participles
非谓语动词
4） 不定式做定语（1）
• 不定式做定语时，与中心词之间在逻辑上有多 种关系，其中可能是互相修饰关系。也就是： 不定式修饰中心词；不定式短语末的介词与中 心词组成介词短语，修饰不定式。这些动词不 定式可能是及物的（带宾语），也可能是不及 物的，要特别注意不要漏掉不定式短语末的介 词。 • 例如： Could you find someone________？ A) for me to play tennis with B) for me to play tennis C) play tennis with D) playing tennis • 请你找个人来和我打网球。答案是A。
• 结合选项看，全句的意思是：“竞争的压力使美 国人精力充沛，但也使他们的精神始终处于紧张 状态。”名词pressure后应加不定式做定语，说 明"pressure"的内容。因此本题答案是A) to compete。选项B) competing是现在分词；D) having competed现在分词的完成式，都不符合语 法规定。选项C) to be competed中的Compete是不 及物动词，不能用被动语态，所以这三个选项都
英语AB级考试语法讲解
4） 不定式做定语（2）
• The pressure ________ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain. A) to compete B) competing C) to be competed D) having competed
英语AB级考试语法讲解
2）不定式做补足语的用法 （1）
Participles (分词)
I saw him studying in the classroom. He kept us waiting for a long time, which annoyed us all.
They were observed entering the bank. I was left sitting alone in the room.
作 定 语
意义：发生在谓语动作之前、 被动的、已完成的动作； 没有特定时间、被动的动作
The question discussed by us are very important. I don’t like to see letters written in pencil.
注 意：不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，只表示完成，如：
Part Four
疑点与难点
Participles
疑点与难点
（系表结构,表主语所处状态）
be+过去分词
（被动语态，强调具体动作） The window was broken by Susan. The theatre was closed by the police on the order of the mayor.
They are moving their bed. The children are singing and dancing on the playground.
Participles
疑点与难点
现在分词作定语 VS. 动名词作定语
01
现在分词作定语 a swimming girl = a girl who is swimming a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping
Participle
= Forgetting his manners, he put his feet up on the desk.
Because he was so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep. = Being so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep.
Because (As) he had been to the Great Wall many times, he didn’t go last week.
How about the leaves in the two pictures?
The leaves are falling or we can call them falling leaves ____________.
The leaves have fallen on the ground or we can call them ___________. fallen leaves
When they heard the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.
= Hearing the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.
While she was playing the piano, she got very excited. = (While) Playing the piano, she got very excited.
The swimming boy is my brother.
Look at the broken glasses.
What is the language spoken in Japan? Anyone swimming will be punished.
过去分词和现在分词(1)
1. 过去分词（past participles）和现在分词（present participles）在句中可以充当定语、谓语的一 部分和状语。过去分词的形式是 V+ed, 现在分词的形式是 V+ing 例子： 作定语：These students are reading materials given by teachers. We have some students waiting for final results. 作谓语的一部分：These materials are given by teachers. I have written a book. These students are waiting for final results. 作状语：Supported by teachers, these students can pass the exam easily. Waiting for final results, these students have decided to throw a party to reduce stress. 2. 分词充当定语，放在名词后面，这个名词是分词的逻辑主语。 例子： 过去分词： Students caught cheating can not receive test results. Students cheated in exams can not receive test results. 现在分词： I have two students taking the exam this week. 3. 分词作状语 例子： Compared with reading print books, reading E-books is convenient and economical. Comparing print books with E-books, we can find that E-books have attracted many young readers. With+名词+分词结构，描述主句的一个状态或者条件。 With the number of digital books increasing dramatically, many people are worried about the future of libraries.
