非谓语动词

2、-ing形式的基本用法。 （1）作主语：Seeing is believing. It’s no use waiting here. （2）作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps. （3）作宾语：She likes drawing very much.； Mary dreamt of going to New York.； This book is well worth reading. （4）作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? （5）作宾语补足语：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。 （6）作状语：①时间状语： Seeing Tom, I couldn’t help thinking of his brother. When crossing street, you must be careful. ②原因状语：Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. ③方式或伴随状语： Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
非谓语常见的位置，或在句子中所担当的成分
例如： Influenced by the growing interest in nature, more
people enjoy outdoor activities. All flights having been cancelled , they decided to take the train.
She likes playing the piano, but she doesn't want to play it today.
8、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。 -ing: 其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生， to do :其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。 eg :The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.
I have three letters to write.
9、-ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。 （1）to do :其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后, eg: I have told them to come again tomorrow. （2）I hear her singing in the room. I hear her sing in the room.(省略to的动词不定式) 10、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。 -ing：在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况 to do: 一般是作目的或结果状语 Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again. I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.
Generally speaking 一般来说 Considering …. 考虑到，鉴于 Time/weather permitting /If weather permits 时间、天气允许的话 Taking …into account 考虑到 Taking …into consideration 考虑到 Providing…假如 Supposing…假如 Juding from/ by…根据…判断 Given that…假如，如果；鉴于，考虑到
非谓语动词（三）——过去分词 （1）作定语：The stolen car was found by the police last week. （2）作表语：The glass is broken. The glass was broken by my little brother. 作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。 （3）作宾语补足语：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. （4）作状语：过去分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主 语保持一致，分词作状语必须和句子的主语存在逻辑上的主动和被 动关系，为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加 when, if, while, though, as等连词， Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful. Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it
（6）作状语:
Every morning he gets up very early to read English. She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. You are old enough to take care of yourself now.
It is good to help each other. （2）作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. （3）作宾语：She wishes to be a musician. （4）作宾语补足语：Tell the children not to play on the street. （5）作定语： The old man is looking for a quiet place to live
Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
7、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别 -ing： 表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作 to do: 表示一个具体某一次的动作 eg: Our job is making steel.
非谓语的解题步骤或思路
1.看句子类型 2.看动词 3.找逻辑主语4.看时态，语态
eg: 1. I find the ground________(cover) with a lot of leaves. 2. I tell him_________(read) the book. 3. She sang and ________(dance) on the playground. 4. You must go early, otherwise you _______(miss) the bus. 5. I told him that he _________(study) hard.
3、疑问词 + 动词不定式：How to prevent them from swimming
in this river is a problem. 4、动词不定式的否定式： not to do
5、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：
（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示
的动作同时发生，或者是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如： We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us play table tennis.（同时）； （2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表 示的动作之前，如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting. （3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与 谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in. 6、动词不定式的被动语态用法： What is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet.
2、-ing形式与过去分词的区别： （1）语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，done表 示被动概念。 an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说； the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众。 （2）时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般 是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作， 往往是已经完成的动作， The developing country. The developed country.
一般式 to do
成分 主宾表定状补
意义和时态 表目的，未发生； 具体的，一次性的行为 主动，将来
doing
动名词：主宾表定 表习惯性，经常的动作; 现在分词：定状补 主动，进行，形容物 过去分词：定状补 被动，完成，形容人
done
2、动词不定式的基本用法(成分)： （1）作主语：To help each other is good.
3、主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。