理学Human Geography070503 地图学与地理信息系统Cartography and GeographyInformation System0706 大气科学Atmospheric Sciences070601 气象学Meteorology070602 大气物理学与大气环境Atmospheric Physics andAtmospheric Environment0707 海洋科学Marine Sciences070701 物理海洋学Physical Oceanography070702 海洋化学Marine Chemistry070703 海洋生理学Marine Biology070704 海洋地质学Marine Geology0708 地球物理学Geophysics070801 固体地球物理学Solid Earth Physics070802 空间物理学Space Physics0709 地质学Geology070901 矿物学、岩石学、矿床学Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology070902地球化学Geochemistry070903 古生物学与地层学〔含古人类学〕Paleontology and Stratigraphy(including Paleoanthropology)070604 构造地质学Structural Geology070905 第四纪地质学Quaternary Geology0710 生物学Biology071001 植物学Botany071002 动物学Zoology071003 生理学Physiology071004 水生生物学Hydrobiology071005 微生物学Microbiology071006 神经生物学Neurobiology071007 遗传学Genetics071008 发育生物学Developmental Biology071009 细胞生物学Cell Biology071010 生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology071011 生物物理学Biophysics071012 生态学Ecology0711 系统科学Systems Science071101 系统理论Systems Theory071102 系统分析与集成Systems Analysis and Integration 0712 科学技术史History of Science and Technology08 工学Engineering0801 力学Mechanics080101 一般力学与力学根底General and Fundamental Mechanics080102 固体力学Solid Mechanics080103 流体力学Fluid Mechanics080104 工程力学Engineering Mechanics0802 机械工程Mechanical Engineering080201 机械制造与其自动化Mechanical Manufacture and Automation080202 机械电子工程Mechatronic Engineering080203 机械设计与理论Mechanical Design and Theory080204 车辆工程Vehicle Engineering0803 光学工程Optical Engineering0804 仪器科学与技术Instrument Science and Technology080401 精细仪器与机械Precision Instrument and Machinery080402 测试计量技术与仪器Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments0805 材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering080501 材料物理与化学Materials Physics and Chemistry080502 材料学Materialogy080503 材料加工工程Materials Processing Engineering 0806 冶金工程Metallurgical Engineering080601 冶金物理化学Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy080602 钢铁冶金Ferrous Metallurgy080603 有色金属冶金Non-ferrous Metallurgy0807 动力工程与工程热物理Power Engineering and EngineeringThermophysics080701 工程热物理Engineering Thermophysics080702 热能工程Thermal Power Engineering080703 动力机械与工程Power Machinery and Engineering080704 流体机械与工程Fluid Machinery and Engineering080705 制冷与低温工程Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering080706 化工过程机械Chemical Process Equipment0808 电气工程Electrical Engineering080801 电机与电器Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus080802 电力系统与其自动化Power System and its Automation080803 高电压与绝缘技术High Voltage and Insulation Technology080804 电力电子与电力传动Power Electronics and Power Drives080805 电工理论与新技术Theory and New Technology of ElectricalEngineering0809 电子科学与技术Electronics Science and Technology080901 物理电子学Physical Electronics080902 电路与系统Circuits and Systems080903 微电子学与固体电子学Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics080904 电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology0810 信息与通信工程Information and Communication Engineering 081001 通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems081002 信号与信息处理Signal and Information Processing 0811 控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering081101 控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control Engineering081102 检测技术与自动化装置Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment081103 系统工程Systems Engineering081104 模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems081105 导航、制导与控制Navigation, Guidance and Control 0812 计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology081201 计算机软件与理论Computer Software and Theory081202 计算机系统结构Computer Systems Organization081203 计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology0813 建筑学Architecture081301 建筑历史与理论Architectural History and Theory081302 建筑设计与其理论Architectural Design and Theory081303 城市规划与设计〔含风景园林规划与设计〕Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)081304 建筑技术科学Building Technology Science0814 土木工程Civil Engineering081401 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering081402 结构工程Structural Engineering081403 市政工程Municipal Engineering081404 供热、供燃气、通风与空调工程Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilatingand Air Conditioning Engineering081405 防灾减灾工程与防护工程Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering081406 桥梁与隧道工程Bridge and Tunnel Engineering 0815 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering081501 水文学与水资源Hydrology and Water Resources081502 水力学与河流动力学Hydraulics and River Dynamics081503 水工结构工程Hydraulic Structure Engineering081504 水利水电工程Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering081505 港口、海岸与近海工程Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering0816 测绘科学与技术Surveying and Mapping081601 测量学与测量工程Geodesy and Survey Engineering081602 摄影测量与遥感Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing081603 地图制图学与地理信息工程Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering 0817 化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology081701 化学工程Chemical Engineering081702 化学工艺Chemical Technology081703 生物化工Biochemical Engineering081704 