Infinitives, Gerunds, Participles
Infinitives, Gerunds & ParticiplesInfinitivesForm-The infinitive is the form of the verb NOT changed for person, number or tense. It is usually introduced with to.-The negative is formed by putting not before the infinitive.Bare infinitivesForm - The infinitive is used without to after certain verbs.GerundsForm-The gerund is a verb ending in - ing. It acts as a noun. -The negative is formed by adding not before the gerund.Verb + to-infinitive or –ing?Usage2. Either the to-infinitive or gerund can be used after certain verbs with no difference in3. Verbs taking to-infinitives or gerunds have a change in meaning.Note1.I saw Ken swim. It spent him an hour. (I saw the whole action from beginning to end.)I saw Ken swimming. ( I saw part of the action. I didn’t wait until he had finished.)2.The teacher doesn’t allow us to eat in class. (object + to-infinitive)We are not allowed to eat in class. (passive form + to-infinitive)The teacher doesn’t allow eating in class. (verb + gerund)ParticiplesSentence Transformation1a. Driving fast is dangerous.b. It is dangerous to drive fast.2a. I prefer driving to flying.b.I prefer to drive rather (than) fly.3a. They made him admit his guilt.b. He was made to admit his guilt.4a. They let him enter the building.b.They allowed him to enter the building.5a. She was too inexperienced to get the job.b.She wasn’t experienced enough to get the job.6a. We were interested in the lecture.b.The lecture was interesting to us.7a. Could you clean up the room?b.Do/Would you mind cleaning up the room?c.Would you be so kind as to clean up the room?8a. It was difficult for him to do the crossword.b.He had difficulty (in) doing the crossword.c.He found it difficult to do the crossword.d.He could hardly do the crossword.9a. It took her an hour to prepare the meal.b.She took an hour to prepare the meal.c.Preparing the meal took her an hour.d.She spent an hour preparing the meal.Find out the bare infinitive (B), the infinitive (I), the gerund (G), the present participle (Pr.p), or the past participle (P.p.) in each sentence. Underline and identify them.e.g. My mother let me go to the party. ( B )1. Penny wants to learn Japanese. ( )2. Do you enjoy going to the beach in the summer? ( )3. The doctor is saving the injured baby. ( )4. My aunt went shopping with me yesterday. ( )5. I am really frightened by you! ( )6. Would you go with me? ( )7. The talk was boring. ( )8. You should listen to me! ( )9. He is too young to understand the situation. ( )10. The finished product is a piece of artwork! ( )Exercise BChoose the correct option in each sentence.e.g. My boss expects me to work overtime. (work, to work, working, worked)1. I must ____________ more to keep fit. (exercise, to exercise, exercising, exercised)2. I remember ____________ Sue last Sunday. (visit, to visit, visiting, visited)3. The salesman seemed _____________ impatient. (get, to get, getting, got)4. I really miss ____________ in the countryside. (live, to live, living, lived)5. She was ____________ by the exhibition.(fascinate, to fascinate, fascinating, fascinated)6. If you don’t stop ___________, you’ll kill yourself. (diet, to diet, dieting , dieted)7. The boy ____________ a red T-shirt is my neighbour. (wear, to wear, wearing, worn)8. The cup ____________ with orange juice is yours. (fill, to fill, filling, filled)9. She is incapable of _____________ good decisions. (make, to make, making, made)10. I can’t wait ____________ her again. (see, to see, seeing, seen)Exercise CFill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given.e.g. I was afraid of hurting his feelings. (hurt)1. After dinner, she continued ____________ her homework until late at night. (do)2. Tom stopped ____________ up his washing on the way home. (pick)3. Tell me your plan. I’m interested ____________ about it. (hear)4. The ____________ drama has won several awards. (amaze)5. Most of Hong Kong people don’t like _____________ meat. (freeze)6. I think you should give up __________ because you have a very poor voice. (sing)7. He isn’t strong enough ____________ in the basketball team. (be)8. ____________ is good exercise. (walk)9. It is getting dark. We had better ____________ now. (go)10. It is very cold. I would rather ____________ at home. (stay)There is one mistake in each sentence. Underline the mistakes and correct them.‘X’: extra word; ‘^’: missing word; ____: wrong worde.g. The girl is too young enough( X ) to look after herself. ( X )The girl is ( ^ too) young to look after herself. ( ^ )The girl is too young looking (to look) after herself. ( __ )1. I dislike to argue. ( __ )2. You ought finish the project now. ( ^ )3. I suggested to take a walk in the garden. ( __ )4. The teacher made Rose to do homework again. ( X )5. Paul did not object to join the party. ( __ )6. The broken chair needs be repaired. ( ^ )7. It is no use to asking Mike for help. He is selfish. ( X )8. You are not old enough join the club. ( ^ )9. They didn’t see her to come in. ( X )10. Depressing after losing all his money in gambling, George decided to start a new life. ( __ )Exercise ERewrite the following sentences using the words given, without changing the meaning.e.g. We were shocked by the news. (shocking)The news was shocking to us.1. Dad didn’t allow Jimmy to drive his car. (let)_________________________________________________________________________ 2. Would you be so kind as to move over a little? (mind)_________________________________________________________________________ 3. We found the horror film terrifying. (terrified)_________________________________________________________________________ 4. It was difficult for her to cope with city life. (difficulty)_________________________________________________________________________ 5. He wasn’t tall enough to be a policeman. (short)_________________________________________________________________________ 6. Mom advised us to catch the early train. (suggested)_________________________________________________________________________ 7. We should not make friends with triad members. (avoid)_________________________________________________________________________ 8. It is my pleasure to meet you. (meeting)_________________________________________________________________________ 9. They ordered him to clean the bathroom. (made)_________________________________________________________________________ 10. It took me several days to do the task. (spent)_________________________________________________________________________Suggested AnswersExercise E1. Dad didn’t let Jimmy drive his car.2. Would you mind moving over a little?3. We were terrified by the horror film.4. She had difficulty coping with city life.5. He was too short to be a policeman.6. Mom suggested us catching the early train.7. We should avoid making friends with triad members.8. Meeting you is my pleasure.9. They made him clean the bathroom.10. I spent several days doing the task.。
什么是非谓语动词
什么是非谓语动词？非谓语动词（Non-finite Verbs）是指不具有人称和时态变化的动词形式。
它们不能独立地充当句子的谓语，但可以在句子中作为名词、形容词或副词的补语、定语或状语。
在英语中，非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式（Infinitives）、动名词（Gerunds）和现在分词（Present Participles）。
1. 动词不定式（Infinitives）：动词不定式由动词原形前加上"to"构成（例如：to go，to eat，to sleep）。
动词不定式可以用作名词、形容词和副词的补语。
-作名词：I like to swim.（作宾语）-作形容词：This is a good book to read.（修饰名词）-作副词：He runs to keep fit.（修饰动词）2. 动名词（Gerunds）：动名词是动词的现在分词形式（动词原形+ ing），它可以作为名词的主语、宾语、补语或介词的宾语。
-作主语：Swimming is my favorite sport.-作宾语：I enjoy reading books.-作补语：Her hobby is dancing.-作介词的宾语：He is good at playing the guitar.3. 现在分词（Present Participles）：现在分词是动词的现在分词形式（动词原形+ ing），它可以作为形容词或副词的修饰语。
-作形容词：The running water is refreshing.-作副词：She looked at me, smiling.非谓语动词的使用可以丰富句子结构，使其更加清晰和精确。
它们可以用来表达目的、原因、结果、条件等语义关系。
此外，非谓语动词还可以用来简化句子结构，使文章更流畅和紧凑。
在学习和运用非谓语动词时，我们需要注意它们的用法和搭配，并根据上下文准确选择合适的形式。
分词短语做状语的用法
注意：分词做状语时，根据表意需要，前面会保 留引起状语从句的连词。
1) After I ate my dinner quickly, I went to see Jim off. After eating my dinner quickly, I went to see Jim off.
6. As he was caught on the spot, the thief admitted his crime.
宾语补足语分词和分词短语作状语时可以表示时间原因分词和分词短语作状语时可以表示时间原因行为方式等意义
Grammar Point 1
Participles as Adverbials
I. Participles
1、作为谓语，现在分词和be 一起构成进行时；过去 分词和be一起构成被动语态，和have一起构成完成 时。例如：
= While he was walking along the sands,
Crusoe …
II. Participles as Adverbials
1. 分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、 行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当 于对应的状语从句。例如: 1) Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students
stood up. = When the students saw the teacher entering the
room, they stood up. 2) Heated, the Metal expands.
= The metal expands if /when it is heated. 3) Being excited, I couldn’t go to sleep.