应用化学Applied Chemistry081705 工业催化Industrial Catalysis0818 地质资源与地质工程Geological Resources and Geological Engineering081801 矿产普查与勘探Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration081802 地球探测与信息技术Geodetection and Information Technology081803 地质工程Geological Engineering0819 矿业工程Mineral Engineering081901 采矿工程Mining Engineering081902 矿物加工工程Mineral Processing Engineering081903 安全技术与工程Safety Technology and Engineering 0820 石油与天然气工程Oil and Natural Gas Engineering082001 油气井工程Oil-Gas Well Engineering082002 油气田开发工程Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering082003 油气储运工程Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering0821 纺织科学与工程Textile Science and Engineering082101 纺织工程Textile Engineering082102 纺织材料与纺织品设计Textile Material and Textiles Design082103 纺织化学与染整工程Textile Chemistry and Dyeing andFinishingEngineering082104 服装设计与工程Clothing Design and Engineering 0822 轻工技术与工程The Light Industry Technology and Engineering082201 制浆造纸工程Pulp and Paper Engineering082202 制糖工程Sugar Engineering082203 发酵工程Fermentation Engineering082204 皮革化学与工程Leather Chemistry and Engineering 0823 交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering 082301 道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering082302 交通信息工程与控制Traffic Information Engineering & Control082303 交通运输规划与管理Transportation Planning and Management082304 载运工具运用工程Vehicle Operation Engineering 0824 船舶与海洋工程Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 082401 船舶与海洋结构物设计制造Design and Construction of NavalArchitectureand Ocean Structure082402 轮机工程Marine Engine Engineering082403 水声工程Underwater Acoustics Engineering0825 航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Science andTechnology082501 飞行器设计Flight Vehicle Design082502 航空宇航推进理论与工程Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering082503 航空宇航器制造工程Manufacturing Engineering of AerospaceVehicle082504 人机与环境工程Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering 0826 兵器科学与技术Armament Science and Technology082601 武器系统与运用工程Weapon Systems and UtilizationEngineering082602 兵器发射理论与技术Armament Launch Theory and Technology082603 火炮、自动武器与弹药工程Artillery, Automatic Gun and AmmunitionEngineering082604 军事化学与烟火技术Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics 0827 核科学与技术Nuclear Science and Technology082701 核能科学与工程Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering082702 核燃料循环与材料Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials082703 核技术与应用Nuclear Technology and Applications082704 辐射防护与环境保护Radiation and Environmental Protection0828 农业工程Agricultural Engineering082801 农业机械化工程Agricultural Mechanization Engineering082802 农业水土工程Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering082803 农业生物环境与能源工程Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering082804 农业电气化与自动化Agricultural Electrification and Automation0829 林业工程Forestry Engineering082901 森林工程Forest Engineering082902 木材科学与技术Wood Science and Technology082903 林产化学加工工程Chemical Processing Engineering ofForest Products0830 环境科学与工程Environmental Science and Engineering 083001 环境科学Environmental Science083002 环境工程Environmental Engineering0831 生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering0832 食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering083201 食品科学Food Science083202 粮食、油脂与植物蛋白工程Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering083203 农产品加工与贮藏工程Processing and Storage ofAgricultureProducts083204 水产品加工与贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products09 农学Agriculture0901 作物学Crop Science090101 作物栽培学与耕作学Crop Cultivation and Farming System090102 作物遗传育种学Crop Genetics and Breeding 0902 园艺学Horticulture090201 果树学Pomology090202 蔬菜学Olericulture090203 茶学Tea Science0903 农业资源利用学Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources 090301 土壤学Soil Science090302 植物营养学Plant Nutrition0904 植物保护学Plant Protection090401 植物病理学Plant Pathology090402 农业昆虫与害虫防治Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control090403 农药学Pesticide Science0905 畜牧学Animal Science090501 动物遗传育种与繁殖Animal Genetics, Breeding andReproductionScience090502 动物营养与饲料科学Animal Nutrition and Feed Science090503 草业科学Practaculture Science090504 特种经济动物饲养学〔含蚕、蜂等〕The Rearing of Special-typeEconomic Animals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.) 0906 兽医学Veterinary Medicine090601 根底兽医学Basic Veterinary Medicine090602 预防兽医学Preventive Veterinary Medicine090603 临床兽医学Clinical Veterinary Medicine0907 林学Forestry090701 林木遗传育种学Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding090702 森林培育学Silviculture090703 森林保护学Forest Protection090704 森林经理学Forest Management090705 野生动植物保护与利用Wildlife Conservation and Utilization090706 园林植物与观赏园艺Ornamental Plants and Horticulture090707 水土保持与荒漠化防治Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating 0908 水产学Fisheries Science090801 水产养殖学Aquaculture Science090802 捕捞学Fishing Science090803 渔业资源学Science of Fisheries Resources10 医学Medicine1001 根底医学Basic Medicine100101 人体解剖与组织胚胎学Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology100102 免疫学Immunology100103 病原生物学Pathogenic Organisms100104 病理学与病理生理学Pathology and Pathophysiology100105 法医学Forensic Medicine100106 放射医学Radiation Medicine100107 航空航天与航海医学Aerospace and Nautical medicine 1002 临床医学Clinical Medicine100201 科学〔含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、分泌与代病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学〕Internal medicine(including Cardiology, Hematology,Respiratory,Gastroenterology,Endocrinology and Metabolism ,Nephrology,Rheuma-tology, InfectiousDiseases)100202 儿科学Pediatrics100203 老年医学Geriatrics100204 神经病学Neurology100205 精神病与精神卫生学Psychiatry and Mental Health100206 皮肤病与性病学Dermatology and Venereology100207 影像医学与核医学Imaging and Nuclear Medicine100208 临床检验诊断学Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics100209 护理学Nursing100210 外科学〔含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学〕Surgery(GeneralSurgery, Orthopedics, Urology, CardiothoracicSurgery,Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Fi eldSurgery)100211 妇产科学Obstetrics and Gynecology100212 眼科学Ophthalmic Specialty100213 耳鼻咽喉科学Otolaryngology100214 肿瘤学Oncology100215 康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy100216 运动医学Sports Medicine100217 麻醉学Anesthesiology100218 急诊医学Emergency Medicine1003 口腔医学Stomatology100301 口腔根底医学Basic Science of Stomatology100302 口腔临床医学Clinical Science of Stomatology 1004 公共卫生与预防医学Public Health and Preventive Medicine 100401 流行病与卫生统计学Epidemiology and Health Statistics100402 劳动卫生与环境卫生学Occupational and Environmental Health100403 营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and Food Hygiene100404 儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health100405 卫生毒理学Hygiene Toxicology100406 军事预防医学Military Preventive Medicine1005 中医学Chinese Medicine100501 中医根底理论Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine100502 中医临床根底Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine100503 中医医史文献History and Literature of Chinese Medicine100504 方剂学Formulas of Chinese Medicine100505 中医诊断学Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine100506 中医科学Chinese Internal Medicine100507 中医外科学Surgery of Chinese Medicine100508 中医骨伤科学Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine100509 中医妇科学Gynecology of Chinese Medicine100510 中医儿科学Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine100511 中医五官科学Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine100512 针灸推拿学Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina ofChinesemedicine100513 民族医学Ethnomedicine1006 中西医结合医学Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine 100601 中西医结合根底医学Basic Discipline of Chinese andWesternIntegrative Medicine100602 中西医结合临床医学Clinical Discipline of Chinese and WesternIntegrative Medicine1007 药学Pharmaceutical Science100701 药物化学Medicinal Chemistry100702 药剂学Pharmaceutics100703 生药学Pharmacognosy100704 药物分析学Pharmaceutical Analysis100705 微生物与生化药学Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy100706 药理学Pharmacology1008 中药学Science of Chinese Pharmacology11 军事学Military Science1101 军事思想学与军事历史学Military Thought and Military History 110101 军事思想学Military Thought110102 军事历史学Military History1102 战略学Science of Strategy110201 军事战略学Military Strategy110202 战争动员学War Mobilization1103 战役学Science of Operations110301 联合战役学Joint Operation110302 军种战役学〔含第二炮兵战役学〕Armed Service Operation (includingOperation of StrategicMissile Force) 1104 战术学Science of Tactics110401 合同战术学Combined-Arms Tactics110402 兵种战术学Branch Tactics1105 军队指挥学Science of Command110501 作战指挥学Combat Command110502 军事运筹学Military Operation Research110503 军事通信学Military Communication110504 军事情报学Military Intelligence110505 密码学Cryptography110506 军事教育训练学〔含军事体育学〕Military Education and Training (including Military Ph ysicalTraining)1106 军制学Science of Military System110601 军事组织编制学Military Organizational System110602 军队管理学Military Management1107 军队政治工作学Science of Military Political Work1108 军事后勤学与军事装备学Science of Military Logistics and MilitaryEquipment110801 军事后勤学Military Logistics110802 后方专业勤务Rear Special Service110803 军事装备学Military Equipment12 管理学Management Science1201 管理科学与工程Management Science and Engineering1202 工商管理学Science of Business Administration120201 会计学Accounting120202 企业管理学〔含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学〕Corporate Management (including Financial Management,Marketing, and Human Resources Management)120203 旅游管理学Tourist Management120204 技术经济与管理学Technology Economy and 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车辆工程-汽车专业英语课件-汽车基础知识部分---Chapter-3-Power-Train--3

['flaiwi:l] [spriŋ] ['ɔpəreit] ['mekənizəm] [trænz'mi∫ən] [tɔ:k]
n.飞轮 n.弹簧 vt.操作,控制,使运行 n.(机械)结构,机械装置 n.变速器 n.扭转力;转矩
压盘
Chapter 3 Power Train 3.1 Clutches
摩擦式限滑差速器
Chapter 3 Power Train 3.2 Manuel Transmission
3.2.1 Text
1.Transmission Gear Ratios
The modern manual transmission can provide the driver with up to six forward gear ratios. The reduction gears provide gear ratios of approximately 3.5:1 (stated as 3.5 to 1) for the lowest gear, to about 1.5:1 for the highest. The direct drive gear has a 1:1 gear ratio. The overdrive gears have a gear ratio of about 0.7:1.