英语中的分词
英语中的分词在英语中，分词（Participles）是一种动词的非限定形式，通常以-ing（现在分词）或-ed、-en、-t、-n（过去分词）结尾。
分词可以用作形容词，也可以用在一些复杂的动词时态中。
以下是关于分词的主要用法：●现在分词(Present Participle)：1.以-ing结尾，如"playing," "reading," "walking"。
2.作为形容词使用，描述正在进行的动作或事物的特征。
例句：The playing children seemed happy.翻译：玩耍的孩子们似乎很开心。
3.用于进行时态（Present Continuous Tense）。
例句：She is reading a book.翻译：她正在读一本书。
●过去分词(Past Participle)：1.过去分词的形式有多种，通常以-ed结尾，如"played," "talked"；也可以是不规则的形式，如"broken," "written"。
2.作为形容词使用，描述已完成的动作或事物的状态。
例句：The broken window needs to be fixed.翻译：需要修理的破窗户。
3.用于完成时态（Present Perfect Tense, Past Perfect Tense）。
例句：They have eaten lunch already.翻译：他们已经吃过午餐了。
4.用于被动语态。
例句：The letter was written by Tom.翻译：这封信是汤姆写的。
分词在英语中也有其他一些用法，如独立分词、分词短语等。
分词的灵活运用可以使语言更富有表现力和变化。
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Used as attributive/premodifier
1. 动词现在分词单独作定语，通常放在所修饰词前。例如： The sleeping boy is Tom.
2. 现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面，意思同定语从句差不 多。例如 ： Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise.
Used as adverbial
现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语。 1. 作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。例如： Being ill, Mary didn't come to school yesterday. 2. 作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句。例如： Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking. 如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分 词前加上when或while。 While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon. 3. 作条件状语，相当于一个条件状语从句。例如： Working harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class.
These constructions are frequently found in formal scientific writing, in which it is general practice to avoid using personal subjects. In formal style, so long as they do not cause ambiguity or confusion in meaning, it should also be viewed as normal and acceptable. Beginners in English should not be encouraged to use “dangling” constructions unless in scientific writing.
3. 现在分词可相当于非限制性定语，常用逗号分开。例如： Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill.
= Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill.
（4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
uninvited guests unheard-of stories an unedited story
a badly-built house far-fetched reasons highly-developed industry
The use of intransitive –ed participles as premodifiers tends to be limited only to a few words: retired, escaped, faded, withered, fallen, expired, risen, returned, vanished, grown. These participles have the sense of completion but imply no passive meaning. a retired teacher an escaped prisoner an expired leave the risen sun
The door remains locked. I found the door locked. I found a locked door.
The man looked disappointed I found him disappointed. He was the most disappointed man.
Some –ed participles cannot be alone unless they are combined with a negative prefix “un” or when they are combined with an adverb to form a compound.
ed- participle as object complement
1. Verbs of perception and verbs denoting mental state such as see, hear, feel ,find, think, etc. I saw the students assembled in the hall.
Everybody thought the battle lost. 2. Causative verbs such as make, get , have, keep, etc.
I have my hair cut every two weeks. Please keep us informed of the latest developments. 3. Verbs denoting hope, expectation, order, such as like, want, wish, order, etc. I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal. The viewers wish the serial film (to be) continued.
Dangling participles （悬垂分词）
Violation of the “attachment rule” will result in a “dangling participle”.
•Opening the cupboard, a skeleton fell out. •Grilled on charcoal, we liked the fish much better.
a faded flower
a withered flower fallen leaves
a returned student
the vanished treasure a grown man
ed- participle as complement ed- participles that can be used as complement mostly come from transitive verbs. Adjectival –ed participles can generally function either as complements or as premodifiers.
Past participle
1. –ed participle as attributive/ premodifier
frozen food a bored traveller a lost cause a recorded talk a closed shop
a freezing wind a boring journey a losing battle a recording machine the closing hour
Gerund (动名词)
动名词由“动词+ing”构成，具有动词的特征和名词的功能。 （1）一般式：Seeing is believing. （2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited.
（3）完成式：He denied having been there.
4. 有时现在分词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。例如：
This is an English-speaking country.
Used as subject complement 现在分词作补语多表示主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。 The story is moving. Used as object complement 现在分词在句中作宾语补足语，这时现在分词和前面的宾语有逻辑 上的“主补”关系或“主谓”关系。例如： We all found his equipment interesting. (主补关系) I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系)
Absolute Construction (独立主格结构）
分词做状语时，通常句子的主语是其逻辑主语，否则必须在它前面 加上名词普通格或代词主格，作分词自己的逻辑主语。分词独立主 格结构通常表示伴随、原因、时间、条件等。 He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. The meeting being over, they went out of the room one by one. Weather permitting, we’ll go fishing. The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. He stood in the doorway, his wet cloak dripping water on the rug, and waited for some sign of recognition. 介词with/without+名词普通格/代词+分词 His hair became gray with the years passing. The war was over without a shot being fired. 固定分词词组作为句中的独立成分插入 generally speaking； judging from