[ə'prɔksimə tli]
adv.近似地,大约;许
bearing
['bɛəriŋ] n.[机]轴承,支座
mesh
[me∫]
vi.(机器零件)啮合
transaxle
[ֽtræ ns'æ k sl]
n.变速驱动桥
车辆工程外文翻译-汽车主减速器

本科生毕业设计(论文)外文翻译外文题目:AUTOMOTIWE FINAL DRIVE译文题目:汽车主减速器学生姓名:专业:车辆工程指导教师姓名:评阅日期:AUTOMOTIWE FINAL DRIVEFINAL DRIVEA final drive is that part of a power transmission system between the drive shaft and the differential. Its function is to change the direction of the power transmitted by the drive shaft through 90 degrees to the driving axles. At the same time. it provides a fixed reduction between the speed of the drive shaft and the axle driving the wheels.The reduction or gear ratio of the final drive is determined by dividing the number of teeth on the ring gear by the number of teeth on the pinion gear. In passenger vehicles, this speed reduction varies from about 3:1 to 5:1. In trucks it varies from about 5:1 to 11:1. To calculate rear axle ratio, count the number of teeth on each gear. Then divide the number of pinion teeth into the number of ring gear teeth. For example, if the pinion gear has 10 teeth and the ring gear has 30 (30 divided by 10), the rear axle ratio would be 3:1. Manufacturers install a rear axle ratio that provides a compromise between performance and economy. The average passenger car ratio is 3.50:1.The higher axle ratio, 4.11:1 for instance, would increase acceleration and pulling power but would decrease fuel economy. The engine would have to run at a higher rpm to maintain an equal cruising speed.The lower axle ratio. 3:1, would reduce acceleration and pulling power but would increase fuel mileage. The engine would run at a lower rpm while maintaining the same speed.The major components of the final drive include the pinion gear, connected to the drive shaft, and a bevel gear or ring gear that is bolted or riveted to the differential carrier. To maintain accurate and proper alignment and tooth contact, the ring gear and differential assembly are mounted in bearings. The bevel drive pinion is supported by two tapered roller bearings, mounted in the differential carrier. This pinionshaft is straddle mounted. meaning that a bearing is located on each side of the pinion shaft teeth. Oil seals prevent the loss of lubricant from the housing where the pinion shaft and axle shafts protrude. As a mechanic, you will encounter the final drive gears in the spiral bevel and hypoid design.Spiral Bevel GearSpiral bevel gears have curved gear teeth with the pinion and ring gear on the same center line. This type of final drive is used extensively in truck and occasionally in older automobiles. This design allows for constant contact between the ring gear and pinion. It also necessitates the use of heavy grade lubricants.Hypoid GearThe hypoid gear final drive is an improvement or variation of the spiral bevel design and is commonly used in light and medium trucks and all domestic rear- wheel drive automobiles. Hypoid gears have replaced spiral bevel gears because they lower the hump in the floor of the vehicle and improve gear-meshing action. As you can see in figure 5-13, the pinion meshes with the ring gear below the center line and is at a slight angle (less than 90 degrees).Figure 5-13.—Types of final drives.This angle and the use of heavier (larger) teeth permit an increased amount of power to be transmitted while the size of the ring gear and housing remain constant. The tooth design is similar to the spiral bevel but includes some of the characteristics of the worm gear. This permits the reduced drive angle. The hypoid gear teeth have a more pronounced curve and steeper angle, resulting in larger tooth areas and more teeth to be in contact at the same time. With more than one gear tooth in contact, a hypoid design increases gear life and reduces gear noise. The wiping action of the teeth causes heavy tooth pressure that requires the use of heavy grade lubricants.Double-Reduction Final DriveIn the final drives shown in figure 5-13, there is a single fixed gear reduction. This is the only gear reduction in most automobiles and light- and some medium-duty trucks between the drive shaft and the wheels.Double-reduction final drives are used for heavy- duty trucks. With this arrangement (fig. 5-14) it is not necessary to have a large ring gear to get the necessary gear reduction. The first gear reduction is obtained through a pinion and ring gear as the single fixed gear reduction final drive. Referring to figure 5-14, notice that the secondary pinion is mounted on the primary ring gear shaft. The second gear reduction is the result of the secondary pinion which is rigidly attached to the primary ring gear, driving a large helical gear which is attached to the differential case. Double-reduction final drives may be found on military design vehicles, such as the 5-ton truck. Many commercially designed vehicles of this size use a single- or double-reduction final drive with provisions for two speeds to be incorporatedFigure 5-14.—Double-reduction final driveTwo-Speed Final DriveThe two-speed or dual-ratio final drive is used to supplement the gearing of the other drive train components and is used in vehicles with a single drive axle (fig. 5-15). The operator can select the range or speed of this axle with a button on the shifting lever of the transmission or by a lever through linkageThe two-speed final drive doubles the number of gear ratios available for driving the vehicle under various load and roadconditions. For example, a vehicle with a two-speed unit and a five-speed transmission, ten different forward speeds are available. This unit provides a gear ratio high enough to permit pulling a heavy load up steep grades and a low ratio to permit the vehicle to run at high speeds with a light load or no loadThe conventional spiral bevel pinion and ring gear drives the two-speed unit, but a planetary gear train is placed between the differential drive ring gear and the differential case. The internal gear of the planetary gear train is bolted rigidly to the bevel drive gear. A ring on which the planetary gears are pivoted is bolted to the differential case. A member, consisting of the sun gear and a dog clutch, slides on one of the axle shafts and is controlled through a button or lever accessible to the operator When in high range, the sun gear meshes with the internal teeth on the ring carrying the planetary gears and disengages the dog clutch from the left bearing adjusting ring, which is rigidly held in the differential carrier. In this position, the planetary gear train is locked together. There is no relative motion between the differential case and the gears in the planetary drive train. The differential case is driven directly by the differential ring gear, the same as in the conventional single fixed gear final drive.When shifted into low range, the sun gear is slid out of mesh with the ring carrying the planetary gears. The dog clutch makes a rigid connection with the left bearing adjusting ring. Because the sun gear is integral with the dog clutch, it is also locked to the bearing adjusting rings and remains stationary. The internal gear rotates the planetary gears around the stationary sun gear, and the differential case is driven by the ring on which the planetary gears are pivoted. This action produces the gear reduction, or low speed, of the axleDIFFERENTIAL ACTIONThe rear wheels of a vehicle do not always turn at the same speed. When the vehicle is turning or when tire diameters differ slightly, the rear wheels must rotate at different speeds.If there were a solid connection between each axle and the differential case, the tires would tend to slide, squeal, and wear whenever the operator turned the steering wheel of the vehicle. A differential is designed to prevent this problem.Driving Straight AheadWhen a vehicle is driving straight ahead, the ring gear, the differential case, the differential pinion gears, and the differential side gears turn as a unit. The two differential pinion gears do NOT rotate on the pinion shaft, because they exert equal force on the side gears. As a result, the side gears turn at the same speed as the ring gear, causing both rear wheels to turn at the same speed.Turning CornersWhen the vehicle begins to round a curve, the differential pinion gears rotate on the pinion shaft. This occurs because the pinion gears must walk around the slower turning differential side gear. Therefore, the pinion gears carry additional rotary motion to the faster turning outer wheel on the turn..Differential speed is considered to be 100 percent. The rotating action of the pinion gears carries 90 percent of this speed to the slowing mover inner wheel and sends 110 percent of the speed to the faster rotating outer wheel. This action allows the vehicle to make the turn without sliding or squealing the wheels.Figure 5-15.—Two speed final drive汽车主减速器主减速器主减速器是在传动轴和差速器之间的一个动力传动系统的组成部分。
专业名称 英译

专业名称对应英文翻译理学Natural Science数学Mathematics基础数学Fundamental Mathematics计算数学Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学Physics理论物理Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理Plasma Physics凝聚态物理Condensed Matter Physics声学Acoustics光学Optics无线电物理Radio Physics化学Chemistry无机化学Inorganic Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学(含化学物理)Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics) 高分子化学与物理Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学Astronomy天体物理Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学Geography自然地理学Physical Geography人文地理学Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统Cartography and Geographic Information System 大气科学Atmospheric Sciences气象学Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment 海洋科学Marine Sciences物理海洋学Physical Oceanography海洋化学Marine Chemistry海洋生理学Marine Biology海洋地质学Marine Geology地球物理学Geophysics固体地球物理学Solid Earth Physics空间物理学Space Physics地质学Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology地球化学Geochemistry古生物学与地层学(含古人类学)Paleontology and Stratigraphy (includingPaleoanthropology)构造地质学Structural Geology第四纪地质学Quaternary Geology生物学Biology植物学Botany动物学Zoology生理学Physiology水生生物学Hydrobiology微生物学Microbiology神经生物学Neurobiology遗传学Genetics发育生物学Developmental Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学Biophysics生态学Ecology系统科学Systems Science系统理论Systems Theory系统分析与集成Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史History of Science and Technology农业科学农学Agriculture作物学Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学Horticulture果树学Pomology蔬菜学Olericulture茶学Tea Science农业资源利用学Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学Soil Science植物营养学Plant Nutrition植物保护学Plant Protection植物病理学Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学Pesticide Science畜牧学Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖Animal Genetics, Breeding and ReproductionScience动物营养与饲料科学Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学(含蚕、蜂等)The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学V eterinary Medic ine基础兽医学Basic V eterinary Medicine预防兽医学Preventive V eterinary Medicine临床兽医学Clinical V eterinary Medicine林学Forestry林木遗传育种学Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学Silviculture森林保护学Forest Protection森林经理学Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用Wildlife Conservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学Fisheries Science水产养殖学Aquaculture Science捕捞学Fishing Science渔业资源学Science of Fisheries Resources医药科学医学Medicine基础医学Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学Immunology病原生物学Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学Forensic Medicine放射医学Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学Clinical Medic ine内科学(含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学)Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学Pediatrics老年医学Geriatrics神经病学Neurology精神病与精神卫生学Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学Dermatology and V enereology影像医学与核医学Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学Nursing外科学(含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学)Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学Otolaryngology肿瘤学Oncology康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medic ine & Physical Therapy运动医学Sports Medicine麻醉学Anesthesiology急诊医学Emergency Medicine口腔医学Stomatology口腔基础医学Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学Military Preventive Medic ine中医学Chinese Medicine中医基础理论Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学Pharmaceutical Science药物化学Medicinal Chemistry药剂学Pharmaceutics生药学Pharmacognosy药物分析学Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学Pharmacology中药学Science of Chinese 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译文:2.5 配气机构配气机构是由一系列用来控制气阀在正确的时间开启或者闭合的零部件组成的。
2.5.1 气阀布置形式为了有效地协调发动机的四冲程循环,一组被称作气阀传动的零部件被用来控制气阀的开启和闭合,让它们独自地向上或向下运动。
气阀的这些运动必须发生在十分准确的时刻,每一个气阀的开启都是由一个凸轮轴控制的。
1.气门顶置式配气机构凸轮是一个随着曲轴协调旋转的蛋形金属块,这样的金属轴被称为凸轮轴,在发动机中对应每一个气阀通常具有的单独的凸轮。
在凸轮轴旋转的过程中,凸轮的凸点或者说是最高点,推动着气阀的连杆部分。
这样的运动形式推动气阀向下运动,可以在进气过程中打开进气阀,或者是在排气过程中打开排气阀。
伴随着凸轮轴的继续旋转,当凸轮凸起部分离开挺住之后,气门便在气门弹簧的作用下落座,即气门关闭。
气阀在现代汽车的发动机中通常是在位于发动机顶部的气缸的顶部,这就是我们所说的气门顶置式配气机构。
除此之外,当凸轮轴位于气缸顶部的时候,这样的布置被称为凸轮轴顶置式布置,一些高性能的发动机会有两个分离的凸轮轴,一个专门用于进气阀的开闭,一个专门用于排气阀的开闭。
这样的发动机被称为双顶置式凸轮式。
2.气门侧置式配气机构凸轮轴也可以位于发动机较低的部分,即在发动机壳内部。
为了能够把凸轮的旋转运动转变为气阀向上的运动,需要添加额外的部件。
在这样的机构中,凸轮的凸起推动着圆筒状的金属,称为凸轮从动件,当凸轮的凸起部分上升到从动件的下方时,它就会推动着凸轮从动件向上运动,离开凸轮轴。
凸轮从动件会推动着推杆运动,推杆会再推动着摇臂运动。
摇臂会绕着其轴的一个中心点作摆臂运动,轴的一端上升的同时,另一端就会下降,就像杠杆一样。
而摇臂向下运动的那一端则会作用在气门杆上使气门打开。
由于气门侧置式配气机构有附加的零部件,使其很难在高速运转下保持良好的性能,气门侧置式发动机通常在较低的速度下运转,从而与同等规格的气门顶置式发动机相比,输出的马力会较低,记住,动力是由发动机所能完成的功所决定的。
2.5.2 气门间隙发动机工作时,气门将因为温度的升高而膨胀。
如果气门及其传动件之间在冷态时无间隙或者是间隙过小,则在热态下气门及其传动件的受热膨胀势必会引起气门关闭不严,造成发动机在压缩和做功过程中的漏气。
从而使功率下降,严重时甚至会造成不易启动。
为了消除这样的现象,通常在发动机冷态装配时,在气门及其传动件之间保留有一定的间隙,以补偿气门受热后的膨胀量。
这样的间隙被称为气门间隙。
有的发动机采用液力挺柱,挺柱的长度能够自动变化,随时补偿气门的热膨胀量,故不需要预留气门间隙。
大多数发动机上都设有气门间隙调节器,在安装时要保证摇臂凸耳与气门弹簧座之间的间隙大于1.25mm。
气门间隙的大小一般由发动机制造厂根据试验确定。
在冷态时,进气门的间隙一般为0.25--0.3mm,进气门的间隙在0.3--0.35mm,如果间隙过小,发动机在热态下可能会发生漏气,导致功率下降甚至是气门烧坏。
如果气门间隙过大,则会使传动零件之间以及气门和气门座之间产生撞击声,而且会加剧磨损,同时会使得气门开启的持续时间减少,气缸的充气及排气情况变坏。
2.5.3 配气定时配气定时就是进,排气门的实际开闭时刻,通常用相对于上,下止点曲拐位置的转角的环形图表示,这样的图形被称为配气定时图。
理论上由四冲程发动机的进气门应该在曲拐位于上止点时开启,在曲拐转到下止点时关闭。
进气的时间和排气的时间各占180度曲轴转角。
但实际上发动机的曲轴转速都很高,活塞的每一个行程历时都很短,在这样短的时间里,进气和排气的过程往往会使发动机充气不足或者排气不净,从而使发动机的功率下降。
因此,现代的发动机多采用延长进,排气时间的方法,即气门的开启和关闭时刻并不正好是曲拐位于上止点和下止点的时刻,而是分别提前和延迟一定的曲轴转角,以改善进,排气状况,从而提高发动机的动力性。
如图所示,在排气行程接近终了的时候,活塞到达上止点的位置还差一个角度α时,进气门便开始开启,直到活塞过了下止点后又上升,即曲轴转到曲拐超过下止点位置以后一个角度β时,进气门才关闭,这样整个进气行程实际持续了相当于曲轴转角180度+α+β,α一般为10度到30度,β一般为40度到80度。
进气门提前开启的目的是为了保证进气行程开始时进气门已经打开,新鲜的气体能顺利的充入气缸。
当活塞到达下止点时,气缸内压力仍然低于大气压力,在压缩行程开始阶段,活塞上移速度较缓的状况下,仍可以利用气流惯性和压力差继续进气,因此进气门晚关一点是有利于充气的。
同样,做功行程终了,活塞到达下止点之前,排气门便开始开启,提前开启的角度γ一般为40度到80度,经过了整个排气过程,在活塞越过上止点后,排气门才关闭,排气门关闭的延迟角δ一般为10度到30度,整个排气过程相当于持续了180度+γ+δ。
排气提前开启的原因是:当做功行程的接近下止点时,气缸内的气体虽有0.3--0.4MPa的压力,但就活塞做功而言,作用不大,这时若稍开排气门,大部分废气就在此压力下可迅速自缸内排出:当活塞到达下止点时,气缸内的压力已经大大下降,这时排气门的开度进一步增加,从而减少活塞上行的排气阻力,高温废气的迅速排出,还可防止发动机过热。
当活塞到达上止点时,燃烧室内的废气压力仍高于大气压力,加之排气时气流有一定的惯性,所以排气门迟关一点,可以使废气排放的较为干净。
由于进气门在上止点前开启,而排气门在上止点后才关闭,这就出现了一段时间内排气门和进气门同时开启的现象,这种现象被称为气门重叠,重叠时期的转角称为气门重叠角。
由于新鲜气流和废气流的流动惯性比较大,在短时间内不会改变流向的,因此只要气门重叠角选择恰当,就不会有废气倒流入进气管和新鲜气体随同废气排出的可能性,这对换气是有利的。
但应注意,如果气门重叠角过大,当汽油机小负荷运转,进气管内压力很低的时候,就可能会出现废气倒流,使进气量减少。
对于不同的发动机,由于结构形式,转速各不相同,因此配气定时也不相同。
合理的配气定时应根据发动机性能要求,通过反复试验确定。
2.5.4 可变配气定时典型机构尽管不同发动机配气定时是根据试验而取得的最佳配气定时,从而成为设计配气凸轮型线以及确定各缸进,排气凸轮在凸轮轴上相对位置的依据,但实际上,当配气凸轮轴设计已定,则发动机的配气定时也就确定下来了,在发动机运转过程中不能改变的。
然而,发动机转速的高低对进,排气流动以及气缸内燃烧过程是有影响的。
转速高的时候,进气流速高,惯性能量大,所以希望进气门早些打开,晚些关闭,尽可能的多进一些混合气或空气:反之,在发动机转速较低的时候,进气流速低,流动惯量也小,如果进门过早开启,由于此时活塞正在上行排气,很容易把新鲜气体挤出气缸,使进气反而减少,发动机工作趋于不稳定,因此在发动机低速转动时,希望进气门晚些开启。
所以,发动机转速的不同,对配气定时的要求是不同的。
如果凸轮型线所规定的配气定时适合于高速,那么低速时。
性能就不大好:反之亦然。
因此,为了取得平衡,一般凸轮型线设计时,配气定时既要照顾到高速,又要兼顾低速,这是一个折中方案,很难达到最佳的配气定时。
为了使高速和低速都达到最佳的配气定时,20世纪80年代后,在轿车发动机上出现了一些可变配气定时的控制机构。
90年代初期,日本本田公司推出了一种既可以改变配气定时,又能改变气门运动规律的可变配气定时--升程的控制机构,称为TVEC机构。
其配气凸轮轴上布置了高速和低速两种凸轮,采用了特殊的摇臂,一句发动机转速的高低,自动切换凸轮,使得摇臂分别被高速凸轮或低速凸轮驱动。
由于凸轮的更换,从而实现了配气定时和气门运动规律均可变化的目的,因而得到了广泛的应用。
2.5.5 凸轮轴的驱动方式在一个四冲程循环里,每个凸轮必须能够转动一次打开一个一个气门。
在一个循环里,曲轴是转动两圈的。
因此,凸轮轴必须以曲轴转速的一半旋转,这是由2:1的传动比实现的。
连接凸轮轴的齿数应当是连接曲轴的齿轮齿数的2倍。
齿轮通过以下三种方式进行啮合。
1.带传动大多采用锯齿形的带进行传动,这样的带是由合成橡胶做成的,并有内部的钢或者是玻璃纤维绞合进行强化的,带在传动过程中通过矩形的齿与齿轮进行啮合,带动凸轮轴旋转。
带传动通常应用在气门顶置式的发动机中。
2.链传动在一些发动机上,会采用一条金属链条来连接凸轮轴与曲轴齿轮进行传动。
大多数的气门侧置式和少量的气门顶置式发动机会采用链传动。
3.齿轮传动凸轮轴和曲轴齿轮也可以直接进行传动,即直接啮合。
这种连接形式通常应用在旧式的直列六缸发动机中。
凸轮轴可以通过链传动或是带传动与曲轴获得相同的旋转方向,但是通过齿轮直接啮合的时候,凸轮轴与曲轴的选择方向是完全相反的。
同步带的应用是因为它们比链传动和齿轮传动的造价便宜,而且不会有太大的噪声。
通常这类带都是由人工合成的橡胶以网格状绞合进行性能的强化。
2.6 汽油机供给系统2.6.1 汽油汽油是从原油中提炼出的,汽油是高度易燃的,这意味它在空气中很容易燃烧。
汽油容易挥发,汽油的挥发性是其很重要的特性。
但是,它不能太容易挥发,否则会很容易转变成油箱内的蒸汽,在燃油管道内,这种燃料蒸汽可能还会阻止液体汽油的流动,形成所谓的蒸汽锁。
蒸汽锁通常存在于暴露于高温处的输油管道。
汽油的燃烧,随其与添加剂的混合比例而变化,汽油的在室内的燃烧是很重要的特性。
增加燃烧室中的燃料混合物在点火前的压力,有助于提高发动机功率。
这是通过将燃料混合物压缩到一个较小的体积实现的,高压缩比,不仅有利于增加推力,而且会给予发动机更多的动力。
但是更高的压缩比会有增加敲缸方式的几率。
辛烷值是对汽油抗爆性的品质,或者是对燃料混合物在燃烧过程中能够抵御爆炸能力的一种评定。
有时候,我们称之为爆震敲缸质量或者是抵御爆炸能力。
爆震,有时候也称之为敲缸,是由于温度过高,作为燃料的燃料和空气混合物在燃烧室内的压力条件的最后一个部分失控引起爆炸的定义,由此而产生的压力冲击波,会产生敲缸声。
燃料和空气的混合物的燃烧会出现失控,导致发动机输出功率的下降,过高的局部温度,如果足够严重,会造成发动机的严重受损。
汽油辛烷值的测定方法通常有两种,即发动机法和对比试验法。
两者都采用相同类型的试验用单缸发动机做实验。
这是一个使用可变顶部的燃烧室以及爆震仪来表示敲缸时的爆震强度的装置。
把试验样品作为燃料,对作为燃料使用的燃料和空气混合物以及发动机压缩比做了调整。
这两个是表示爆震强度的主要标准参考变量。
正辛烷和异辛烷,分别以0--100作为百分比各自做实验。
使其达到与标准试样的燃料产生相同的爆震强度。
因此,可以得出可以作为参考的混合比例应为15%的正辛烷和85%的异辛烷。
依据第一种试验方法可以得出,试验样本的异辛烷值是85%或者更多。